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Kitta S, Kaminishi T, Higashi M, Shima T, Nishino K, Nakamura N, Kosako H, Yoshimori T, Kuma A. YIPF3 and YIPF4 regulate autophagic turnover of the Golgi apparatus. EMBO J 2024; 43:2954-2978. [PMID: 38822137 PMCID: PMC11250848 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The degradation of organelles by autophagy is essential for cellular homeostasis. The Golgi apparatus has recently been demonstrated to be degraded by autophagy, but little is known about how the Golgi is recognized by the forming autophagosome. Using quantitative proteomic analysis and two novel Golgiphagy reporter systems, we found that the five-pass transmembrane Golgi-resident proteins YIPF3 and YIPF4 constitute a Golgiphagy receptor. The interaction of this complex with LC3B, GABARAP, and GABARAPL1 is dependent on a LIR motif within YIPF3 and putative phosphorylation sites immediately upstream; the stability of the complex is governed by YIPF4. Expression of a YIPF3 protein containing a mutated LIR motif caused an elongated Golgi morphology, indicating the importance of Golgi turnover via selective autophagy. The reporter assays reported here may be readily adapted to different experimental contexts to help deepen our understanding of Golgiphagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinri Kitta
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kaminishi
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Momoko Higashi
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shima
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kohei Nishino
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamura
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Akiko Kuma
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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2
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Rowlands J, Moore DJ. VPS35 and retromer dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220384. [PMID: 38368930 PMCID: PMC10874700 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The vacuolar protein sorting 35 ortholog (VPS35) gene encodes a core component of the retromer complex essential for the endosomal sorting and recycling of transmembrane cargo. Endo-lysosomal pathway deficits are suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Mutations in VPS35 cause a late-onset, autosomal dominant form of PD, with a single missense mutation (D620N) shown to segregate with disease in PD families. Understanding how the PD-linked D620N mutation causes retromer dysfunction will provide valuable insight into the pathophysiology of PD and may advance the identification of therapeutics. D620N VPS35 can induce LRRK2 hyperactivation and impair endosomal recruitment of the WASH complex but is also linked to mitochondrial and autophagy-lysosomal pathway dysfunction and altered neurotransmitter receptor transport. The clinical similarities between VPS35-linked PD and sporadic PD suggest that defects observed in cellular and animal models with the D620N VPS35 mutation may provide valuable insights into sporadic disease. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge surrounding VPS35 and its role in retromer dysfunction in PD. We provide a critical discussion of the mechanisms implicated in VPS35-mediated neurodegeneration in PD, as well as the interplay between VPS35 and other PD-linked gene products. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Understanding the endo-lysosomal network in neurodegeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Rowlands
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Darren J. Moore
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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3
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Mayer J, Boeck D, Werner M, Frankenhauser D, Geley S, Farhan H, Shimozawa M, Nilsson P. Inhibition of Autophagy Alters Intracellular Transport of APP Resulting in Increased APP Processing. Traffic 2024; 25:e12934. [PMID: 38613404 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is characterized by amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and dysfunctional autophagy. Aβ is generated by sequential proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP), and the site of intracellular APP processing is highly debated, which may include autophagosomes. Here, we investigated the involvement of autophagy, including the role of ATG9 in APP intracellular trafficking and processing by applying the RUSH system, which allows studying the transport of fluorescently labeled mCherry-APP-EGFP in a systematic way, starting from the endoplasmic reticulum. HeLa cells, expressing the RUSH mCherry-APP-EGFP system, were investigated by live cell imaging, immunofluorescence, and Western blot. We found that mCherry-APP-EGFP passed through the Golgi faster in ATG9 knockout cells. Furthermore, ATG9 deletion shifted mCherry-APP-EGFP from early endosomes and lysosomes toward the plasma membrane concomitant with reduced endocytosis. Importantly, this alteration in mCherry-APP-EGFP transport resulted in increased secreted mCherry-soluble APP and C-terminal fragment-EGFP. These effects were also phenocopied by pharmacological inhibition of ULK1, indicating that autophagy is regulating the intracellular trafficking and processing of APP. These findings contribute to the understanding of the role of autophagy in APP metabolism and could potentially have implications for new therapeutic approaches for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Mayer
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Dominik Boeck
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Institute of Molecular Neurogenetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Werner
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Stephan Geley
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Makoto Shimozawa
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Per Nilsson
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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4
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Li J, Wang H, Chen H, Li X, Liu Y, Hou H, Hu Q. Cell death induced by nicotine in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells is mainly attributed to cytoplasmic vacuolation originating from the trans-Golgi network. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 185:114431. [PMID: 38176581 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Humans are usually exposed to nicotine through the use of tobacco products. Although it is generally believed that nicotine is relatively harmless in tobacco consumption, it is, in fact, a toxic substance that warrants careful consideration of its potential toxicity. However, the current understanding of the neurotoxicity of nicotine is still very limited. In this study, we aim to reveal the toxic risk of nicotine to key target neuronal cells and its potential toxic mechanisms. The results showed that nicotine induced cell death, ROS increase, mitochondrial membrane potential decrease, and DNA damage in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells at millimolar concentrations, but did not cause toxic effects at the physiological concentration. These toxic effects were accompanied by cytoplasmic vacuolation. The inhibition of cytoplasmic vacuolation by bafilomycin A1 greatly reduced nicotine-induced cell death, indicating that cytoplasmic vacuolation is the key driving factor of cell death. These cytoplasmic vacuoles originated from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and expressed microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) and lysosomal associated membrane protein 1(LAMP1). The presence of LC3-II and LAMP1 within these vacuoles serves as evidence of compromised TGN structure and function. These findings provide valuable new insights into the potential neurotoxic risk and mechanisms of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China; China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China; Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230000, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China; China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China; China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China; China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China; China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 100000, China; China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450000, China; Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230000, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, 100000, China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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5
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Yang L, Zhou L, Li F, Chen X, Li T, Zou Z, Zhi Y, He Z. Diagnostic and prognostic value of autophagy-related key genes in sepsis and potential correlation with immune cell signatures. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1218379. [PMID: 37701780 PMCID: PMC10493283 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1218379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Autophagy is involved in the pathophysiological process of sepsis. This study was designed to identify autophagy-related key genes in sepsis, analyze their correlation with immune cell signatures, and search for new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Methods: Whole blood RNA datasets GSE65682, GSE134347, and GSE134358 were downloaded and processed. Differential expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were used to identify autophagy-related key genes in sepsis. Then, key genes were analyzed by functional enrichment, protein-protein interaction (PPI), transcription factor (TF)-gene and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network analysis. Subsequently, key genes with diagnostic efficiency and prognostic value were identified by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and survival analysis respectively. The signatures of immune cells were estimated using CIBERSORT algorithm. The correlation between significantly different immune cell signatures and key genes was assessed by correlation analysis. Finally, key genes with both diagnostic and prognostic value were verified by RT-qPCR. Results: 14 autophagy-related key genes were identified and their TF-gene and ceRNA regulatory networks were constructed. Among the key genes, 11 genes (ATIC, BCL2, EEF2, EIF2AK3, HSPA8, IKBKB, NLRC4, PARP1, PRKCQ, SH3GLB1, and WIPI1) had diagnostic efficiency (AUC > 0.90) and 5 genes (CAPN2, IKBKB, PRKCQ, SH3GLB1 and WIPI1) were associated with survival prognosis (p-value < 0.05). IKBKB, PRKCQ, SH3GLB1 and WIPI1 had both diagnostic and prognostic value, and their expression were verified by RT-qPCR. Analysis of immune cell signatures showed that the abundance of neutrophil, monocyte, M0 macrophage, gamma delta T cell, activated mast cell and M1 macrophage subtypes increased in the sepsis group, while the abundance of resting NK cell, resting memory CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell, naive B cell and resting dendritic cell subtypes decreased. Most of the key genes correlated with the predicted frequencies of CD8+ T cells, resting memory CD4+ T cells, M1 macrophages and naive B cells. Conclusion: We identified autophagy-related key genes with diagnostic and prognostic value in sepsis and discovered associations between key genes and immune cell signatures. This work may provide new directions for the discovery of promising biomarkers for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fangyi Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaotong Chen
- Department of Health Management Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zijun Zou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaowei Zhi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhijie He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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6
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Sakurai HT, Iwashita H, Arakawa S, Yikelamu A, Kusaba M, Kofuji S, Nishina H, Ishiyama M, Ueno Y, Shimizu S. Development of small fluorescent probes for the analysis of autophagy kinetics. iScience 2023; 26:107218. [PMID: 37456828 PMCID: PMC10339198 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a dynamic process that degrades subcellular constituents, and its activity is measured by autophagic flux. The tandem proteins RFP-GFP-LC3 and GFP-LC3-RFP-LC3ΔG, which enable the visualization of autophagic vacuoles of different stages by differences in their fluorescent color, are useful tools to monitor autophagic flux, but they require plasmid transfection. In this study, we hence aimed to develop a new method to monitor autophagic flux using small cell-permeable fluorescent probes. We previously developed two green-fluorescent probes, DALGreen and DAPGreen, which detect autolysosomes and multistep autophagic vacuoles, respectively. We here developed a red-fluorescent autophagic probe, named DAPRed, which recognizes various autophagic vacuoles. By the combinatorial use of these green- and red-fluorescent probes, we were able to readily detect autophagic flux. Furthermore, these probes were useful not only for the visualization of canonical autophagy but also for alternative autophagy. DAPRed was also applicable for the detection of autophagy in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Tajima Sakurai
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, TMDU, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Harima Science Garden City, Hyogo 678-1205, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Iwashita
- Dojindo Laboratories, Tabaru 2025-5, Mashiki-machi, Kumamoto 861-2202, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-Ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Satoko Arakawa
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, TMDU, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Alifu Yikelamu
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, TMDU, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kusaba
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, TMDU, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kofuji
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, TMDU, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, TMDU, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Munetaka Ishiyama
- Dojindo Laboratories, Tabaru 2025-5, Mashiki-machi, Kumamoto 861-2202, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ueno
- Dojindo Laboratories, Tabaru 2025-5, Mashiki-machi, Kumamoto 861-2202, Japan
| | - Shigeomi Shimizu
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, TMDU, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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7
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Guo H, Bechtel-Walz W. The Interplay of Autophagy and Oxidative Stress in the Kidney: What Do We Know? Nephron Clin Pract 2023; 147:627-642. [PMID: 37442108 DOI: 10.1159/000531290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy, as an indispensable metabolism, plays pivotal roles in maintaining intracellular homeostasis. Nutritional stress, amino acid deficiency, oxidative stress, and hypoxia can trigger its initiation. Oxidative stress in the kidney activates essential signal molecules, like mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog-1 (SIRT1), to stimulate autophagy, ultimately leading to degradation of intracellular oxidative substances and damaged organelles. Growing evidence suggests that autophagy protects the kidney from oxidative stress during acute ischemic kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and even aging. SUMMARY This review emphasizes the cross talk between reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathways and autophagy during renal homeostasis and chronic kidney disease according to the current latest research and provides therapeutic targets during kidney disorders by adjusting autophagy and suppressing oxidative stress. KEY MESSAGES ROS arise through an imbalance of oxidation and antioxidant defense mechanisms, leading to impaired cellular and organ function. Targeting the overproduction of ROS and reactive nitrogen species, reducing the antioxidant enzyme activity and the recovery of the prooxidative-antioxidative balance provide novel therapeutic regimens to contribute to recovery in acute and chronic renal failure. Although, in recent years, great progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress and autophagy in acute and chronic renal failure, the focus on clinical therapies is still in its infancy. The growing number of studies on the interactive mechanisms of oxidative stress-mediated autophagy will be of great importance for the future treatment and prevention of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Guo
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Wibke Bechtel-Walz
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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8
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J Tisdale E, R Artalejo C. Rab2 stimulates LC3 lipidation on secretory membranes by noncanonical autophagy. Exp Cell Res 2023; 429:113635. [PMID: 37201743 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi complex is a highly dynamic organelle that regulates various cellular activities and yet maintains a distinct structure. Multiple proteins participate in Golgi structure/organization including the small GTPase Rab2. Rab2 is found on the cis/medial Golgi compartments and the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. Interestingly, Rab2 gene amplification occurs in a wide range of human cancers and Golgi morphological alterations are associated with cellular transformation. To learn how Rab2 'gain of function' influences the structure/activity of membrane compartments in the early secretory pathway that may contribute to oncogenesis, NRK cells were transfected with Rab2B cDNA. We found that Rab2B overexpression had a dramatic effect on the morphology of pre- and early Golgi compartments that resulted in a decreased transport rate of VSV-G in the early secretory pathway. We monitored the cells for the autophagic marker protein LC3 based on the findings that depressed membrane trafficking affects homeostasis. Morphological and biochemical studies confirmed that Rab2 ectopic expression stimulated LC3-lipidation on Rab2-containing membranes that was dependent on GAPDH and utilized a non-canonical LC3-conjugation mechanism that is nondegradative. Golgi structural alterations are associated with changes in Golgi-associated signalling pathways. Indeed, Rab2 overexpressing cells had elevated Src activity. We propose that increased Rab2 expression facilitates cis Golgi structural changes that are maintained and tolerated by the cell due to LC3 tagging, and subsequent membrane remodeling triggers Golgi associated signaling pathways that may contribute to oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Tisdale
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Cristina R Artalejo
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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9
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Arlt H, Raman B, Filali-Mouncef Y, Hu Y, Leytens A, Hardenberg R, Guimarães R, Kriegenburg F, Mari M, Smaczynska-de Rooij II, Ayscough KR, Dengjel J, Ungermann C, Reggiori F. The dynamin Vps1 mediates Atg9 transport to the sites of autophagosome formation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104712. [PMID: 37060997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a key process in eukaryotes to maintain cellular homeostasis by delivering cellular components to lysosomes/vacuoles for degradation and reuse of the resulting metabolites. Membrane rearrangements and trafficking events are mediated by the core machinery of autophagy-related (Atg) proteins, which carry out a variety of functions. How Atg9, a lipid scramblase and the only conserved transmembrane protein within this core Atg machinery, is trafficked during autophagy remained largely unclear. Here, we addressed this question in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and found that retromer complex and dynamin Vps1 mutants alter Atg9 subcellular distribution and severely impair the autophagic flux by affecting two separate autophagy steps. We provide evidence that Vps1 interacts with Atg9 at Atg9 reservoirs. In the absence of Vps1, Atg9 fails to reach the sites of autophagosome formation, and this results in an autophagy defect. The function of Vps1 in autophagy requires its GTPase activity. Moreover, Vps1 point mutants associated with human diseases such as microcytic anemia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth are unable to sustain autophagy and affect Atg9 trafficking. Together, our data provide novel insights on the role of dynamins in Atg9 trafficking and suggest that a defect in this autophagy step could contribute to severe human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Arlt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Osnabrück, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry section, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Babu Raman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yasmina Filali-Mouncef
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Alexandre Leytens
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Hardenberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Guimarães
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Franziska Kriegenburg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Muriel Mari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Kathryn R Ayscough
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christian Ungermann
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry section, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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10
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Al-Huseini I, Sirasanagandla SR, Babu KS, Sofin RGS, Das S. Kinase Inhibitors Involved in the Regulation of Autophagy: Molecular Concepts and Clinical Implications. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:1502-1528. [PMID: 35078392 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220117114306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
All cells and intracellular components are remodeled and recycled in order to replace the old and damaged cells. Autophagy is a process by which damaged, and unwanted cells are degraded in the lysosomes. There are three different types of autophagy: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Autophagy has an effect on adaptive and innate immunity, suppression of any tumour, and the elimination of various microbial pathogens. The process of autophagy has both positive and negative effects, and this pertains to any specific disease or its stage of progression. Autophagy involves various processes which are controlled by various signaling pathways, such as Jun N-terminal kinase, GSK3, ERK1, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, and PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 and parkin RBR E3. Protein kinases are also important for the regulation of autophagy as they regulate the process of autophagy either by activation or inhibition. The present review discusses the kinase catalyzed phosphorylated reactions, the kinase inhibitors, types of protein kinase inhibitors and their binding properties to protein kinase domains, the structures of active and inactive kinases, and the hydrophobic spine structures in active and inactive protein kinase domains. The intervention of autophagy by targeting specific kinases may form the mainstay of treatment of many diseases and lead the road to future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isehaq Al-Huseini
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Al-Khodh 123, Oman
| | - Srinivasa Rao Sirasanagandla
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Al-Khodh 123, Oman
| | - Kondaveeti Suresh Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, Symbiosis Medical College for Women, Symbiosis International (Deemed) University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Srijit Das
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Al-Khodh 123, Oman
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11
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Lin C, Yan J, Kapur MD, Norris KL, Hsieh C, Huang D, Vitale N, Lim K, Guan Z, Wang X, Chi J, Yang W, Yao T. Parkin coordinates mitochondrial lipid remodeling to execute mitophagy. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55191. [PMID: 36256516 PMCID: PMC9724658 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has emerged as the prime machinery for implementing organelle quality control. In the context of mitophagy, the ubiquitin E3 ligase Parkin tags impaired mitochondria with ubiquitin to activate autophagic degradation. Although ubiquitination is essential for mitophagy, it is unclear how ubiquitinated mitochondria activate autophagosome assembly locally to ensure efficient destruction. Here, we report that Parkin activates lipid remodeling on mitochondria targeted for autophagic destruction. Mitochondrial Parkin induces the production of phosphatidic acid (PA) and its subsequent conversion to diacylglycerol (DAG) by recruiting phospholipase D2 and activating the PA phosphatase, Lipin-1. The production of DAG requires mitochondrial ubiquitination and ubiquitin-binding autophagy receptors, NDP52 and optineurin (OPTN). Autophagic receptors, via Golgi-derived vesicles, deliver an autophagic activator, EndoB1, to ubiquitinated mitochondria. Inhibition of Lipin-1, NDP52/OPTN, or EndoB1 results in a failure to produce mitochondrial DAG, autophagosomes, and mitochondrial clearance, while exogenous cell-permeable DAG can induce autophagosome production. Thus, mitochondrial DAG production acts downstream of Parkin to enable the local assembly of autophagosomes for the efficient disposal of ubiquitinated mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao‐Chieh Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer BiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - Jin Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer BiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - Meghan D Kapur
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer BiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - Kristi L Norris
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer BiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - Cheng‐Wei Hsieh
- Institute of Biological ChemistryAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - De Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer BiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - Nicolas Vitale
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et IntégrativesUPR‐3212 CNRS ‐ Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Kah‐Leong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of BiochemistryDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - Xiao‐Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer BiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - Jen‐Tsan Chi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - Wei‐Yuan Yang
- Institute of Biological ChemistryAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Tso‐Pang Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer BiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
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12
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Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Zhang M, Tu K. The crosstalk between sonodynamic therapy and autophagy in cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:961725. [PMID: 36046833 PMCID: PMC9421066 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.961725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
As a noninvasive treatment approach for cancer and other diseases, sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has attracted extensive attention due to the deep penetration of ultrasound, good focusing, and selective irradiation sites. However, intrinsic limitations of traditional sonosensitizers hinder the widespread application of SDT. With the development of nanotechnology, nanoparticles as sonosensitizers or as a vehicle to deliver sonosensitizers have been designed and used to target tissues or tumor cells with high specificity and accuracy. Autophagy is a common metabolic alteration in both normal cells and tumor cells. When autophagy happens, a double-membrane autophagosome with sequestrated intracellular components is delivered and fused with lysosomes for degradation. Recycling these cell materials can promote survival under a variety of stress conditions. Numerous studies have revealed that both apoptosis and autophagy occur after SDT. This review summarizes recent progress in autophagy activation by SDT through multiple mechanisms in tumor therapies, drug resistance, and lipid catabolism. A promising tumor therapy, which combines SDT with autophagy inhibition using a nanoparticle delivering system, is presented and investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanru Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kangsheng Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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13
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Taskaeva I, Gogaeva I, Shatruk A, Bgatova N. Lithium Enhances Autophagy and Cell Death in Skin Melanoma: An Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Study. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-9. [PMID: 35592888 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622000745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lithium is an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, which is traditionally used in the treatment of bipolar disorders and has antitumor effects. The aim of the current study was to determine if lithium salt causes autophagy and apoptosis in skin melanoma cells to enhance cell death. Light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were used to study the mechanism of action of lithium carbonate in B16 melanoma cells in vivo. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunofluorescence assay revealed that the proliferation of B16 melanoma cells was suppressed by lithium treatment for 7 days. Electron microscopy demonstrated a significant increase in the number of autophagic vacuoles in lithium-treated cells relative to control. In addition, levels of autophagy markers LC3 beta and LAMP1 found in lithium-treated tumor xenografts were higher than levels of these markers in the control tumors. Lithium induced caspase-3 expression and apoptotic cell death in tumor cells. Thus, lithium carbonate is the compound that inhibits cell proliferation and stimulates cell death in melanoma cells through induction of autophagy and apoptosis. Stimulation of autophagy by lithium could contribute to the development of autophagic cell death in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Taskaeva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Timakova str. 2, 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Izabella Gogaeva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Timakova str. 2, 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia Shatruk
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Timakova str. 2, 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nataliya Bgatova
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Timakova str. 2, 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
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14
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Gundelfinger ED, Karpova A, Pielot R, Garner CC, Kreutz MR. Organization of Presynaptic Autophagy-Related Processes. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:829354. [PMID: 35368245 PMCID: PMC8968026 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.829354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain synapses pose special challenges on the quality control of their protein machineries as they are far away from the neuronal soma, display a high potential for plastic adaptation and have a high energy demand to fulfill their physiological tasks. This applies in particular to the presynaptic part where neurotransmitter is released from synaptic vesicles, which in turn have to be recycled and refilled in a complex membrane trafficking cycle. Pathways to remove outdated and damaged proteins include the ubiquitin-proteasome system acting in the cytoplasm as well as membrane-associated endolysosomal and the autophagy systems. Here we focus on the latter systems and review what is known about the spatial organization of autophagy and endolysomal processes within the presynapse. We provide an inventory of which components of these degradative systems were found to be present in presynaptic boutons and where they might be anchored to the presynaptic apparatus. We identify three presynaptic structures reported to interact with known constituents of membrane-based protein-degradation pathways and therefore may serve as docking stations. These are (i) scaffolding proteins of the cytomatrix at the active zone, such as Bassoon or Clarinet, (ii) the endocytic machinery localized mainly at the peri-active zone, and (iii) synaptic vesicles. Finally, we sketch scenarios, how presynaptic autophagic cargos are tagged and recruited and which cellular mechanisms may govern membrane-associated protein turnover in the presynapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckart D. Gundelfinger
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Karpova
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Pielot
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Craig C. Garner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael R. Kreutz
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
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15
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Maintaining Golgi Homeostasis: A Balancing Act of Two Proteolytic Pathways. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050780. [PMID: 35269404 PMCID: PMC8909885 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a central hub for cellular protein trafficking and signaling. Golgi structure and function is tightly coupled and undergoes dynamic changes in health and disease. A crucial requirement for maintaining Golgi homeostasis is the ability of the Golgi to target aberrant, misfolded, or otherwise unwanted proteins to degradation. Recent studies have revealed that the Golgi apparatus may degrade such proteins through autophagy, retrograde trafficking to the ER for ER-associated degradation (ERAD), and locally, through Golgi apparatus-related degradation (GARD). Here, we review recent discoveries in these mechanisms, highlighting the role of the Golgi in maintaining cellular homeostasis.
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16
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Koutouroushis C, Sarkar O. Role of Autophagy in Cardiovascular Disease and Aging. Cureus 2021; 13:e20042. [PMID: 34873555 PMCID: PMC8631374 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and is expected to further increase as people continue to live even longer. Although the life span of the general population is increasing, the con of such a prolonged life span is that aging has certain detrimental effects on the molecular, structural, and functional elements of the cardiovascular system. This review will discuss various molecular pathways linked to longevity, most notably autophagy and its associated mechanisms, and how these pathways can be targeted to promote cardiovascular health through the process of aging. It is to be noted that the process of autophagy decreases with aging; hence, this review concludes that the promotion of autophagy, through implementation of caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, and pharmacologic agents, has proven to be an efficacious means of stimulating cardiovascular health. Therefore, autophagy is an important target for prevention and procrastination of cardiovascular pathologies in the geriatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oiendrila Sarkar
- General Internal Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight NHS Trust, Newport, GBR
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17
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Glycans in autophagy, endocytosis and lysosomal functions. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:625-647. [PMID: 34390447 PMCID: PMC8497297 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-10007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycans have been shown to function as versatile molecular signals in cells. This prompted us to look at their roles in endocytosis, endolysosomal system and autophagy. We start by introducing the cell biological aspects of these pathways, the concept of the sugar code, and provide an overview on the role of glycans in the targeting of lysosomal proteins and in lysosomal functions. Moreover, we review evidence on the regulation of endocytosis and autophagy by glycans. Finally, we discuss the emerging concept that cytosolic exposure of luminal glycans, and their detection by endogenous lectins, provides a mechanism for the surveillance of the integrity of the endolysosomal compartments, and serves their eventual repair or disposal.
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18
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Kannangara AR, Poole DM, McEwan CM, Youngs JC, Weerasekara VK, Thornock AM, Lazaro MT, Balasooriya ER, Oh LM, Soderblom EJ, Lee JJ, Simmons DL, Andersen JL. BioID reveals an ATG9A interaction with ATG13-ATG101 in the degradation of p62/SQSTM1-ubiquitin clusters. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51136. [PMID: 34369648 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
ATG9A, the only multi-pass transmembrane protein among core ATG proteins, is an essential regulator of autophagy, yet its regulatory mechanisms and network of interactions are poorly understood. Through quantitative BioID proteomics, we identify a network of ATG9A interactions that includes members of the ULK1 complex and regulators of membrane fusion and vesicle trafficking, including the TRAPP, EARP, GARP, exocyst, AP-1, and AP-4 complexes. These interactions mark pathways of ATG9A trafficking through ER, Golgi, and endosomal systems. In exploring these data, we find that ATG9A interacts with components of the ULK1 complex, particularly ATG13 and ATG101. Using knockout/reconstitution and split-mVenus approaches to capture the ATG13-ATG101 dimer, we find that ATG9A interacts with ATG13-ATG101 independently of ULK1. Deletion of ATG13 or ATG101 causes a shift in ATG9A distribution, resulting in an aberrant accumulation of ATG9A at stalled clusters of p62/SQSTM1 and ubiquitin, which can be rescued by an ULK1 binding-deficient mutant of ATG13. Together, these data reveal ATG9A interactions in vesicle-trafficking and autophagy pathways, including a role for an ULK1-independent ATG13 complex in regulating ATG9A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashari R Kannangara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Daniel M Poole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Colten M McEwan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Joshua C Youngs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Vajira K Weerasekara
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex M Thornock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Misael T Lazaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Eranga R Balasooriya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Laura M Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Erik J Soderblom
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan J Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Daniel L Simmons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Joshua L Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fritz B. Burns Cancer Research Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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19
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Yang Y, Zheng L, Zheng X, Ge L. Autophagosomal Membrane Origin and Formation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1208:17-42. [PMID: 34260019 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-2830-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagosome formation is a regulated membrane remodeling process, which involves the generation of autophagosomal membrane precursors (vesicles), the assembly of the autophagosomal membrane precursors to form the phagophore, and phagophore elongation to complete the autophagosome. The sources of the autophagosomal membrane precursors are endomembrane compartments, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), ER-exit sites (ERES), and endosomes. In response to stress, these structures are remodeled, to generate the early autophagosomal membrane precursors. The phagophore assembly site (PAS), which mainly localizes on the ER, harbors the site for autophagosomal membrane assembly, elongation, and completion. ATG proteins, membrane remodeling factors, and autophagic membranes follow a precise choreography to complete the overall process. In this chapter, we briefly discuss our current knowledge on the membrane origins of the autophagosome, as well as autophagosomal precursor generation, assembly, and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Li Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Liang Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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20
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Li L, Tong M, Fu Y, Chen F, Zhang S, Chen H, Ma X, Li D, Liu X, Zhong Q. Lipids and membrane-associated proteins in autophagy. Protein Cell 2021; 12:520-544. [PMID: 33151516 PMCID: PMC8225772 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and its dysfunction has been linked to various diseases. Autophagy is a membrane driven process and tightly regulated by membrane-associated proteins. Here, we summarized membrane lipid composition, and membrane-associated proteins relevant to autophagy from a spatiotemporal perspective. In particular, we focused on three important membrane remodeling processes in autophagy, lipid transfer for phagophore elongation, membrane scission for phagophore closure, and autophagosome-lysosome membrane fusion. We discussed the significance of the discoveries in this field and possible avenues to follow for future studies. Finally, we summarized the membrane-associated biochemical techniques and assays used to study membrane properties, with a discussion of their applications in autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Mindan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuhui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hanmo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Defa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Qing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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21
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Barz S, Kriegenburg F, Sánchez-Martín P, Kraft C. Small but mighty: Atg8s and Rabs in membrane dynamics during autophagy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119064. [PMID: 34048862 PMCID: PMC8261831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a degradative pathway during which autophagosomes are formed that enwrap cytosolic material destined for turnover within the lytic compartment. Autophagosome biogenesis requires controlled lipid and membrane rearrangements to allow the formation of an autophagosomal seed and its subsequent elongation into a fully closed and fusion-competent double membrane vesicle. Different membrane remodeling events are required, which are orchestrated by the distinct autophagy machinery. An important player among these autophagy proteins is the small lipid-modifier Atg8. Atg8 proteins facilitate various aspects of autophagosome formation and serve as a binding platform for autophagy factors. Also Rab GTPases have been implicated in autophagosome biogenesis. As Atg8 proteins interact with several Rab GTPase regulators, they provide a possible link between autophagy progression and Rab GTPase activity. Here, we review central aspects in membrane dynamics during autophagosome biogenesis with a focus on Atg8 proteins and selected Rab GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Barz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Kriegenburg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pablo Sánchez-Martín
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudine Kraft
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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22
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Koscielny A, Liszewska E, Machnicka K, Wezyk M, Kotulska K, Jaworski J. mTOR controls endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi apparatus trafficking of VSVg in specific cell types. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2021; 26:18. [PMID: 34006213 PMCID: PMC8130434 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-021-00262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes are essential for cell proliferation, growth, differentiation, and survival. mTORC1 hyperactivation occurs in the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). mTORC1 localizes to the surface of lysosomes, where Rheb activates it. However, mTOR was also found on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus (GA). Recent studies showed that the same inputs regulate ER-to-GA cargo transport and mTORC1 (e.g., the level of amino acids or energy status of the cell). Nonetheless, it remains unknown whether mTOR contributes to the regulation of cargo passage through the secretory pathway. METHODS The retention using selective hooks (RUSH) approach was used to image movement of model cargo (VSVg) between the ER and GA in various cell lines in which mTOR complexes were inhibited. We also investigated VSVg trafficking in TSC patient fibroblasts. RESULTS We found that mTOR inhibition led to the overall enhancement of VSVg transport through the secretory pathway in PC12 cells and primary human fibroblasts. Also, in TSC1-deficient cells, VSVg transport was enhanced. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these data indicate the involvement of mTOR in the regulation of ER-to-GA cargo transport and suggest that impairments in exocytosis may be an additional cellular process that is disturbed in TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Koscielny
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena St., 04-421, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Liszewska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena St., 04-421, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Machnicka
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena St., 04-421, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michalina Wezyk
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena St., 04-421, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego St., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kotulska
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Jaworski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena St., 04-421, Warsaw, Poland.
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23
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Smith D, Kannan G, Coppens I, Wang F, Nguyen HM, Cerutti A, Olafsson EB, Rimple PA, Schultz TL, Mercado Soto NM, Di Cristina M, Besteiro S, Carruthers VB. Toxoplasma TgATG9 is critical for autophagy and long-term persistence in tissue cysts. eLife 2021; 10:e59384. [PMID: 33904393 PMCID: PMC8128441 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the world's warm-blooded species are chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts, including an estimated one-third of the global human population. The cellular processes that permit long-term persistence within the cyst are largely unknown for T. gondii and related coccidian parasites that impact human and animal health. Herein, we show that genetic ablation of TgATG9 substantially reduces canonical autophagy and compromises bradyzoite viability. Transmission electron microscopy revealed numerous structural abnormalities occurring in ∆atg9 bradyzoites. Intriguingly, abnormal mitochondrial networks were observed in TgATG9-deficient bradyzoites, some of which contained numerous different cytoplasmic components and organelles. ∆atg9 bradyzoite fitness was drastically compromised in vitro and in mice, with very few brain cysts identified in mice 5 weeks post-infection. Taken together, our data suggests that TgATG9, and by extension autophagy, is critical for cellular homeostasis in bradyzoites and is necessary for long-term persistence within the cyst of this coccidian parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Geetha Kannan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Fengrong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Hoa Mai Nguyen
- Laboratory of PathogenHost Interactions, UMR 5235, CNRS, Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Aude Cerutti
- Laboratory of PathogenHost Interactions, UMR 5235, CNRS, Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Einar B Olafsson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Patrick A Rimple
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Tracey L Schultz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Nayanna M Mercado Soto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Manlio Di Cristina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Sébastien Besteiro
- Laboratory of PathogenHost Interactions, UMR 5235, CNRS, Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Vern B Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
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24
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Nthiga TM, Shrestha BK, Bruun JA, Larsen KB, Lamark T, Johansen T. Regulation of Golgi turnover by CALCOCO1-mediated selective autophagy. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212004. [PMID: 33871553 PMCID: PMC8059076 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex is essential for the processing, sorting, and trafficking of newly synthesized proteins and lipids. Golgi turnover is regulated to meet different cellular physiological demands. The role of autophagy in the turnover of Golgi, however, has not been clarified. Here we show that CALCOCO1 binds the Golgi-resident palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC17 to facilitate Golgi degradation by autophagy during starvation. Depletion of CALCOCO1 in cells causes expansion of the Golgi and accumulation of its structural and membrane proteins. ZDHHC17 itself is degraded by autophagy together with other Golgi membrane proteins such as TMEM165. Taken together, our data suggest a model in which CALCOCO1 mediates selective Golgiphagy to control Golgi size and morphology in eukaryotic cells via its interaction with ZDHHC17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddaeus Mutugi Nthiga
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Birendra Kumar Shrestha
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jack-Ansgar Bruun
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kenneth Bowitz Larsen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Trond Lamark
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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25
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Interactions between reactive oxygen species and autophagy: Special issue: Death mechanisms in cellular homeostasis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119041. [PMID: 33872672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is defined as "a serious imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defences in favour of ROS, causing excessive oxidative damage to biomolecules". Different stressors that induce autophagy, such as starvation and hypoxia, can increase production of ROS such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. This review provides brief summaries about oxidative stress and macroautophagy, and then considers current knowledge about the complex interactions between ROS and autophagy. ROS-induced autophagy could be a cellular protective mechanism that alleviates oxidative stress, or a destructive process. Increased ROS levels can regulate autophagy through several different pathways, such as activation of the AMPK signalling cascade and ULK1 complex, Atg4 oxidation, disruption of the Bcl-2/Beclin-1 interaction, and alteration of mitochondrial homeostasis leading to mitophagy. Autophagic degradation of Keap1 activates the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 and protects cells against ROS. Autophagy activation can, in turn, regulate oxidative stress by recycling damaged ROS-producing mitochondria. Macroautophagy plays an important role in degradation of large aggregates of oxidatively damaged/unfolded proteins, which are removed by the autophagy-lysosomal system. ROS can regulate autophagy, and in turn, autophagy can regulate oxidative stress. Future studies are necessary to improve understanding of the complex interactions between autophagy and oxidative stress.
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26
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Melia TJ, Lystad AH, Simonsen A. Autophagosome biogenesis: From membrane growth to closure. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151729. [PMID: 32357219 PMCID: PMC7265318 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202002085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagosome biogenesis involves de novo formation of a membrane that elongates to sequester cytoplasmic cargo and closes to form a double-membrane vesicle (an autophagosome). This process has remained enigmatic since its initial discovery >50 yr ago, but our understanding of the mechanisms involved in autophagosome biogenesis has increased substantially during the last 20 yr. Several key questions do remain open, however, including, What determines the site of autophagosome nucleation? What is the origin and lipid composition of the autophagosome membrane? How is cargo sequestration regulated under nonselective and selective types of autophagy? This review provides key insight into the core molecular mechanisms underlying autophagosome biogenesis, with a specific emphasis on membrane modeling events, and highlights recent conceptual advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Melia
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Alf H Lystad
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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27
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Ravussin A, Brech A, Tooze SA, Stenmark H. The phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate-binding protein SNX4 controls ATG9A recycling and autophagy. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs250670. [PMID: 33468622 PMCID: PMC7888711 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.250670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Late endosomes and lysosomes (endolysosomes) receive proteins and cargo from the secretory, endocytic and autophagic pathways. Although these pathways and the degradative processes of endolysosomes are well characterized, less is understood about protein traffic from these organelles. In this study, we demonstrate the direct involvement of the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P)-binding SNX4 protein in membrane protein recycling from endolysosomes, and show that SNX4 is required for proper autophagic flux. We show that SNX4 mediates recycling of the lipid scramblase ATG9A, which drives expansion of nascent autophagosome membranes, from endolysosomes to early endosomes, from where ATG9A is recycled to the trans-Golgi network in a retromer-dependent manner. Upon siRNA-mediated depletion of SNX4 or the retromer component VPS35, we observed accumulation of ATG9A on endolysosomes and early endosomes, respectively. Moreover, starvation-induced autophagosome biogenesis and autophagic flux were inhibited when SNX4 was downregulated. We propose that proper ATG9A recycling by SNX4 sustains autophagy by preventing exhaustion of the available ATG9A pool.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ravussin
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Brech
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
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28
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Zhang LY, Jin QQ, Hölscher C, Li L. Glucagon-like peptide-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide dual receptor agonist DA-CH5 is superior to exendin-4 in protecting neurons in the 6-hydroxydopamine rat Parkinson model. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1660-1670. [PMID: 33433498 PMCID: PMC8323666 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.303045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have impaired insulin signaling in the brain. Incretin hormones, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), can re-sensitize insulin signaling. In a recent phase II clinical trial, the first GLP-1 mimic, exendin-4, has shown reliable curative effect in patients with PD. DA-CH5 is a novel GLP-1/GIP receptor unimolecular co-agonist with a novel peptide sequence added to cross the blood-brain barrier. Here we showed that both exendin-4 and DA-CH5 protected against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) cytotoxicity, inhibited apoptosis, improved mitogenesis and induced autophagy flux in SH-SY5Y cells via activation of the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)/alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt)/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway. We also found that DA-CH5 (10 nmol/kg) daily intraperitoneal administration for 30 days post-lesion alleviated motor dysfunction in rats and prevented stereotactic unilateral administration of 6-OHDA induced dopaminergic neurons loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta. However, DA-CH5 showed curative effects in reducing the levels of α-synuclein and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β). It was also more effective than exendin-4 in inhibiting apoptotic process and protecting mitochondrial functions. In addition, insulin resistance was largely alleviated and the expression of autophagy-related proteins was up-regulated in PD model rats after DA-CH5 treatment. These results in this study indicate DA-CH5 plays a therapeutic role in the 6-OHDA-unilaterally lesioned PD rat model and is superior to GLP-1 analogue exendin-4. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanxi Medical University of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yu Zhang
- Gerontology Institute, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Qian-Qian Jin
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province; Research and Experimental Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Lin Li
- Gerontology Institute, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
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29
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Sun X, Shu Y, Xu M, Jiang J, Wang L, Wang J, Huang D, Zhang J. ANXA6 suppresses the tumorigenesis of cervical cancer through autophagy induction. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e208. [PMID: 33135350 PMCID: PMC7571625 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway conserved in eukaryotes. ANXA6 (annexin A6) belongs to a family of calcium‐dependent membrane and phospholipid‐binding proteins. Here, we identify ANXA6 as a newly synthesized protein in starvation‐induced autophagy and validate it as a novel autophagy modulator that regulates autophagosome formation. Results ANXA6 knockdown attenuates starvation‐induced autophagy, while restoration of its expression enhances autophagy. GO (gene ontology) analysis of ANXA6 targets showed that ANXA6 interacts with many RAB GTPases and targets endocytosis and phagocytosis pathways, indicating that ANXA6 exerts its function through protein trafficking. ATG9A (autophagy‐related 9A) is the sole multispanning transmembrane protein and its trafficking through recycling endosomes is an essential step for autophagosome formation. Our results showed that ANXA6 enables appropriate ATG9A+ vesicle trafficking from endosomes to autophagosomes through RAB proteins or F‐actin. In addition, restoration of ANXA6 expression suppresses mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) activity through the inhibition of the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3‐kinase)‐AKT and ERK (extracellular signal‐regulated kinase) signaling pathways, which is a negative regulator of autophagy. Functionally, ANXA6 expression is correlated with LC3 (microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3) expression in cervical cancer, and ANXA6 inhibits tumorigenesis through autophagy induction. Conclusions Our results reveal an important mechanism for ANXA6 in tumor suppression and autophagy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Shu
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengting Xu
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiukun Jiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jigang Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Clinical Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Clinical Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
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30
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Functional Analyses of Bovine Foamy Virus-Encoded miRNAs Reveal the Importance of a Defined miRNA for Virus Replication and Host-Virus Interaction. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111250. [PMID: 33147813 PMCID: PMC7693620 DOI: 10.3390/v12111250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to regulatory or accessory proteins, some complex retroviruses gain a repertoire of micro-RNAs (miRNAs) to regulate and control virus–host interactions for efficient replication and spread. In particular, bovine and simian foamy viruses (BFV and SFV) have recently been shown to express a diverse set of RNA polymerase III-directed miRNAs, some with a unique primary miRNA double-hairpin, dumbbell-shaped structure not known in other viruses or organisms. While the mechanisms of expression and structural requirements have been studied, the functional importance of these miRNAs is still far from understood. Here, we describe the in silico identification of BFV miRNA targets and the subsequent experimental validation of bovine Ankyrin Repeat Domain 17 (ANKRD17) and Bax-interacting factor 1 (Bif1) target genes in vitro and, finally, the suppression of ANKRD17 downstream genes in the affected pathway. Deletion of the entire miRNA cassette in the non-coding part of the U3 region of the long terminal repeats attenuated replication of corresponding BFV mutants in bovine cells. This repression can be almost completely trans-complemented by the most abundant miRNA BF2-5p having the best scores for predicted and validated BFV miRNA target genes. Deletion of the miRNA cassette does not grossly affect particle release and overall particle composition.
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31
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Bhatt VS, Ashley R, Sundborger-Lunna A. Amphipathic Motifs Regulate N-BAR Protein Endophilin B1 Auto-inhibition and Drive Membrane Remodeling. Structure 2020; 29:61-69.e3. [PMID: 33086035 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Membrane remodeling is a common theme in a variety of cellular processes. Here, we investigated membrane remodeling N-BAR protein endophilin B1, a critical player in diverse intracellular trafficking events, including mitochondrial and Golgi fission, and apoptosis. We find that endophilin B1 assembles into helical scaffolds on membranes, and that both membrane binding and assembly are driven by interactions between N-terminal helix H0 and the lipid bilayer. Furthermore, we find that endophilin B1 membrane remodeling is auto-inhibited and identify direct SH3 domain-H0 interactions as the underlying mechanism. Our results indicate that lipid composition plays a role in dictating endophilin B1 activity. Taken together, this study provides insight into a poorly understood N-BAR protein family member and highlights molecular mechanisms that may be general for the regulation of membrane remodeling. Our work suggests that interplay between membrane lipids and membrane interacting proteins facilitates spatial and temporal coordination of membrane remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veer S Bhatt
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16(th) Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Robert Ashley
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16(th) Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Anna Sundborger-Lunna
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16(th) Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA.
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32
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Deng S, Liu J, Wu X, Lu W. Golgi Apparatus: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Autophagy-Associated Neurological Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:564975. [PMID: 33015059 PMCID: PMC7509445 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.564975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has dual effects in human diseases: appropriate autophagy may protect cells from stress, while excessive autophagy may cause cell death. Additionally, close interactions exist between autophagy and the Golgi. This review outlines recent advances regarding the role of the Golgi apparatus in autophagy. The signaling processes of autophagy are dependent on the normal function of the Golgi. Specifically, (i) autophagy-related protein 9 is mainly located in the Golgi and forms new autophagosomes in response to stressors; (ii) Golgi fragmentation is induced by Golgi-related proteins and accompanied with autophagy induction; and (iii) the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment and the reticular trans-Golgi network play essential roles in autophagosome formation to provide a template for lipidation of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 and induce further ubiquitination. Golgi-related proteins regulate formation of autophagosomes, and disrupted formation of autophagy can influence Golgi function. Notably, aberrant autophagy has been demonstrated to be implicated in neurological diseases. Thus, targeted therapies aimed at protecting the Golgi or regulating Golgi proteins might prevent or ameliorate autophagy-related neurological diseases. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential application of Golgi therapy in autophagy-based neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaomei Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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33
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TOM40 Targets Atg2 to Mitochondria-Associated ER Membranes for Phagophore Expansion. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1744-1757.e5. [PMID: 31412244 PMCID: PMC6701867 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During autophagy, phagophores grow into doublemembrane vesicles called autophagosomes, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show a critical role of Atg2A in phagophore expansion. Atg2A translocates to the phagophore at the mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) through a C-terminal 45-amino acid domain that we have termed the MAM localization domain (MLD). Proteomic analysis identifies the outer mitochondrial membrane protein TOM40 as a MLD-interacting partner. The Atg2A-TOM40 interaction is responsible for MAM localization of Atg2A and requires the TOM receptor protein TOM70. In addition, Atg2A interacts with Atg9A by a region within its N terminus. Inhibition of either Atg2A-TOM40 or Atg2A-Atg9A interactions impairs phagophore expansion and accumulates Atg9A-vesicles in the vicinity of autophagic structures. Collectively, we propose a model that the TOM70-TOM40 complex recruits Atg2A to the MAM for vesicular and/or nonvesicular lipid transport into the expanding phagophore to grow the size of autophagosomes for efficient autophagic flux. Tang et al. show that human Atg2 is a key regulator for phagophore expansion. TOM40/70 directs Atg2A to MAM to mediate phagophore expansion. On the MAM, Atg2A facilitates Atg9-vesicle delivery and retrograde trafficking to promote phagophore expansion and efficient autophagic flux.
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34
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Antón Z, Betin VMS, Simonetti B, Traer CJ, Attar N, Cullen PJ, Lane JD. A heterodimeric SNX4--SNX7 SNX-BAR autophagy complex coordinates ATG9A trafficking for efficient autophagosome assembly. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs246306. [PMID: 32513819 PMCID: PMC7375690 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The sorting nexins (SNXs) are a family of peripheral membrane proteins that direct protein trafficking decisions within the endocytic network. Emerging evidence in yeast and mammalian cells implicates a subgroup of SNXs in selective and non-selective forms of autophagy. Using siRNA and CRISPR-Cas9, we demonstrate that the SNX-BAR protein SNX4 is needed for efficient LC3 (also known as MAP1LC3) lipidation and autophagosome assembly in mammalian cells. SNX-BARs exist as homo- and hetero-dimers, and we show that SNX4 forms functional heterodimers with either SNX7 or SNX30 that associate with tubulovesicular endocytic membranes. Detailed image-based analysis during the early stages of autophagosome assembly reveals that SNX4-SNX7 is an autophagy-specific SNX-BAR heterodimer, required for efficient recruitment and/or retention of core autophagy regulators at the nascent isolation membrane. SNX4 partially colocalises with juxtanuclear ATG9A-positive membranes, with our data linking the autophagy defect upon SNX4 disruption to the mis-trafficking and/or retention of ATG9A in the Golgi region. Taken together, our findings show that the SNX4-SNX7 heterodimer coordinates ATG9A trafficking within the endocytic network to establish productive autophagosome assembly sites, thus extending knowledge of SNXs as positive regulators of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuriñe Antón
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Virginie M S Betin
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Boris Simonetti
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signalling Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Colin J Traer
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signalling Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Naomi Attar
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signalling Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Peter J Cullen
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signalling Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jon D Lane
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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Frangež Ž, Fernández-Marrero Y, Stojkov D, Seyed Jafari SM, Hunger RE, Djonov V, Riether C, Simon HU. BIF-1 inhibits both mitochondrial and glycolytic ATP production: its downregulation promotes melanoma growth. Oncogene 2020; 39:4944-4955. [PMID: 32493957 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Endophilin B1, also known as BAX-interacting protein 1 (BIF-1), is part of the endophilin B protein family, and is a multifunctional protein involved in the regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, and mitochondrial morphology. The role of BIF-1 in cancer is controversial since previous reports indicated to both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive roles, perhaps depending on the cancer cell type. In the present study, we report that BIF-1 is significantly downregulated in both primary and metastatic melanomas, and that patients with high levels of BIF-1 expression exhibited a better overall survival. Depleting BIF-1 using CRISPR/Cas9 technology in melanoma cells resulted in higher proliferation rates both in vitro and in vivo, a finding that was associated with increased ATP production, metabolic acidification, and mitochondrial respiration. We also observed mitochondrial hyperpolarization, but no increase in the mitochondrial content of BIF-1-knockout melanoma cells. In contrast, such knockout melanoma cells were equally sensitive to anticancer drug- or UV irradiation-induced cell death, and exhibited similar autophagic activities as compared with control cells. Taken together, it appears that downregulation of BIF-1 contributes to tumorigenesis in cutaneous melanoma by upregulating mitochondrial respiration and metabolism, independent of its effect on apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Živa Frangež
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Darko Stojkov
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Morteza Seyed Jafari
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert E Hunger
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Carsten Riether
- Tumor Immunology, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
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De Tito S, Hervás JH, van Vliet AR, Tooze SA. The Golgi as an Assembly Line to the Autophagosome. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:484-496. [PMID: 32307224 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is traditionally depicted as a signaling cascade that culminates in the formation of an autophagosome that degrades cellular cargo. However, recent studies have identified myriad pathways and cellular organelles underlying the autophagy process, be it as signaling platforms or through the contribution of proteins and lipids. The Golgi complex is recognized as being a central transport hub in the cell, with a critical role in endocytic trafficking and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to plasma membrane (PM) transport. However, the Golgi is also an important site of key autophagy regulators, including the protein autophagy-related (ATG)-9A and the lipid, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PI(4)P]. In this review, we highlight the central function of this organelle in autophagy as a transport hub supplying various components of autophagosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano De Tito
- The Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Javier H Hervás
- The Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alexander R van Vliet
- The Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- The Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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Birgisdottir ÅB, Johansen T. Autophagy and endocytosis – interconnections and interdependencies. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/10/jcs228114. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Autophagy and endocytosis are membrane-vesicle-based cellular pathways for degradation and recycling of intracellular and extracellular components, respectively. These pathways have a common endpoint at the lysosome, where their cargo is degraded. In addition, the two pathways intersect at different stages during vesicle formation, fusion and trafficking, and share parts of the molecular machinery. Accumulating evidence shows that autophagy is dependent upon endocytosis and vice versa. The emerging joint network of autophagy and endocytosis is of vital importance for cellular metabolism and signaling, and thus also highly relevant in disease settings. In this Review, we will discuss examples of how the autophagy machinery impacts on endocytosis and cell signaling, and highlight how endocytosis regulates the different steps in autophagy in mammalian cells. Finally, we will focus on the interplay of these pathways in the quality control of their common endpoint, the lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa B. Birgisdottir
- The Heart and Lung Clinic, University Hospital of North Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Clinical Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø –The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø–The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Nakatogawa H. Mechanisms governing autophagosome biogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:439-458. [PMID: 32372019 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autophagosomes are double-membrane vesicles newly formed during autophagy to engulf a wide range of intracellular material and transport this autophagic cargo to lysosomes (or vacuoles in yeasts and plants) for subsequent degradation. Autophagosome biogenesis responds to a plethora of signals and involves unique and dynamic membrane processes. Autophagy is an important cellular mechanism allowing the cell to meet various demands, and its disruption compromises homeostasis and leads to various diseases, including metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration and cancer. Thus, not surprisingly, the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms governing autophagosome biogenesis has attracted considerable interest. Key molecules and organelles involved in autophagosome biogenesis, including autophagy-related (ATG) proteins and the endoplasmic reticulum, have been discovered, and their roles and relationships have been investigated intensely. However, several fundamental questions, such as what supplies membranes/lipids to build the autophagosome and how the membrane nucleates, expands, bends into a spherical shape and finally closes, have proven difficult to address. Nonetheless, owing to recent studies with new approaches and technologies, we have begun to unveil the mechanisms underlying these processes on a molecular level. We now know that autophagosome biogenesis is a highly complex process, in which multiple proteins and lipids from various membrane sources, supported by the formation of membrane contact sites, cooperate with biophysical phenomena, including membrane shaping and liquid-liquid phase separation, to ensure seamless segregation of the autophagic cargo. Together, these studies pave the way to obtaining a holistic view of autophagosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Nakatogawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
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Karami J, Masoumi M, Khorramdelazad H, Bashiri H, Darvishi P, Sereshki HA, Shekarabi M, Sahebkar A. Role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: Latest evidence and therapeutic approaches. Life Sci 2020; 254:117734. [PMID: 32380080 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is considered as an important intracellular mechanism that degrades cytoplasmic components to furnish additional energy. It has cytoprotective effects through the degradation of intracellular pathogens, damaged organelles, and protein aggregates. On the other hand, there are reports of an association between autophagy and autoimmune diseases. Indeed, it has been evident that autophagy is dysregulated in various autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Autophagy is implicated in the maturation survival and proliferation of various immune and non-immune cells, which play pivotal roles in RA pathogenesis. Additionally, autophagy seems to be involved in citrullination and presentation of citrullinated peptides to T lymphocyte cells. Presentation of citrullinated peptides through MHC compartments to the T cells leads to immune response and chronic inflammation. Evidence suggests that autophagy could be implicated in apoptosis resistance of RA fibroblast-like synoviocyte (RA FLS), osteoclastogenesis, and finally severe bone and cartilage destruction. Since autophagy could be an important phenomenon in RA pathogenesis, we summarized the roles of autophagy in citrullination, osteoclastogenesis, RA FLS cells survival, apoptosis resistance of cells, lymphocyte homeostasis and its clinical outcomes in RA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Karami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Masoumi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Bashiri
- Department of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Parisa Darvishi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Hale Abdoli Sereshki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shekarabi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Mishra SK, Gao YG, Zou X, Stephenson DJ, Malinina L, Hinchcliffe EH, Chalfant CE, Brown RE. Emerging roles for human glycolipid transfer protein superfamily members in the regulation of autophagy, inflammation, and cell death. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 78:101031. [PMID: 32339554 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glycolipid transfer proteins (GLTPs) were first identified over three decades ago as ~24kDa, soluble, amphitropic proteins that specifically accelerate the intermembrane transfer of glycolipids. Upon discovery that GLTPs use a unique, all-α-helical, two-layer 'sandwich' architecture (GLTP-fold) to bind glycosphingolipids (GSLs), a new protein superfamily was born. Structure/function studies have provided exquisite insights defining features responsible for lipid headgroup selectivity and hydrophobic 'pocket' adaptability for accommodating hydrocarbon chains of differing length and unsaturation. In humans, evolutionarily-modified GLTP-folds have been identified with altered sphingolipid specificity, e. g. ceramide-1-phosphate transfer protein (CPTP), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate adaptor protein-2 (FAPP2) which harbors a GLTP-domain and GLTPD2. Despite the wealth of structural data (>40 Protein Data Bank deposits), insights into the in vivo functional roles of GLTP superfamily members have emerged slowly. In this review, recent advances are presented and discussed implicating human GLTP superfamily members as important regulators of: i) pro-inflammatory eicosanoid production associated with Group-IV cytoplasmic phospholipase A2; ii) autophagy and inflammasome assembly that drive surveillance cell release of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 inflammatory cytokines; iii) cell cycle arrest and necroptosis induction in certain colon cancer cell lines. The effects exerted by GLTP superfamily members appear linked to their ability to regulate sphingolipid homeostasis by acting in either transporter and/or sensor capacities. These timely findings are opening new avenues for future cross-disciplinary, translational medical research involving GLTP-fold proteins in human health and disease. Such avenues include targeted regulation of specific GLTP superfamily members to alter sphingolipid levels as a therapeutic means for combating viral infection, neurodegenerative conditions and circumventing chemo-resistance during cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrawan K Mishra
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Yong-Guang Gao
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Xianqiong Zou
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Daniel J Stephenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0614, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Lucy Malinina
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | | | - Charles E Chalfant
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; Research Service, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; The Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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Chakraborty S, Bose R, Islam S, Das S, Ain R. Harnessing Autophagic Network Is Essential for Trophoblast Stem Cell Differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:682-694. [PMID: 32143554 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of trophoblast stem (TS) cells into various cell lineages of the placenta during mammalian development is accompanied by dynamic changes in its proteome for exerting the highly specialized functions of various cell subtypes. In the present study, we demonstrate that the autophagic machinery, which includes proteins for initiation, vesicle nucleation, and autophagosome maturation are robustly upregulated during differentiation of TS cells. Interestingly, basal levels of autophagy were detectable in the developing mouse placenta as well as TS cells. However, autophagic flux was actively triggered by induction of differentiation evident from LC3 maturation. Formation of Beclin1, Vps34, and PIK3R4 ternary complex at the phagophore assembly site that is typically known to induce autophagy was also enhanced during differentiation. Degradation of the p62/SQSTM1 cargo protein and its colocalization with LC3, a mature autophagosome marker, was most prevalent in the trophoblast giant cells (TGCs) and negligible in other trophoblast cells at day 6 of differentiation. Furthermore, disruption of autophagy by impairing lysosomal fusion in TS cells before induction of differentiation led to a decrease in the giant cell and spongiotrophoblast cell markers Prl3d1, Prl2c2, Prl4a1, and Tpbpα upon differentiation. In addition, inhibition of autophagy was associated with a decrease in nuclear size of TGCs. Taken together, these data highlight that autophagy is a necessary prelude in commitment of trophoblast differentiation from the multipotent TS cells probably by regulating protein turnover at the onset of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeta Chakraborty
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Rumela Bose
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Safirul Islam
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Shreya Das
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Rupasri Ain
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Peña-Oyarzun D, Batista-Gonzalez A, Kretschmar C, Burgos P, Lavandero S, Morselli E, Criollo A. New emerging roles of Polycystin-2 in the regulation of autophagy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 354:165-186. [PMID: 32475472 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polycystin-2 (PC2) is a calcium channel that can be found in the endoplasmic reticulum, the plasmatic membrane, and the primary cilium. The structure of PC2 is characterized by a highly ordered C-terminal tail with an EF-motif (calcium-binding domain) and a canonical coiled-coil domain (CCD; interaction domain), and its activity is regulated by interacting partners and post-translational modifications. Calcium mobilization into the cytosol by PC2 has been mainly associated with cell growth and differentiation, and therefore mutations or dysfunction of PC2 lead to renal and cardiac consequences. Interestingly, PC2-related pathologies are usually treated with rapamycin, an autophagy stimulator. Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process where recycling material is sequestered into autophagosomes and then hydrolyzed by fusion with a lysosome. Interestingly, several studies have provided evidence that PC2 may be required for autophagy, suggesting that PC2 maintains a physiologic catabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Peña-Oyarzun
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Batista-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Kretschmar
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Burgos
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Zhukovsky MA, Filograna A, Luini A, Corda D, Valente C. Protein Amphipathic Helix Insertion: A Mechanism to Induce Membrane Fission. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:291. [PMID: 31921835 PMCID: PMC6914677 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the fundamental features of biomembranes is the ability to fuse or to separate. These processes called respectively membrane fusion and fission are central in the homeostasis of events such as those related to intracellular membrane traffic. Proteins that contain amphipathic helices (AHs) were suggested to mediate membrane fission via shallow insertion of these helices into the lipid bilayer. Here we analyze the AH-containing proteins that have been identified as essential for membrane fission and categorize them in few subfamilies, including small GTPases, Atg proteins, and proteins containing either the ENTH/ANTH- or the BAR-domain. AH-containing fission-inducing proteins may require cofactors such as additional proteins (e.g., lipid-modifying enzymes), or lipids (e.g., phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2], phosphatidic acid [PA], or cardiolipin). Both PA and cardiolipin possess a cone shape and a negative charge (-2) that favor the recruitment of the AHs of fission-inducing proteins. Instead, PtdIns(4,5)P2 is characterized by an high negative charge able to recruit basic residues of the AHs of fission-inducing proteins. Here we propose that the AHs of fission-inducing proteins contain sequence motifs that bind lipid cofactors; accordingly (K/R/H)(K/R/H)xx(K/R/H) is a PtdIns(4,5)P2-binding motif, (K/R)x6(F/Y) is a cardiolipin-binding motif, whereas KxK is a PA-binding motif. Following our analysis, we show that the AHs of many fission-inducing proteins possess five properties: (a) at least three basic residues on the hydrophilic side, (b) ability to oligomerize, (c) optimal (shallow) depth of insertion into the membrane, (d) positive cooperativity in membrane curvature generation, and (e) specific interaction with one of the lipids mentioned above. These lipid cofactors favor correct conformation, oligomeric state and optimal insertion depth. The most abundant lipid in a given organelle possessing high negative charge (more negative than -1) is usually the lipid cofactor in the fission event. Interestingly, naturally occurring mutations have been reported in AH-containing fission-inducing proteins and related to diseases such as centronuclear myopathy (amphiphysin 2), Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (GDAP1), Parkinson's disease (α-synuclein). These findings add to the interest of the membrane fission process whose complete understanding will be instrumental for the elucidation of the pathogenesis of diseases involving mutations in the protein AHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A. Zhukovsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Daniela Corda
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Valente
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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Materniak-Kornas M, Tan J, Heit-Mondrzyk A, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Löchelt M. Bovine Foamy Virus: Shared and Unique Molecular Features In Vitro and In Vivo. Viruses 2019; 11:E1084. [PMID: 31766538 PMCID: PMC6950176 DOI: 10.3390/v11121084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The retroviral subfamily of Spumaretrovirinae consists of five genera of foamy (spuma) viruses (FVs) that are endemic in some mammalian hosts [1]. Closely related species may be susceptible to the same or highly related FVs. FVs are not known to induce overt disease and thus do not pose medical problems to humans and livestock or companion animals. A robust lab animal model is not available or is a lab animal a natural host of a FV. Due to this, research is limited and often focused on the simian FVs with their well-established zoonotic potential. The authors of this review and their groups have conducted several studies on bovine FV (BFV) in the past with the intention of (i) exploring the risk of zoonotic infection via beef and raw cattle products, (ii) studying a co-factorial role of BFV in different cattle diseases with unclear etiology, (iii) exploring unique features of FV molecular biology and replication strategies in non-simian FVs, and (iv) conducting animal studies and functional virology in BFV-infected calves as a model for corresponding studies in primates or small lab animals. These studies gained new insights into FV-host interactions, mechanisms of gene expression, and transcriptional regulation, including miRNA biology, host-directed restriction of FV replication, spread and distribution in the infected animal, and at the population level. The current review attempts to summarize these findings in BFV and tries to connect them to findings from other FVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
| | - Anke Heit-Mondrzyk
- German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Core Facility Omics IT and Data Management, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.H.-M.); (A.H.-W.)
| | - Agnes Hotz-Wagenblatt
- German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Core Facility Omics IT and Data Management, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.H.-M.); (A.H.-W.)
| | - Martin Löchelt
- German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, Div. Viral Transformation Mechanisms, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Autophagy is the major cellular pathway to degrade dysfunctional organelles and protein aggregates. Autophagy is particularly important in neurons, which are terminally differentiated cells that must last the lifetime of the organism. There are both constitutive and stress-induced pathways for autophagy in neurons, which catalyze the turnover of aged or damaged mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, other cellular organelles, and aggregated proteins. These pathways are required in neurodevelopment as well as in the maintenance of neuronal homeostasis. Here we review the core components of the pathway for autophagosome biogenesis, as well as the cell biology of bulk and selective autophagy in neurons. Finally, we discuss the role of autophagy in neuronal development, homeostasis, and aging and the links between deficits in autophagy and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K H Stavoe
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
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46
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D'Eletto M, Rossin F, Fedorova O, Farrace MG, Piacentini M. Transglutaminase type 2 in the regulation of proteostasis. Biol Chem 2019; 400:125-140. [PMID: 29908126 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a fundamental aspect of cell physiology that is essential for the survival of organisms under a variety of environmental and/or intracellular stress conditions. Acute and/or persistent stress exceeding the capacity of the intracellular homeostatic systems results in protein aggregation and/or damaged organelles that leads to pathological cellular states often resulting in cell death. These events are continuously suppressed by a complex macromolecular machinery that uses different intracellular pathways to maintain the proteome integrity in the various subcellular compartments ensuring a healthy cellular life span. Recent findings have highlighted the role of the multifunctional enzyme type 2 transglutaminase (TG2) as a key player in the regulation of intracellular pathways, such as autophagy/mitophagy, exosomes formation and chaperones function, which form the basis of proteostasis regulation under conditions of cellular stress. Here, we review the role of TG2 in these stress response pathways and how its various enzymatic activities might contributes to the proteostasis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela D'Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Institute of Cytology, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Grazia Farrace
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy.,National Institute for Infectious Diseases I.R.C.C.S. 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', I-00149 Rome, Italy
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Saraste J, Prydz K. A New Look at the Functional Organization of the Golgi Ribbon. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:171. [PMID: 31497600 PMCID: PMC6713163 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic feature of vertebrate cells is a Golgi ribbon consisting of multiple cisternal stacks connected into a single-copy organelle next to the centrosome. Despite numerous studies, the mechanisms that link the stacks together and the functional significance of ribbon formation remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, these questions are of considerable interest, since there is increasing evidence that Golgi fragmentation – the unlinking of the stacks in the ribbon – is intimately connected not only to normal physiological processes, such as cell division and migration, but also to pathological states, including neurodegeneration and cancer. Challenging a commonly held view that ribbon architecture involves the formation of homotypic tubular bridges between the Golgi stacks, we present an alternative model, based on direct interaction between the biosynthetic (pre-Golgi) and endocytic (post-Golgi) membrane networks and their connection with the centrosome. We propose that the central domains of these permanent pre- and post-Golgi networks function together in the biogenesis and maintenance of the more transient Golgi stacks, and thereby establish “linker compartments” that dynamically join the stacks together. This model provides insight into the reversible fragmentation of the Golgi ribbon that takes place in dividing and migrating cells and its regulation along a cell surface – Golgi – centrosome axis. Moreover, it helps to understand transport pathways that either traverse or bypass the Golgi stacks and the positioning of the Golgi apparatus in differentiated neuronal, epithelial, and muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Saraste
- Department of Biomedicine and Molecular Imaging Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristian Prydz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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48
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Kulkarni-Gosavi P, Makhoul C, Gleeson PA. Form and function of the Golgi apparatus: scaffolds, cytoskeleton and signalling. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2289-2305. [PMID: 31378930 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the classical functions of the Golgi in membrane transport and glycosylation, the Golgi apparatus of mammalian cells is now recognised to contribute to the regulation of a range of cellular processes, including mitosis, DNA repair, stress responses, autophagy, apoptosis and inflammation. These processes are often mediated, either directly or indirectly, by membrane scaffold molecules, such as golgins and GRASPs which are located on Golgi membranes. In many cases, these scaffold molecules also link the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton and influence Golgi morphology. An emerging theme is a strong relationship between the morphology of the Golgi and regulation of a variety of signalling pathways. Here, we review the molecular regulation of the morphology of the Golgi, especially the role of the golgins and other scaffolds in the interaction with the microtubule and actin networks. In addition, we discuss the impact of the modulation of the Golgi ribbon in various diseases, such as neurodegeneration and cancer, to the pathology of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta Kulkarni-Gosavi
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christian Makhoul
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul A Gleeson
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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de la Ballina LR, Munson MJ, Simonsen A. Lipids and Lipid-Binding Proteins in Selective Autophagy. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:135-159. [PMID: 31202884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have the capacity to degrade intracellular components through a lysosomal degradation pathway called macroautophagy (henceforth referred to as autophagy) in which superfluous or damaged cytosolic entities are engulfed and separated from the rest of the cell constituents into double membraned vesicles known as autophagosomes. Autophagosomes then fuse with endosomes and lysosomes, where cargo is broken down into basic building blocks that are released to the cytoplasm for the cell to reuse. Autophagic degradation can target either cytoplasmic material in bulk (non-selective autophagy) or particular cargo in what is called selective autophagy. Proper autophagic turnover requires the orchestrated participation of several players that need to be tightly and temporally coordinated. Whereas a large number of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins have been identified and their functions and regulation are starting to be understood, there is substantially less knowledge regarding the specific lipids constituting the autophagic membranes as well as their role in initiating, enabling or regulating the autophagic process. This review focuses on lipids and their corresponding binding proteins that are crucial in the process of selective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R de la Ballina
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael J Munson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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50
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Chakraborty D, Felzen V, Hiebel C, Stürner E, Perumal N, Manicam C, Sehn E, Grus F, Wolfrum U, Behl C. Enhanced autophagic-lysosomal activity and increased BAG3-mediated selective macroautophagy as adaptive response of neuronal cells to chronic oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2019; 24:101181. [PMID: 30959460 PMCID: PMC6454062 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and a disturbed cellular protein homeostasis (proteostasis) belong to the most important hallmarks of aging and of neurodegenerative disorders. The proteasomal and autophagic-lysosomal degradation pathways are key measures to maintain proteostasis. Here, we report that hippocampal cells selected for full adaptation and resistance to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (oxidative stress-resistant cells, OxSR cells) showed a massive increase in the expression of components of the cellular autophagic-lysosomal network and a significantly higher overall autophagic activity. A comparative expression analysis revealed that distinct key regulators of autophagy are upregulated in OxSR cells. The observed adaptive autophagic response was found to be independent of the upstream autophagy regulator mTOR but is accompanied by a significant upregulation of further downstream components of the canonical autophagy network such as Beclin1, WIPI1 and the transmembrane ATG9 proteins. Interestingly, the expression of the HSP70 co-chaperone BAG3, mediator of BAG3-mediated selective macroautophagy and highly relevant for the clearance of aggregated proteins in cells, was found to be increased in OxSR cells that were consequently able to effectively overcome proteotoxic stress. Overexpression of BAG3 in oxidative stress-sensitive HT22 wildtype cells partly established the vesicular phenotype and the enhanced autophagic flux seen in OxSR cells suggesting that BAG3 takes over an important part in the adaptation process. A full proteome analysis demonstrated additional changes in the expression of mitochondrial proteins, metabolic enzymes and different pathway regulators in OxSR cells as consequence of the adaptation to oxidative stress in addition to autophagy-related proteins. Taken together, this analysis revealed a wide variety of pathways and players that act as adaptive response to chronic redox stress in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debapriya Chakraborty
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Felzen
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christof Hiebel
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Stürner
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Natarajan Perumal
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Caroline Manicam
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Sehn
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Franz Grus
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christian Behl
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
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