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Lyytinen OL, Dapuliga C, Wallinger D, Patpatia S, Audu BJ, Kiljunen SJ. Three novel Enterobacter cloacae bacteriophages for therapeutic use from Ghanaian natural waters. Arch Virol 2024; 169:156. [PMID: 38967872 PMCID: PMC11226500 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are a growing global concern. Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) species are particularly adept at developing antibiotic resistance. Phage therapy is proposed as an alternative treatment for pathogens that no longer respond to antibiotics. Unfortunately, ECC phages are understudied when compared to phages of many other bacterial species. In this Ghanaian-Finnish study, we isolated two ECC strains from ready-to-eat food samples and three novel phages from natural waters against these strains. We sequenced the genomic DNA of the novel Enterobacter phages, fGh-Ecl01, fGh-Ecl02, and fGh-Ecl04, and assessed their therapeutic potential. All of the phages were found to be lytic, easy to propagate, and lacking any toxic, integrase, or antibiotic resistance genes and were thus considered suitable for therapy purposes. They all were found to be related to T4-type viruses: fGh-Ecl01 and fGh-Ecl04 to karamviruses and fGh-Ecl02 to agtreviruses. Testing of Finnish clinical ECC strains showed promising susceptibility to these novel phages. As many as 61.1% of the strains were susceptible to fGh-Ecl01 and fGh-Ecl04, and 7.4% were susceptible to fGh-Ecl02. Finally, we investigated the susceptibility of the newly isolated ECC strains to three antibiotics - meropenem, ciprofloxacin, and cefepime - in combination with the novel phages. The use of phages and antibiotics together had synergistic effects. When using an antibiotic-phage combination, even low concentrations of antibiotics fully inhibited the growth of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- O L Lyytinen
- Human Microbiome Research Program (HUMI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - C Dapuliga
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - D Wallinger
- Human Microbiome Research Program (HUMI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Patpatia
- Human Microbiome Research Program (HUMI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - B J Audu
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - S J Kiljunen
- Human Microbiome Research Program (HUMI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Kilgore PB, Sha J, Hendrix EK, Neil BH, Lawrence WS, Peel JE, Hittle L, Woolston J, Sulakvelidze A, Schwartz JA, Chopra AK. A Bacteriophage Cocktail Targeting Yersinia pestis Provides Strong Post-Exposure Protection in a Rat Pneumonic Plague Model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.17.576055. [PMID: 38293171 PMCID: PMC10827167 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.17.576055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis , one of the deadliest bacterial pathogens ever known, is responsible for three plague pandemics and several epidemics, with over 200 million deaths during recorded history. Due to high genomic plasticity, Y. pestis is amenable to genetic mutations as well as genetic engineering that can lead to the emergence or intentional development of pan-drug resistant strains. The dissemination of such Y. pestis strains could be catastrophic, with public health consequences far more daunting than those caused by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel, safe, and effective treatment approaches for managing Y. pestis infections. This includes infections by antigenically distinct strains for which vaccines, none FDA approved yet, may not be effective, and those that cannot be controlled by approved antibiotics. Lytic bacteriophages provide one such alternative approach. In this study, we examined post-exposure efficacy of a bacteriophage cocktail, YPP-401, to combat pneumonic plague caused by Y. pestis CO92. YPP-401 is a four-phage preparation with a 100% lytic activity against a panel of 68 genetically diverse Y. pestis strains. Using a pneumonic plague aerosol challenge model in gender-balanced Brown Norway rats, YPP-401 demonstrated ∼88% protection when delivered 18 hours post-exposure for each of two administration routes (i.e., intraperitoneal and intranasal) in a dose-dependent manner. Our studies suggest that YPP-401 could provide an innovative, safe, and effective approach for managing Y. pestis infections, including those caused by naturally occurring or intentionally developed strains that cannot be managed by vaccines in development and antibiotics.
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3
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Li F, Hou CFD, Yang R, Whitehead R, Teschke CM, Cingolani G. High-resolution cryo-EM structure of the Shigella virus Sf6 genome delivery tail machine. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadc9641. [PMID: 36475795 PMCID: PMC9728967 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc9641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sf6 is a bacterial virus that infects the human pathogen Shigella flexneri. Here, we describe the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the Sf6 tail machine before DNA ejection, which we determined at a 2.7-angstrom resolution. We built de novo structures of all tail components and resolved four symmetry-mismatched interfaces. Unexpectedly, we found that the tail exists in two conformations, rotated by ~6° with respect to the capsid. The two tail conformers are identical in structure but differ solely in how the portal and head-to-tail adaptor carboxyl termini bond with the capsid at the fivefold vertex, similar to a diamond held over a five-pronged ring in two nonidentical states. Thus, in the mature Sf6 tail, the portal structure does not morph locally to accommodate the symmetry mismatch but exists in two energetic minima rotated by a discrete angle. We propose that the design principles of the Sf6 tail are conserved across P22-like Podoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Chun-Feng David Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ruoyu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Richard Whitehead
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 91 N Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Carolyn M. Teschke
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 91 N Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Gino Cingolani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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4
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Manivannan AC, Dhandapani R, Velmurugan P, Thangavelu S, Paramasivam R, Ragunathan L, Saravanan M. Phage in cancer treatment - Biology of therapeutic phage and screening of tumor targeting peptide. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:873-882. [PMID: 35748094 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2094363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a constant drive to improve disease treatments. Much effort has been directed at identifying less immunogenic anti-cancer agents that produce fewer and less severe side effects. For more than a decade, bacteriophages have been discussed as an effective treatment for cancer with an exact mode of delivery. AREAS COVERED We review how bacteriophages are used in cancer treatment, the underlying therapeutic mechanisms, and the tumour attacking peptide screening process. The filamentous bacteriophages are an effective vehicle for delivering displayed peptides toward the tumour target. The peptide must be expressed at the appropriate coat protein, and the peptide must be effective enough to disrupt the complex cancer matrix. The present review also sheds light on the dynamic use of phage in cancer treatment, from detection and diagnostics to treatment. EXPERT OPINION Phage has a versatile role as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. By acting as an appropriate recombinant drug, this phage has every potential to replace existing laborious, high capital investing therapies that may at many times result in failure or drastic side effects. One of the most significant challenges would be identifying tumour homing peptides. Although a few have been discovered, the most effective ones are yet to be determined. This therapeutic method plays a significant role in tumour therapy with high accuracy and efficiency, irrespective of the target location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Chandra Manivannan
- Department of Microbiology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjithkumar Dhandapani
- Department of Microbiology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.,Chimertech Private Limited, Chennai- 600082, India
| | - Palanivel Velmurugan
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai 600073, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathiamoorthi Thangavelu
- Department of Microbiology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ragul Paramasivam
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai 600073, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Latha Ragunathan
- Department of Microbiology, Aarupadi Veedu Medical College, Puducherry 607402, India
| | - Muthupandian Saravanan
- AMR and Nanotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600077, Tamilnadu, India
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5
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Therapeutic Effect of a Newly Isolated Lytic Bacteriophage against Multi-Drug-Resistant Cutibacterium acnes Infection in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137031. [PMID: 34209998 PMCID: PMC8268795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris, which is mostly associated with the colonization of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), is a common skin inflammatory disease in teenagers. However, over the past few years, the disease has extended beyond childhood to chronically infect approximately 40% of adults. While antibiotics have been used for several decades to treat acne lesions, antibiotic resistance is a growing crisis; thus, finding a new therapeutic target is urgently needed. Studies have shown that phage therapy may be one alternative for treating multi-drug-resistant bacterial infections. In the present study, we successfully isolated a C. acnes phage named TCUCAP1 from the skin of healthy volunteers. Morphological analysis revealed that TCUCAP1 belongs to the family Siphoviridae with an icosahedral head and a non-contractile tail. Genome analysis found that TCUCAP1 is composed of 29,547 bp with a G+C content of 53.83% and 56 predicted open reading frames (ORFs). The ORFs were associated with phage structure, packing, host lysis, DNA metabolism, and additional functions. Phage treatments applied to mice with multi-drug-resistant (MDR) C.-acnes-induced skin inflammation resulted in a significant decrease in inflammatory lesions. In addition, our attempt to formulate the phage into hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) cream may provide new antibacterial preparations for human infections. Our results demonstrate that TCUCAP1 displays several features that make it an ideal candidate for the control of C. acnes infections.
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6
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Kim J, Chae JP, Kim GH, Kim JW, Lee NG, Moon JO, Yoon SS. Isolation, characterization, and genomic analysis of the novel T4-like bacteriophage ΦCJ20. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:735-744. [PMID: 34123469 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Escherichia coli infections have been consistently reported annually. The basic characteristics and genome of the newly isolated ΦCJ20 from swine feces was analyzed. To determine basic characteristics, dotting assays and double-layer agar assays were conducted. Bacteriophage particles were analyzed via transmission electron microscopy. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed to determine the sizes of major structural proteins. The complete genome of the phage was analyzed. Bacteriophage particles were identified as Myoviridae, with a head measuring 110.57 ± 1.89 nm and a contractile tail measuring 107.97 ± 3.20 nm and were found to infect E. coli. Major structural proteins of ΦCJ20 showed two well-pronounced bands of approximately 53.6 and 70.9 kDa. The genome size of ΦCJ20 was 169,884 bp, and 118 of 307 open reading frames were annotated. This study provides a baseline for the development of E. coli infection treatment strategies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-021-00906-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaegon Kim
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, 1 Yeonsedae-gil, Heungeop-myeon, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26493 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Pyo Chae
- Institute of Biotechnology, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16495 Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Hwuii Kim
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, 1 Yeonsedae-gil, Heungeop-myeon, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26493 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Kim
- Institute of Biotechnology, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16495 Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Gyeong Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, 1 Yeonsedae-gil, Heungeop-myeon, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26493 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ok Moon
- Institute of Biotechnology, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16495 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Sik Yoon
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, 1 Yeonsedae-gil, Heungeop-myeon, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26493 Republic of Korea
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7
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Khalid A, Lin RCY, Iredell JR. A Phage Therapy Guide for Clinicians and Basic Scientists: Background and Highlighting Applications for Developing Countries. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:599906. [PMID: 33643225 PMCID: PMC7904893 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.599906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10% of global health research is devoted to 90% of global disease burden (the so-called “10/90 Gap”) and it often neglects those diseases most prevalent in low-income countries. Antibiotic resistant bacterial infections are known to impact on healthcare, food security, and socio-economic fabric in the developing countries. With a global antibiotic resistance crisis currently reaching a critical level, the unmet needs in the developing countries are even more striking. The failure of traditional antimicrobials has led to renewed interest in century-old bacteriophage (phage) therapy in response to the urgent need to develop alternative therapies to treat infections. Phage therapy may have particular value in developing countries where relevant phages can be sourced and processed locally and efficiently, breaking specifically the economic barrier of access to expensive medicine. Hence this makes phage therapy an attractive and feasible option. In this review, we draw our respective clinical experience as well as phage therapy research and clinical trial, and discuss the ways in which phage therapy might reduce the burden of some of the most important bacterial infections in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khalid
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruby C Y Lin
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan R Iredell
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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8
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Abstract
Numerous bacteriophages-viruses of bacteria, also known as phages-have been described for hundreds of bacterial species. The Gram-negative Shigella species are close relatives of Escherichia coli, yet relatively few previously described phages appear to exclusively infect this genus. Recent efforts to isolate Shigella phages have indicated these viruses are surprisingly abundant in the environment and have distinct genomic and structural properties. In addition, at least one model system used for experimental evolution studies has revealed a unique mechanism for developing faster infection cycles. Differences between these bacteriophages and other well-described model systems may mirror differences between their hosts' ecology and defense mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the history of Shigella phages and recent developments in their isolation and characterization and the structural information available for three model systems, Sf6, Sf14, and HRP29; we also provide an overview of potential selective pressures guiding both Shigella phage and host evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundharraman Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Kristin N Parent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Sarah M Doore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA;
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Adhikari N, Acharya KP. Effectiveness of Bacteriophage Therapy in Field Conditions and Possible Future Applications. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:364-373. [PMID: 31845630 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666191217111156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteriophages are viruses, which are obligate parasites of specific bacteria for the completion of their lifecycle. Bacteriophages could be the possible alternative to antibioticresistant bacterial diseases. With this objective, extensive research in different fields is published which are discussed in this article. METHODS After a review of bacteriophage therapy, bacteriophages were found to be effective against the multidrug-resistant bacteria individually or synergistically with antibiotics. They were found to be more effective, even better than the bacteria in the development of a vaccine. RESULTS Apart from the bacteriophages, their cell contents like Lysin enzymes were found equally very much effective. Only the major challenge faced in phage therapy was the identification and characterization of bacteria-specific phages due to the wide genetic diversity of bacterial populations. Similarly, the threshold level of bacteriophages to act effectively was altered by ultraviolet radiation and heat exposure. CONCLUSION Thus, bacteriophage therapy offers promising alternatives in the treatment of antibioticresistant bacteria in different fields. However, their effectiveness is determined by a triad of bacteriophages (type & quantity), host (bacteria) and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niran Adhikari
- Animal Health Training and Consultancy Services (AHTCS), Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Krishna P Acharya
- Animal Quarantine Office (AQO), Budhanilakantha, Kathmandu, Nepal.,Ministry of Land Management, Agriculture and Co-operatives (MoLMAC), Gandaki State, Pokhara, Nepal
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Jones EH, Letarov AV, Clokie M. Neat Science in a Messy World: The Global Impact of Human Behavior on Phage Therapy, Past and Present. PHAGE (NEW ROCHELLE, N.Y.) 2020; 1:16-22. [PMID: 36147613 PMCID: PMC9041452 DOI: 10.1089/phage.2019.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The scientific potential of bacteriophage (phage) therapy is gaining recognition in the global fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, phages are not well understood by the general population in the West and this is a major barrier to phage therapy. This piece takes an interdisciplinary approach to public "acceptability," highlighting the significant impact that human behavior has had on the development of bacteriophage science to date, before addressing what current human factors might impact on the future exploitation of this scientific field. It argues that the history and status of phage therapy are not identical across the world, and that more understanding of different cultural attitudes in different places is essential. In addition, it argues that from a Western perspective, human issues relating to phage therapy make this science particularly susceptible to media hype and misunderstanding. Further study of the human dimensions is, therefore, crucial in any future development of phage therapy as a response to AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrey V. Letarov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology RC Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Martha Clokie
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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11
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Gram-Negative Bacterial Lysins. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9020074. [PMID: 32054067 PMCID: PMC7168136 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have had a profound impact on human society by enabling the eradication of otherwise deadly infections. Unfortunately, antibiotic use and overuse has led to the rapid spread of acquired antibiotic resistance, creating a major threat to public health. Novel therapeutic agents called bacteriophage endolysins (lysins) provide a solution to the worldwide epidemic of antibiotic resistance. Lysins are a class of enzymes produced by bacteriophages during the lytic cycle, which are capable of cleaving bonds in the bacterial cell wall, resulting in the death of the bacteria within seconds after contact. Through evolutionary selection of the phage progeny to be released and spread, these lysins target different critical components in the cell wall, making resistance to these molecules orders of magnitude less likely than conventional antibiotics. Such properties make lysins uniquely suitable for the treatment of multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens. Lysins, either naturally occurring or engineered, have the potential of being developed into fast-acting, narrow-spectrum, biofilm-disrupting antimicrobials that act synergistically with standard of care antibiotics. This review focuses on newly discovered classes of Gram-negative lysins with emphasis on prototypical enzymes that have been evaluated for efficacy against the major antibiotic resistant organisms causing nosocomial infections.
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12
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Akter M, Brown N, Clokie M, Yeasmin M, Tareq TM, Baddam R, Azad MAK, Ghosh AN, Ahmed N, Talukder KA. Prevalence of Shigella boydii in Bangladesh: Isolation and Characterization of a Rare Phage MK-13 That Can Robustly Identify Shigellosis Caused by Shigella boydii Type 1. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2461. [PMID: 31787934 PMCID: PMC6853846 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis, caused by Shigella boydii type 1, is understudied and underreported. For 3 years, GEMS study identified 5.4% of all Shigella as S. boydii. We showed the prevalent serotypes of S. boydii in Bangladesh and phage-based diagnosis of S. boydii type 1, a rapid and low-cost approach. Previously typed 793 clinical S. boydii strains were used for serotype distribution. Twenty-eight environmental water samples were collected for isolation of Shigella phages. Forty-eight serotypes of Shigella and other enteric bacteria were used for testing the susceptibility to phage MK-13. Electron microscopy, restriction enzyme analysis, whole genome sequencing (WGS), and annotation were performed for extensive characterization. S. boydii type 1 is the second most prevalent serotype among 20 serotypes of S. boydii in Bangladesh. We isolated a novel phage, MK-13, which specifically lyses S. boydii type 1, but doesn’t lyse other 47 serotypes of Shigella or other enteric bacteria tested. The phage belongs to the Myoviridae family and distinct from other phages indicated by electron microscopy and restriction enzyme analysis, respectively. MK-13 genome consists of 158 kbp of circularly permuted double-stranded DNA with G + C content of 49.45%, and encodes 211 open reading frames including four tRNA-coding regions. The genome has 98% identity with previously reported phage, ΦSboM-AG3, reported to have a broader host range infecting most of the S. boydii and other species of Shigella tested. To our knowledge, MK-13 is the first phage reported to be used as a diagnostic marker to detect S. boydii type 1, especially in remote settings with limited laboratory infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmuda Akter
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nathan Brown
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Martha Clokie
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Mahmuda Yeasmin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tokee M Tareq
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ramani Baddam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad A K Azad
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Amar N Ghosh
- Division of Electron Microscopy, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kaisar A Talukder
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
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13
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Ranjbar R, Farahani A. Shigella: Antibiotic-Resistance Mechanisms And New Horizons For Treatment. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:3137-3167. [PMID: 31632102 PMCID: PMC6789722 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s219755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella spp. are a common cause of diarrheal disease and have remained an important pathogen responsible for increased rates of morbidity and mortality caused by dysentery each year around the globe. Antibiotic treatment of Shigella infections plays an essential role in reducing prevalence and death rates of the disease. However, treatment of these infections remains a challenge, due to the global rise in broad-spectrum resistance to many antibiotics. Drug resistance in Shigella spp. can result from many mechanisms, such as decrease in cellular permeability, extrusion of drugs by active efflux pumps, and overexpression of drug-modifying and -inactivating enzymes or target modification by mutation. Therefore, there is an increasing need for identification and evolution of alternative therapeutic strategies presenting innovative avenues against Shigella infections, as well as paying further attention to this infection. The current review focuses on various antibiotic-resistance mechanisms of Shigella spp. with a particular emphasis on epidemiology and new mechanisms of resistance and their acquisition, and also discusses the status of novel strategies for treatment of Shigella infection and vaccine candidates currently under evaluation in preclinical or clinical phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Farahani
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kaczorowska J, Casey E, Neve H, Franz CM, Noben JP, Lugli GA, Ventura M, van Sinderen D, Mahony J. A Quest of Great Importance-Developing a Broad Spectrum Escherichia coli Phage Collection. Viruses 2019; 11:E899. [PMID: 31561510 PMCID: PMC6832132 DOI: 10.3390/v11100899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella ssp. and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli are the most common etiological agents of diarrheal diseases in malnourished children under five years of age in developing countries. The ever-growing issue of antibiotic resistance and the potential negative impact of antibiotic use on infant commensal microbiota are significant challenges to current therapeutic approaches. Bacteriophages (or phages) represent an alternative treatment that can be used to treat specific bacterial infections. In the present study, we screened water samples from both environmental and industrial sources for phages capable of infecting E. coli laboratory strains within our collection. Nineteen phages were isolatedand tested for their ability to infect strains within the ECOR collection and E. coli O157:H7 Δstx. Furthermore, since coliphages have been reported to cross-infect certain Shigella spp., we also evaluated the ability of the nineteen phages to infect a representative Shigella sonnei strain from our collection. Based on having distinct (although overlapping in some cases) host ranges, ten phage isolates were selected for genome sequence and morphological characterization. Together, these ten selected phages were shown to infect most of the ECOR library, with 61 of the 72 strains infected by at least one phage from our collection. Genome analysis of the ten phages allowed classification into five previously described genetic subgroups plus one previously underrepresented subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kaczorowska
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Western Road, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland; (J.K.); (E.C.)
| | - Eoghan Casey
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Western Road, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland; (J.K.); (E.C.)
| | - Horst Neve
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany; (H.N.)
| | - Charles M.A.P. Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany; (H.N.)
| | - Jean-Paul Noben
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
| | - Gabriele A. Lugli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Dept. Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (G.A.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Dept. Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (G.A.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Western Road, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland; (J.K.); (E.C.)
| | - Jennifer Mahony
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Western Road, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland; (J.K.); (E.C.)
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Tang SS, Biswas SK, Tan WS, Saha AK, Leo BF. Efficacy and potential of phage therapy against multidrug resistant Shigella spp. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6225. [PMID: 30984476 PMCID: PMC6452847 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella-infected bacillary dysentery or commonly known as Shigellosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The gradual emergence of multidrug resistant Shigella spp. has triggered the search for alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Phage therapy could be one such suitable alternative, given its proven long term safety profile as well as the rapid expansion of phage therapy research. To be successful, phage therapy will need an adequate regulatory framework, effective strategies, the proper selection of appropriate phages, early solutions to overcome phage therapy limitations, the implementation of safety protocols, and finally improved public awareness. To achieve all these criteria and successfully apply phage therapy against multidrug resistant shigellosis, a comprehensive study is required. In fact, a variety of phage-based approaches and products including single phages, phage cocktails, mutated phages, genetically engineered phages, and combinations of phages with antibiotics have already been carried out to test the applications of phage therapy against multidrug resistant Shigella. This review provides a broad survey of phage treatments from past to present, focusing on the history, applications, limitations and effective solutions related to, as well as the prospects for, the use of phage therapy against multidrug resistant Shigella spp. and other multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swee-Seong Tang
- Division of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sudhangshu Kumar Biswas
- Division of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Islamic University Kushtia, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ananda Kumar Saha
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life and Earth Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Bey-Fen Leo
- Central Unit for Advanced Research Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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16
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Bacteriophage Therapy Testing Against Shigella flexneri in a Novel Human Intestinal Organoid-Derived Infection Model. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 68:509-516. [PMID: 30418409 PMCID: PMC6939622 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Enteric bacterial pathogens cause diarrheal disease and mortality at significant rates throughout the world, particularly in children younger than 5 years. Our ability to combat bacterial pathogens has been hindered by antibiotic resistance, a lack of effective vaccines, and accurate models of infection. With the renewed interest in bacteriophage therapy, we sought to use a novel human intestinal model to investigate the efficacy of a newly isolated bacteriophage against Shigella flexneri. METHODS An S. flexneri 2457T-specific bacteriophage was isolated and assessed through kill curve experiments and infection assays with colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells and a novel human intestinal organoid-derived epithelial monolayer model. In our treatment protocol, organoids were generated from intestinal crypt stem cells, expanded in culture, and seeded onto transwells to establish 2-dimensional monolayers that differentiate into intestinal cells. RESULTS The isolated bacteriophage efficiently killed S. flexneri 2457T, other S. flexneri strains, and a strain of 2457T harboring an antibiotic resistance cassette. Analyses with laboratory and commensal Escherichia coli strains demonstrated that the bacteriophage was specific to S. flexneri, as observed under co-culture conditions. Importantly, the bacteriophage prevented both S. flexneri 2457T epithelial cell adherence and invasion in both infection models. CONCLUSIONS Bacteriophages offer feasible alternatives to antibiotics for eliminating enteric pathogens, confirmed here by the bacteriophage-targeted killing of S. flexneri. Furthermore, application of the organoid model has provided important insight into Shigella pathogenesis and bacteriophage-dependent intervention strategies. The screening platform described herein provides proof-of-concept analysis for the development of novel bacteriophage therapies to target antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
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17
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Abstract
The history of Shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, is a long and fascinating one. This brief historical account starts with descriptions of the disease and its impact on human health from ancient time to the present. Our story of the bacterium starts just before the identification of the dysentery bacillus by Kiyoshi Shiga in 1898 and follows the scientific discoveries and principal scientists who contributed to the elucidation of Shigella pathogenesis in the first 100 years. Over the past century, Shigella has proved to be an outstanding model of an invasive bacterial pathogen and has served as a paradigm for the study of other bacterial pathogens. In addition to invasion of epithelial cells, some of those shared virulence traits include toxin production, multiple-antibiotic resistance, virulence genes encoded on plasmids and bacteriophages, global regulation of virulence genes, pathogenicity islands, intracellular motility, remodeling of host cytoskeleton, inflammation/polymorphonuclear leukocyte signaling, apoptosis induction/inhibition, and "black holes" and antivirulence genes. While there is still much to learn from studying Shigella pathogenesis, what we have learned so far has also contributed greatly to our broader understanding of bacterial pathogenesis.
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18
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Patey O, McCallin S, Mazure H, Liddle M, Smithyman A, Dublanchet A. Clinical Indications and Compassionate Use of Phage Therapy: Personal Experience and Literature Review with a Focus on Osteoarticular Infections. Viruses 2018; 11:E18. [PMID: 30597868 PMCID: PMC6356659 DOI: 10.3390/v11010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The history of phage therapy started with its first clinical application in 1919 and continues its development to this day. Phages continue to lack any market approval in Western medicine as a recognized drug, but are increasingly used as an experimental therapy for the compassionate treatment of patients experiencing antibiotic failure. The few formal experimental phage clinical trials that have been completed to date have produced inconclusive results on the efficacy of phage therapy, which contradicts the many successful treatment outcomes observed in historical accounts and recent individual case reports. It would therefore be wise to identify why such a discordance exists between trials and compassionate use in order to better develop future phage treatment and clinical applications. The multitude of observations reported over the years in the literature constitutes an invaluable experience, and we add to this by presenting a number of cases of patients treated compassionately with phages throughout the past decade with a focus on osteoarticular infections. Additionally, an abundance of scientific literature into phage-related areas is transforming our knowledge base, creating a greater understanding that should be applied for future clinical applications. Due to the increasing number of treatment failures anticipatedfrom the perspective of a possible post-antibiotic era, we believe that the introduction of bacteriophages into the therapeutic arsenal seems a scientifically sound and eminently practicable consideration today as a substitute or adjuvant to antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Patey
- Service of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, CHI Lucie et Raymond Aubrac, 94190 Villeneuve Saint Georges, France.
| | - Shawna McCallin
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine DAL, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Service of Plastic, Reconstructive & Hand Surgery, Regenerative Therapy Unit (UTR), CHUV-EPCR/Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Hubert Mazure
- HGM Consultants, 63 Rebecca Parade, Winston Hills, NSW 2153, Australia.
| | - Max Liddle
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Anthony Smithyman
- Cellabs Pty Ltd, and Founder Special Phage Services Pty Ltd, both of 7/27 Dale St, Brookvale, NSW 2100, Australia.
| | - Alain Dublanchet
- Service of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, CHI Lucie et Raymond Aubrac, 94190 Villeneuve Saint Georges, France.
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19
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Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi AKM. Shigellosis. Lancet 2018; 391:801-812. [PMID: 29254859 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)33296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Shigellosis is a clinical syndrome caused by invasion of the epithelium lining the terminal ileum, colon, and rectum by Shigella species. Although infections occur globally, and in people of all ages, endemic infections among children aged 1-4 years living in low-income and middle-income settings constitute most of the disease burden. The versatile manifestations of these highly contagious organisms range from acute watery diarrhoea to fulminant dysentery characterised by frequent scant bloody stools with fever, prostration, and abdominal cramps. A broad array of uncommon, but often severe, intestinal and extraintestinal complications can occur. Despite marked reductions in mortality during the past three decades, there are roughly 164 000 annual deaths attributable to shigellosis. Intercontinental dissemination of multiresistant shigella strains, facilitated by travellers and men who have sex with men, has prompted new recommendations for antibiotic therapy. Awareness of disease burden and the emerging threats posed by shigella have accelerated interest in development of shigella vaccines, many of which are being tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Kotloff
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Mark S Riddle
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Patricia Pavlinac
- Department of Global Health, Global Center for Integrated Health of Women, Adolescents and Children (Global WACh), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anita K M Zaidi
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases Programme, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
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20
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Domingo-Calap P, Georgel P, Bahram S. Back to the future: bacteriophages as promising therapeutic tools. HLA 2016; 87:133-40. [PMID: 26891965 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages), natural predators of bacteria, are becoming increasingly attractive in medical and pharmaceutical applications. After their discovery almost a century ago, they have been particularly instrumental in the comprehension of basic molecular biology and genetics processes. The more recent emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria requires novel therapeutic strategies, and phages are being (re)considered as promising potential antibacterial tools. Furthermore, phages are also used for other purposes, e.g. vaccine production, gene/drug carriers, bacterial detection and typing. These new alternative approaches using phages are of major interest and have allowed unexpected developments, from the decipherment of fundamental biological processes to potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Domingo-Calap
- Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - P Georgel
- Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - S Bahram
- Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Strasbourg, France
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21
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Mai V, Ukhanova M, Reinhard MK, Li M, Sulakvelidze A. Bacteriophage administration significantly reduces Shigella colonization and shedding by Shigella-challenged mice without deleterious side effects and distortions in the gut microbiota. BACTERIOPHAGE 2015; 5:e1088124. [PMID: 26909243 PMCID: PMC4745833 DOI: 10.1080/21597081.2015.1088124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We used a mouse model to establish safety and efficacy of a bacteriophage cocktail, ShigActive™, in reducing fecal Shigella counts after oral challenge with a susceptible strain. Groups of inbred C57BL/6J mice challenged with Shigella sonnei strain S43-NalAcR were treated with a phage cocktail (ShigActive™) composed of 5 lytic Shigella bacteriophages and ampicillin. The treatments were administered (i) 1 h after, (ii) 3 h after, (iii) 1 h before and after, and (iv) 1 h before bacterial challenge. The treatment regimens elicited a 10- to 100-fold reduction in the CFU's of the challenge strain in fecal and cecum specimens compared to untreated control mice, (P < 0.05). ShigActiveTM treatment was at least as effective as treatment with ampicillin but had a significantly less impact on the gut microbiota. Long-term safety studies did not identify any side effects or distortions in overall gut microbiota associated with bacteriophage administration. Shigella phages may be therapeutically effective in a “classical phage therapy” approach, at least during the early stages after Shigella ingestion. Oral prophylactic “phagebiotic” administration of lytic bacteriophages may help to maintain a healthy gut microbiota by killing specifically targeted bacterial pathogens in the GI tract, without deleterious side effects and without altering the normal gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Mai
- Department of Epidemiology and Emerging Pathogens Institute; University of Florida ; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Maria Ukhanova
- Department of Epidemiology and Emerging Pathogens Institute; University of Florida ; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Mary K Reinhard
- Department of Pathology; University of Florida ; Gainesville, FL USA
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Jamal M, Chaudhry WN, Hussain T, Das CR, Andleeb S. Characterization of new Myoviridae bacteriophage WZ1 against multi-drug resistant (MDR) Shigella dysenteriae. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:420-31. [PMID: 25557472 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Shigella dysenteriae is a normal inhabitant of the human gastrointestinal tract, but sometimes it causes severe infection known as shigellosis (bacillary dysentery). Bacteriophages are considered very safe and effective agents for controlling bacterial infections and contaminations. In this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of bacteriophage WZ1, isolated from waste water which inhibits the growth of S. dysenteriae. Phage WZ1 showed maximum stability at 37 °C and was stable up to 65 °C but was totally inactive at 70 °C. The pH stability increased from low to high and was totally inactive at pH 3 while maximum stability was observed at optimal pH 7. Phage WZ1 adsorption rate to the host bacterium was significantly enhanced by the addition of CaCl2 . It has a latent time and burst time of 24 min and about 430 virions/cell, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy of phage WZ1 revealed a head width of 10 ± 0.5 nm and length of 10 ± 0.2 nm with a contractile tail of 128 ± 25 nm long and 21 ± 0.5 nm wide and belongs to family Myoviridae of order Caudovirales. Twelve structural proteins ranging from 22 to 150 kDa were detected by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The genome was found to be double stranded DNA with an approximate size of 38 kb. It has a very good reduction potential for S. dysenteriae by lowering abruptly the optical density of the planktonic S. dysenteriae culture. Phage WZ1 is a very promising candidate for phage therapy and other applications such as phage typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhsin Jamal
- Atta -ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan; Emerging Pathogens Institute (EPI), University of Florida (UF), Florida, USA
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23
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Pacher-Zavisin M, Thompson A, Sleator RD. Landes Highlights. Bioengineered 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/bioe.25398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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24
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Landes Highlights. Gut Microbes 2014. [PMCID: PMC3744509 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.25732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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25
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Riedmann EM. Landes Highlights. RNA Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/rna.6.5.10175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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26
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Tjhung KF, Burnham S, Anany H, Griffiths MW, Derda R. Rapid enumeration of phage in monodisperse emulsions. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5642-8. [PMID: 24892245 DOI: 10.1021/ac500244g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phage-based detection assays have been developed for the detection of viable bacteria for applications in clinical diagnosis, monitoring of water quality, and food safety. The majority of these assays deliver a positive readout in the form of newly generated progeny phages by the bacterial host of interest. Progeny phages are often visualized as plaques, or holes, in a lawn of bacteria on an agar-filled Petri dish; however, this rate-limiting step requires up to 12 h of incubation time. We have previously described an amplification of bacteriophages M13 inside droplets of media suspended in perfluorinated oil; a single phage M13 in a droplet yields 10(7) copies in 3-4 h. Here, we describe that encapsulation of reporter phages, both lytic T4-LacZ and nonlytic M13, in monodisperse droplets can also be used for rapid enumeration of phage. Compartmentalization in droplets accelerated the development of the signal from the reporter enzyme; counting of "positive" droplets yields accurate enumeration of phage particles ranging from 10(2) to 10(6) pfu/mL. For enumeration of T4-LacZ phage, the fluorescent signal appeared in as little as 90 min. Unlike bulk assays, quantification in emulsion is robust and insensitive to fluctuations in environmental conditions (e.g., temperature). Power-free emulsification using gravity-driven flow in the absence of syringe pumps and portable fluorescence imaging solutions makes this technology promising for use at the point of care in low-resource environments. This droplet-based phage enumeration method could accelerate and simplify point-of-care detection of the pathogens for which reporter bacteriophages have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina F Tjhung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
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