1
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Crofts KF, Holbrook BC, D'Agostino RB, Alexander-Miller MA. Analysis of R848 as an Adjuvant to Improve Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Immunogenicity in Elderly Nonhuman Primates. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:494. [PMID: 35455242 PMCID: PMC9032612 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Elderly individuals are highly susceptible to developing severe outcomes as a result of influenza A virus (IAV) infection. This can be attributed to alterations that span the aged immune system, which also result in reduced responsiveness to the seasonal inactivated vaccine. Given the rapidly increasing number of individuals in this age group, it is imperative that we develop strategies that can better protect this population from IAV-associated disease. Based on our previous findings that the TLR7/8 agonist resiquimod (R848) could efficiently boost responses in the newborn, another population with decreased vaccine responsiveness, we evaluated this adjuvant in an elderly African green monkey (AGM) model. AGM aged 16-24 years old (equivalent to 64-96 in human years) were primed and boosted with inactivated A/PuertoRico/8/1934 (H1N1) (IPR8) alone or directly linked to R848 (IPR8-R848). We observed increases in the level of circulating virus-specific IgM antibody 10 days following primary vaccination in AGM that were vaccinated with IPR8-R848, but not IPR8 alone. In addition, there were significant increases in virus-specific IgG after boosting selectively in the IPR8-R848 vaccinated animals. These findings provide insights into the ability of R848 to modulate the aged immune system in the context of IAV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kali F Crofts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Ralph B D'Agostino
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
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2
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Lu BL, Li FF, Kelch ID, Williams GM, Dunbar PR, Brimble MA. Investigating the Individual Importance of the Pam
2
Cys Ester Motifs on TLR2 Activity. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Lu
- School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland 23 Symonds St. 1010 Auckland New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Auckland 3 A Symonds St. 1010 Auckland New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery The University of Auckland 3 A Symonds St. 1010 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Freda F. Li
- School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland 23 Symonds St. 1010 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Inken D. Kelch
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Auckland 3 A Symonds St. 1010 Auckland New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery The University of Auckland 3 A Symonds St. 1010 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey M. Williams
- School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland 23 Symonds St. 1010 Auckland New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Auckland 3 A Symonds St. 1010 Auckland New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery The University of Auckland 3 A Symonds St. 1010 Auckland New Zealand
| | - P. Rod Dunbar
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Auckland 3 A Symonds St. 1010 Auckland New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery The University of Auckland 3 A Symonds St. 1010 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland 23 Symonds St. 1010 Auckland New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Auckland 3 A Symonds St. 1010 Auckland New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery The University of Auckland 3 A Symonds St. 1010 Auckland New Zealand
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3
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Massena CJ, Lathrop SK, Davison CJ, Schoener R, Bazin HG, Evans JT, Burkhart DJ. A tractable covalent linker strategy for the production of immunogenic antigen-TLR7/8L bioconjugates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4698-4701. [PMID: 33977971 PMCID: PMC9118693 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00795e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Despite the ease of production and improved safety profiles of recombinant vaccines, the inherently low immunogenicity of unadjuvanted proteins remains an impediment to their widespread adoption. The covalent tethering of TLR agonists to antigenic proteins offers a unique approach to co-deliver both constituents to the same cell-enhancing vaccine efficacy while minimizing reactogenicity. However, the paucity of simple and effective linker chemistries continues to hamper progress. Here, we present a modular, PEG-based linker system compatible with even extremely lipophilic and challenging TLR7/8 agonists. To advance the field and address previous obstacles, we offer the most straightforward and antigen-preserving linker system to date. These antigen-adjuvant conjugates enhance antigen-specific immune responses in mice, demonstrating the power of our approach within the context of modern vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Massena
- Dept. of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - S K Lathrop
- Dept. of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - C J Davison
- Dept. of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - R Schoener
- Dept. of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - H G Bazin
- Dept. of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - J T Evans
- Dept. of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - D J Burkhart
- Dept. of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
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4
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Even-Or O, Avniel-Polak S, Barenholz Y, Nussbaum G. The cationic liposome CCS/C adjuvant induces immunity to influenza independently of the adaptor protein MyD88. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:3146-3154. [PMID: 32401698 PMCID: PMC8641586 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1750247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional non-living vaccines are often least effective in the populations that need them most, such as neonates and elderly adults. Vaccine adjuvants are one approach to boost the immunogenicity of antigens in populations with reduced immunity. Ideally, vaccine adjuvants will increase the seroconversion rates across the population, lead to stronger immune responses, and enable the administration of fewer vaccine doses. We previously demonstrated that a cationic liposomal formulation of the commercial influenza split virus vaccine (CCS/C-HA) enhanced cellular and humoral immunity to the virus, increased seroconversion rates, and improved survival after live virus challenge in a preclinical model, as compared to the commercial vaccine as is (F-HA). We now evaluated vaccine efficacy in different strains and sexes of mice and determined the role of innate immunity in the mechanism of action of the CCS/C adjuvant by testing the response of mice deficient in Toll-like receptors or the TLR/IL-1 adaptor protein MyD88 following immunization with CCS/C-HA vs. F-HA. Although TLR2- and TLR4-deficient mice responded to F-HA immunization, F-HA immunization failed to engender a significant immune response in the absence of MyD88. In contrast, immunization with the CCS/C-HA vaccine overcame the requirement for MyD88 in the response to the commercial vaccine and improved the immune responses and seroconversion rates in all strains of mice tested, including those deficient in TLR2 and TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orli Even-Or
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, Department of Biochemistry, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shani Avniel-Polak
- Institute of Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yechezkel Barenholz
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, Department of Biochemistry, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gabriel Nussbaum
- Institute of Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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5
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Hogervorst TP, Li RJE, Marino L, Bruijns SCM, Meeuwenoord NJ, Filippov DV, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, van Vliet SJ, van Kooyk Y, Codée JDC. C-Mannosyl Lysine for Solid Phase Assembly of Mannosylated Peptide Conjugate Cancer Vaccines. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:728-739. [PMID: 32045202 PMCID: PMC7091534 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Dendritic
cells (DCs) are armed with a multitude of Pattern Recognition
Receptors (PRRs) to recognize pathogens and initiate pathogen-tailored
T cell responses. In these responses, the maturation of DCs is key,
as well as the production of cytokines that help to accomplish T cell
responses. DC-SIGN is a frequently exploited PRR that can effectively
be targeted with mannosylated antigens to enhance the induction of
antigen-specific T cells. The natural O-mannosidic
linkage is susceptible to enzymatic degradation, and its chemical
sensitivity complicates the synthesis of mannosylated antigens. For
this reason, (oligo)mannosides are generally introduced in a late
stage of the antigen synthesis, requiring orthogonal conjugation handles
for their attachment. To increase the stability of the mannosides
and streamline the synthesis of mannosylated peptide antigens, we
here describe the development of an acid-stable C-mannosyl lysine, which allows for the inline introduction of mannosides
during solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The developed amino acid
has been successfully used for the assembly of both small ligands
and peptide antigen conjugates comprising an epitope of the gp100
melanoma-associated antigen and a TLR7 agonist for DC activation.
The ligands showed similar internalization capacities and binding
affinities as the O-mannosyl analogs. Moreover, the
antigen conjugates were capable of inducing maturation, stimulating
the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and providing enhanced
gp100 presentation to CD8+ and CD4+ T cells,
similar to their O-mannosyl counterparts. Our results
demonstrate that the C-mannose lysine is a valuable
building block for the generation of anticancer peptide-conjugate
vaccine modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim P. Hogervorst
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R. J. Eveline Li
- Amsterdam UMC-Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Deptartment of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura Marino
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sven C. M. Bruijns
- Amsterdam UMC-Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Deptartment of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nico J. Meeuwenoord
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A. van der Marel
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra J. van Vliet
- Amsterdam UMC-Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Deptartment of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Amsterdam UMC-Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Deptartment of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Lu BL, Williams GM, Brimble MA. TLR2 agonists and their structure–activity relationships. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5073-5094. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00942c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We review the structure–activity relationships and synthetic studies of TLR2 agonists – important chemical targets in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Lu
- The School of Biological Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
- The School of Chemical Sciences
| | - Geoffrey M. Williams
- The School of Biological Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
- The School of Chemical Sciences
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- The School of Biological Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
- The School of Chemical Sciences
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7
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Li RJE, Hogervorst TP, Achilli S, Bruijns SC, Arnoldus T, Vivès C, Wong CC, Thépaut M, Meeuwenoord NJ, van den Elst H, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Filippov DV, van Vliet SJ, Fieschi F, Codée JDC, van Kooyk Y. Systematic Dual Targeting of Dendritic Cell C-Type Lectin Receptor DC-SIGN and TLR7 Using a Trifunctional Mannosylated Antigen. Front Chem 2019; 7:650. [PMID: 31637232 PMCID: PMC6787163 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are important initiators of adaptive immunity, and they possess a multitude of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) to generate an adequate T cell mediated immunity against invading pathogens. PRR ligands are frequently conjugated to tumor-associated antigens in a vaccination strategy to enhance the immune response toward such antigens. One of these PPRs, DC-SIGN, a member of the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) family, has been extensively targeted with Lewis structures and mannose glycans, often presented in multivalent fashion. We synthesized a library of well-defined mannosides (mono-, di-, and tri-mannosides), based on known "high mannose" structures, that we presented in a systematically increasing number of copies (n = 1, 2, 3, or 6), allowing us to simultaneously study the effect of mannoside configuration and multivalency on DC-SIGN binding via Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and flow cytometry. Hexavalent presentation of the clusters showed the highest binding affinity, with the hexa-α1,2-di-mannoside being the most potent ligand. The four highest binding hexavalent mannoside structures were conjugated to a model melanoma gp100-peptide antigen and further equipped with a Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-agonist as adjuvant for DC maturation, creating a trifunctional vaccine conjugate. Interestingly, DC-SIGN affinity of the mannoside clusters did not directly correlate with antigen presentation enhancing properties and the α1,2-di-mannoside cluster with the highest binding affinity in our library even hampered T cell activation. Overall, this systematic study has demonstrated that multivalent glycan presentation can improve DC-SIGN binding but enhanced binding cannot be directly translated into enhanced antigen presentation and the sole assessment of binding affinity is thus insufficient to determine further functional biological activity. Furthermore, we show that well-defined antigen conjugates combining two different PRR ligands can be generated in a modular fashion to increase the effectiveness of vaccine constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Jun Eveline Li
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tim P. Hogervorst
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Silvia Achilli
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Sven C. Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tim Arnoldus
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Corinne Vivès
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Chung C. Wong
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Michel Thépaut
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Nico J. Meeuwenoord
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hans van den Elst
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gijs A. van der Marel
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sandra J. van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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8
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Westcott MM, Clemens EA, Holbrook BC, King SB, Alexander-Miller MA. The choice of linker for conjugating R848 to inactivated influenza virus determines the stimulatory capacity for innate immune cells. Vaccine 2018; 36:1174-1182. [PMID: 29398273 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inactivated influenza vaccines are not approved for use in infants less than 6 months of age due to poor immunogenicity in that population. While the live attenuated influenza vaccine has the potential to be more immunogenic, it is not an option for infants and other vulnerable populations, including the elderly and immunocompromised individuals due to safety concerns. In an effort to improve the immunogenicity of the inactivated vaccine for use in vulnerable populations, we have used an approach of chemically crosslinking the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist R848 directly to virus particles. We have reported previously that an R848-conjugated, inactivated vaccine is more effective at inducing adaptive immune responses and protecting against lung pathology in influenza challenged neonatal African green monkeys than is the unmodified counterpart. In the current study, we describe a second generation vaccine that utilizes an amide-sulfhydryl crosslinker with different spacer chemistry and length to couple R848 to virions. The new vaccine has significantly enhanced immunostimulatory activity for murine macrophages and importantly for monocyte derived human dendritic cells. Demonstration of the significant differences in stimulatory activity afforded by modest changes in linker impacts our fundamental view of the design of TLR agonist-antigen vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena M Westcott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biotech Place, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 575 N. Patterson Ave., Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.
| | - Elene A Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biotech Place, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 575 N. Patterson Ave., Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.
| | - Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biotech Place, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 575 N. Patterson Ave., Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.
| | - S Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Downtown, Wake Forest University, 455 Vine Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.
| | - Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biotech Place, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 575 N. Patterson Ave., Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.
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9
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Kimishima A, Olson ME, Janda KD. Investigations into the efficacy of multi-component cocaine vaccines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2779-2783. [PMID: 29317163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although cocaine addiction remains a serious health and societal problem in the United States, no FDA-approved treatment has been developed. Vaccines offer an exciting strategy for the treatment of cocaine addiction; however, vaccine formulations need to be optimized to improve efficacy. Herein, we examine the effectiveness of a tricomponent cocaine vaccine, defined as having its hapten (GNE) and adjuvant (cytosine-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide 1826, CpG ODN 1826) covalently linked via the immunogenic protein ovalbumin (OVA). The tricomponent vaccine (GNE-OVA-CpG 1826) and a vaccine of analogous, individual components (GNE-OVA+CpG ODN 1826) were found to similarly induce highly specific anticocaine antibody production in mice and block cocaine's stimulant effects in hyperlocomotor testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kimishima
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Margaret E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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10
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Li Q, Guo Z. Recent Advances in Toll Like Receptor-Targeting Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071583. [PMID: 29966261 PMCID: PMC6100623 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many malignant cell surface carbohydrates resulting from abnormal glycosylation patterns of certain diseases can serve as antigens for the development of vaccines against these diseases. However, carbohydrate antigens are usually poorly immunogenic by themselves, thus they need to be covalently coupled with immunologically active carrier molecules to be functional. The most well established and commonly used carriers are proteins. In recent years, the use of toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands to formulate glycoconjugate vaccines has gained significant attention because TLR ligands can serve not only as carrier molecules but also as built-in adjuvants to form fully synthetic and self-adjuvanting conjugate vaccines, which have several advantages over carbohydrate-protein conjugates and formulated mixtures with external adjuvants. This article reviews recent progresses in the development of conjugate vaccines based on TLR ligands. Two major classes of TLR ligands, lipopeptides and lipid A derivatives will be covered with more focus on monophosohoryl lipid A (MPLA) and related analogs, which are TLR4 ligands demonstrated to be able to provoke T cell-dependent, adaptive immune responses. Corresponding conjugate vaccines have shown promising application potentials to multiple diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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11
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Ignacio BJ, Albin TJ, Esser-Kahn AP, Verdoes M. Toll-like Receptor Agonist Conjugation: A Chemical Perspective. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:587-603. [PMID: 29378134 PMCID: PMC10642707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are vital elements of the mammalian immune system that function by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), bridging innate and adaptive immunity. They have become a prominent therapeutic target for the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, and allergies, with many TLR agonists currently in clinical trials or approved as immunostimulants. Numerous studies have shown that conjugation of TLR agonists to other molecules can beneficially influence their potency, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, or function. The functional properties of TLR agonist conjugates, however, are highly dependent on the ligation strategy employed. Here, we review the chemical structural requirements for effective functional TLR agonist conjugation. In addition, we provide similar analysis for those that have yet to be conjugated. Moreover, we discuss applications of covalent TLR agonist conjugation and their implications for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob J. Ignacio
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tyler J. Albin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Holbrook BC, Aycock ST, Machiele E, Clemens E, Gries D, Jorgensen MJ, Hadimani MB, King SB, Alexander-Miller MA. An R848 adjuvanted influenza vaccine promotes early activation of B cells in the draining lymph nodes of non-human primate neonates. Immunology 2017; 153:357-367. [PMID: 28940186 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired immune responsiveness is a significant barrier to vaccination of neonates. By way of example, the low seroconversion observed following influenza vaccination has led to restriction of its use to infants over 6 months of age, leaving younger infants vulnerable to infection. Our previous studies using a non-human primate neonate model demonstrated that the immune response elicited following vaccination with inactivated influenza virus could be robustly increased by inclusion of the Toll-like receptor agonist flagellin or R848, either delivered individually or in combination. When delivered individually, R848 was found to be the more effective of the two. To gain insights into the mechanism through which these adjuvants functioned in vivo, we assessed the initiation of the immune response, i.e. at 24 hr, in the draining lymph node of neonate non-human primates. Significant up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules on dendritic cells could be detected, but only when both adjuvants were present. In contrast, R848 alone could increase the number of cells in the lymph node, presumably through enhanced recruitment, as well as B-cell activation at this early time-point. These changes were not observed with flagellin and the dual adjuvanted vaccine did not promote increases beyond those observed with R848 alone. In vitro studies showed that R848 could promote B-cell activation, supporting a model wherein a direct effect on neonate B-cell activation is an important component of the in vivo potency of R848 in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - S Tyler Aycock
- Animal Resources Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Emily Machiele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Elene Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Danielle Gries
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - S Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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13
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Fujita Y, Taguchi H. Nanoparticle-Based Peptide Vaccines. MICRO AND NANOTECHNOLOGY IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT 2017. [PMCID: PMC7152328 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39981-4.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Radomska KA, Vaezirad MM, Verstappen KM, Wösten MMSM, Wagenaar JA, van Putten JPM. Chicken Immune Response after In Ovo Immunization with Chimeric TLR5 Activating Flagellin of Campylobacter jejuni. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164837. [PMID: 27760175 PMCID: PMC5070796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the main cause of bacterial food-borne diseases in developed countries. Chickens are the most important source of human infection. Vaccination of poultry is an attractive strategy to reduce the number of C. jejuni in the intestinal tract of chickens. We investigated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant C. jejuni flagellin-based subunit vaccine with intrinsic adjuvant activity. Toll-like receptor activation assays demonstrated the purity and TLR5 stimulating (adjuvant) activity of the vaccine. The antigen (20–40 μg) was administered in ovo to 18 day-old chicken embryos. Serum samples and intestinal content were assessed for antigen-specific systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses. In ovo vaccination resulted in the successful generation of IgY and IgM serum antibodies against the flagellin-based subunit vaccine as determined by ELISA and Western blotting. Vaccination did not induce significant amounts of flagellin-specific secretory IgA in the chicken intestine. Challenge of chickens with C. jejuni yielded similar intestinal colonization levels for vaccinated and control animals. Our results indicate that in ovo delivery of recombinant C. jejuni flagellin subunit vaccine is a feasible approach to yield a systemic humoral immune response in chickens but that a mucosal immune response may be needed to reduce C. jejuni colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A. Radomska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mahdi M. Vaezirad
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen M. Verstappen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc M. S. M. Wösten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jos P. M. van Putten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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15
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Gao D, Zeng J, Wang X, Liu Y, Li W, Hu Y, Gao N, Diao Y, Wang Z, Jiang W, Chen J, Jin G. Conjugation of weak ligands with weak antigens to activate TLR-7: A step toward better vaccine adjuvants. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 120:111-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Holbrook BC, Kim JR, Blevins LK, Jorgensen MJ, Kock ND, D'Agostino RB, Aycock ST, Hadimani MB, King SB, Parks GD, Alexander-Miller MA. A Novel R848-Conjugated Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine Is Efficacious and Safe in a Neonate Nonhuman Primate Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:555-64. [PMID: 27279374 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection of neonates poses a major health concern, often resulting in severe disease and hospitalization. At present, vaccines for this at-risk population are lacking. Thus, development of an effective vaccine is an urgent need. In this study, we have used an innovative nonhuman primate neonate challenge model to test the efficacy of a novel TLR 7/8 agonist R848-conjugated influenza virus vaccine. The use of the intact virus represents a step forward in conjugate vaccine design because it provides multiple antigenic targets allowing for elicitation of a broad immune response. Our results show that this vaccine induces high-level virus-specific Ab- and cell-mediated responses in neonates that result in increased virus clearance and reduced lung pathology postchallenge compared with the nonadjuvanted virus vaccine. Surprisingly, the addition of a second TLR agonist (flagellin) did not enhance vaccine protection, suggesting that combinations of TLR that provide increased efficacy must be determined empirically. These data support further exploration of this new conjugate influenza vaccine approach as a platform for use in the at-risk neonate population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Jong R Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Lance K Blevins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Nancy D Kock
- Department of Pathology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Ralph B D'Agostino
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - S Tyler Aycock
- Animal Resources Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; and
| | | | - S Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109
| | - Griffith D Parks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
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17
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Fujita Y, Hirai K, Nishida K, Taguchi H. 6-(4-Amino-2-butyl-imidazoquinolyl)-norleucine: Toll-like receptor 7 and 8 agonist amino acid for self-adjuvanting peptide vaccine. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1319-29. [PMID: 26874701 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Generally, small peptides by themselves are weak to induce antibody responses. Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands are attractive candidates of vaccine adjuvants to improve their antigenicity. The covalent conjugation of TLR ligands with antigens to produce self-adjuvanting peptide vaccine is a promising approach. Based on the structure of TLR7/8 ligands, a series of synthetic amino acids 6-imidazoquinolyl-norleucines were synthesized, wherein an imidazoquinoline structure as the TLR7/8 agonistic pharmacophores was constructed on the ε-NH2 group of Lys. Of them, 6-(4-amino-2-butyl-imidazoquinolyl)-norleucine showed the most potent TLR7 and TLR8 agonistic activities with EC50 values of 8.55 and 106 μM, respectively. Subsequently, mice were immunized with the influenza A virus M2e antigen mixed with or covalently conjugated to the TLR7/8 agonist amino acid, which led to induction of M2e specific antibody productions in the absence of other adjuvant. We successfully developed a novel efficient tool for self-adjuvanting peptide vaccines targeting TLR7/8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Fujita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3, Minami-Tamagaki, Suzuka, Mie, 513-8670, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Hirai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3, Minami-Tamagaki, Suzuka, Mie, 513-8670, Japan
| | - Keigo Nishida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3, Minami-Tamagaki, Suzuka, Mie, 513-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Taguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3, Minami-Tamagaki, Suzuka, Mie, 513-8670, Japan
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18
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A role for Toll-like receptor 4 in the host response to the lung infection of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in mice. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 44:54-60. [PMID: 26851596 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although a Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yptb) lung infection model has been developed to study Y. pestis pathogenesis, it is still necessary to establish a new animal model to mimic the pathophysiological features induced by Y. pestis infection. Here, we provide a new lung infection model using the Yptb strain, IP2777, which displayed rapid spread of bacteria to the liver, spleen, and blood. In addition, we examined whether TLR4 is involved in Yptb-induced pathogenesis in the lung infection model of mice we generated. Following lung infection of WT and TLR4-deficient mice with the Yptb strain IP2777, the survival rate, bacterial colonization, histopathology, and level of cytokines and chemokines in the lung, spleen, liver, and blood were analyzed. TLR4-deficient mice had a lower survival rate than WT mice in response to Yptb lung infection. Although the bacterial colonization and pathology of the lung were comparable between WT and TLR4-deficient mice, those of the spleen and liver were more severe in TLR4-deficient mice. In addition, the levels of TNF-α and CXCL2 in the liver and IL-6 and CXCL2 in the blood were higher in TLR4-deficient mice than in WT mice. Our results demonstrate that TLR4 is necessary for optimal host protection against Yptb lung infection and TLR4-deficient mice may serve as a better genetic model of Yptb infection for mimicking Y. pestis infection.
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19
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Hagan S, Khurana N, Chandra S, Abdel-Mageed AB, Mondal D, Hellstrom WJG, Sikka SC. Differential expression of novel biomarkers (TLR-2, TLR-4, COX-2, and Nrf-2) of inflammation and oxidative stress in semen of leukocytospermia patients. Andrology 2015; 3:848-55. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Hagan
- Department of Urology; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans LA USA
| | - N. Khurana
- Department of Urology; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans LA USA
| | - S. Chandra
- Department of Urology; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans LA USA
| | - A. B. Abdel-Mageed
- Department of Urology; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans LA USA
| | - D. Mondal
- Department of Pharmacology; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans LA USA
| | - W. J. G. Hellstrom
- Department of Urology; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans LA USA
| | - S. C. Sikka
- Department of Urology; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans LA USA
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20
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Wang XD, Gao NN, Diao YW, Liu Y, Gao D, Li W, Wan YY, Zhong JJ, Jin GY. Conjugation of toll-like receptor-7 agonist to gastric cancer antigen MG7-Ag exerts antitumor effects. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:8052-8060. [PMID: 26185376 PMCID: PMC4499347 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i26.8052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of our tumor vaccines on reversing immune tolerance and generating therapeutic response.
METHODS: Vaccines were synthesized by solid phase using an Fmoc strategy, where a small molecule toll-like receptor-7 agonist (T7) was conjugated to a monoclonal gastric cancer 7 antigen mono-epitope (T7-MG1) or tri-epitope (T7-MG3). Cytokines were measured in both mouse bone marrow dendritic cells and mouse spleen lymphocytes after exposed to the vaccines. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally immunized with the vaccines every 2 wk for a total of three times, and then subcutaneously challenged with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells. Three weeks later, the mice were killed, and the tumors were surgically removed and weighed. Serum samples were collected from the mice, and antibody titers were determined by ELISA using an alkaline phosphate-conjugated detection antibody for total IgG. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity was detected by the lactate dehydrogenase method using natural killer cells as effectors and antibody-labeled EAC cells as targets. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte activities were also detected by the lactate dehydrogenase method using lymphocytes as effectors and EAC cells as targets.
RESULTS: Vaccines were successfully synthesized and validated by analytical high performance liquid chromatography and electrospray mass spectrometry, including T7, T7-MG1, and T7-MG3. Rapid inductions of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-12 in bone marrow dendritic cells and interferon γ and interleukin-12 in lymphocytes occurred in vitro after T7, T7-MG1, and T7-MG3 treatment. Immunization with T7-MG3 reduced the EAC tumor burden in BALB/c mice to 62.64% ± 5.55% compared with PBS control (P < 0.01). Six or nine weeks after the first immunization, the monoclonal gastric cancer 7 antigen antibody increased significantly in the T7-MG3 group compared with the PBS control (P < 0.01). As for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, antisera obtained by immunization with T7-MG3 were able to markedly enhance cell lysis compared to PBS control (31.58% ± 2.94% vs 18.02% ± 2.26%; P < 0.01). As for cytotoxic T lymphocytes, T7-MG3 exhibited obviously greater cytotoxicity compared with PBS control (40.92% ± 4.38% vs 16.29% ± 1.90%; P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: A successful method is confirmed for the design of gastric cancer vaccines by chemical conjugation of T7 and multi-repeat-epitope of monoclonal gastric cancer 7 antigen.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/chemical synthesis
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor/immunology
- Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Epitopes
- Female
- Immunization Schedule
- Immunoconjugates/administration & dosage
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/agonists
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Superantigens
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Toll-Like Receptor 7/agonists
- Toll-Like Receptor 7/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 7/metabolism
- Tumor Burden
- Tumor Escape/drug effects
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21
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Abstract
Antigen- and adjuvant-based bioconjugates that can stimulate the immune system play an important role in vaccine applications. Bioconjugates have demonstrated unique physicochemical and biological properties, enabling vaccines to be delivered to key immune cells, to target specific intracellular pathways, or to mimic immunogenic properties of natural pathogens. In this Review we highlight recent advances in such molecular immunomodulators, with an emphasis on the structure-function relationships that provide the foundation for rational design of safe and effective vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Liu
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- ‡Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- §Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- ▼Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, United States
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22
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Gao D, Diao Y, Li W, Gao N, Liu Y, Wang Z, Jiang W, Jin G. Toll-like receptor 7 inactive ligands enhanced cytokine induction by conjugation to weak antigens. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:977-80. [PMID: 25882779 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7/8 are key targets in the design and development of small-molecule drugs serving as anticancer/antiviral agents and vaccine adjuvants. Clinical trials of imiquimod were discontinued owing to its serious adverse side effects. Herein we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of 8-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)adenine derivatives that cannot induce cytokine production and that lack activity toward TLR 7/8. Their ability to triggering remarkable levels of cytokine production were revealed upon their conjugation with antigens that have weak immunogenicity. This discovery demonstrated that TLR 7 can be activated by coupling an antigen to the terminal carboxyl group at N9 of the inactive ligand adenine analogues. These inactive analogues may be well suited as new adjuvants with superior activity after conjugation, effectively decreasing the side effects caused by conventional adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gao
- Cancer Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060 (P. R. China). .,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060 (P. R. China).
| | - Yuwen Diao
- Cancer Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060 (P. R. China)
| | - Wang Li
- Cancer Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060 (P. R. China)
| | - Ningning Gao
- Cancer Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060 (P. R. China)
| | - Yu Liu
- Cancer Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060 (P. R. China).,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060 (P. R. China)
| | - Zhulin Wang
- Cancer Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060 (P. R. China)
| | - Wenqi Jiang
- Cancer Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060 (P. R. China)
| | - Guangyi Jin
- Cancer Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060 (P. R. China).
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Gao D, Liu Y, Diao Y, Gao N, Wang Z, Jiang W, Jin G. Synthesis and Evaluation of Conjugates of Novel TLR7 Inert Ligands as Self-Adjuvanting Immunopotentiators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:249-53. [PMID: 25815141 DOI: 10.1021/ml5003647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
During the design and synthesis of a series of 8-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-adenine derivatives bearing various substituted -RCOOH groups at the 9-position, we identified a TLR7-inert ligand, which does not activate TLR7 signaling pathway. Of interest, the coupling of weakly immunogenic antigens via the -RCOOH group was able to significantly enhance the immunogenicity of the antigens. Herein, an inert ligand, 9-(3-carboxypropyl)-8-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-adenine (5, GD2), was synthesized and conjugated to 5 different weakly immunogenic antigens (BSA, OVA, MSA, MG7, and thymosin). Compared with the GD2 and the potent agonist UC-1 V150, all conjugates demonstrated potent immunogenicity in vitro and in vivo. All conjugates induced prolonged increases, while UC-1 V150 showed a rapid decline in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines following initial increases. These data indicate that the immunostimulatory activity of TLR7-inert ligands could be amplified and prolonged by conjugation to antigens, thus broadening the potential therapeutic application of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gao
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices
and Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuwen Diao
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ningning Gao
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhulin Wang
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wenqi Jiang
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Guangyi Jin
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Salmonella flagellin is a potent carrier-adjuvant for peptide conjugate to induce peptide-specific antibody response in mice. Vaccine 2015; 33:2038-44. [PMID: 25765964 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As an agonist to innate immune system, Salmonella flagellin has been proven to be a potent adjuvant either admixed or genetically fused with antigens and applied to a variety of vaccines against infectious diseases. However, relatively little is known about its carrier-adjuvant effect for conjugate vaccine. Conjugation is an effective approach often used to make haptens such as some peptides and polysaccharides immunogenic and in some cases used to make poor immunogens more immunogenic. In the current study, Salmonella flagellin was tested for its carrier-adjuvant effect in a peptide conjugation. The recombinant Salmonella flagellin (rFliC) purified from Escherichia coli was firstly modified by maleimide groups, then coupled with a synthetic peptide (EXP153:CDNNLVSGP) that is a B-cell epitope derived from Plasmodium falciparum exported protein-1 to generate the conjugate of EXP153-rFliC. Bioactivity assay showed that both chemical modification and conjugation did not apparently impair the TLR5-ligand activity of rFliC. EXP153-rFliC was used to immunize BALB/c mice via subcutaneous route, and the sera obtained from immunized mice were examined by ELISA and IFA. While no detectable antibody responses were induced by the peptide admixed with rFliC, the robust peptide-specific antibody responses were observed in mice immunized with the peptide conjugated to rFliC in the absence of any additional adjuvant. The immune sera induced by the conjugate recognized the native protein of malaria parasite. The data obtained from this study demonstrate the carrier-adjuvant activity of Salmonella flagellin in peptide conjugate immunization and indicate its promising application for conjugate vaccine research and development.
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25
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Lockner JW, Eubanks LM, Choi JL, Lively JM, Schlosburg JE, Collins KC, Globisch D, Rosenfeld-Gunn RJ, Wilson IA, Janda KD. Flagellin as carrier and adjuvant in cocaine vaccine development. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:653-62. [PMID: 25531528 PMCID: PMC4319694 DOI: 10.1021/mp500520r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse is problematic, directly and indirectly impacting the lives of millions, and yet existing therapies are inadequate and usually ineffective. A cocaine vaccine would be a promising alternative therapeutic option, but efficacy is hampered by variable production of anticocaine antibodies. Thus, new tactics and strategies for boosting cocaine vaccine immunogenicity must be explored. Flagellin is a bacterial protein that stimulates the innate immune response via binding to extracellular Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) and also via interaction with intracellular NOD-like receptor C4 (NLRC4), leading to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Reasoning that flagellin could serve as both carrier and adjuvant, we modified recombinant flagellin protein to display a cocaine hapten termed GNE. The resulting conjugates exhibited dose-dependent stimulation of anti-GNE antibody production. Moreover, when adjuvanted with alum, but not with liposomal MPLA, GNE-FliC was found to be better than our benchmark GNE-KLH. This work represents a new avenue for exploration in the use of hapten-flagellin conjugates to elicit antihapten immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Lockner
- Departments of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Hwang SA, Kruzel ML, Actor JK. Effects of CHO-expressed recombinant lactoferrins on mouse dendritic cell presentation and function. Innate Immun 2014; 21:553-61. [PMID: 25537452 DOI: 10.1177/1753425914564609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF), a natural iron-binding protein, has previously demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) tuberculosis vaccine. This report investigates immune modulatory effects of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell-expressed recombinant mouse and human LFs on mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), comparing homologous and heterologous functions. BCG-infected BMDCs were cultured with LF, and examined for class II presentation molecule expression. Culturing of BCG-infected BMDCs with either LF decreased the class II molecule-expressing population. Mouse LF significantly increased the production of IL-12p40, IL-1β and IL-10, while human LF-treated BMDCs increased only IL-1β and IL-10. Overlaying naïve CD4 T-cells onto BCG-infected BMDCs cultured with mouse LF increased IFN-γ, whereas the human LF-exposed group increased IFN-γ and IL-17 from CD4 T cells. Overlay of naïve CD8 T cells onto BCG-infected BMDCs treated with mouse LF increased the production of IFN-γ and IL-17, while similar experiments using human LF only increased IL-17. This report is the first to examine mouse and human recombinant LFs in parallel experiments to assess murine DC function. These results detail the efficacy of the human LF counterpart used in a heterologous system to understand LF-mediated events that confer BCG efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-An Hwang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marian L Kruzel
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Actor
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA Program in Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Schwenk R, DeBot M, Porter M, Nikki J, Rein L, Spaccapelo R, Crisanti A, Wightman PD, Ockenhouse CF, Dutta S. IgG2 antibodies against a clinical grade Plasmodium falciparum CSP vaccine antigen associate with protection against transgenic sporozoite challenge in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111020. [PMID: 25343487 PMCID: PMC4208815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of a highly purified and well characterized circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is essential to improve upon the partial success of recombinant CSP-based malaria vaccine candidates. Soluble, near full-length, Plasmodium falciparum CSP vaccine antigen (CS/D) was produced in E. coli under bio-production conditions that comply with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). A mouse immunogenicity study was conducted using a stable oil-in-water emulsion (SE) of CS/D in combination with the Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist Glucopyranosyl Lipid A (GLA/SE), or one of two TLR7/8 agonists: R848 (un-conjugated) or 3M-051 (covalently conjugated). Compared to Alum and SE, GLA/SE induced higher CS/D specific antibody response in Balb/c mice. Subclass analysis showed higher IgG2:IgG1 ratio of GLA/SE induced antibodies as compared to Alum and SE. TLR synergy was not observed when soluble R848 was mixed with GLA/SE. Antibody response of 3M051 formulations in Balb/c was similar to GLA/SE, except for the higher IgG2:IgG1 ratio and a trend towards higher T cell responses in 3M051 containing groups. However, no synergistic enhancement of antibody and T cell response was evident when 3M051 conjugate was mixed with GLA/SE. In C57Bl/6 mice, CS/D adjuvanted with 3M051/SE or GLA/SE induced higher CSP repeat specific titers compared to SE. While, 3M051 induced antibodies had high IgG2c:IgG1 ratio, GLA/SE promoted high levels of both IgG1 and IgG2c. GLA/SE also induced more potent T-cell responses compared to SE in two independent C57/BL6 vaccination studies, suggesting a balanced and productive TH1/TH2 response. GLA and 3M-051 similarly enhanced the protective efficacy of CS/D against challenge with a transgenic P. berghei parasite and most importantly, high levels of cytophilic IgG2 antibodies were associated with protection in this model. Our data indicated that the cGMP-grade, soluble CS/D antigen combined with the TLR4-containing adjuvant GLA/SE warrants further evaluation for protective responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schwenk
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Margot DeBot
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Michael Porter
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Nikki
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Lisa Rein
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Roberta Spaccapelo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Paul D. Wightman
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Christian F. Ockenhouse
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Gao D, Liu Y, Li W, Zhong F, Zhang X, Diao Y, Gao N, Wang X, Jiang W, Jin G. Synthesis and immunoregulatory activities of conjugates of a Toll-like receptor 7 inert ligand. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5792-5795. [PMID: 25453821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the synthesis and modification of the analogs of an adenine type of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 agonists, we found a special compound, 9-propionyloxy-8-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-adenine (6). It is a synthesized TLR7 inert ligand, which does not respond to TLR7 itself. However, it can be coupled with protein or peptide antigens via propionyloxy functional group to promote their immunogenicity significantly. The compound was covalently coupled to protein and peptide to get the conjugates. The inductivity of cytokine production by the conjugates was 872.4-fold compared with the unconjugated antigens in vitro by mouse splenocyte. These data show that the immunostimulatory activity of inert TLR7 ligand can be endowed, and the activity of antigens can be amplified by conjugation with various proteins and peptides, thus broadening the potential therapeutic application and reducing the risk of TLR7 agonists' side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gao
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wang Li
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Fangshu Zhong
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuwen Diao
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ningning Gao
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wenqi Jiang
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Guangyi Jin
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Abstract
Despite the great advances made in controlling human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection with antiretroviral drug treatment, a safe and efficacious HIV vaccine has yet to be developed. Here, we discuss why clinical trials and vaccine development for HIV have so far been disappointing, with an emphasis on the lack of protective antibodies. We review approaches for developing appropriate HIV immunogens and the stimulation of long-lasting B-cell responses with antibody maturation. We conclude that candidate reagents in the pipeline for HIV vaccine development are unlikely to be particularly effective. Although the major funders of HIV vaccine research and development are placing increasing emphasis on clinical product development, a genuine breakthrough in preventing HIV infection through vaccines is more likely to come from novel immunogen research.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Mucosal immunization with recombinant fusion protein DnaJ-ΔA146Ply enhances cross-protective immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice via interleukin 17A. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1666-75. [PMID: 24491576 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01391-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumolysin (Ply) and its variants are protective against pneumococcal infections in animal models, and as a Toll-like receptor 4 agonist, pneumolysin has been reported to be a mucosal adjuvant. DnaJ has been approved as a useful candidate vaccine protein; we therefore designed novel fusion proteins of DnaJ with a form of Ply that has a deletion of A146 (ΔA146Ply-DnaJ [the C terminus of ΔA146Ply connected with the N terminus of DnaJ] and DnaJ-ΔA146Ply [the C terminus of DnaJ connected with the N terminus of ΔA146Ply]) to test whether they are protective against focal and lethal pneumococcal infections and their potential protective mechanisms. The purified proteins were used to intranasally immunize the animals without additional adjuvant. Immunization with DnaJ-ΔA146Ply or DnaJ plus ΔA146Ply (Ply with a single deletion of A146) could significantly reduce S. pneumoniae colonization in the nasopharynx and lung relative with DnaJ alone. Additionally, we observed the best protection for DnaJ-ΔA146Ply-immunized mice after challenge with lethal doses of S. pneumoniae strains, which was comparable to that achieved by PPV23. Mice immunized with DnaJ-ΔA146Ply produced significantly higher levels of anti-DnaJ IgG in serum and secretory IgA (sIgA) in saliva than those immunized with DnaJ alone. The production of IL-17A was also striking in DnaJ-ΔA146Ply-immunized mice. IL-17A knockout (KO) mice did not benefit from DnaJ-ΔA146Ply immunization in colonization experiments, and sIgA production was impaired in IL-17A KO mice. Collectively, our results indicate a mucosal adjuvant potential for ΔA146Ply and that, without additional adjuvant, DnaJ-ΔA146Ply fusion protein exhibits extensive immune stimulation and is effective against pneumococcal challenges, properties which are partially attributed to the IL-17A-mediated immune responses.
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31
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Bobanga ID, Petrosiute A, Huang AY. Chemokines as Cancer Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2013; 1:444-62. [PMID: 24967094 PMCID: PMC4067044 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines1040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We are witnessing a new era of immune-mediated cancer therapies and vaccine development. As the field of cancer vaccines advances into clinical trials, overcoming low immunogenicity is a limiting step in achieving full success of this therapeutic approach. Recent discoveries in the many biological roles of chemokines in tumor immunology allow their exploitation in enhancing recruitment of antigen presenting cells (APCs) and effector cells to appropriate anatomical sites. This knowledge, combined with advances in gene therapy and virology, allows researchers to employ chemokines as potential vaccine adjuvants. This review will focus on recent murine and human studies that use chemokines as therapeutic anti-cancer vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana D. Bobanga
- Departments of General Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital Case Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Agne Petrosiute
- Departments of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University Hospital Case Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alex Y. Huang
- Departments of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University Hospital Case Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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32
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Aravalli RN. Role of innate immunity in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:7500-7514. [PMID: 24282342 PMCID: PMC3837249 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i43.7500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer worldwide. It is caused by a variety of risk factors, most common ones being infection with hepatitis viruses, alcohol, and obesity. HCC often develops in the background of underlying cirrhosis, and even though a number of interventional treatment methods are currently in use, recurrence is fairly common among patients who have had a resection. Therefore, whole liver transplantation remains the most practical treatment option for HCC. Due to the growing incidence of HCC, intense research efforts are being made to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms of the disease so that novel therapeutic strategies can be developed to combat liver cancer. In recent years, it has become clear that innate immunity plays a critical role in the development of a number of liver diseases, including HCC. In particular, the activation of Toll-like receptor signaling results in the generation of immune responses that often results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and could cause acute inflammation in the liver. In this review, the current knowledge on the role of innate immune responses in the development and progression of HCC is examined, and emerging therapeutic strategies based on molecular mechanisms of HCC are discussed.
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33
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Luštrek M, Lorenz P, Kreutzer M, Qian Z, Steinbeck F, Wu D, Born N, Ziems B, Hecker M, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y, Cao Z, Glocker MO, Li Y, Fuellen G, Thiesen HJ. Epitope predictions indicate the presence of two distinct types of epitope-antibody-reactivities determined by epitope profiling of intravenous immunoglobulins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78605. [PMID: 24244326 PMCID: PMC3823795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epitope-antibody-reactivities (EAR) of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) determined for 75,534 peptides by microarray analysis demonstrate that roughly 9% of peptides derived from 870 different human protein sequences react with antibodies present in IVIG. Computational prediction of linear B cell epitopes was conducted using machine learning with an ensemble of classifiers in combination with position weight matrix (PWM) analysis. Machine learning slightly outperformed PWM with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.884 vs. 0.849. Two different types of epitope-antibody recognition-modes (Type I EAR and Type II EAR) were found. Peptides of Type I EAR are high in tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine, and low in asparagine, glutamine and glutamic acid residues, whereas for peptides of Type II EAR it is the other way around. Representative crystal structures present in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) of Type I EAR are PDB 1TZI and PDB 2DD8, while PDB 2FD6 and 2J4W are typical for Type II EAR. Type I EAR peptides share predicted propensities for being presented by MHC class I and class II complexes. The latter interaction possibly favors T cell-dependent antibody responses including IgG class switching. Peptides of Type II EAR are predicted not to be preferentially presented by MHC complexes, thus implying the involvement of T cell-independent IgG class switch mechanisms. The high extent of IgG immunoglobulin reactivity with human peptides implies that circulating IgG molecules are prone to bind to human protein/peptide structures under non-pathological, non-inflammatory conditions. A webserver for predicting EAR of peptide sequences is available at www.sysmed-immun.eu/EAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitja Luštrek
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Universitätsmedizin, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Intelligent Systems, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Lorenz
- Institute of Immunology, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Kreutzer
- Institute of Immunology, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Zilliang Qian
- Institute of Immunology, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Felix Steinbeck
- Institute of Immunology, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Di Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nadine Born
- Institute of Immunology, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bjoern Ziems
- Gesellschaft für Individualisierte Medizin GmbH, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Hecker
- Steinbeis Transfer Center for Proteome Analysis, Rostock, Germany
| | - Miri Blank
- The Zabludovicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- The Zabludovicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yixue Li
- Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Georg Fuellen
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Universitätsmedizin, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Thiesen
- Institute of Immunology, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
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34
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Structure of GrlR–GrlA complex that prevents GrlA activation of virulence genes. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2546. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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35
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Van Braeckel-Budimir N, Haijema BJ, Leenhouts K. Bacterium-like particles for efficient immune stimulation of existing vaccines and new subunit vaccines in mucosal applications. Front Immunol 2013; 4:282. [PMID: 24062748 PMCID: PMC3775300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful development of a mucosal vaccine depends critically on the use of a safe and effective immunostimulant and/or carrier system. This review describes the effectiveness and mode of action of an immunostimulating particle, derived from bacteria, used in mucosal subunit vaccines. The non-living particles, designated bacterium-like particles are based on the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis. The focus of the overview is on the development of intranasal BLP-based vaccines to prevent diseases caused by influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, and includes a selection of Phase I clinical data for the intranasal FluGEM vaccine.
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36
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García A, De Sanctis JB. An overview of adjuvant formulations and delivery systems. APMIS 2013; 122:257-67. [PMID: 23919674 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants may promote immune responses: by recruiting professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to the vaccination site, increasing the delivery of antigens to APCs, or by activating APCs to produce cytokines and by triggering T cell responses. Aluminium salts have been effective at promoting protective humoral immunity; however, they are not effective in generating cell-mediated immunity. A number of different approaches have been developed to potentiate immune response and they have been partially successful. Research has been conducted into vaccine delivery systems (VDS); enhancing cross-presentation by targeting antigens to (APCs). Antigen discovery has increased over the past decade, and consequently, it has accelerated vaccine development demanding a new generation of VDS that combines different types of adjuvants into specific formulations with greater activity. The new approaches offer a wide spectrum of opportunities in vaccine research with direct applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis García
- Instituto de Inmunologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado, Venezuela
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37
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Dorrington MG, Bowdish DME. Immunosenescence and novel vaccination strategies for the elderly. Front Immunol 2013; 4:171. [PMID: 23825474 PMCID: PMC3695377 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination remains the most effective prophylactic intervention for infectious disease in the healthcare professional's toolkit. However, the efficacy and effectiveness of vaccines decrease with age. This becomes most apparent after an individual reaches 65-70 years old, and results from complex changes in the immune system that occur during aging. As such, new vaccine formulations and strategies that can accommodate age-related changes in immunity are required to protect this expanding population. Here, we summarize the consequences of immunosenescence on vaccination and how novel vaccination strategies can be designed to accommodate the aging immune system. We conclude that current vaccination protocols are not sufficient to protect our aging population and, in some cases, are an inefficient use of healthcare resources. However, researchers and clinicians are developing novel vaccination strategies that include modifying who and when we vaccinate and capitalize on existing vaccines, in addition to formulating new vaccines specifically tailored to the elderly in order to remedy this deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Dorrington
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Dawn M. E. Bowdish
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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