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Bianca C. A decade of thermostatted kinetic theory models for complex active matter living systems. Phys Life Rev 2024; 50:72-97. [PMID: 39002422 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2024.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
In the last decade, the thermostatted kinetic theory has been proposed as a general paradigm for the modeling of complex systems of the active matter and, in particular, in biology. Homogeneous and inhomogeneous frameworks of the thermostatted kinetic theory have been employed for modeling phenomena that are the result of interactions among the elements, called active particles, composing the system. Functional subsystems contain heterogeneous active particles that are able to perform the same task, called activity. Active matter living systems usually operate out-of-equilibrium; accordingly, a mathematical thermostat is introduced in order to regulate the fluctuations of the activity of particles. The time evolution of the functional subsystems is obtained by introducing the conservative and the nonconservative interactions which represent activity-transition, natural birth/death, induced proliferation/destruction, and mutation of the active particles. This review paper is divided in two parts: In the first part the review deals with the mathematical frameworks of the thermostatted kinetic theory that can be found in the literature of the last decade and a unified approach is proposed; the second part of the review is devoted to the specific mathematical models derived within the thermostatted kinetic theory presented in the last decade for complex biological systems, such as wound healing diseases, the recognition process and the learning dynamics of the human immune system, the hiding-learning dynamics and the immunoediting process occurring during the cancer-immune system competition. Future research perspectives are discussed from the theoretical and application viewpoints, which suggest the important interplay among the different scholars of the applied sciences and the desire of a multidisciplinary approach or rather a theory for the modeling of every active matter system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bianca
- EFREI Research Lab, Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 30/32 Avenue de la République, 94800 Villejuif, France.
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Barman R, Mukherjee A, Nag A, Rajdev P, Ghosh S. Hierarchical assembly of foldable polymers and applications in organic optoelectronics and antibacterial or antiviral materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13951-13961. [PMID: 37937399 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04855a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of amphiphilic polymers in block-selective solvents produces different nanostructures, which have been studied extensively for wide-ranging applications. Nevertheless, such immiscibility-driven aggregation does not endow them with the desired structural precision, predictability or surface functional group exposure, which significantly impact their functional applications. More recently, biomimetic folded structures of synthetic macromolecules (mostly oligomers) have come to the fore, but such studies have been limited to probe the secondary structures. In this article, we have collated hierarchical structures of foldamers, especially highlighting our recent contribution to the field of chain-folding regulated assembly of segmented polyurethanes (PUs) and their functional applications. A series of such PUs have been discussed, which contain a segmented hydrocarbon backbone and alternately placed pendant solvophilic groups. In either water or highly non-polar solvents (TCE, MCH), depending on the nature of the pendant group, they exhibit folded structures stabilized by intra-chain H-bonding. Hierarchical assembly of such folded chains by inter-chain H-bonding and/or π-stacking leads to the formation of well-defined nanostructures with functional applications ranging from organic optoelectronics to biomaterials. For example, a segmented PU with appended naphthalene-diimide (NDI) chromophores showed a pleated structure in MCH, which helped in organization of the NDI chromophores within π-stacking distance. Such folded polymer chains eventually produced nanotubular structures with excellent electron mobility. They also showed efficient intercalation of the pyrene (Py) donor by NDI-Py charge-transfer interaction and in this case the mixed nanotubular structure exhibited prominent room-temperature ferroelectricity. On the other hand, having cationic functionalities as the pendant groups such chain-folding regulated assembly produced unilamellar polymersomes with excellent antibacterial activity with very low minimum inhibitory concentrations (<10 μg mL-1). Replacing the pendant amine functionality with sulphate groups made these polyurethanes highly potent antiviral materials. In the absence of the alternating connectivity of the solvophobic and solvophilic segments or rigid hydrocarbon backbone, such folding propensity is destroyed, leading to structural collapse. While significant efforts have been made in correlating primary structures of wide-ranging polymers with their functional applications, this article demonstrates the direct correlation between the secondary structures of polymers and their functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit Barman
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Anurag Mukherjee
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Atish Nag
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Priya Rajdev
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Suhrit Ghosh
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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Ilan Y. The constrained disorder principle defines living organisms and provides a method for correcting disturbed biological systems. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6087-6096. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Shahidi N, Pan M, Tran K, Crampin EJ, Nickerson DP. SBML to bond graphs: From conversion to composition. Math Biosci 2022; 352:108901. [PMID: 36096376 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2022.108901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) is a popular software-independent XML-based format for describing models of biological phenomena. The BioModels Database is the largest online repository of SBML models. Several tools and platforms are available to support the reuse and composition of SBML models. However, these tools do not explicitly assess whether models are physically plausible or thermodynamically consistent. This often leads to ill-posed models that are physically impossible, impeding the development of realistic complex models in biology. Here, we present a framework that can automatically convert SBML models into bond graphs, which imposes energy conservation laws on these models. The new bond graph models are easily mergeable, resulting in physically plausible coupled models. We illustrate this by automatically converting and coupling a model of pyruvate distribution to a model of the pentose phosphate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Shahidi
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Michael Pan
- Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Mathematics and Statistics, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia; School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kenneth Tran
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Edmund J Crampin
- Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Mathematics and Statistics, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia; School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - David P Nickerson
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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Favaretto F, Bettini S, Busetto L, Milan G, Vettor R. Adipogenic progenitors in different organs: Pathophysiological implications. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:71-85. [PMID: 34716543 PMCID: PMC8873140 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09686-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In physiological conditions, the adipose organ resides in well-defined areas, where it acts providing an energy supply and as an endocrine organ involved in the control of whole-body energy metabolism. Adipose tissue adipokines connect the body's nutritional status to the regulation of energy balance. When it surrounds organs, it provides also for mechanical protection. Adipose tissue has a complex and heterogenous cellular composition that includes adipocytes, adipose tissue-derived stromal and stem cells (ASCs) which are mesenchymal stromal cells, and endothelial and immune cells, which signal to each other and to other tissues to maintain homeostasis. In obesity and in other nutrition related diseases, as well as in age-related diseases, biological and functional changes of adipose tissue give rise to several complications. Obesity triggers alterations of ASCs, impairing adipose tissue remodeling and adipose tissue function, which induces low-grade systemic inflammation, progressive insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders. Adipose tissue grows by hyperplasia recruiting new ASCs and by hypertrophy, up to its expandability limit. To overcome this limitation and to store the excess of nutrients, adipose tissue develops ectopically, involving organs such as muscle, bone marrow and the heart. The origin of ectopic adipose organ is not clearly elucidated, and a possible explanation lies in the stimulation of the adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal precursor cells which normally differentiate toward a lineage specific for the organ in which they reside. The chronic exposition of these newly-formed adipose depots to the pathological environment, will confer to them all the phenotypic characteristics of a dysfunctional adipose tissue, perpetuating the organ alterations. Visceral fat, but also ectopic fat, either in the liver, muscle or heart, can increase the risk of developing insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Being able to prevent and to target dysfunctional adipose tissue will avoid the progression towards the complications of obesity and other nutrition-related diseases. The aim of this review is to summarize some of the knowledge regarding the presence of adipose tissue in particular tissues (where it is not usually present), describing the composition of its adipogenic precursors, and the interactions responsible for the development of organ pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Favaretto
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padua, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Bettini
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padua, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Busetto
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padua, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Gabriella Milan
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padua, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettor
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padua, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
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Macpherson T, Matsumoto M, Gomi H, Morimoto J, Uchibe E, Hikida T. Parallel and hierarchical neural mechanisms for adaptive and predictive behavioral control. Neural Netw 2021; 144:507-521. [PMID: 34601363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our brain can be recognized as a network of largely hierarchically organized neural circuits that operate to control specific functions, but when acting in parallel, enable the performance of complex and simultaneous behaviors. Indeed, many of our daily actions require concurrent information processing in sensorimotor, associative, and limbic circuits that are dynamically and hierarchically modulated by sensory information and previous learning. This organization of information processing in biological organisms has served as a major inspiration for artificial intelligence and has helped to create in silico systems capable of matching or even outperforming humans in several specific tasks, including visual recognition and strategy-based games. However, the development of human-like robots that are able to move as quickly as humans and respond flexibly in various situations remains a major challenge and indicates an area where further use of parallel and hierarchical architectures may hold promise. In this article we review several important neural and behavioral mechanisms organizing hierarchical and predictive processing for the acquisition and realization of flexible behavioral control. Then, inspired by the organizational features of brain circuits, we introduce a multi-timescale parallel and hierarchical learning framework for the realization of versatile and agile movement in humanoid robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Macpherson
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Matsumoto
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Gomi
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Co., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jun Morimoto
- Department of Brain Robot Interface, ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan; Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiji Uchibe
- Department of Brain Robot Interface, ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Hikida
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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INFEKTA-An agent-based model for transmission of infectious diseases: The COVID-19 case in Bogotá, Colombia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245787. [PMID: 33606714 PMCID: PMC7894857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission dynamics of the coronavirus—COVID-19—have challenged humankind at almost every level. Currently, research groups around the globe are trying to figure out such transmission dynamics under special conditions such as separation policies enforced by governments. Mathematical and computational models, like the compartmental model or the agent-based model, are being used for this purpose. This paper proposes an agent-based model, called INFEKTA, for simulating the transmission of infectious diseases, not only the COVID-19, under social distancing policies. INFEKTA combines the transmission dynamic of a specific disease, (according to parameters found in the literature) with demographic information (population density, age, and genre of individuals) of geopolitical regions of the real town or city under study. Agents (virtual persons) can move, according to its mobility routines and the enforced social distancing policy, on a complex network of accessible places defined over an Euclidean space representing the town or city. The transmission dynamics of the COVID-19 under different social distancing policies in Bogotá city, the capital of Colombia, is simulated using INFEKTA with one million virtual persons. A sensitivity analysis of the impact of social distancing policies indicates that it is possible to establish a ‘medium’ (i.e., close 40% of the places) social distancing policy to achieve a significant reduction in the disease transmission.
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Gentili PL. Why is Complexity Science valuable for reaching the goals of the UN 2030 Agenda? RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2021; 32:117-134. [PMID: 33527036 PMCID: PMC7838468 DOI: 10.1007/s12210-020-00972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The goals and targets included in the 2030 Agenda compiled by the United Nations want to stimulate action in areas of critical importance for humanity and the Earth. These goals and targets regard everyone on Earth from both the health and economic and social perspectives. Reaching these goals means to deal with Complex Systems. Therefore, Complexity Science is undoubtedly valuable. However, it needs to extend its scope and focus on some specific objectives. This article proposes a development of Complexity Science that will bring benefits for achieving the United Nations' aims. It presents a list of the features shared by all the Complex Systems involved in the 2030 Agenda. It shows the reasons why there are certain limitations in the prediction of Complex Systems' behaviors. It highlights that such limitations raise ethical issues whenever new technologies interfere with the dynamics of Complex Systems, such as human beings and the environment. Finally, new methodological approaches and promising research lines to face Complexity Challenges included in the 2030 Agenda are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Gentili
- grid.9027.c0000 0004 1757 3630Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology Department, University degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Santamaría-Holek I, Castaño V. Possible fates of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the Mexican context. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200886. [PMID: 33047049 PMCID: PMC7540779 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The determination of the adequate time for house confinement and when social distancing restrictions should end are now two of the main challenges that any country has to face in an ongoing battle against SARS-CoV-2. The possibility of a new outbreak of the pandemic and how to avoid it is, nowadays, one of the primary objectives of epidemiological research. In this work, we present an innovative compartmental model that explicitly introduces the number of active cases, and employ it as a conceptual tool to explore the possible fates of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the Mexican context. We incorporated the impact of starting, inattention and end of restrictive social policies on the pandemic's time evolution via time-dependent corrections to the infection rates. The magnitude and impact on the epidemic due to post-social restrictive policies are also studied. The scenarios generated by the model could help authorities determine an adequate time and population load that may be allowed to reassume normal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Santamaría-Holek
- UMDI-J, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro CP 76230, México
| | - V Castaño
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro CP 76230, México
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Palacios ER, Razi A, Parr T, Kirchhoff M, Friston K. On Markov blankets and hierarchical self-organisation. J Theor Biol 2019; 486:110089. [PMID: 31756340 PMCID: PMC7284313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Biological self-organisation can be regarded as a process of spontaneous pattern formation; namely, the emergence of structures that distinguish themselves from their environment. This process can occur at nested spatial scales: from the microscopic (e.g., the emergence of cells) to the macroscopic (e.g. the emergence of organisms). In this paper, we pursue the idea that Markov blankets - that separate the internal states of a structure from external states - can self-assemble at successively higher levels of organisation. Using simulations, based on the principle of variational free energy minimisation, we show that hierarchical self-organisation emerges when the microscopic elements of an ensemble have prior (e.g., genetic) beliefs that they participate in a macroscopic Markov blanket: i.e., they can only influence - or be influenced by - a subset of other elements. Furthermore, the emergent structures look very much like those found in nature (e.g., cells or organelles), when influences are mediated by short range signalling. These simulations are offered as a proof of concept that hierarchical self-organisation of Markov blankets (into Markov blankets) can explain the self-evidencing, autopoietic behaviour of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensor Rafael Palacios
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Adeel Razi
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Department of Electronic Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Thomas Parr
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Michael Kirchhoff
- Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
| | - Karl Friston
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Xie Y, Li H, Ding C, Zheng X, Li K. Effects of graphene plates' adoption on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and in vivo biocompatibility of calcium silicate coating. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:3855-63. [PMID: 26089662 PMCID: PMC4462856 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s77919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium silicate (CS) ceramic is a good coating candidate for biomedical implants to improve biocompatibility and accelerate early osseointegration. However, the poor fracture toughness and wear resistance of this ceramic material restricts the long-term performance of implants. In this study, graphene plates (GPs) were used as reinforcement to improve the mechanical properties of CS coating. Composite coating containing 1.5 weight % GPs was prepared by vacuum plasma spraying technology. The good survival of the GPs in the composite coating was demonstrated by Raman analysis, although the defects of the GPs were increased after plasma spraying. Effects of the GPs’ adoption on the microstructure of the coating were studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that the GPs were homogenously distributed in the CS grains interface or enwrapped on the particles, and exhibited good wetting behavior with the CS matrix. The wear properties of the composite coating were obviously enhanced by the reinforcement of GPs. The reinforcement mechanism was attributed to the enhanced micro-hardness and interfacial bonding of the particles in the coating. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the composite coating possessed similarly good biocompatibility compared to pure CS coating. The bone-implant contact ratio reached 84.3%±7.4% for GPs/CS coating and 79.6%±9.4% for CS coating after 3 months’ implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youtao Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Coating Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongqin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Coating Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxian Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Coating Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebin Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Coating Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Coating Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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