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Wei SJ, Schell JR, Chocron ES, Varmazyad M, Xu G, Chen WH, Martinez GM, Dong FF, Sreenivas P, Trevino R, Jiang H, Du Y, Saliba A, Qian W, Lorenzana B, Nazarullah A, Chang J, Sharma K, Munkácsy E, Horikoshi N, Gius D. Ketogenic diet induces p53-dependent cellular senescence in multiple organs. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado1463. [PMID: 38758782 PMCID: PMC11100565 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
A ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet that leads to the generation of ketones. While KDs improve certain health conditions and are popular for weight loss, detrimental effects have also been reported. Here, we show mice on two different KDs and, at different ages, induce cellular senescence in multiple organs, including the heart and kidney. This effect is mediated through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inactivation of mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) by caspase-2, leading to p53 accumulation and p21 induction. This was established using p53 and caspase-2 knockout mice and inhibitors to AMPK, p21, and caspase-2. In addition, senescence-associated secretory phenotype biomarkers were elevated in serum from mice on a KD and in plasma samples from patients on a KD clinical trial. Cellular senescence was eliminated by a senolytic and prevented by an intermittent KD. These results have important clinical implications, suggesting that the effects of a KD are contextual and likely require individual optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jen Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Joseph R. Schell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - E. Sandra Chocron
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mahboubeh Varmazyad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Guogang Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Wan Hsi Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gloria M. Martinez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Felix F. Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Prethish Sreenivas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Rolando Trevino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Haiyan Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yan Du
- Center for Precision Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- School of Nursing, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Afaf Saliba
- Center for Precision Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Wei Qian
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brandon Lorenzana
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alia Nazarullah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jenny Chang
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kumar Sharma
- Center for Precision Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Erin Munkácsy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nobuo Horikoshi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - David Gius
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Hamada N, Kawano KI, Hirota S, Saito Y, Yusoff FM, Maruhashi T, Maeda M, Nomura T, Nakashima A, Yoshinaga S, Higashi Y. Sparing and enhancing dose protraction effects for radiation damage to the aorta of wild-type mice. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 100:37-45. [PMID: 37523500 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2242939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our previous work indicated the greater magnitude of damage to the thoracic aorta at 6 months after starting 5 Gy irradiation in descending order of exposure to X-rays in 25 fractions > acute X-rays > acute γ-rays > X-rays in 100 fractions ≫ chronic γ-rays, in which the limitations of the study included a lack of data for fractionated γ-ray exposure. To better understand effects of dose protraction and radiation quality, the present study examined changes after exposure to γ-rays in 25 fractions, and compared its biological effectiveness with five other irradiation regimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice received 5 Gy of 137Cs γ-rays delivered in 25 fractions spread over six weeks. At 6 months after starting irradiation, mice were subjected to echocardiography, followed by tissue sampling. The descending thoracic aorta underwent scanning electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining and histochemical staining. The integrative analysis of multiple aortic endpoints was conducted for inter-regimen comparisons. RESULTS Exposure to γ-rays in 25 fractions induced vascular damage (evidenced by increases in endothelial detachment and vascular endothelial cell death, decreases in endothelial waviness, CD31, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and vascular endothelial cadherin), inflammation (evidenced by increases in tumor necrosis factor α, CD68 and F4/80) and fibrosis (evidenced by increases in transforming growth factor β1, alanine blue stain and intima-media thickness). The integrative analysis revealed biological effectiveness in descending order of exposure to X-rays in 25 fractions > acute X-rays > γ-rays in 25 fractions > acute γ-rays > X-rays in 100 fractions ≫ chronic γ-rays. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that dose protraction effects on aortic damage depend on radiation quality, and are not a simple function of dose rate and the number of fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Chiba, Japan
| | - Ki-Ichiro Kawano
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Seiko Hirota
- Department of Environmetrics and Biometrics, Division of Radiation Basic Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saito
- Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Farina Mohamad Yusoff
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maruhashi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Maeda
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takaharu Nomura
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayumu Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinji Yoshinaga
- Department of Environmetrics and Biometrics, Division of Radiation Basic Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukihito Higashi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University, Japan Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
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Hamada N. Noncancer Effects of Ionizing Radiation Exposure on the Eye, the Circulatory System and beyond: Developments made since the 2011 ICRP Statement on Tissue Reactions. Radiat Res 2023; 200:188-216. [PMID: 37410098 DOI: 10.1667/rade-23-00030.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
For radiation protection purposes, noncancer effects with a threshold-type dose-response relationship have been classified as tissue reactions (formerly called nonstochastic or deterministic effects), and equivalent dose limits aim to prevent occurrence of such tissue reactions. Accumulating evidence demonstrates increased risks for several late occurring noncancer effects at doses and dose rates much lower than previously considered. In 2011, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) issued a statement on tissue reactions to recommend a threshold of 0.5 Gy to the lens of the eye for cataracts and to the heart and brain for diseases of the circulatory system (DCS), independent of dose rate. Literature published thereafter continues to provide updated knowledge. Increased risks for cataracts below 0.5 Gy have been reported in several cohorts (e.g., including in those receiving protracted or chronic exposures). A dose threshold for cataracts is less evident with longer follow-up, with limited evidence available for risk of cataract removal surgery. There is emerging evidence for risk of normal-tension glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, but the long-held tenet that the lens represents among the most radiosensitive tissues in the eye and in the body seems to remain unchanged. For DCS, increased risks have been reported in various cohorts, but the existence or otherwise of a dose threshold is unclear. The level of risk is less uncertain at lower dose and lower dose rate, with the possibility that risk per unit dose is greater at lower doses and dose rates. Target organs and tissues for DCS are also unknown, but may include heart, large blood vessels and kidneys. Identification of potential factors (e.g., sex, age, lifestyle factors, coexposures, comorbidities, genetics and epigenetics) that may modify radiation risk of cataracts and DCS would be important. Other noncancer effects on the radar include neurological effects (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and dementia) of which elevated risk has increasingly been reported. These late occurring noncancer effects tend to deviate from the definition of tissue reactions, necessitating more scientific developments to reconsider the radiation effect classification system and risk management. This paper gives an overview of historical developments made in ICRP prior to the 2011 statement and an update on relevant developments made since the 2011 ICRP statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Chiba, Japan
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Zhu A, Duan Z, Chen Y, Zhu C, Fan D. Ginsenoside Rh4 delays skeletal muscle aging through SIRT1 pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 118:154906. [PMID: 37354698 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aging of skeletal muscle is the leading cause of physical disability in older adults, currently effective treatment methods are lacking. Ginsenoside Rh4, an active component extracted from ginseng, possesses beneficial anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to elucidate the antioxidant effect of ginsenoside Rh4 on aging skeletal muscle and its molecular mechanism of anti-aging of skeletal muscle. STUDY DESIGN In this study, we employed a D-galactose-induced model of skeletal muscle aging to investigate whether ginsenoside Rh4 can delay the process of skeletal muscle senescence. METHODS The effects of ginsenoside Rh4 on oxidative damage and inflammation in aging skeletal muscle were analyzed using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, ELISA kits, H&E staining, flow cytometry, and protein immunoblotting. The changes of ginsenoside Rh4 on mitochondrial morphology were observed by transmission electron microscopy, and ELISA kits and protein immunoblotting analyzed the effects of ginsenoside Rh4 on mitochondrial homeostasis in skeletal muscle cells. The influence of ginsenoside Rh4 on the SIRT1 signaling pathway in aging skeletal muscle were investigated by protein immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and β-galactosidase staining. RESULTS Our results showed that Rh4 improved the morphology of muscle fibers and produced an anti-inflammatory response. Furthermore, in vitro experiments indicated that ginsenosides reduced the production of senescent cells, while Rh4 effectively alleviated oxidative damage in skeletal muscle and restored mitochondrial balance. Transcriptome analysis and molecular docking showed that Rh4 improved mitochondrial homeostasis and delayed skeletal muscle aging by regulating the PGC-1α-TFAM and HIF-1α-c-Myc pathways via targeting SIRT1. CONCLUSION Ginsenoside Rh4 improves oxidative stress and inflammation in skeletal muscle by activating SIRT1, deacetylating Nrf2, regulating PGC-1α-TFAM and HIF-1α-c-Myc pathways, and enhancing mitochondrial homeostasis, thus achieving the effect of delaying skeletal muscle aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Zhiguang Duan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Yanru Chen
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
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5
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Temporal Changes in Sparing and Enhancing Dose Protraction Effects of Ionizing Irradiation for Aortic Damage in Wild-Type Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143319. [PMID: 35884380 PMCID: PMC9321929 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ionizing radiation exposure of the circulatory system occurs at various dose rates. Our previous work showed sparing and enhancing effects of dose protraction for aortic changes in wild-type mice at 6 months after starting acute, intermittent, or continuous irradiation with 5 Gy of photons. Here we report that irradiation produces qualitatively similar albeit quantitatively less aortic changes at 12 months than at 6 months after stating irradiation. The magnitude of changes at 12 months was not smaller in 25 fractions (Frs), but was smaller in 100 Frs and chronic exposure, than acute exposure. The magnitude at 6 and 12 months was greater in 25 Frs, smaller in 100 Frs, and much smaller in chronic exposure, compared with acute exposure. These findings suggest that dose protraction changes aortic damage, in a manner that depends on post-irradiation time and is not a simple function of dose rate. Abstract In medical and occupational settings, ionizing irradiation of the circulatory system occurs at various dose rates. We previously found sparing and enhancing dose protraction effects for aortic changes in wild-type mice at 6 months after starting irradiation with 5 Gy of photons. Here, we further analyzed changes at 12 months after stating irradiation. Irrespective of irradiation regimens, irradiation little affected left ventricular function, heart weight, and kidney weight. Irradiation caused structural disorganizations and intima-media thickening in the aorta, along with concurrent elevations of markers for proinflammation, macrophage, profibrosis, and fibrosis, and reductions in markers for vascular functionality and cell adhesion in the aortic endothelium. These changes were qualitatively similar but quantitatively less at 12 months than at 6 months. The magnitude of such changes at 12 months was not smaller in 25 fractions (Frs) but was smaller in 100 Frs and chronic exposure than acute exposure. The magnitude at 6 and 12 months was greater in 25 Frs, smaller in 100 Frs, and much smaller in chronic exposure than acute exposure. These findings suggest that dose protraction changes aortic damage, in a fashion that depends on post-irradiation time and is not a simple function of dose rate.
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Fielder E, Wan T, Alimohammadiha G, Ishaq A, Low E, Weigand BM, Kelly G, Parker C, Griffin B, Jurk D, Korolchuk VI, von Zglinicki T, Miwa S. Short senolytic or senostatic interventions rescue progression of radiation-induced frailty and premature ageing in mice. eLife 2022; 11:75492. [PMID: 35507395 PMCID: PMC9154747 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer survivors suffer from progressive frailty, multimorbidity, and premature morbidity. We hypothesise that therapy-induced senescence and senescence progression via bystander effects are significant causes of this premature ageing phenotype. Accordingly, the study addresses the question whether a short anti-senescence intervention is able to block progression of radiation-induced frailty and disability in a pre-clinical setting. Male mice were sublethally irradiated at 5 months of age and treated (or not) with either a senolytic drug (Navitoclax or dasatinib + quercetin) for 10 days or with the senostatic metformin for 10 weeks. Follow-up was for 1 year. Treatments commencing within a month after irradiation effectively reduced frailty progression (p<0.05) and improved muscle (p<0.01) and liver (p<0.05) function as well as short-term memory (p<0.05) until advanced age with no need for repeated interventions. Senolytic interventions that started late, after radiation-induced premature frailty was manifest, still had beneficial effects on frailty (p<0.05) and short-term memory (p<0.05). Metformin was similarly effective as senolytics. At therapeutically achievable concentrations, metformin acted as a senostatic neither via inhibition of mitochondrial complex I, nor via improvement of mitophagy or mitochondrial function, but by reducing non-mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production via NADPH oxidase 4 inhibition in senescent cells. Our study suggests that the progression of adverse long-term health and quality-of-life effects of radiation exposure, as experienced by cancer survivors, might be rescued by short-term adjuvant anti-senescence interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Fielder
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Tengfei Wan
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Ghazaleh Alimohammadiha
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Abbas Ishaq
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Evon Low
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - B Melanie Weigand
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - George Kelly
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Parker
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Brigid Griffin
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Jurk
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas von Zglinicki
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Satomi Miwa
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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7
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Kudlova N, De Sanctis JB, Hajduch M. Cellular Senescence: Molecular Targets, Biomarkers, and Senolytic Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084168. [PMID: 35456986 PMCID: PMC9028163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is defined as irreversible cell cycle arrest caused by various processes that render viable cells non-functional, hampering normal tissue homeostasis. It has many endogenous and exogenous inducers, and is closely connected with age, age-related pathologies, DNA damage, degenerative disorders, tumor suppression and activation, wound healing, and tissue repair. However, the literature is replete with contradictory findings concerning its triggering mechanisms, specific biomarkers, and detection protocols. This may be partly due to the wide range of cellular and in vivo animal or human models of accelerated aging that have been used to study senescence and test senolytic drugs. This review summarizes recent findings concerning senescence, presents some widely used cellular and animal senescence models, and briefly describes the best-known senolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Kudlova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (N.K.); (J.B.D.S.)
| | - Juan Bautista De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (N.K.); (J.B.D.S.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine Czech Advanced Technologies and Research Institute, Palacky University, 77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (N.K.); (J.B.D.S.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine Czech Advanced Technologies and Research Institute, Palacky University, 77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +42-0-585632082
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8
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Goy E, Tomezak M, Facchin C, Martin N, Bouchaert E, Benoit J, de Schutter C, Nassour J, Saas L, Drullion C, Brodin PM, Vandeputte A, Molendi-Coste O, Pineau L, Goormachtigh G, Pluquet O, Pourtier A, Cleri F, Lartigau E, Penel N, Abbadie C. The out-of-field dose in radiation therapy induces delayed tumorigenesis by senescence evasion. eLife 2022; 11:67190. [PMID: 35302491 PMCID: PMC8933005 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A rare but severe complication of curative-intent radiation therapy is the induction of second primary cancers. These cancers preferentially develop not inside the planning target volume (PTV) but around, over several centimeters, after a latency period of 1–40 years. We show here that normal human or mouse dermal fibroblasts submitted to the out-of-field dose scattering at the margin of a PTV receiving a mimicked patient’s treatment do not die but enter in a long-lived senescent state resulting from the accumulation of unrepaired DNA single-strand breaks, in the almost absence of double-strand breaks. Importantly, a few of these senescent cells systematically and spontaneously escape from the cell cycle arrest after a while to generate daughter cells harboring mutations and invasive capacities. These findings highlight single-strand break-induced senescence as the mechanism of second primary cancer initiation, with clinically relevant spatiotemporal specificities. Senescence being pharmacologically targetable, they open the avenue for second primary cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Goy
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Maxime Tomezak
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8520, Institut d'Electronique, Microélectronique et Nanotechnologie, F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Caterina Facchin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Martin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuel Bouchaert
- Oncovet Clinical Research, Plateforme PRECI, F-59120 Loos, France.,Oncovet, Plateforme PRECI, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jerome Benoit
- Oncovet Clinical Research, Plateforme PRECI, F-59120 Loos, France.,Oncovet, Plateforme PRECI, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Clementine de Schutter
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Joe Nassour
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Laure Saas
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Claire Drullion
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Priscille M Brodin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Vandeputte
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Olivier Molendi-Coste
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurent Pineau
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Gautier Goormachtigh
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Olivier Pluquet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Albin Pourtier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Fabrizio Cleri
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8520, Institut d'Electronique, Microélectronique et Nanotechnologie, F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Eric Lartigau
- Lille University, Medical School and Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Penel
- Lille University, Medical School and Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - Corinne Abbadie
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
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9
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Ionizing Radiation-Induced Brain Cell Aging and the Potential Underlying Molecular Mechanisms. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123570. [PMID: 34944078 PMCID: PMC8700624 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Population aging is occurring rapidly worldwide, challenging the global economy and healthcare services. Brain aging is a significant contributor to various age-related neurological and neuropsychological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Several extrinsic factors, such as exposure to ionizing radiation, can accelerate senescence. Multiple human and animal studies have reported that exposure to ionizing radiation can have varied effects on organ aging and lead to the prolongation or shortening of life span depending on the radiation dose or dose rate. This paper reviews the effects of radiation on the aging of different types of brain cells, including neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and cerebral endothelial cells. Further, the relevant molecular mechanisms are discussed. Overall, this review highlights how radiation-induced senescence in different cell types may lead to brain aging, which could result in the development of various neurological and neuropsychological disorders. Therefore, treatment targeting radiation-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation may prevent radiation-induced brain aging and the neurological and neuropsychological disorders it may cause.
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10
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He W, Tang Y, Li C, Zhang X, Huang S, Tan B, Yang Z. Exercise Enhanced Cardiac Function in Mice With Radiation-Induced Heart Disease via the FNDC5/Irisin-Dependent Mitochondrial Turnover Pathway. Front Physiol 2021; 12:739485. [PMID: 34899376 PMCID: PMC8660102 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.739485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the development of radiation therapy (RT) techniques, concern regarding the serious and irreversible heart injury induced by RT has grown due to the lack of early intervention measures. Although exercise can act as an effective and economic nonpharmacologic strategy to combat fatigue and improve quality of life for cancer survivors, limited data on its application in radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD) and the underlying molecular mechanism are available. Methods: Fifteen young adult male mice were enrolled in this study and divided into 3 groups (including exercised RIHD group, sedentary RIHD group, and controls; n =5 samples/group). While the mice in the control group were kept in cages without irradiation, those in the exercised RIHD group underwent 3weeks of aerobic exercise on the treadmill after radiotherapy. At the end of the 3rd week following RT, FNDC5/irisin expression, cardiac function, aerobic fitness, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and mitochondrial turnover in the myocardium were assessed to identify the protective role of exercise in RIHD and investigate the potential mechanism. Results: While sedentary RIHD group had impaired cardiac function and aerobic fitness than controls, the exercised RIHD mice had improved cardiac function and aerobic fitness, elevated ATP production and the mitochondrial protein content, decreased mitochondrial length, and increased formation of mitophagosomes compared with sedentary RIHD mice. These changes were accompanied by the elevated expression of FNDC5/irisin, a fission marker (DRP1) and mitophagy markers (PINK1 and LC3B) in exercised RIHD group than that of sedentary RIHD group, but the expression of biogenesis (TFAM) and fusion (MFN2) markers was not significantly changed. Conclusion: Exercise could enhance cardiac function and aerobic fitness in RIHD mice partly through an autocrine mechanism via FNDC5/irisin, in which autophagy was selectively activated, suggesting that FNDC5/irisin may act as an intervening target to prevent the development of RIHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyang He
- Oncology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinghong Tang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunqiu Li
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- Oncology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shunping Huang
- Oncology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Benxu Tan
- Oncology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenzhou Yang
- Oncology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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11
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Kudlova N, Slavik H, Duskova P, Furst T, Srovnal J, Bartek J, Mistrik M, Hajduch M. An efficient, non-invasive approach for in-vivo sampling of hair follicles: design and applications in monitoring DNA damage and aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:25004-25024. [PMID: 34874896 PMCID: PMC8714131 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In accordance with the 3 Rs principle (to replace, reduce and refine) animal models in biomedical research, we have developed and applied a new approach for sampling and analyzing hair follicles in various experimental settings. This involves use of a convenient device for non-invasive collection of hair follicles and processing methods that provide sufficient amounts of biological material to replace stressful and painful biopsies. Moreover, the main components of hair follicles are live cells of epithelial origin, which are highly relevant for most types of malignant tumors, so they provide opportunities for studying aging-related pathologies including cancer. Here, we report the successful use of the method to obtain mouse hair follicular cells for genotyping, quantitative PCR, and quantitative immunofluorescence. We present proof of concept data demonstrating its utility for routine genotyping and monitoring changes in quality and expression levels of selected proteins in mice after gamma irradiation and during natural or experimentally induced aging. We also performed pilot translation of animal experiments to human hair follicles irradiated ex vivo. Our results highlight the value of hair follicles as biological material for convenient in vivo sampling and processing in both translational research and routine applications, with a broad range of ethical and logistic advantages over currently used biopsy-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Kudlova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Hanus Slavik
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Duskova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Furst
- Faculty of Science, Palacky University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Srovnal
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic.,Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.,Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Martin Mistrik
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
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12
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Hamada N, Kawano KI, Nomura T, Furukawa K, Yusoff FM, Maruhashi T, Maeda M, Nakashima A, Higashi Y. Vascular Damage in the Aorta of Wild-Type Mice Exposed to Ionizing Radiation: Sparing and Enhancing Effects of Dose Protraction. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5344. [PMID: 34771507 PMCID: PMC8582417 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During medical (therapeutic or diagnostic) procedures or in other settings, the circulatory system receives ionizing radiation at various dose rates. Here, we analyzed prelesional changes in the circulatory system of wild-type mice at six months after starting acute, intermittent, or continuous irradiation with 5 Gy of photons. Independent of irradiation regimens, irradiation had little impact on left ventricular function, heart weight, and kidney weight. In the aorta, a single acute exposure delivered in 10 minutes led to structural disorganizations and detachment of the aortic endothelium, and intima-media thickening. These morphological changes were accompanied by increases in markers for profibrosis (TGF-β1), fibrosis (collagen fibers), proinflammation (TNF-α), and macrophages (F4/80 and CD68), with concurrent decreases in markers for cell adhesion (CD31 and VE-cadherin) and vascular functionality (eNOS) in the aortic endothelium. Compared with acute exposure, the magnitude of such aortic changes was overall greater when the same dose was delivered in 25 fractions spread over 6 weeks, smaller in 100 fractions over 5 months, and much smaller in chronic exposure over 5 months. These findings suggest that dose protraction alters vascular damage in the aorta, but in a way that is not a simple function of dose rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Unit, Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo 201-8511, Japan;
| | - Ki-ichiro Kawano
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.-i.K.); (F.M.Y.); (T.M.)
| | - Takaharu Nomura
- Radiation Safety Unit, Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo 201-8511, Japan;
| | - Kyoji Furukawa
- Biostatistics Center, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Japan;
| | - Farina Mohamad Yusoff
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.-i.K.); (F.M.Y.); (T.M.)
| | - Tatsuya Maruhashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.-i.K.); (F.M.Y.); (T.M.)
| | - Makoto Maeda
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan;
| | - Ayumu Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan;
| | - Yukihito Higashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.-i.K.); (F.M.Y.); (T.M.)
- Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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13
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Late Health Effects of Partial Body Irradiation Injury in a Minipig Model Are Associated with Changes in Systemic and Cardiac IGF-1 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063286. [PMID: 33807089 PMCID: PMC8005067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical, epidemiological, and experimental evidence demonstrate non-cancer, cardiovascular, and endocrine effects of ionizing radiation exposure including growth hormone deficiency, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hyperinsulinemia. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling perturbations are implicated in development of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. The minipig is an emerging model for studying radiation effects given its high analogy to human anatomy and physiology. Here we use a minipig model to study late health effects of radiation by exposing male Göttingen minipigs to 1.9–2.0 Gy X-rays (lower limb tibias spared). Animals were monitored for 120 days following irradiation and blood counts, body weight, heart rate, clinical chemistry parameters, and circulating biomarkers were assessed longitudinally. Collagen deposition, histolopathology, IGF-1 signaling, and mRNA sequencing were evaluated in tissues. Our findings indicate a single exposure induced histopathological changes, attenuated circulating IGF-1, and disrupted cardiac IGF-1 signaling. Electrolytes, lipid profiles, liver and kidney markers, and heart rate and rhythm were also affected. In the heart, collagen deposition was significantly increased and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) was induced following irradiation; collagen deposition and fibrosis were also observed in the kidney of irradiated animals. Our findings show Göttingen minipigs are a suitable large animal model to study long-term effects of radiation exposure and radiation-induced inhibition of IGF-1 signaling may play a role in development of late organ injuries.
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14
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Venosa A. Senescence in Pulmonary Fibrosis: Between Aging and Exposure. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:606462. [PMID: 33282895 PMCID: PMC7689159 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.606462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, chronic pulmonary pathologies represent the third leading cause of death in the elderly population. Evidence-based projections suggest that >65 (years old) individuals will account for approximately a quarter of the world population before the turn of the century. Genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication, are described as the nine “hallmarks” that govern cellular fitness. Any deviation from the normal pattern initiates a complex cascade of events culminating to a disease state. This blueprint, originally employed to describe aberrant changes in cancer cells, can be also used to describe aging and fibrosis. Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is the result of a progressive decline in injury resolution processes stemming from endogenous (physiological decline or somatic mutations) or exogenous stress. Environmental, dietary or occupational exposure accelerates the pathogenesis of a senescent phenotype based on (1) window of exposure; (2) dose, duration, recurrence; and (3) cells type being targeted. As the lung ages, the threshold to generate an irreversibly senescent phenotype is lowered. However, we do not have sufficient knowledge to make accurate predictions. In this review, we provide an assessment of the literature that interrogates lung epithelial, mesenchymal, and immune senescence at the intersection of aging, environmental exposure and pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Venosa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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15
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Habieb ME, Mohamed MA, El Gamal DM, Hawas AM, Mohamed TM. Anti-aging effect of DL-β-hydroxybutyrate against hepatic cellular senescence induced by D-galactose or γ-irradiation via autophagic flux stimulation in male rats. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 92:104288. [PMID: 33147533 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to shed new light on anti-aging effect of DL-β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) against hepatic cellular senescence induced by d-galactose or γ-irradiation. The rats divided into 6 groups. Group 1, control, group 2, exposed to γ-ray (5 GY), group 3, injected by d-galactose (150 mg/kg) daily for consecutive 6 weeks, which regarded to induce the aging, group 4, injected intraperitoneal by β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) (72.8 mg/kg) daily for consecutive 14 days, group 5, exposed to γ-ray then treated with βOHB daily for consecutive 14 days, group 6, injected daily with d-galactose for consecutive 6 weeks, then treated with βOHB daily at the last two weeks of d-galactose. Aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), Insulin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were estimated in serum. Moreover, protein expression of Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3-II/LC3-I) ratio, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), pAMPK, mRNA gene expression of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Nucleoporin p62 (p62), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1(P21CIP1), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16INK4a) and DNA fragmentation percentage were measured in liver tissue as a biomarker of cellular senescence. The results confirmed that βOHB modulated serum level of AST, ALT, insulin, IL-6 and TNF-α, protein expression of mTOR and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, pAMPK and p62 in liver aging model induced by d-galactose or γ-irradiation. Histopathological examination results of liver tissue indicated coincidence with those recorded by molecular biochemical inspection. Taken together, these findings suggest that βOHB may be useful in combating hepatic cellular senescence induced by d-galactose or γ-irradiation via autophagy dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Habieb
- Drug Radiation Research Dept., National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box, 29 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - M A Mohamed
- Drug Radiation Research Dept., National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box, 29 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - D M El Gamal
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Dept., Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - A M Hawas
- Drug Radiation Research Dept., National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box, 29 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - T M Mohamed
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Dept., Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt
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16
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Hamada N, Kawano KI, Yusoff FM, Furukawa K, Nakashima A, Maeda M, Yasuda H, Maruhashi T, Higashi Y. Ionizing Irradiation Induces Vascular Damage in the Aorta of Wild-Type Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3030. [PMID: 33081026 PMCID: PMC7603246 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a recent upsurge of interest in the effects of ionizing radiation exposure on the circulatory system, because a mounting body of epidemiological evidence suggests that irradiation induces cardio- and cerebrovascular disease at a much lower dose and lower dose rate than previously considered. The goal of our project is to determine whether dose protraction alters radiation effects on the circulatory system in a mouse model. To this end, the use of wild-type mice is pivotal albeit without manifestation of vascular diseases, because disease models (e.g., apolipoprotein E-deficient mice) are prone to hormetic responses following protracted exposures. As such, here, we first set out to analyze prelesional changes in the descending thoracic aorta of wild-type mice up to six months after a single acute exposure to 0 or 5 Gy of 137Cs γ-rays. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that irradiation facilitated structural disorganizations and detachment of the aortic endothelium. The Miles assay with an albumin-binding dye Evans Blue revealed that irradiation enhanced vascular permeability. Immunofluorescence staining showed that irradiation led to partial loss of the aortic endothelium (evidenced by a lack of adhesion molecule CD31 and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) signals), a decrease in endothelial nitric oxide synthase and adherens junction protein (vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin) in the aortic endothelium, along with an increase in inflammation (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and macrophage (F4/80) markers in the aorta. These findings suggest that irradiation produces vascular damage manifested as endothelial cell loss and increased vascular permeability, and that the decreased adherens junction and the increased inflammation lead to macrophage recruitment implicated in the early stage of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Ki-ichiro Kawano
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.-i.K.); (F.M.Y.); (T.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Farina Mohamad Yusoff
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.-i.K.); (F.M.Y.); (T.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Kyoji Furukawa
- Biostatistics Center, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Japan;
| | - Ayumu Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan;
| | - Makoto Maeda
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Yasuda
- Department of Radiation Biophysics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan;
| | - Tatsuya Maruhashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.-i.K.); (F.M.Y.); (T.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yukihito Higashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.-i.K.); (F.M.Y.); (T.M.); (Y.H.)
- Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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17
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Li X, Qiu W, Li J, Chen X, Hu Y, Gao Y, Shi D, Li X, Lin H, Hu Z, Dong G, Sheng C, Jiang B, Xia C, Kim CY, Guo Y, Li J. First-generation species-selective chemical probes for fluorescence imaging of human senescence-associated β-galactosidase. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7292-7301. [PMID: 34123013 PMCID: PMC8159415 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01234c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal), the most widely used biomarker of aging, is a valuable tool for assessing the extent of cell ‘healthy aging’ and potentially predicting the health life span of an individual. Human SA-β-gal is an endogenous lysosomal enzyme expressed from GLB1, the catalytic domain of which is very different from that of E. coli β-gal, a bacterial enzyme encoded by lacZ. However, existing chemical probes for this marker still lack the ability to distinguish human SA-β-gal from β-gal of other species, such as bacterial β-gal, which can yield false positive signals. Here, we show a molecular design strategy to construct fluorescent probes with the above ability with the aid of structure-based steric hindrance adjustment catering to different enzyme pockets. The resulting probes normally work as traditional SA-β-gal probes, but they are unique in their powerful ability to distinguish human SA-β-gal from E. coli β-gal, thus achieving species-selective visualization of human SA-β-gal for the first time. NIR-emitting fluorescent probe KSL11 as their representative further displays excellent species-selective recognition performance in biological systems, which has been herein verified by testing in senescent cells, in lacZ-transfected cells and in E. coli-β-gal-contaminated tissue sections of mice. Because of our probes, it was also discovered that SA-β-gal content in mice increased gradually with age and SA-β-gal accumulated most in the kidneys among the main organs of naturally aging mice, suggesting that the kidneys are the organs with the most severe aging during natural aging. The first-generation chemical probes for species-selective fluorescence imaging of human senescence-associated β-galactosidase are developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Wenjing Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jinwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Yulu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Ying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Donglei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Huiling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Zelan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Bei Jiang
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University Dali 671000 China
| | - Conglong Xia
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University Dali 671000 China
| | - Chu-Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Yuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China .,Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University Dali 671000 China
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El Bezawy R, Tripari M, Percio S, Cicchetti A, Tortoreto M, Stucchi C, Tinelli S, Zuco V, Doldi V, Gandellini P, Valdagni R, Zaffaroni N. SPOP Deregulation Improves the Radiation Response of Prostate Cancer Models by Impairing DNA Damage Repair. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1462. [PMID: 32512734 PMCID: PMC7352729 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Speckle-type POZ (pox virus and zinc finger protein) protein (SPOP) is the most commonly mutated gene in prostate cancer (PCa). Recent evidence reports a role of SPOP in DNA damage response (DDR), indicating a possible impact of SPOP deregulation on PCa radiosensitivity. This study aimed to define the role of SPOP deregulation (by gene mutation or knockdown) as a radiosensitizing factor in PCa preclinical models. To express WT or mutant (Y87N, K129E and F133V) SPOP, DU145 and PC-3 cells were transfected with pMCV6 vectors. Sensitivity profiles were assessed using clonogenic assay and immunofluorescent staining of γH2AX and RAD51 foci. SCID xenografts were treated with 5 Gy single dose irradiation using an image-guided small animal irradiator. siRNA and miRNA mimics were used to silence SPOP or express the SPOP negative regulator miR-145, respectively. SPOP deregulation, by either gene mutation or knockdown, consistently enhanced the radiation response of PCa models by impairing DDR, as indicated by transcriptome analysis and functionally confirmed by decreased RAD51 foci. SPOP silencing also resulted in a significant downregulation of RAD51 and CHK1 expression, consistent with the impairment of homologous recombination. Our results indicate that SPOP deregulation plays a radiosensitizing role in PCa by impairing DDR via downregulation of RAD51 and CHK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihan El Bezawy
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.E.B.); (S.P.); (M.T.); (S.T.); (V.Z.); (V.D.)
| | - Martina Tripari
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK;
| | - Stefano Percio
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.E.B.); (S.P.); (M.T.); (S.T.); (V.Z.); (V.D.)
| | - Alessandro Cicchetti
- Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (R.V.)
| | - Monica Tortoreto
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.E.B.); (S.P.); (M.T.); (S.T.); (V.Z.); (V.D.)
| | - Claudio Stucchi
- Medical Physics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Stella Tinelli
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.E.B.); (S.P.); (M.T.); (S.T.); (V.Z.); (V.D.)
| | - Valentina Zuco
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.E.B.); (S.P.); (M.T.); (S.T.); (V.Z.); (V.D.)
| | - Valentina Doldi
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.E.B.); (S.P.); (M.T.); (S.T.); (V.Z.); (V.D.)
| | - Paolo Gandellini
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Valdagni
- Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (R.V.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Radiation Oncology 1, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.E.B.); (S.P.); (M.T.); (S.T.); (V.Z.); (V.D.)
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Delayed effects of acute whole body lethal radiation exposure in mice pre-treated with BBT-059. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6825. [PMID: 32321983 PMCID: PMC7176697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of nuclear exposure is heightened and it is imperative to identify potential countermeasures for acute radiation syndrome. Currently no countermeasures have been approved for prophylactic administration. Effective countermeasures should function to increase survival in the short term as well as to increase the overall prognosis of an exposed individual long term. Here we describe the use of a promising radiation countermeasure, BBT-059, and the results of a long term mouse study (up to 12 months) in the male CD2F1 strain using 60Co gamma irradiation (~0.6 Gy/min, 7.5-12.5 Gy). We report the dose reduction factor of 1.28 for BBT-059 (0.3 mg/kg) compared to control administered 24 h prior to irradiation. In the long term study animals showed accelerated recovery in peripheral blood cell counts, bone marrow colony forming units, sternal cellularity and megakaryocyte numbers in drug treated mice compared to formulation buffer. In addition, increased senescence was observed in the kidneys of animals administered control or drug and exposed to the highest doses of radiation. Decreased levels of E-cadherin, LaminB1 and increased levels of Cyc-D and p21 in spleen lysates were observed in animals administered control. Taken together the results indicate a high level of protection following BBT-059 administration in mice exposed to lethal and supralethal doses of total body gamma-radiation.
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Hargitai R, Roivainen P, Kis D, Luukkonen J, Sáfrány G, Seppälä J, Szatmári T, Virén T, Vuolukka K, Salomaa S, Lumniczky K. Mitochondrial DNA damage in the hair bulb: can it be used as a noninvasive biomarker of local exposure to low LET ionizing radiation? Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 96:491-501. [PMID: 31846382 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1704910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Our aim was to evaluate whether mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage in hair bulbs could be a suitable biomarker for the detection of local exposure to ionizing radiation.Materials and methods: Mouse hair was collected 4 and 24 hours, 3 and 10 days after single whole-body exposure to 0, 0.1, and 2 Gy radiation. Pubic hair (treated area) and scalp hair (control area) were collected from 13 prostate cancer patients before and after fractioned radiotherapy with an average total dose of 2.7 Gy to follicles after five fractions. Unspecified lesion frequency of mtDNA was analyzed with long PCR, large mtDNA deletion levels were tested with real-time PCR.Results: Unspecified lesion frequency of mtDNA significantly increased in mouse hair 24 hours after irradiation with 2 Gy, but variance among samples was high. No increase in lesion frequency could be detected after 0.1 Gy irradiation. In prostate cancer patients, there was no significant change in either the unspecified lesion frequency or in the proportion of 4934-bp deleted mtDNA in pubic hair after radiotherapy. The proportions of murine 3860-bp common deletion, human 4977-bp common deletion and 7455-bp deleted mtDNA were too low to be analyzed reliably.Conclusions: Our results suggest that the unspecified lesion frequency and proportion of large deletions of mtDNA in hair bulbs are not suitable biomarkers of exposure to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Hargitai
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Division of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Päivi Roivainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dávid Kis
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Division of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jukka Luukkonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Géza Sáfrány
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Division of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jan Seppälä
- Center of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tünde Szatmári
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Division of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tuomas Virén
- Center of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Sisko Salomaa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katalin Lumniczky
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Division of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Centre, Budapest, Hungary
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21
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Beach TA, Groves AM, Johnston CJ, Williams JP, Finkelstein JN. Recurrent DNA damage is associated with persistent injury in progressive radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:1104-1115. [PMID: 30238842 PMCID: PMC6309234 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1516907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation-induced lung injuries (RILI), namely radiation pneumonitis and/or fibrosis, are dose-limiting outcomes following treatment for thoracic cancers. As part of a search for mitigation targets, we sought to determine if persistent DNA damage is a characteristic of this progressive injury. METHODS C57BL/6J female mice were sacrificed at 24 h, 1, 4, 12, 16, 24 and 32 weeks following a single dose of 12.5 Gy thorax only gamma radiation; their lungs were compared to age-matched unirradiated animals. Tissues were examined for DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) (γ-H2A.X and p53bp1), cellular senescence (senescence-associated beta-galactosidase and p21) and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde). RESULTS Data revealed consistently higher numbers of DSBs compared to age-matched controls, with increases in γ-H2A.X positivity beyond 24 h post-exposure, particularly during the pathological phases, suggesting periods of recurrent DNA damage. Additional intermittent increases in both cellular senescence and oxidative stress also appeared to coincide with pneumonitis and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS These novel, long-term data indicate (a) increased and persistent levels of DSBs, oxidative stress and cellular senescence may serve as bioindicators of RILI, and (b) prevention of genotoxicity, via mitigation of free radical production, continues to be a potential strategy for the prevention of pulmonary radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A. Beach
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Angela M. Groves
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Carl J. Johnston
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Jacqueline P. Williams
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Jacob N. Finkelstein
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
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22
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Clampdown of inflammation in aging and anticancer therapies by limiting upregulation and activation of GPCR, CXCR4. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2018; 4:9. [PMID: 30181898 PMCID: PMC6117261 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-018-0028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major pathological outcomes of DNA damage during aging or anticancer therapy is enhanced inflammation. However, the underlying signaling mechanism that drives this is not well understood. Here, we show that in response to DNA damage, ubiquitously expressed GPCR, CXCR4 is upregulated through the ATM kinase-HIF1α dependent DNA damage response (DDR) signaling, and enhances inflammatory response when activated by its ligand, chemokine CXCL12. A pharmacologically active compound screen revealed that this increased inflammation is dependent on reduction in cAMP levels achieved through activation of Gαi through CXCR4 receptor and PDE4A. Through in vivo analysis in mice where DNA damage was induced by irradiation, we validated that CXCR4 is induced systemically after DNA damage and inhibition of its activity or its induction blocked inflammation as well as tissue injury. We thus report a unique DNA damage-linked inflammatory cascade, which is mediated by expression level changes in a GPCR and can be targeted to counteract inflammation during anticancer therapies as well as aging. A sensing protein that is increased in response to DNA damage can be targeted to reduce inflammation and collateral damage during anti-cancer therapy and aging. Scientists at Saini Lab at the Indian Institute of Science have identified the protein that drives sustained and detrimental inflammation when the DNA of cells are damaged, such as during normal human aging or during anti-cancer therapy. Furthermore, blocking the functions of this protein and associated pathway was able to reduce the inflammation to less harmful levels. This discovery could potentially enable safer and more effective anti-cancer therapy by protecting non-cancerous cells surrounding tumors from lethal inflammation. Further studies on this protein could also reduce age associated inflammation, allowing us to age gracefully and healthily.
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Ionizing radiation reduces ADAM10 expression in brain microvascular endothelial cells undergoing stress-induced senescence. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 9:1248-1268. [PMID: 28437250 PMCID: PMC5425125 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is associated with aging and is considered a potential contributor to age-associated neurodegenerative disease. Exposure to ionizing radiation increases the risk of developing premature neurovascular degeneration and dementia but also induces premature senescence. As cells of the cerebrovascular endothelium are particularly susceptible to radiation and play an important role in brain homeostasis, we investigated radiation-induced senescence in brain microvascular endothelial cells (EC). Using biotinylation to label surface proteins, streptavidin enrichment and proteomic analysis, we analyzed the surface proteome of stress-induced senescent EC in culture. An array of both recognized and novel senescence-associated proteins were identified. Most notably, we identified and validated the novel radiation-stimulated down-regulation of the protease, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10). ADAM10 is an important modulator of amyloid beta protein production, accumulation of which is central to the pathologies of Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Concurrently, we identified and validated increased surface expression of ADAM10 proteolytic targets with roles in neural proliferation and survival, inflammation and immune activation (L1CAM, NEO1, NEST, TLR2, DDX58). ADAM10 may be a key molecule linking radiation, senescence and endothelial dysfunction with increased risk of premature neurodegenerative diseases normally associated with aging.
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24
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Antipova VN, Lomaeva MG, Zyrina NV. Mitochondrial DNA deletions in tissues of mice after ionizing radiation exposure. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:282-288. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1419299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya N. Antipova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Active Media, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Milena G. Lomaeva
- Laboratory of Radiation Molecular Biology, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V. Zyrina
- Laboratory of Crystallophysics and X-ray Research, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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25
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Raoufi Rad N, McRobb LS, Zhao Z, Lee VS, Patel NJ, Qureshi AS, Grace M, McHattan JJ, Amal Raj JV, Duong H, Kashba SR, Stoodley MA. Phosphatidylserine Translocation after Radiosurgery in an Animal Model of Arteriovenous Malformation. Radiat Res 2017; 187:701-707. [PMID: 28414573 DOI: 10.1667/rr14646.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is asymmetrically distributed across the plasma membrane, located predominantly on the inner leaflet in healthy cells. Translocation of PS to the outer leaflet makes it available as a target for biological therapies. We examined PS translocation after radiosurgery in an animal model of brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM). An arteriovenous fistula was created by end-to-side anastomosis of the left external jugular vein to the common carotid artery in 6-week-old, male Sprague Dawley rats. Six weeks after AVM creation, 15 rats underwent Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery receiving a single 15 Gy dose to the margin of the fistula; 15 rats received sham treatment. Externalization of PS was examined by intravenous injection of a PS-specific near-infrared probe, PSVue-794, and in vivo fluorescence optical imaging at 1, 7, 21, 42, 63 and 84 days postirradiation. Fluorescent signaling indicative of PS translocation to the luminal cell surface accumulated in the AVM region, in both irradiated and nonirradiated animals, at all time points. Fluorescence was localized specifically to the AVM region and was not present in any other anatomical sites. Translocated PS increased over time in irradiated rats (P < 0.001) but not in sham-irradiated rats and this difference reached statistical significance at day 84 (P < 0.05). In summary, vessels within the mature rat AVM demonstrate elevated PS externalization compared to normal vessels. A single dose of ionizing radiation can increase PS externalization in a time-dependent manner. Strict localization of PS externalization within the AVM region suggests that stereotactic radiosurgery can serve as an effective priming agent and PS may be a suitable candidate for vascular-targeting approaches to AVM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Newsha Raoufi Rad
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lucinda S McRobb
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Zhao
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vivienne S Lee
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nirav J Patel
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anas Sarwar Qureshi
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Grace
- b Genesis Cancer Care, Macquarie University Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Jude V Amal Raj
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hong Duong
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Saleh R Kashba
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia.,d Department of Neurosurgery, Misurata Cancer Institute, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya
| | - Marcus A Stoodley
- a Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
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26
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Hamada N. Ionizing radiation sensitivity of the ocular lens and its dose rate dependence. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 93:1024-1034. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1266407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Current Evidence for Developmental, Structural, and Functional Brain Defects following Prenatal Radiation Exposure. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:1243527. [PMID: 27382490 PMCID: PMC4921147 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1243527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is omnipresent. We are continuously exposed to natural (e.g., radon and cosmic) and man-made radiation sources, including those from industry but especially from the medical sector. The increasing use of medical radiation modalities, in particular those employing low-dose radiation such as CT scans, raises concerns regarding the effects of cumulative exposure doses and the inappropriate utilization of these imaging techniques. One of the major goals in the radioprotection field is to better understand the potential health risk posed to the unborn child after radiation exposure to the pregnant mother, of which the first convincing evidence came from epidemiological studies on in utero exposed atomic bomb survivors. In the following years, animal models have proven to be an essential tool to further characterize brain developmental defects and consequent functional deficits. However, the identification of a possible dose threshold is far from complete and a sound link between early defects and persistent anomalies has not yet been established. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on brain developmental and persistent defects resulting from in utero radiation exposure and addresses the many questions that still remain to be answered.
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Azimzadeh O, Sievert W, Sarioglu H, Merl-Pham J, Yentrapalli R, Bakshi MV, Janik D, Ueffing M, Atkinson MJ, Multhoff G, Tapio S. Integrative proteomics and targeted transcriptomics analyses in cardiac endothelial cells unravel mechanisms of long-term radiation-induced vascular dysfunction. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1203-19. [PMID: 25590149 DOI: 10.1021/pr501141b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data from radiotherapy patients show the damaging effect of ionizing radiation on heart and vasculature. The endothelium is the main target of radiation damage and contributes essentially to the development of cardiac injury. However, the molecular mechanisms behind the radiation-induced endothelial dysfunction are not fully understood. In the present study, 10-week-old C57Bl/6 mice received local X-ray heart doses of 8 or 16 Gy and were sacrificed after 16 weeks; the controls were sham-irradiated. The cardiac microvascular endothelial cells were isolated from the heart tissue using streptavidin-CD31-coated microbeads. The cells were lysed and proteins were labeled with duplex isotope-coded protein label methodology for quantification. All samples were analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS and Proteome Discoverer software. The proteomics data were further studied by bioinformatics tools and validated by targeted transcriptomics, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and serum profiling. Radiation-induced endothelial dysfunction was characterized by impaired energy metabolism and perturbation of the insulin/IGF-PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. The data also strongly suggested premature endothelial senescence, increased oxidative stress, decreased NO availability, and enhanced inflammation as main causes of radiation-induced long-term vascular dysfunction. Detailed data on molecular mechanisms of radiation-induced vascular injury as compiled here are essential in developing radiotherapy strategies that minimize cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Azimzadeh
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology , Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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29
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Serra MP, Marongiu F, Sini M, Marongiu M, Contini A, Wolff H, Rave-Frank M, Krause P, Laconi E, Koenig S. Hepatocyte senescence induced by radiation and partial hepatectomy in rat liver. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90:876-83. [PMID: 24827852 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.922714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure to radiation primes the liver for extensive replacement of the resident parenchymal cells by transplanted hepatocytes. The mechanisms underlying this repopulation remain to be clarified. In these studies, we examined the possible occurrence of cell senescence in vivo following radiation-associated preconditioning of the host liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fischer 344 rats underwent external-beam, computed-tomography-based partial liver irradiation. A single dose of 25 Gy was delivered to the right liver lobes (40% of liver mass). An additional group of animals received a 1/3 partial hepatectomy (removal of the left anterior lobe) four days after irradiation. Non-irradiated groups served as controls. All rats were sacrificed four weeks after the initial treatment. RESULTS The irradiated livers displayed several markers of cell senescence, including expression of senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal), increase in cell size, and up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDK-I) p16 and p21. Furthermore, quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed activation of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), including the cytokines interleukin 6 (IL6) and 1α (IL1α). The senescence-related changes were more prominent in rats undergoing partial hepatectomy (PH) following irradiation (IR). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that priming with radiation for liver repopulation results in the induction of cell senescence and the up-regulation of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype. The latter can contribute to the extensive growth of transplanted cells in this system.
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30
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Warrington JP, Ashpole N, Csiszar A, Lee YW, Ungvari Z, Sonntag WE. Whole brain radiation-induced vascular cognitive impairment: mechanisms and implications. J Vasc Res 2013; 50:445-57. [PMID: 24107797 PMCID: PMC4309372 DOI: 10.1159/000354227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment is a well-documented consequence of whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) that affects 40-50% of long-term brain tumor survivors. The exact mechanisms for the decline in cognitive function after WBRT remain elusive and no treatment or preventative measures are available for use in the clinic. Here, we review recent findings indicating how changes in the neurovascular unit may contribute to the impairments in learning and memory. In addition to affecting neuronal development, WBRT induces profound capillary rarefaction within the hippocampus - a region of the brain important for learning and memory. Therapeutic strategies such as hypoxia, which restore the capillary density, result in the rescue of cognitive function. In addition to decreasing vascular density, WBRT impairs vasculogenesis and/or angiogenesis, which may also contribute to radiation-induced cognitive decline. Further studies aimed at uncovering the specific mechanisms underlying these WBRT-induced changes in the cerebrovasculature are essential for developing therapies to mitigate the deleterious effects of WBRT on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junie P. Warrington
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Nicole Ashpole
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Yong Woo Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - William E. Sonntag
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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Yentrapalli R, Azimzadeh O, Sriharshan A, Malinowsky K, Merl J, Wojcik A, Harms-Ringdahl M, Atkinson MJ, Becker KF, Haghdoost S, Tapio S. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is implicated in the premature senescence of primary human endothelial cells exposed to chronic radiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70024. [PMID: 23936371 PMCID: PMC3731291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of radiation-induced cardiovascular disease (CVD) after chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation is only marginally understood. We have previously shown that a chronic low-dose rate exposure (4.1 mGy/h) causes human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to prematurely senesce. We now show that a dose rate of 2.4 mGy/h is also able to trigger premature senescence in HUVECs, primarily indicated by a loss of growth potential and the appearance of the senescence-associated markers ß-galactosidase (SA-ß-gal) and p21. In contrast, a lower dose rate of 1.4 mGy/h was not sufficient to inhibit cellular growth or increase SA-ß-gal-staining despite an increased expression of p21. We used reverse phase protein arrays and triplex Isotope Coded Protein Labeling with LC-ESI-MS/MS to study the proteomic changes associated with chronic radiation-induced senescence. Both technologies identified inactivation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway accompanying premature senescence. In addition, expression of proteins involved in cytoskeletal structure and EIF2 signaling was reduced. Age-related diseases such as CVD have been previously associated with increased endothelial cell senescence. We postulate that a similar endothelial aging may contribute to the increased rate of CVD seen in populations chronically exposed to low-dose-rate radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Yentrapalli
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Arundhathi Sriharshan
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Juliane Merl
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrzej Wojcik
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Harms-Ringdahl
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael J. Atkinson
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Siamak Haghdoost
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soile Tapio
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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