1
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Gruber S, Waser V, Thiel Z, Ametamey SM. Prodrug Approach toward the Development of a PET Radioligand for Imaging the GluN2A Subunits of the NMDA Receptor. Org Lett 2021; 23:4584-4587. [PMID: 34060848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward synthesis of a fluorine-18-labeled prodrug of AFA233 is reported. The key step in the preparation of [18F]AFA233-prodrug is the selective deprotection of the tert-butyl protection groups of the quinoxalinedione moiety without cleavage of the tert-butyl-S-acyl-2-thioethyl protection groups on the phosphate esters. In addition, the preparation of the nonradioactive prodrug reference compound of AFA233 is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gruber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Waser
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Zacharias Thiel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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2
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Novosjolova I, Kennedy SD, Rozners E. 2-Methoxypyridine as a Thymidine Mimic in Watson-Crick Base Pairs of DNA and PNA: Synthesis, Thermal Stability, and NMR Structural Studies. Chembiochem 2017; 18:2165-2170. [PMID: 28858428 PMCID: PMC5920655 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of nucleic acid base-pair analogues that use new modes of molecular recognition is important both for fundamental research and practical applications. The goal of this study was to evaluate 2-methoxypyridine as a cationic thymidine mimic in the A-T base pair. The hypothesis was that including protonation in the Watson-Crick base pairing scheme would enhance the thermal stability of the DNA double helix without compromising the sequence selectivity. DNA and peptide nucleic acid (PNA) sequences containing the new 2-methoxypyridine nucleobase (P) were synthesized and studied by using UV thermal melting and NMR spectroscopy. Introduction of P nucleobase caused a loss of thermal stability of ≈10 °C in DNA-DNA duplexes and ≈20 °C in PNA-DNA duplexes over a range of mildly acidic to neutral pH. Despite the decrease in thermal stability, the NMR structural studies showed that P-A formed the expected protonated base pair at pH 4.3. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of cationic unnatural base pairs; however, future optimization of such analogues will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Novosjolova
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, The State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Scott D Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Eriks Rozners
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, The State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
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3
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Yates MK, Raje MR, Chatterjee P, Spiropoulou CF, Bavari S, Flint M, Soloveva V, Seley-Radtke KL. Flex-nucleoside analogues - Novel therapeutics against filoviruses. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2800-2802. [PMID: 28465098 PMCID: PMC5626011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Fleximers, a novel type of flexible nucleoside that have garnered attention due to their unprecedented activity against human coronaviruses, have now exhibited highly promising levels of activity against filoviruses. The Flex-nucleoside was the most potent against recombinant Ebola virus in Huh7 cells with an EC50=2μM, while the McGuigan prodrug was most active against Sudan virus-infected HeLa cells with an EC50 of 7μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Yates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | - Mithun R Raje
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | - Payel Chatterjee
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Sina Bavari
- US Army Medical Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Mike Flint
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Veronica Soloveva
- US Army Medical Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States.
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4
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Alaoui S, Dufies M, Driowya M, Demange L, Bougrin K, Robert G, Auberger P, Pagès G, Benhida R. Synthesis and anti-cancer activities of new sulfonamides 4-substituted-triazolyl nucleosides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1989-1992. [PMID: 28325600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues are among the most known drugs commonly used in antiviral and anticancer chemotherapies. Among them, those featuring a five-membered ring nucleobase are of utmost interest such as the anti-cancer agent AICAR or the anti-viral drug ribavirin. Despite its low activity in vitro in different cell lines, AICAR is under clinical development for several pathologies, thanks to its original mode of action. Indeed, AICAR induced autophagy cell death and is able, following this mechanism, to circumvent resistance to apoptotic drugs including kinase inhibitors currently on the market. To improve the activity of AICAR, we report herein an efficient synthesis of new series of sulfonamide-4-substituted-1,2,3-triazolyl nucleosides using a Cu-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. All these molecules have been fully characterized and evaluated against two aggressive tumor cell lines, RCC4 and MDA-MB-231. Among them, nucleoside analogue 5i belonging to the ribose series was found to be 19 to 66-fold more active than AICAR. Western blot analyses on RCC4 cells showed that 5i displayed an interesting mode of action by inducing both apoptosis and autophagy cell death, making therefore this class of molecules highly promising for further hit-to-lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Alaoui
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, 06108 Nice, France; Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Maeva Dufies
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284 and INSERM U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Mohsine Driowya
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Luc Demange
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, 06108 Nice, France; Département de Chimie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire & UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris Fr-75006, France
| | - Khalid Bougrin
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Guillaume Robert
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Bâtiment ARCHIMED, 151 Route de Saint-Antoine de Ginestière, BP 2 3194, 06204 Nice Cedex 3, France
| | - Patrick Auberger
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Bâtiment ARCHIMED, 151 Route de Saint-Antoine de Ginestière, BP 2 3194, 06204 Nice Cedex 3, France
| | - Gilles Pagès
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284 and INSERM U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Rachid Benhida
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, 06108 Nice, France.
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5
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Al-muamin T, Al-lami N, Rahman S, Ali R. Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of New Nucleoside Analogues from Benzotriazole. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht10.03.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel derivatives of 1-(´1, ´3, ´4, ´6-tetra benzoyl-β-D-fructofuranosyl)-1H- benzotriazole and 1-(´1, ´3, ´4, ´6-tetra benzoyl-β-D-fructofuranosyl)-1H-benzotriazole carrying Schiff bases moiety were synthesised and fully characterised. The protection of D-fructose using benzoyl chloride was synthesized, followed by nucleophilic addition/elimination between benzotriazole and chloroacetyl chloride to give 1-(1- chloroacetyl)-1H-benzotriazole. The next step was condensation reaction of protected fructose and 1-(1-chloroacetyl)-1H-benzotriazole producing a new nucleoside analogue. The novel nucleoside analogues underwent a second condensation reaction with different aromatic and aliphatic amines to provide new Schiff bases. The prepared analogues were characterised by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS(EI+) spectra. These analogues were tested against different bacteria to evaluate them as antimicrobial agents.
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6
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Lycorine-derived phenanthridine downregulators of host Hsc70 as potential hepatitis C virus inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2016; 7:561-70. [PMID: 25921398 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new series of potential phenanthridine hepatitis C virus (HCV) inhibitors which work by suppressing Hsc70 expression in the host cell was designed and synthesized from lycorine. RESULTS Thirty-one new potential phenanthridine HCV inhibitors were synthesized and five of these compounds exhibited good anti-HCV activity and these inhibitors probably inhibit HCV by downregulating the host Hsc70 expression. Structure-activity analysis of these compounds revealed that the double bond between C-11 and C-12 and the substituents at C-8 and C-9 are important for their activity against HCV. CONCLUSION Suppression of Hsc70 expression in the host cell to limit HCV replication is a potential anti-HCV strategy. Phenanthridines are probably the HCV inhibitors with this mode of action.
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7
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Rashidzadeh H, Bhadresa S, Good SS, Larsson Cohen M, Gupta KS, Rush WR. Overcoming stability challenges in the quantification of tissue nucleotides: determination of 2'-C-methylguanosine triphosphate concentration in mouse liver. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:380-8. [PMID: 25757919 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A conventional, rapid and high throughput method for tissue extraction and accurate and selective LC-MS/MS quantification of 2'-C-methylguanosine triphosphate (2'-MeGTP) in mouse liver was developed and qualified. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was used as the tissue homogenization reagent that overcomes instability challenges of liver tissue nucleotide triphosphates due to instant ischemic degradation to mono- and diphosphate nucleotides. Degradation of 2'-MeGTP was also minimized by harvesting livers using in situ clamp-freezing or snap-freezing techniques. The assay also included a sample clean-up procedure using weak anion exchange solid phase extraction followed by ion exchange chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry detection. The linear assay range was from 50 to 10000 pmol/mL concentration in liver homogenate (250-50000 pmol/g in liver tissue). The method was qualified over three intraday batches for accuracy, precision, selectivity and specificity. The assay was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of 2'-MeGTP in liver tissue samples after single oral doses of IDX184, a nucleotide prodrug inhibitor of the viral polymerase for the treatment of hepatitis C, to mice. The study results suggested that the clamp-freezing liver collection method was marginally more effective in preventing 2'-MeGTP degradation during liver tissue collection compared to the snap-freezing method.
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8
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Gentile I, Maraolo AE, Buonomo AR, Zappulo E, Borgia G. The discovery of sofosbuvir: a revolution for therapy of chronic hepatitis C. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:1363-77. [PMID: 26563720 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1094051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide health problem, whose management has been revolutionized after the availability of sofosbuvir, a direct-acting antiviral (DAAs). Sofosbuvir is a HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitor. Antiviral regimens including sofosbuvir are associated with success rates >90%, even in the case of "difficult-to-treat" patients such as subjects with liver cirrhosis as well as prior null response to IFN and ribavirin. AREAS COVERED This drug discovery case history focuses on the pre-clinical and clinical development of sofosbuvir. The authors analyze all of the main steps leading to the global approval of sofosbuvir. The paper also highlights the encouraging data from the subsequent trials wherein sofosbuvir was tested in combination with other DAAs (IFN- and often ribavirin-free regimens) and from first real life studies. EXPERT OPINION Sofosbuvir is a very powerful weapon in the new armamentarium against HCV. Thanks to its valuable features including its pangenotypic activity, once-daily oral administration, its excellent tolerability, and safety profile, it represents the backbone of several effective regimens, in combination with IFN or with other DAAs (IFN-free therapies). Regimens including sofosbuvir have quickly become the touchstone for all the novel anti-HCV treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Gentile
- a Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples, Italy +39 08 17 46 31 78 ; +39 08 17 46 31 90 ;
| | - Alberto Enrico Maraolo
- a Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples, Italy +39 08 17 46 31 78 ; +39 08 17 46 31 90 ;
| | - Antonio Riccardo Buonomo
- a Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples, Italy +39 08 17 46 31 78 ; +39 08 17 46 31 90 ;
| | - Emanuela Zappulo
- a Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples, Italy +39 08 17 46 31 78 ; +39 08 17 46 31 90 ;
| | - Guglielmo Borgia
- a Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples, Italy +39 08 17 46 31 78 ; +39 08 17 46 31 90 ;
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9
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Hybridization Properties of RNA Containing 8-Methoxyguanosine and 8-Benzyloxyguanosine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137674. [PMID: 26353054 PMCID: PMC4564172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified nucleobase analogues can serve as powerful tools for changing physicochemical and biological properties of DNA or RNA. Guanosine derivatives containing bulky substituents at 8 position are known to adopt syn conformation of N-glycoside bond. On the contrary, in RNA the anti conformation is predominant in Watson-Crick base pairing. In this paper two 8-substituted guanosine derivatives, 8-methoxyguanosine and 8-benzyloxyguanosine, were synthesized and incorporated into oligoribonucleotides to investigate their influence on the thermodynamic stability of RNA duplexes. The methoxy and benzyloxy substituents are electron-donating groups, decreasing the rate of depurination in the monomers, as confirmed by N-glycoside bond stability assessments. Thermodynamic stability studies indicated that substitution of guanosine by 8-methoxy- or 8-benzyloxyguanosine significantly decreased the thermodynamic stability of RNA duplexes. Moreover, the presence of 8-substituted guanosine derivatives decreased mismatch discrimination. Circular dichroism spectra of modified RNA duplexes exhibited patterns typical for A-RNA geometry.
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10
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Kotoulas SS, Kojić VV, Bogdanović GM, Koumbis AE. Synthesis of novel pyrimidine apiothionucleosides and in vitro evaluation of their cytotoxicity. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Abstract
A substantial portion of metabolism involves transformation of phosphate esters, including pathways leading to nucleotides and oligonucleotides, carbohydrates, isoprenoids and steroids, and phosphorylated proteins. Because the natural substrates bear one or more negative charges, drugs that target these enzymes generally must be charged as well, but small charged molecules can have difficulty traversing the cell membrane by means other than endocytosis. The resulting dichotomy has stimulated a great deal of effort to develop effective prodrugs, compounds that carry little or no charge to enable them to transit biological membranes, but able to release the parent drug once inside the target cell. This chapter presents recent studies on advances in prodrug forms, along with representative examples of their application to marketed and developmental drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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12
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Tyndall EM, Draffan AG, Frey B, Pool B, Halim R, Jahangiri S, Bond S, Wirth V, Luttick A, Tilmanis D, Thomas J, Porter K, Tucker SP. Prodrugs of imidazotriazine and pyrrolotriazine C-nucleosides can increase anti-HCV activity and enhance nucleotide triphosphate concentrations in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:869-73. [PMID: 25592710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A number of prodrugs of HCV-active purine nucleoside analogues 2'-C-methyl 4-aza-9-deaza adenosine 1, 2'-C-methyl 4-aza-7,9-dideaza adenosine 2, 2'-C-methyl 4-aza-9-deaza guanosine 3 and 2'-C-methyl 4-aza-7,9-dideaza guanosine 4 were prepared and evaluated to improve potency, selectivity and liver targeting. Phosphoramidate guanosine prodrugs (3a-3k and 4a, b) showed insufficient cell activity for further profiling. Striking enhancement in replicon activity relative to the parent was observed for phosphoramidate imidazo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine-4-amine adenosine prodrugs (1a-1p), but this was accompanied by an increase in cytotoxicity. Improved or similar potency without a concomitant increase in toxicity relative to the parent was demonstrated for phosphoramidate pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine-4-amine adenosine prodrugs (2a-2k). Carbamate, ester and mixed prodrugs of 2 showed mixed results. Selected prodrugs of 2 were analysed for activation to the triphosphate, with most demonstrating much better activation in hepatocytes over replicon cells. The best activation was observed for a mixed phosphoramidate-3'ester (11) followed by a simple 3'-ester (10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Tyndall
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Alistair G Draffan
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Barbara Frey
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Brett Pool
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Rosliana Halim
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Saba Jahangiri
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Silas Bond
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Veronika Wirth
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Angela Luttick
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Danielle Tilmanis
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jesse Thomas
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Kate Porter
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Simon P Tucker
- Biota Scientific Management Pty. Ltd, 10/585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
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13
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Ho CM, Hu RH, Lee PH. Perspective of antiviral therapeutics for hepatitis C after liver transplantation. World J Pharmacol 2014; 3:193-198. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v3.i4.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) almost recurs after liver transplantation for HCV-related liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Management of HCV recurrence after liver transplantation is challenging because the traditional interferon-based therapy is often patient-intolerable and inducing cytopenia, and dose reduction is needed. The response rate in liver recipients is inferior to those of chronic HCV infection. About 5 percent of liver recipients receiving interferon-based therapy would develop immune-mediated graft injury and may need retransplantation. Recent advances of anti-HCV therapy for chronic HCV infection has evolutionary changing the schema from interferon-based, to interferon-free, and even to ribavirin -free, all oral combinations for pan-genotypes. Management of HCV recurrence after liver transplantation is currently evolving too and promising results will soon come to the stage. This “fast-track” concise review focuses on the issues relevant to HCV recurrence after liver transplantation and provides up-to-date information of the trend of the management. A real-world case demonstration of management was presented here to illustrate the potential complications of anti-HCV therapy after liver transplantation.
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14
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Vasudevan SR, Singh N, Churchill GC. Scaffold hopping with virtual screening from IP3 to a drug-like partial agonist of the inositol trisphosphate receptor. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2774-82. [PMID: 25399672 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3 ) is a universal signalling molecule that releases calcium from stores within cells by activating the IP3 receptor. Although chemical tools that modulate the IP3 receptor exist, none is ideal due to trade offs between potency, selectivity and cell permeability, and their chemical properties make them challenging starting points for optimisation. Therefore, to find new leads, we used virtual screening to scaffold hop from IP3 by using the program ROCS to perform a 3D ligand-based screen of the ZINC database of purchasable compounds. We then used the program FRED to dock the top-ranking hits into the IP3 binding pocket of the receptor. We tested the 12 highest-scoring hits in a calcium-release bioassay and identified SI-9 as a partial agonist. SI-9 competed with [(3) H]IP3 binding, and reduced histamine-induced calcium signalling in HeLa cells. SI-9 has a novel 2D scaffold that represents a tractable lead for designing improved IP3 receptor modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar R Vasudevan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3QT (UK).
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15
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Pradere U, Garnier-Amblard E, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of nucleoside phosphate and phosphonate prodrugs. Chem Rev 2014; 114:9154-218. [PMID: 25144792 PMCID: PMC4173794 DOI: 10.1021/cr5002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Pradere
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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16
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Barakat KH, Law J, Prunotto A, Magee WC, Evans DH, Tyrrell DL, Tuszynski J, Houghton M. Detailed computational study of the active site of the hepatitis C viral RNA polymerase to aid novel drug design. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:3031-43. [PMID: 24116674 DOI: 10.1021/ci4003969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA polymerase, NS5B, is a leading target for novel and selective HCV drug design. The enzyme has been the subject of intensive drug discovery aimed at developing direct acting antiviral (DAA) agents that inhibit its activity and hence prevent the virus from replicating its genome. In this study, we focus on one class of NS5B inhibitors, namely nucleos(t)ide mimetics. Forty-one distinct nucleotide structures have been modeled within the active site of NS5B for the six major HCV genotypes. Our comprehensive modeling protocol employed 287 different molecular dynamics simulations combined with the molecular mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) methodology to rank and analyze these structures for all genotypes. The binding interactions of the individual compounds have been investigated and reduced to the atomic level. The present study significantly refines our understanding of the mode of action of NS5B-nucleotide-inhibitors, identifies the key structural elements necessary for their activity, and implements the tools for ranking the potential of additional much needed novel inhibitors of NS5B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled H Barakat
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, ⊥Department of Oncology, and ∥Department of Physics, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E1
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D’Errico S, Oliviero G, Borbone N, Amato J, Piccialli V, Varra M, Mayol L, Piccialli G. Synthesis of new acadesine (AICA-riboside) analogues having acyclic D-ribityl or 4-hydroxybutyl chains in place of the ribose. Molecules 2013; 18:9420-31. [PMID: 23924994 PMCID: PMC6269997 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18089420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiviral activity of certain acyclic nucleosides drew our attention to the fact that the replacement of the furanose ring by an alkyl group bearing hydroxyl(s) could be a useful structural modification to modulate the biological properties of those nucleosides. Herein, we report on the synthesis of some novel acadesine analogues, where the ribose moiety is mimicked by a D-ribityl or by a hydroxybutyl chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano D’Errico
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, Napoli 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (S.D.); (N.B.); (J.A.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Giorgia Oliviero
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, Napoli 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (S.D.); (N.B.); (J.A.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Nicola Borbone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, Napoli 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (S.D.); (N.B.); (J.A.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Jussara Amato
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, Napoli 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (S.D.); (N.B.); (J.A.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Piccialli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 21, Napoli 80126, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Michela Varra
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, Napoli 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (S.D.); (N.B.); (J.A.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Luciano Mayol
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, Napoli 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (S.D.); (N.B.); (J.A.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Gennaro Piccialli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, Napoli 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (S.D.); (N.B.); (J.A.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (G.P.)
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18
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The molecular and structural basis of advanced antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2013; 11:482-96. [PMID: 23748342 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The availability of the first molecular clone of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome allowed the identification and biochemical characterization of two viral enzymes that are targets for antiviral therapy: the protease NS3-4A and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B. With the advent of cell culture systems that can recapitulate either the intracellular steps of the viral replication cycle or the complete cycle, additional drug targets have been identified, most notably the phosphoprotein NS5A, but also host cell factors that promote viral replication, such as cyclophilin A. Here, we review insights into the structures of these proteins and the mechanisms by which they contribute to the HCV replication cycle, and discuss how these insights have facilitated the development of new, directly acting antiviral compounds that have started to enter the clinic.
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Serpi M, Madela K, Pertusati F, Slusarczyk M. Synthesis of phosphoramidate prodrugs: ProTide approach. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN NUCLEIC ACID CHEMISTRY 2013; Chapter 15:15.5.1-15.5.15. [PMID: 23775807 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc1505s53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The ProTide (pronucleotide) approach is a prodrug strategy elaborated to deliver nucleoside monophosphate into the cell, circumventing the first and inefficient rate-limiting phosphorylation step of nucleosides and improving the cellular penetration of nucleotides. The ProTide of a nucleoside phosphate is a phosphoramidate prodrug consisting of an amino acid ester promoiety linked via P-N bond to a nucleoside aryl phosphate. Such prodrugs have increased lipophilicity and thus are capable of altering cell and tissue distribution. The ProTide technology was successfully and extensively applied to a wide variety of nucleoside phosphates, endowed with antiviral and anticancer activity. This unit describes two different synthetic strategies allowing the preparation of phosphoramidates of 6-O-methyl-2'-β-C-methylguanosine as model compounds for nucleosides having only the 5'-OH as reactive hydroxyl group, and phosphoramidates of 2'-β-D-arabinouridine (AraU) as model compounds for nucleosides containing two or more reactive hydroxyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Karolina Madela
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Slusarczyk
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Meneghesso S, Vanderlinden E, Brancale A, Balzarini J, Naesens L, McGuigan C. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Purine 2′-Fluoro-2′-deoxyriboside ProTides as Anti-influenza Virus Agents. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:415-25. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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D’Errico S, Oliviero G, Borbone N, Amato J, D’Alonzo D, Piccialli V, Mayol L, Piccialli G. A facile synthesis of 5'-fluoro-5'-deoxyacadesine (5'-F-AICAR): a novel non-phosphorylable AICAR analogue. Molecules 2012; 17:13036-44. [PMID: 23124472 PMCID: PMC6268913 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171113036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The substitution of a hydroxyl group by a fluorine atom in a potential drug is an efficient reaction that can, in principle, improve its pharmacological properties. Herein, the synthesis of the novel compound 5'-fluoro-5'-deoxyacadesine (5'-F-AICAR), a strict analogue of AICAR that cannot be 5'-phosphorylated to ZMP by cellular kinases, is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano D’Errico
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giorgia Oliviero
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Borbone
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Jussara Amato
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniele D’Alonzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 21, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Piccialli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 21, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luciano Mayol
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gennaro Piccialli
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
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