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Hu Q, Yao L, Liao X, Zhang LS, Li HT, Li TT, Jiang QG, Tan MF, Li L, Draheim RR, Huang Q, Zhou R. Comparative Phenotypic, Proteomic, and Phosphoproteomic Analysis Reveals Different Roles of Serine/Threonine Phosphatase and Kinase in the Growth, Cell Division, and Pathogenicity of Streptococcus suis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122442. [PMID: 34946045 PMCID: PMC8707513 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryote-like serine/threonine kinases (STKs) and cognate phosphatases (STPs) comprise an important regulatory system in many bacterial pathogens. The complexity of this regulatory system has not been fully understood due to the presence of multiple STKs/STPs in many bacteria and their multiple substrates involved in many different physiological and pathogenetic processes. Streptococci are the best materials for the study due to a single copy of the gene encoding STK and its cognate STP. Although several studies have been done to investigate the roles of STK and STP in zoonotic Streptococcus suis, respectively, few studies were performed on the coordinated regulatory roles of this system. In this study, we carried out a systemic study on STK/STP in S. suis by using a comparative phenotypic, proteomic, and phosphoproteomic analysis. Mouse infection assays revealed that STK played a much more important role in S. suis pathogenesis than STP. The ∆stk and ∆stp∆stk strains, but not ∆stp, showed severe growth retardation. Moreover, both ∆stp and ∆stk strains displayed defects in cell division, but they were abnormal in different ways. The comparative proteomics and phosphoproteomics revealed that deletion of stk or stp had a significant influence on protein expression. Interestingly, more virulence factors were found to be downregulated in ∆stk than ∆stp. In ∆stk strain, a substantial number of the proteins with a reduced phosphorylation level were involved in cell division, energy metabolism, and protein translation. However, only a few proteins showed increased phosphorylation in ∆stp, which also included some proteins related to cell division. Collectively, our results show that both STP and STK are critical regulatory proteins for S. suis and that STK seems to play more important roles in growth, cell division, and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Lun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Xia Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Liang-Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Hao-Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Qing-Gen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Mei-Fang Tan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China;
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Roger R. Draheim
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2UP, UK;
| | - Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (R.Z.)
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2
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Eto SF, Fernandes DC, Baldassi AC, Balbuena TS, da Costa Alecrim JV, Almeida de Carvalho FC, Lima C, Lopes-Ferreira M, Pizauro JM. Proteomic analysis capsule synthesis and redox mechanisms in the intracellular survival of group B Streptococcus in fish microglia. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:34-50. [PMID: 34464686 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) causes meningitis in neonates and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The molecular mechanisms regulating the intracellular survival of this pathogen in the host cell are complex and crucial for the progression of infection. Thus, we propose the use of GBS-infected Nile tilapia microglia as an in vitro model system simulating infection caused by homologous bacteria in humans. We used this model to evaluate the phagocytic activity, as well as the functional aspects of the capsular proteins A, B, C, and D and the major redox enzymes, and the synergistic role of mechanisms/proteins involved in blocking phagocytic process. We observed that in the intracellular phase, GBS showed enhanced synthesis of the polysaccharide capsule and used superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin, NADH oxidase, and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase to scavenge reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species produced by the host cell. Furthermore, although these virulence mechanisms were effective during the initial hours of infection, they were not able to subvert microglial responses, which partially neutralized the infection. Altogether, our findings provided important information regarding the intracellular survival mechanisms of GBS and perspectives for the production of new drugs and vaccines, through the druggability analysis of specific proteins. In conclusion, tilapia microglia serve as a potent in vitro experimental model for the study of meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas Fernandes Eto
- Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences-PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), Boa Vista, 69310-000, Brazil.
| | - Dayanne Carla Fernandes
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, (CeTICs/FAPESP), Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantã, 05503-009, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Baldassi
- Department of Technology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Sao Paulo/ SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Santana Balbuena
- Department of Technology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Sao Paulo/ SP, Brazil
| | - João Victor da Costa Alecrim
- Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences-PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), Boa Vista, 69310-000, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Lima
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantã, 05503-009, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantã, 05503-009, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Martins Pizauro
- Department of Technology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Sao Paulo/ SP, Brazil
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3
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Zhu H, Zhou J, Wang D, Yu Z, Li B, Ni Y, He K. Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals that serine/threonine kinase is involved in Streptococcus suis virulence and adaption to stress conditions. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:4715-4726. [PMID: 34028569 PMCID: PMC8141825 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic-type serine/threonine kinase of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) performs critical roles in bacterial pathogenesis. In this study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) MS/MS were used to analyze the protein profiles of wild type strain SS2-1 and its isogenic STK deletion mutant (Δstk). A total of 281 significant differential proteins, including 147 up-regulated and 134 down-regulated proteins, were found in Δstk. Moreover, 69 virulence factors (VFs) among these 281 proteins were predicted by the Virulence Factor Database (VFDB), including 38 downregulated and 31 up-regulated proteins in Δstk, among which 15 down regulated VFs were known VFs of SS2. Among the down-regulated proteins, high temperature requirement A (HtrA), glutamine synthase (GlnA), ferrichrome ABC transporter substrate-binding protein FepB, and Zinc-binding protein AdcA are known to be involved in bacterial survival and/or nutrient and energy acquisition under adverse host conditions. Overall, our results indicate that STK regulates the expression of proteins involved in virulence of SS2 and its adaption to stress environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodan Zhu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junming Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyu Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxiu Ni
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kongwang He
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Tram G, Jennings MP, Blackall PJ, Atack JM. Streptococcus suis pathogenesis-A diverse array of virulence factors for a zoonotic lifestyle. Adv Microb Physiol 2021; 78:217-257. [PMID: 34147186 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a major cause of respiratory tract and invasive infections in pigs and is responsible for a substantial disease burden in the pig industry. S. suis is also a significant cause of bacterial meningitis in humans, particularly in South East Asia. S. suis expresses a wide array of virulence factors, and although many are described as being required for disease, no single factor has been demonstrated to be absolutely required. The lack of uniform distribution of known virulence factors among individual strains and lack of evidence that any particular virulence factor is essential for disease makes the development of vaccines and treatments challenging. Here we review the current understanding of S. suis virulence factors and their role in the pathogenesis of this important zoonotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Tram
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael P Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrick J Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - John M Atack
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
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5
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Liu H, Ye C, Fu H, Yue M, Li X, Fang W. Stk and Stp1 participate in Streptococcus suis serotype 2 pathogenesis by regulating capsule thickness and translocation of certain virulence factors. Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104607. [PMID: 33161059 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic-like serine/threonine protein kinase (eSTK) and phosphatase (eSTP) play multiple roles in pathogenesis of many Gram-positive bacteria. eSTK (Stk) and eSTP (Stp1) of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (S. suis 2) have also been reported to be virulence-associated, but their roles and underlying mechanisms in S. suis 2 pathogenesis require further investigation. We constructed mutants of stk or stp1 deletion using the virulent S. suis 2 isolate 05ZYH33 as the parental strain. Both Δstk and Δstp1 mutants showed abnormal cell division shown as increased chain length. This might be due to regulation by Stk and Stp1 of the phosphorylation status of the bacterial division protein DivIVA. Both mutants showed increased adhesion but reduced invasion to epithelial and endothelial cells. The two mutants were more readily phagocytosed by murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Western blotting revealed that GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), an important adhesin of S. suis, was significantly increased in the surface-associated and secreted fractions of the two mutant strains. Because increased adhesion of the mutant strains Δstk and Δstp1 to endothelial cells could be significantly inhibited by anti-GAPDH serum, we suppose that aberrant translocation of GAPDH due to deletion of the stk or stp1 gene contributed to increased interaction with host cells. The Δstk mutant showed reduced survival in macrophages, while the Δstp1 mutant showed increased survival probably as a result of increased capsule thickness. Enhanced hemolytic activity of the Δstk mutant could be due to increased secretion of suilysin. Both mutants exhibited reduced survival in pig whole blood and attenuated virulence to mice. Taken together, these results suggest that Stk and Stp1 can modulate S. suis cell division by post-translational modification of DivIVA, and regulate translocation of certain virulence factors, thereby benefiting its pathogenicity by compromising its interactions with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanze Liu
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Chaofeng Ye
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Hao Fu
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Min Yue
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Weihuan Fang
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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6
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Zheng C, Wei M, Jia M, Cao M. Involvement of Various Enzymes in the Physiology and Pathogenesis of Streptococcus suis. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040143. [PMID: 32977655 PMCID: PMC7712317 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis causes severe infections in both swine and humans, making it a serious threat to the swine industry and public health. Insight into the physiology and pathogenesis of S. suis undoubtedly contributes to the control of its infection. During the infection process, a wide variety of virulence factors enable S. suis to colonize, invade, and spread in the host, thus causing localized infections and/or systemic diseases. Enzymes catalyze almost all aspects of metabolism in living organisms. Numerous enzymes have been characterized in extensive detail in S. suis, and have shown to be involved in the pathogenesis and/or physiology of this pathogen. In this review, we describe the progress in the study of some representative enzymes in S. suis, such as ATPases, immunoglobulin-degrading enzymes, and eukaryote-like serine/threonine kinase and phosphatase, and we highlight the important role of various enzymes in the physiology and pathogenesis of this pathogen. The controversies about the current understanding of certain enzymes are also discussed here. Additionally, we provide suggestions about future directions in the study of enzymes in S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkun Zheng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.W.); (M.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-152-0527-9658
| | - Man Wei
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.W.); (M.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mengdie Jia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.W.); (M.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - ManMan Cao
- Guangdong Maoming Agriculture & Forestry Techical College, Maoming 525000, China;
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Zhu H, Wang Y, Ni Y, Zhou J, Han L, Yu Z, Mao A, Wang D, Fan H, He K. The Redox-Sensing Regulator Rex Contributes to the Virulence and Oxidative Stress Response of Streptococcus suis Serotype 2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:317. [PMID: 30280091 PMCID: PMC6154617 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) is an important zoonotic pathogen responsible for septicemia and meningitis. The redox-sensing regulator Rex has been reported to play critical roles in the metabolism regulation, oxidative stress response, and virulence of various pathogens. In this study, we identified and characterized a Rex ortholog in the SS2 virulent strain SS2-1 that is involved in bacterial pathogenicity and stress environment susceptibility. Our data show that the Rex-knockout mutant strain Δrex exhibited impaired growth in medium with hydrogen peroxide or a low pH compared with the wildtype strain SS2-1 and the complementary strain CΔrex. In addition, Δrex showed a decreased level of survival in whole blood and in RAW264.7 macrophages. Further analyses revealed that Rex deficiency significantly attenuated bacterial virulence in an animal model. A comparative proteome analysis found that the expression levels of several proteins involved in virulence and oxidative stress were significantly different in Δrex compared with SS2-1. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that recombinant Rex specifically bound to the promoters of target genes in a manner that was modulated by NADH and NAD+. Taken together, our data suggest that Rex plays critical roles in the virulence and oxidative stress response of SS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodan Zhu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanxiu Ni
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Junming Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixiao Han
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengyu Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Aihua Mao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kongwang He
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, China
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8
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Ni H, Fan W, Li C, Wu Q, Hou H, Hu D, Zheng F, Zhu X, Wang C, Cao X, Shao ZQ, Pan X. Streptococcus suis DivIVA Protein Is a Substrate of Ser/Thr Kinase STK and Involved in Cell Division Regulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:85. [PMID: 29616196 PMCID: PMC5869912 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important swine pathogen and an emerging zoonotic agent that causes severe infections. Recent studies have reported a eukaryotic-like Ser/Thr protein kinase (STK) gene and characterized its role in the growth and virulence of different S. suis 2 strains. In the present study, phosphoproteomic analysis was adopted to identify substrates of the STK protein. Seven proteins that were annotated to participate in different cell processes were identified as potential substrates, which suggests the pleiotropic effects of stk on S. suis 2 by targeting multiple pathways. Among them, a protein characterized as cell division initiation protein (DivIVA) was further investigated. In vitro analysis demonstrated that the recombinant STK protein directly phosphorylates threonine at amino acid position 199 (Thr-199) of DivIVA. This effect could be completely abolished by the T199A mutation. To determine the specific role of DivIVA in growth and division, a divIVA mutant was constructed. The ΔdivIVA strain exhibited impaired growth and division, including lower viability, enlarged cell mass, asymmetrical division caused by aberrant septum, and extremely weak pathogenicity in a mouse infection model. Collectively, our results reveal that STK regulates the cell growth and virulence of S. suis 2 by targeting substrates that are involved in different biological pathways. The inactivation of DivIVA leads to severe defects in cell division and strongly attenuates pathogenicity, thereby indicating its potential as a molecular drug target against S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ni
- Department of Microbiology, Hua Dong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Ecology and Biological Resources in Yarkand Oasis at Colleges and Universities Under the Department of Education of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Kashgar University, Kashgar, China
| | - Weiwei Fan
- Department of Microbiology, Hua Dong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Changzhou Wujin People's Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Chaolong Li
- Department of Microbiology, Hua Dong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianqian Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Hua Dong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongfen Hou
- Department of Microbiology, Hua Dong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Hua Dong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Hua Dong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuhui Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Hua Dong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Hua Dong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangrong Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhu-Qing Shao
- Department of Microbiology, Hua Dong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuzhen Pan
- Department of Microbiology, Hua Dong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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