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Miyamoto R, Takigawa H, Yuge R, Shimizu D, Ariyoshi M, Otani R, Tsuboi A, Tanaka H, Yamashita K, Hiyama Y, Urabe Y, Ishikawa A, Sentani K, Oka S. Analysis of anti-tumor effect and mechanism of GLS1 inhibitor CB-839 in colorectal cancer using a stroma-abundant tumor model. Exp Mol Pathol 2024; 137:104896. [PMID: 38703552 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2024.104896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutaminase 1 (GLS1), a key enzyme in glutamine metabolism in cancer cells, acts as a tumor promoter and could be a potential therapeutic target. CB-839, a GLS1-specific inhibitor, was developed recently. Herein, we aimed to elucidate the anti-tumor effects and mechanism of action of CB-839 in colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS Using the UCSC Xena public database, we evaluated GLS1 expression in various cancers. Immunostaining for GLS1 was performed on 154 surgically resected human CRC specimens. Subsequently, we examined the GLS1 mRNA expression levels in eight CRC cell lines and evaluated the association between GLS1 expression and CB-839 efficacy. To create a reproducible CRC model with abundant stroma and an allogeneic immune response, we co-transplanted CT26 and stem cells into BALB/c mice and treated them with CB-839. Finally, RNA sequencing of mouse tumors was performed. RESULTS Database analysis showed higher GLS1 expression in CRC tissues than in normal colon tissues. Clinical samples from 114 of the 154 patients with CRC showed positive GLS1 expression. GLS1 expression in clinical CRC tissues correlated with vascular invasion. CB-839 treatment inhibited cancer cell proliferation depending on GLS1 expression in vitro and inhibited tumor growth and metastasis in the CRC mouse model. RNA sequencing revealed that CB-839 treatment inhibited stromal activation, tumor growth, migration, and angiogenesis. These findings were validated through in vitro and in vivo experiments and clinical specimen analysis. CONCLUSIONS GLS1 expression in CRC plays important roles in tumor progression. CB-839 has inhibitory effects on cancer proliferation and the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Takigawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Ryo Yuge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Misa Ariyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Rina Otani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Tsuboi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidenori Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ken Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hiyama
- Clinical Research Center in Hiroshima, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Urabe
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akira Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sentani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shiro Oka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Zhu G, Guan F, Li S, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Qin Y, Sun Z, Peng S, Cheng J, Li Y, Ren R, Fan T, Liu H. Glutaminase potentiates the glycolysis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by interacting with PDK1. Mol Carcinog 2024; 63:897-911. [PMID: 38353358 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that glutaminase (GLS) as a key mitochondrial enzyme plays a pivotal role in glutaminolysis, which widely participates in glutamine metabolism serving as main energy sources and building blocks for tumor growth. However, the roles and molecular mechanisms of GLS in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unknown. Here, we found that GLS was highly expressed in ESCC tissues and cells. GLS inhibitor CB-839 significantly suppressed cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion of ESCC cells, whereas GLS overexpression displayed the opposite effects. In addition, CB-839 markedly suppressed glucose consumption and lactate production, coupled with the downregulation of glycolysis-related proteins HK2, PFKM, PKM2 and LDHA, whereas GLS overexpression exhibited the adverse results. In vivo animal experiment revealed that CB-839 dramatically suppressed tumor growth, whereas GLS overexpression promoted tumor growth in ESCC cells xenografted nude mice. Mechanistically, GLS was localized in mitochondria of ESCC cells, which interacted with PDK1 protein. CB-839 attenuated the interaction of GLS and PDK1 in ESCC cells by suppressing PDK1 expression, which further evoked the downregulation of p-PDHA1 (s293), however, GLS overexpression markedly enhanced the level of p-PDHA1 (s293). These findings suggest that interaction of GLS with PDK1 accelerates the glycolysis of ESCC cells by inactivating PDH enzyme, and thus targeting GLS may be a novel therapeutic approach for ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhao Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shenglei Li
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine (Zhengzhou People's Hospital), Translational Medicine Research Center Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yue Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhangzhan Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shaohua Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiexing Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ruili Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tianli Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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3
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Fateeva A, Eddy K, Chen S. Current State of Melanoma Therapy and Next Steps: Battling Therapeutic Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1571. [PMID: 38672652 PMCID: PMC11049326 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive and deadly form of skin cancer due to its high propensity to metastasize to distant organs. Significant progress has been made in the last few decades in melanoma therapeutics, most notably in targeted therapy and immunotherapy. These approaches have greatly improved treatment response outcomes; however, they remain limited in their abilities to hinder disease progression due, in part, to the onset of acquired resistance. In parallel, intrinsic resistance to therapy remains an issue to be resolved. In this review, we summarize currently available therapeutic options for melanoma treatment and focus on possible mechanisms that drive therapeutic resistance. A better understanding of therapy resistance will provide improved rational strategies to overcome these obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fateeva
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (A.F.); (K.E.)
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kevinn Eddy
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (A.F.); (K.E.)
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Suzie Chen
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (A.F.); (K.E.)
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ 07018, USA
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4
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Eltayeb K, Alfieri R, Fumarola C, Bonelli M, Galetti M, Cavazzoni A, Digiacomo G, Galvani F, Vacondio F, Lodola A, Mor M, Minari R, Tiseo M, La Monica S, Giorgio Petronini P. Targeting metabolic adaptive responses induced by glucose starvation inhibits cell proliferation and enhances cell death in osimertinib-resistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116161. [PMID: 38522556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Osimertinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting mutant EGFR, has received approval for initial treatment in patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). While effective in both first- and second-line treatments, patients eventually develop acquired resistance. Metabolic reprogramming represents a strategy through which cancer cells may resist and adapt to the selective pressure exerted by the drug. In the current study, we investigated the metabolic adaptations associated with osimertinib-resistance in NSCLC cells under low glucose culture conditions. We demonstrated that, unlike osimertinib-sensitive cells, osimertinib-resistant cells were able to survive under low glucose conditions by increasing the rate of glucose and glutamine uptake and by shifting towards mitochondrial metabolism. Inhibiting glucose/pyruvate contribution to mitochondrial respiration, glutamine deamination to glutamate, and oxidative phosphorylation decreased the proliferation and survival abilities of osimertinib-resistant cells to glucose starvation. Our findings underscore the remarkable adaptability of osimertinib-resistant NSCLC cells in a low glucose environment and highlight the pivotal role of mitochondrial metabolism in mediating this adaptation. Targeting the metabolic adaptive responses triggered by glucose shortage emerges as a promising strategy, effectively inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell death in osimertinib-resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Eltayeb
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Alfieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Claudia Fumarola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Mara Bonelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Maricla Galetti
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavazzoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Graziana Digiacomo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Galvani
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Vacondio
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Minari
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Marcello Tiseo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia La Monica
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Fan Y, Xue H, Li Z, Huo M, Gao H, Guan X. Exploiting the Achilles' heel of cancer: disrupting glutamine metabolism for effective cancer treatment. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1345522. [PMID: 38510646 PMCID: PMC10952006 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1345522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have adapted to rapid tumor growth and evade immune attack by reprogramming their metabolic pathways. Glutamine is an important nitrogen resource for synthesizing amino acids and nucleotides and an important carbon source in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and lipid biosynthesis pathway. In this review, we summarize the significant role of glutamine metabolism in tumor development and highlight the vulnerabilities of targeting glutamine metabolism for effective therapy. In particular, we review the reported drugs targeting glutaminase and glutamine uptake for efficient cancer treatment. Moreover, we discuss the current clinical test about targeting glutamine metabolism and the prospective direction of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin City, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Han Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin City, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin City, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mingge Huo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin City, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongxia Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin City, China
| | - Xingang Guan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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6
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Lee JW, Lee H, Noh SW, Choi HK. Co-treatment with melatonin and ortho-topolin riboside reduces cell viability by altering metabolic profiles in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 391:110900. [PMID: 38325522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a highly prevalent and lethal malignancy worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for 85% of cancer-related deaths. In this study, the effects of co-treatment with melatonin and ortho-topolin riboside (oTR) on the cell viability and alteration of metabolites and transcripts were investigated in NSCLC cells using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS). The co-treatment of melatonin and oTR exhibited synergistic effects on the reduction of cell viability and alteration of metabolic and transcriptomic profiles in NSCLC cells. We observed that the co-treatment inhibited glycolytic function and mitochondria respiration, and downregulated glycine, serine and threonine metabolism alongside tyrosine metabolism in NSCLC cells. In the glycine, serine and threonine metabolism pathway, the co-treatment resulted in a significant 8.4-fold reduction in the expression level of the SDS gene, which encodes the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of serine to pyruvate. Moreover, co-treatment decreased the gene expression of TH, DDC, and CYP1A1 in tyrosine metabolism. Additionally, we observed that the co-treatment resulted in a significant 146.9-fold reduction in the expression of the DISC1 gene. The alteration in metabolites and transcript expressions might provide information to explain the cytotoxicity of co-treatment of melatonin and oTR in NSCLC cells. Our study presents insights into the synergistic anticancer effect of the co-treatment of melatonin and oTR, which could be a potential future therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwanhui Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Wook Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kyoon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Carlos-Reyes A, Romero-Garcia S, Prado-Garcia H. Metabolic Responses of Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells to Survive under Stressful Conditions Associated with Tumor Microenvironment. Metabolites 2024; 14:103. [PMID: 38392995 PMCID: PMC10890307 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors frequently present a heterogeneous tumor microenvironment. Because tumors have the potential to proliferate quickly, the consequence is a reduction in the nutrients, a reduction in the pH (<6.8), and a hypoxic environment. Although it is often assumed that tumor clones show a similar growth rate with little variations in nutrient consumption, the present study shows how growth-specific rate (µ), the specific rates of glucose, lactate, and glutamine consumption (qS), and the specific rates of lactate and glutamate production (qP) of 2D-cultured lung tumor cells are affected by changes in their environment. We determined in lung tumor cells (A427, A549, Calu-1, and SKMES-1) the above mentioned kinetic parameters during the exponential phase under different culture conditions, varying the predominant carbon source, pH, and oxygen tension. MCF-7 cells, a breast tumor cell line that can consume lactate, and non-transformed fibroblast cells (MRC-5) were included as controls. We also analyzed how cell-cycle progression and the amino acid transporter CD98 expression were affected. Our results show that: (1) In glucose presence, μ increased, but qS Glucose and qP Lactate decreased when tumor cells were cultured under acidosis as opposed to neutral conditions; (2) most lung cancer cell lines consumed lactate under normoxia or hypoxia; (3) although qS Glutamine diminished under hypoxia or acidosis, it slightly increased in lactate presence, a finding that was associated with CD98 upregulation; and (4) under acidosis, G0/G1 arrest was induced in A427 cancer cells, although this phenomenon was significantly increased when glucose was changed by lactate as the predominant carbon-source. Hence, our results provide an understanding of metabolic responses that tumor cells develop to survive under stressful conditions, providing clues for developing promising opportunities to improve traditional cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Carlos-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Onco-Inmunobiologia, Departamento de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Susana Romero-Garcia
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Heriberto Prado-Garcia
- Laboratorio de Onco-Inmunobiologia, Departamento de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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Li X, Peng X, Li Y, Wei S, He G, Liu J, Li X, Yang S, Li D, Lin W, Fang J, Yang L, Li H. Glutamine addiction in tumor cell: oncogene regulation and clinical treatment. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:12. [PMID: 38172980 PMCID: PMC10763057 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
After undergoing metabolic reprogramming, tumor cells consume additional glutamine to produce amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, and other substances to facilitate their unlimited proliferation. As such, the metabolism of glutamine is intricately linked to the survival and progression of cancer cells. Consequently, targeting the glutamine metabolism presents a promising strategy to inhibit growth of tumor cell and cancer development. This review describes glutamine uptake, metabolism, and transport in tumor cells and its pivotal role in biosynthesis of amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides, and more. Furthermore, we have also summarized the impact of oncogenes like C-MYC, KRAS, HIF, and p53 on the regulation of glutamine metabolism and the mechanisms through which glutamine triggers mTORC1 activation. In addition, role of different anti-cancer agents in targeting glutamine metabolism has been described and their prospective applications are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Xueqiang Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Shibo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Guangpeng He
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Jiaxing Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Dai Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Weikai Lin
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Jianjun Fang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
| | - Hangyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
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9
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Zhang K, Liang H. Genetic estimation of correlations between circulating glutamine and cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:6072-6089. [PMID: 38187059 PMCID: PMC10767347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The controversy regarding the causal relationship between circulating glutamine and cancer risk remains unresolved. Here, we aim to assess the causal impact of glutamine on the risk of six prevalent cancer types and their respective subtypes including breast, lung, ovarian, thyroid, prostate, and endometrial cancers. A Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to evaluate the causal effect of circulating glutamine on cancers risk. Data on circulating glutamine were extracted from the UK Biobank (UKB), comprising 114,750 European patients. To ensure the validity of our findings, we employed several analytical approaches, such as inverse variance weighting, weighted median, weighted mode test, MR-Egger regression, and MR-PRESSO method. Both univariable and multivariable MR analyses were conducted. Additionally, we employed a large-scale summary-level study on circulating glutamine involving 24,925 European participants for validation purposes. Our MR analysis reveals a causal association between circulating glutamine and thyroid cancer in both the UKB cohort (IVW: OR = 0.667, 95% CI [0.541-0.822], P = 1.52×10-4) and the validated cohort (IVW: OR = 0.577, 95% CI [0.421-0.790], P = 6.14×10-4). Sensitivity analysis, including multivariable MR analyses, consistently supports this finding (P < 0.05), affirming the reliability and robustness of our study. Our findings indicate an inverse correlation between circulating glutamine and the incidence of thyroid cancer in European populations. However, further research encompassing diverse ancestries is necessary to validate this causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xi'an No. 3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University Xi'an 710018, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Hongjin Liang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xi'an No. 3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University Xi'an 710018, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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10
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Zodda E, Tura-Ceide O, Mills NL, Tarragó-Celada J, Carini M, Thomson TM, Cascante M. Autonomous metabolic reprogramming and oxidative stress characterize endothelial dysfunction in acute myocardial infarction. eLife 2023; 12:e86260. [PMID: 38014932 PMCID: PMC10871716 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence has accumulated on the role of oxidative stress on the endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction in acute coronary syndrome. Unveiling the underlying metabolic determinants has been hampered by the scarcity of appropriate cell models to address cell-autonomous mechanisms of EC dysfunction. We have generated endothelial cells derived from thrombectomy specimens from patients affected with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and conducted phenotypical and metabolic characterizations. AMI-derived endothelial cells (AMIECs) display impaired growth, migration, and tubulogenesis. Metabolically, AMIECs displayed augmented ROS and glutathione intracellular content, with a diminished glucose consumption coupled to high lactate production. In AMIECs, while PFKFB3 protein levels of were downregulated, PFKFB4 levels were upregulated, suggesting a shunting of glycolysis towards the pentose phosphate pathway, supported by upregulation of G6PD. Furthermore, the glutaminolytic enzyme GLS was upregulated in AMIECs, providing an explanation for the increase in glutathione content. Finally, AMIECs displayed a significantly higher mitochondrial membrane potential than control ECs, which, together with high ROS levels, suggests a coupled mitochondrial activity. We suggest that high mitochondrial proton coupling underlies the high production of ROS, balanced by PPP- and glutaminolysis-driven synthesis of glutathione, as a primary, cell-autonomous abnormality driving EC dysfunction in AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zodda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institute for Molecular Biology of Barcelona, National Research Council (IBMB-CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-EDH)MadridSpain
| | - Olga Tura-Ceide
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS); University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES)MadridSpain
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital de Girona, Santa Caterina Hospital de Salt and Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI)GironaSpain
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Josep Tarragó-Celada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Marina Carini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Timothy M Thomson
- Institute for Molecular Biology of Barcelona, National Research Council (IBMB-CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-EDH)MadridSpain
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLimaPeru
| | - Marta Cascante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-EDH)MadridSpain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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11
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Wang Z, Li T, Li R, Cao B, Wang S, Fei X, Li C, Li G. Sijunzi Tang improves gefitinib resistance by regulating glutamine metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115438. [PMID: 37738796 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a major health concern and significant barrier to human well-being and social development. Although targeted therapy has shown remarkable progress in the treatment of lung cancer, the emergence of drug resistance has limited its clinical efficacy. Sijunzi Tang (SJZ) is a classical Chinese herbal formula known for tonifying qi and nourishing the lungs, has been recognized for its potential in lung cancer management. However, the underlying mechanism of its combined use with anti-cancer drugs remains unclear. Here, we investigated the anti-lung cancer efficacy and underlying mechanisms of the combination of gefitinib and SJZ in gefitinib-resistant human lung adenocarcinoma cells (PC-9/GR). We conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments using histopathology and targeted metabolomics approaches. Our results demonstrated that the combination of SJZ and gefitinib exhibited synergistic effects on tumor growth inhibition in PC-9/GR-bearing nude mice. Notably, the co-administration of SJZ and gefitinib synergistically promoted tumor cell apoptosis, potentially through the regulation of BAX and BCL-2 expression. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis found down-regulation of GLS, GS, and SLC1A5 expression in the co-administration group compared to the control and the individual treatment groups. Targeted metabolomics revealed significant alterations in the plasma glutamine metabolic markers glutamine, alanine, succinate, glutamate, and pyruvate. Of the glutamine metabolism markers measured in tumor tissues, glutamine and pyruvate demonstrated significant differences across the treatment groups. These findings suggest that administration of SJZ improves gefitinib resistance in the treatment of lung cancer without toxic effects. Moreover, SJZ may affect glutamine metabolism by regulating key targets involved in glutamine metabolism (SLC1A5, GLS, and GS) and modulating the levels of related metabolic markers, ultimately reducing gefitinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Wang
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Taifeng Li
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Ruisheng Li
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Cao
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China; Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Fei
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China.
| | - Guohui Li
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China.
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12
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Barreca F, Aventaggiato M, Vitiello L, Sansone L, Russo MA, Mai A, Valente S, Tafani M. SIRT5 Activation and Inorganic Phosphate Binding Reduce Cancer Cell Vitality by Modulating Autophagy/Mitophagy and ROS. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1635. [PMID: 37627630 PMCID: PMC10451763 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells show increased glutamine consumption. The glutaminase (GLS) enzyme controls a limiting step in glutamine catabolism. Breast tumors, especially the triple-negative subtype, have a high expression of GLS. Our recent study demonstrated that GLS activity and ammonia production are inhibited by sirtuin 5 (SIRT5). We developed MC3138, a selective SIRT5 activator. Treatment with MC3138 mimicked the deacetylation effect mediated by SIRT5 overexpression. Moreover, GLS activity was regulated by inorganic phosphate (Pi). Considering the interconnected roles of GLS, SIRT5 and Pi in cancer growth, our hypothesis is that activation of SIRT5 and reduction in Pi could represent a valid antitumoral strategy. Treating cells with MC3138 and lanthanum acetate, a Pi chelator, decreased cell viability and clonogenicity. We also observed a modulation of MAP1LC3B and ULK1 with MC3138 and lanthanum acetate. Interestingly, inhibition of the mitophagy marker BNIP3 was observed only in the presence of MC3138. Autophagy and mitophagy modulation were accompanied by an increase in cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). In conclusion, our results show how SIRT5 activation and/or Pi binding can represent a valid strategy to inhibit cell proliferation by reducing glutamine metabolism and mitophagy, leading to a deleterious accumulation of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Barreca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Michele Aventaggiato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Laura Vitiello
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luigi Sansone
- MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.A.R.)
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Antonio Russo
- MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.A.R.)
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (S.V.)
| | - Sergio Valente
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (S.V.)
| | - Marco Tafani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.A.)
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13
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Zhou L, Zhang Q, Zhu Q, Zhan Y, Li Y, Huang X. Role and therapeutic targeting of glutamine metabolism in non‑small cell lung cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 2023; 25:159. [PMID: 36936031 PMCID: PMC10017915 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Warburg effect indicates that cancer cells survive through glycolysis under aerobic conditions; as such, the topic of cancer metabolism has aroused interest. It is requisite to further explore cancer metabolism, as it helps to simultaneously explain the process of carcinogenesis and guide therapy. The flexible metabolism of cancer cells, which is the result of metabolic reprogramming, can meet the basic needs of cells, even in a nutrition-deficient environment. Glutamine is the most abundant non-essential amino acid in the circulation, and along with glucose, comprise the two basic nutrients of cancer cell metabolism. Glutamine is crucial in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and serves an important role in supporting cell growth, activating signal transduction and maintaining redox homeostasis. In this perspective, the present review aims to provide a new therapeutic strategy of NSCLC through inhibiting the metabolism of glutamine. This review not only summarizes the significance of glutamine metabolism in NSCLC cells, but also enumerates traditional glutamine inhibitors along with new targets. It also puts forward the concept of combination therapy and patient stratification with the aim of comprehensively showing the effect and prospect of targeted glutamine metabolism in NSCLC therapy. This review was completed by searching for keywords including 'glutamine', 'NSCLC' and 'therapy' on PubMed, and screening out articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330036, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and The Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330036, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhu
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and The Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330036, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center of Anesthesiology and Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Yong Li, Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center of Anesthesiology and Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Donghu, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - Xuan Huang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and The Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330036, P.R. China
- Dr Xuan Huang, The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and The Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Road, Honggutan, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330036, P.R. China, E-mail:
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14
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Raninga PV, He Y, Datta KK, Lu X, Maheshwari UR, Venkat P, Mayoh C, Gowda H, Kalimutho M, Hooper JD, Khanna KK. Combined thioredoxin reductase and glutaminase inhibition exerts synergistic anti-tumor activity in MYC-high high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Mol Ther 2023; 31:729-743. [PMID: 36560881 PMCID: PMC10014232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 50%-55% of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) patients have MYC oncogenic pathway activation. Because MYC is not directly targetable, we have analyzed molecular pathways enriched in MYC-high HGSOC tumors to identify potential therapeutic targets. Here, we report that MYC-high HGSOC tumors show enrichment in genes controlled by NRF2, an antioxidant signaling pathway, along with increased thioredoxin redox activity. Treatment of MYC-high HGSOC tumors cells with US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) inhibitor auranofin resulted in significant growth suppression and apoptosis in MYC-high HGSOC cells in vitro and also significantly reduced tumor growth in an MYC-high HGSOC patient-derived tumor xenograft. We found that auranofin treatment inhibited glycolysis in MYC-high cells via oxidation-induced GAPDH inhibition. Interestingly, in response to auranofin-induced glycolysis inhibition, MYC-high HGSOC cells switched to glutamine metabolism for survival. Depletion of glutamine with either glutamine starvation or glutaminase (GLS1) inhibitor CB-839 exerted synergistic anti-tumor activity with auranofin in HGSOC cells and OVCAR-8 cell line xenograft. These findings suggest that applying a combined therapy of GLS1 inhibitor and TrxR1 inhibitor could effectively treat MYC-high HGSOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prahlad V Raninga
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Yaowu He
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Keshava K Datta
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Platform, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Xue Lu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Uma R Maheshwari
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Pooja Venkat
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2750, Australia
| | - Chelsea Mayoh
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2750, Australia
| | - Harsha Gowda
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Murugan Kalimutho
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - John D Hooper
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
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15
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Sun C, Guan H, Li J, Gu Y. circ_0000376 knockdown suppresses non-small cell lung cancer cell tumor properties by the miR-545-3p/PDPK1 pathway. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230641. [PMID: 36820067 PMCID: PMC9938644 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80% of total lung cancers, which are the main killer of cancer-related death worldwide. Circular RNA (circRNA) has been found to modulate NSCLC development. However, the role of circ_0000376 in NSCLC development has been underreported. The present work showed that circ_0000376 and 3-phos-phoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDPK1) expression were dramatically increased, but miR-545-3p was decreased in NSCLC tissues and cells. circ_0000376 expression was closely associated with lymph node metastasis, tumor-node-metastasis stage, and tumor size of NSCLC patients. circ_0000376 knockdown repressed NSCLC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and glutaminolysis but induced cell apoptosis. Additionally, miR-545-3p bound to circ_0000376, and circ_0000376 regulated cell phenotypes by associating with miR-545-3p. MiR-545-3p also participated in NSCLC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and glutaminolysis by targeting PDPK1. Further, circ_0000376 absence repressed tumor formation in vivo. Collectively, circ_0000376 regulated NSCLC cell tumor properties by the miR-545-3p/PDPK1 axis, suggesting that circ_0000376 could be employed as a therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changpeng Sun
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jianhu Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, No. 666, Nanhuan Road, Jinhu Town, Jianhu, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224700, PR China
| | - Hongjun Guan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jianhu Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224700, PR China
| | - Jinjin Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jianhu Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224700, PR China
| | - Yinfeng Gu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jianhu Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224700, PR China
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16
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Kannampuzha S, Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Gopalakrishnan AV, Murali R, Namachivayam A, Renu K, Dey A, Vellingiri B, Madhyastha H, Ganesan R. A Systematic Role of Metabolomics, Metabolic Pathways, and Chemical Metabolism in Lung Cancer. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020381. [PMID: 36851259 PMCID: PMC9960365 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is considered as one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortalities. Cancer cells' reprogrammed metabolism results in changes in metabolite concentrations, which can be utilized to identify a distinct metabolic pattern or fingerprint for cancer detection or diagnosis. By detecting different metabolic variations in the expression levels of LC patients, this will help and enhance early diagnosis methods as well as new treatment strategies. The majority of patients are identified at advanced stages after undergoing a number of surgical procedures or diagnostic testing, including the invasive procedures. This could be overcome by understanding the mechanism and function of differently regulated metabolites. Significant variations in the metabolites present in the different samples can be analyzed and used as early biomarkers. They could also be used to analyze the specific progression and type as well as stages of cancer type making it easier for the treatment process. The main aim of this review article is to focus on rewired metabolic pathways and the associated metabolite alterations that can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in lung cancer diagnosis as well as treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
- Correspondence: (A.V.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Arunraj Namachivayam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (A.V.G.); (R.G.)
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17
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Wang D, Li X, Gong G, Lu Y, Guo Z, Chen R, Huang H, Li Z, Bian J. An updated patent review of glutaminase inhibitors (2019-2022). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:17-28. [PMID: 36698323 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2173573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kidney-type glutaminase (GLS1), a key enzyme controlling the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate to resolve the 'glutamine addiction' of cancer cells, has been shown to play a central role in supporting cancer growth and proliferation. Therefore, the inhibition of GLS1 as a novel cancer treating strategy is of great interest. AREAS COVERED This review covers recent patents (2019-present) involving GLS1 inhibitors, which are mostly focused on their chemical structures, molecular mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic properties, and potential clinical applications. EXPERT OPINION Currently, despite significant efforts, the search for potent GLS1 inhibitors has not resulted in the development of compounds for therapeutic applications. Most recent patents and literature focus on GLS1 inhibitors IPN60090 and DRP104, which have entered clinical trials. While other patent disclosures during this period have not generated any drug candidates, the clinical update will inform the potential of these inhibitors as promising therapeutic agents either as single or as combination interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangyue Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yulong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huidan Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Wang Z, Yemanyi F, Blomfield AK, Bora K, Huang S, Liu CH, Britton WR, Cho SS, Tomita Y, Fu Z, Ma JX, Li WH, Chen J. Amino acid transporter SLC38A5 regulates developmental and pathological retinal angiogenesis. eLife 2022; 11:e73105. [PMID: 36454214 PMCID: PMC9714971 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid (AA) metabolism in vascular endothelium is important for sprouting angiogenesis. SLC38A5 (solute carrier family 38 member 5), an AA transporter, shuttles neutral AAs across cell membrane, including glutamine, which may serve as metabolic fuel for proliferating endothelial cells (ECs) to promote angiogenesis. Here, we found that Slc38a5 is highly enriched in normal retinal vascular endothelium, and more specifically, in pathological sprouting neovessels. Slc38a5 is suppressed in retinal blood vessels from Lrp5-/- and Ndpy/- mice, both genetic models of defective retinal vascular development with Wnt signaling mutations. Additionally, Slc38a5 transcription is regulated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Genetic deficiency of Slc38a5 in mice substantially delays retinal vascular development and suppresses pathological neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy modeling ischemic proliferative retinopathies. Inhibition of SLC38A5 in human retinal vascular ECs impairs EC proliferation and angiogenic function, suppresses glutamine uptake, and dampens vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2. Together these findings suggest that SLC38A5 is a new metabolic regulator of retinal angiogenesis by controlling AA nutrient uptake and homeostasis in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Felix Yemanyi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Alexandra K Blomfield
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Kiran Bora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Chi-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - William R Britton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Steve S Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Yohei Tomita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Jian-xing Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of MedicineWinston-SalemUnited States
| | - Wen-hong Li
- Departments of Cell Biology and of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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19
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Sponagel J, Jones JK, Frankfater C, Zhang S, Tung O, Cho K, Tinkum KL, Gass H, Nunez E, Spitz DR, Chinnaiyan P, Schaefer J, Patti GJ, Graham MS, Mauguen A, Grkovski M, Dunphy MP, Krebs S, Luo J, Rubin JB, Ippolito JE. Sex differences in brain tumor glutamine metabolism reveal sex-specific vulnerabilities to treatment. MED 2022; 3:792-811.e12. [PMID: 36108629 PMCID: PMC9669217 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain cancer incidence and mortality rates are greater in males. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie those sex differences could improve treatment strategies. Although sex differences in normal metabolism are well described, it is currently unknown whether they persist in cancerous tissue. METHODS Using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and mass spectrometry, we assessed sex differences in glioma metabolism in samples from affected individuals. We assessed the role of glutamine metabolism in male and female murine transformed astrocytes using isotope labeling, metabolic rescue experiments, and pharmacological and genetic perturbations to modulate pathway activity. FINDINGS We found that male glioblastoma surgical specimens are enriched for amino acid metabolites, including glutamine. Fluoroglutamine PET imaging analyses showed that gliomas in affected male individuals exhibit significantly higher glutamine uptake. These sex differences were well modeled in murine transformed astrocytes, in which male cells imported and metabolized more glutamine and were more sensitive to glutaminase 1 (GLS1) inhibition. The sensitivity to GLS1 inhibition in males was driven by their dependence on glutamine-derived glutamate for α-ketoglutarate synthesis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle replenishment. Females were resistant to GLS1 inhibition through greater pyruvate carboxylase (PC)-mediated TCA cycle replenishment, and knockdown of PC sensitized females to GLS1 inhibition. CONCLUSION Our results show that clinically important sex differences exist in targetable elements of metabolism. Recognition of sex-biased metabolism may improve treatments through further laboratory and clinical research. FUNDING This work was supported by NIH grants, Joshua's Great Things, the Siteman Investment Program, and the Barnard Research Fund.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Sponagel
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jill K Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cheryl Frankfater
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Resource, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Olivia Tung
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kevin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kelsey L Tinkum
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hannah Gass
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elena Nunez
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Douglas R Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Prakash Chinnaiyan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48073, USA
| | - Jacob Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Gary J Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maya S Graham
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Audrey Mauguen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Milan Grkovski
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mark P Dunphy
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Simone Krebs
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jingqin Luo
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joshua B Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Joseph E Ippolito
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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20
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Bai J, Tang R, Zhou K, Chang J, Wang H, Zhang Q, Shi J, Sun C. An asparagine metabolism-based classification reveals the metabolic and immune heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:222. [PMID: 36284275 PMCID: PMC9594908 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and objectives hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the major form of liver cancer with a poor prognosis. Amino acid metabolism has been found to alter in cancers and contributes to malignant progression. However, the asparagine metabolism status and relevant mechanism in HCC were barely understood. Methods By conducting consensus clustering and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression of HCC samples from three cohorts, we classified the HCC patients into two subtypes based on asparagine metabolism level. The Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of the differentially expressed genes between two subgroups were conducted. Immune cell infiltration was evaluated using CIBERSORT algorithm. The prognostic values of genes were analyzed by univariate and multivariate cox regression, ROC curve and Kaplan–Meier survival estimate analyses. Cell types of sing-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data were clustered utilizing UMAP method.
Results HCC patients with higher asparagine metabolism level have worse prognoses. Moreover, we found the distinct energy metabolism patterns, DNA damage response (DDR) pathway activating levels, drug sensitivities to DDR inhibitors, immune cell compositions in the tumor microenvironment and responses to immune therapy between two subgroups. Further, we identified a potential target gene, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2 (GOT2). GOT2 downregulation was associated with worse HCC prognosis and increased infiltration of T regulatory cells (Tregs). ScRNA-seq revealed the GOT2 downregulation in cancer stem cells compared with HCC cells. Conclusions Taken together, HCC subtype which is more reliant on asparagine and glutamine metabolism has a worse prognosis, and a core gene of asparagine metabolism GOT2 is a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target of HCC. Our study promotes the precision therapy of HCC and may improve patient outcomes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-022-01380-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ruifeng Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Keyu Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jialei Chang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongyue Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qixin Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiahui Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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21
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Glutamine Transporter SLC1A5 Regulates Ionizing Radiation-Derived Oxidative Damage and Ferroptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3403009. [PMID: 36262284 PMCID: PMC9576409 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3403009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation-derived oxidative stress and ferroptosis are one of the most important biological effects on destroying the liver tumor, whereas radioresistance of liver tumor remains a leading cause of radiotherapy (RT) failure mainly because of the protective antiferroptosis, in which oxidative stress and subsequent lipid peroxidation are the key initiators. Thus, it is of great importance to overcome ferroptosis resistance to improve the therapeutic efficacy of RT in liver tumor patients. Irradiation-resistant HepG2 cells (HepG2-IRR) were established by long-term exposure to X-ray (2 to 8 Gy), and targeted metabolomics analysis revealed an obvious increase in intracellular amino acids in HepG2-IRR cells upon ferroptosis stress. Among these amino acids with obvious changes, N-acetylglutamine, a derivative of glutamine, is essential for the redox homeostasis and progression of tumor cells. Interestingly, the treatment of glutamine starvation could promote the ferroptosis effect significantly, whereas glutamine supplementation reversed the ferroptosis effect completely. Consistent with the changes in amino acids pattern, the glutamine transporter SLC1A5 was verified in liver tumor samples from TCGA training and validation cohorts as an independent prognostic amino acid-ferroptosis gene (AFG). A risk score for screening prognosis based on the SLC1A5, SLC7A11, ASNS, and TXNRD1 demonstrated that a high-risk score was correlated with poor survival. In vitro studies had shown that the knockdown of SLC1A5 resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability and promoted lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage introduced by irradiation (10 Gy). Collectively, our findings indicated that SLC1A5 may act as a suppressor gene against ferroptosis and can be a potential target for ionizing radiation mediated effects.
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22
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Metabolic Reprogramming in Tumor Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911052. [PMID: 36232355 PMCID: PMC9570383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic crosstalk between the different components of the tumor microenvironment is critical to determine cancer progression, metastatic dissemination, tumor immunity, and therapeutic responses. Angiogenesis is critical for tumor growth, and abnormal blood vessels contribute to hypoxia and acidosis in the tumor microenvironment. In this hostile environment, cancer and stromal cells have the ability to alter their metabolism in order to support the high energetic demands and favor rapid tumor proliferation. Recent advances have shown that tumor endothelial cell metabolism is reprogrammed, and that targeting endothelial metabolic pathways impacts developmental and pathological vessel sprouting. Therefore, the use of metabolic antiangiogenic therapies to normalize the blood vasculature, in combination with immunotherapies, offers a clinical niche to treat cancer.
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23
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Implications of a Neuronal Receptor Family, Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, in Cancer Development and Progression. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182857. [PMID: 36139432 PMCID: PMC9496915 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death, and incidences are increasing globally. Simply defined, cancer is the uncontrolled proliferation of a cell, and depending on the tissue of origin, the cancer etiology, biology, progression, prognosis, and treatment will differ. Carcinogenesis and its progression are associated with genetic factors that can either be inherited and/or acquired and are classified as an oncogene or tumor suppressor. Many of these genetic factors converge on common signaling pathway(s), such as the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways. In this review, we will focus on the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) family, an upstream protein that transmits extracellular signals into the cell and has been shown to regulate many aspects of tumor development and progression. We explore the involvement of members of this receptor family in various cancers that include breast cancer, colorectal cancer, glioma, kidney cancer, melanoma, oral cancer, osteosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and T-cell cancers. Intriguingly, depending on the member, mGluRs can either be classified as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, although in general most act as an oncogene. The extensive work done to elucidate the role of mGluRs in various cancers suggests that it might be a viable strategy to therapeutically target glutamatergic signaling.
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24
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Structure-based virtual screening discovers novel kidney-type glutaminase inhibitors. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113585. [PMID: 36029536 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaminase (GLS) serves a critical bioenergetic role for malignant tumor growth and has become a valuable therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Herein, we performed a structure-based virtual screening to discover novel GLS inhibitors and provide information for developing new GLS inhibitors. We identified critical pharmacological interactions in the GLS1 binding site by analyzing the known GLS1 inhibitors and selected potential inhibitors based on their docking score and pharmacological interactions. The inhibitory effects of compounds were further confirmed by enzymatic and cell viability assays. We treated colorectal cancer and triple-negative breast cancer cells with the selected candidates and measured the inhibitory efficacy of hit compounds on cell viability. In total, we identified three GLS1 inhibitors. The compounds identified from our structure-based virtual screening methodology exhibited great anticancer potential as a lead targeting glutamine metabolism.
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25
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Targeting Glutaminase by Natural Compounds: Structure-Based Virtual Screening and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Approach to Suppress Cancer Progression. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27155042. [PMID: 35956989 PMCID: PMC9370672 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27155042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells change their glucose and glutamine (GLU) metabolism to obtain the energy required to continue growing. Glutaminase (GLS) plays a crucial role in promoting cell metabolism for cancer cell growth; targeting GLU metabolism by inhibiting GLS has attracted interest as a potential cancer management strategy. Herein, we employed a sequential screening of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) database followed by drug-likeness and molecular dynamics simulations against the active site of GLS. We report 12 potent compounds after screening the TCM database against GLS, followed by a drug-likeness filter with Lipinski and Veber rule criteria. Among them, ZINC03978829 and ZINC32296657 were found to have higher binding energy (BE) values than the control compound 6-Diazo-5-Oxo-L-Norleucine, with BEs of -9.3 and -9.7 kcal/mol, respectively, compared to the BE of 6-Diazo-5-Oxo-L-Norleucine (-4.7 kcal/mol) with GLS. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to evaluate the results further, and a 100 ns MD simulation revealed that the hits form stable complexes with GLS and formed 2-5 hydrogen bond interactions. This study indicates that these hits might be employed as GLS inhibitors in the battle against cancer. However, more laboratory tests are a prerequisite to optimize them as GLS inhibitors.
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26
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Metabolic targeting of malignant tumors: a need for systemic approach. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 149:2115-2138. [PMID: 35925428 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dysregulated metabolism is now recognized as a fundamental hallmark of carcinogenesis inducing aggressive features and additional hallmarks. In this review, well-established metabolic changes displayed by tumors are highlighted in a comprehensive manner and corresponding therapeutical targets are discussed to set up a framework for integrating basic research findings with clinical translation in oncology setting. METHODS Recent manuscripts of high research impact and relevant to the field from PubMed (2000-2021) have been reviewed for this article. RESULTS Metabolic pathway disruption during tumor evolution is a dynamic process potentiating cell survival, dormancy, proliferation and invasion even under dismal conditions. Apart from cancer cells, though, tumor microenvironment has an acting role as extracellular metabolites, pH alterations and stromal cells reciprocally interact with malignant cells, ultimately dictating tumor-promoting responses, disabling anti-tumor immunity and promoting resistance to treatments. CONCLUSION In the field of cancer metabolism, there are several emerging prognostic and therapeutic targets either in the form of gene expression, enzyme activity or metabolites which could be exploited for clinical purposes; both standard-of-care and novel treatments may be evaluated in the context of metabolism rewiring and indeed, synergistic effects between metabolism-targeting and other therapies would be an attractive perspective for further research.
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27
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Li X, Liu M, Liu H, Chen J. Tumor metabolic reprogramming in lung cancer progression (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 24:287. [PMID: 35814833 PMCID: PMC9260716 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Minghui Liu
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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28
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Kubik J, Humeniuk E, Adamczuk G, Madej-Czerwonka B, Korga-Plewko A. Targeting Energy Metabolism in Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105572. [PMID: 35628385 PMCID: PMC9146201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second most common cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular diseases. The development of molecular and biochemical techniques has expanded the knowledge of changes occurring in specific metabolic pathways of cancer cells. Increased aerobic glycolysis, the promotion of anaplerotic responses, and especially the dependence of cells on glutamine and fatty acid metabolism have become subjects of study. Despite many cancer treatment strategies, many patients with neoplastic diseases cannot be completely cured due to the development of resistance in cancer cells to currently used therapeutic approaches. It is now becoming a priority to develop new treatment strategies that are highly effective and have few side effects. In this review, we present the current knowledge of the enzymes involved in the different steps of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway, and possible targeted therapies. The review also focuses on presenting the differences between cancer cells and normal cells in terms of metabolic phenotype. Knowledge of cancer cell metabolism is constantly evolving, and further research is needed to develop new strategies for anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kubik
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (G.A.); (A.K.-P.)
| | - Ewelina Humeniuk
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (G.A.); (A.K.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-448-65-20
| | - Grzegorz Adamczuk
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (G.A.); (A.K.-P.)
| | - Barbara Madej-Czerwonka
- Human Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Korga-Plewko
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (G.A.); (A.K.-P.)
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29
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Feng Y, Sun X, Yang T, Han J, Zhou D, Ren H, Sheng Y, Wang Y. Comprehensive Analysis of Subtypes and Identification of Key lncRNAs Based on Glutamine Metabolism-Related Long Noncoding RNAs. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2807354. [PMID: 35529265 PMCID: PMC9076293 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2807354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are becoming a critical class of metabolic regulate molecule in cancer. Glutamine is a regulator that contributes to each of the core metabolic tasks in proliferating tumor cells. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the association of lncRNAs with glutamine metabolism in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods Using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), LUAD specimens were assigned scores based on glutamine metabolism-related genes, and the shared common glutamine metabolism-related lncRNAs in three different LUAD data cohorts were identified. ConsensusClusterPlus was used to perform unsupervised clustering analysis in patients with LUAD. Key glutamine metabolism-related lncRNAs were identified by first-order partial correlation analysis. Results A total of 11 shared glutamine metabolism-associated lncRNAs were identified in three LUAD data cohorts, and LUAD patients were classified into three glutamine metabolism subtypes based on the expressions of the related genes. C1 exhibited shorter overall survival (OS), poor genomic instability, and inadequate infiltration of immune cell types in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and was representative of the immunodeficiency phenotype. C2 represented the immunosuppressive phenotype while C3 represented the immune activation phenotype, exhibiting the highest sensitivity to immunotherapy. Nine of the 11 lncRNAs were localized to the nucleus. Finally, three key lncRNAs, significantly enriched in multiple metabolic pathways, were screened and found to be remarkably related to the OS of LUAD. Conclusion We identified three glutamine metabolism subtypes of LUAD, which reflected different OS, genomic, and TME features, and identified three key glutamine metabolism-associated lncRNAs may contribute to further study of lncRNAs in cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Feng
- Department of Interventional Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16, Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaowei Sun
- Department of Medical Imaging, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, 6 Tongfu Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Tiangu Yang
- Department of Interventional Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16, Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jingqi Han
- Department of Interventional Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 369 Shanghai Road, Pingdu, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Dapeng Zhou
- Department of Interventional Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 369 Shanghai Road, Pingdu, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haitao Ren
- Department of Interventional Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 369 Shanghai Road, Pingdu, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yulong Sheng
- Department of Interventional Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 369 Shanghai Road, Pingdu, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Department of Interventional Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16, Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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30
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Jiang B, Zhang J, Zhao G, Liu M, Hu J, Lin F, Wang J, Zhao W, Ma H, Zhang C, Wu C, Yao L, Liu Q, Chen X, Cao Y, Zheng Y, Zhang C, Han A, Lin D, Li Q. Filamentous GLS1 promotes ROS-induced apoptosis upon glutamine deprivation via insufficient asparagine synthesis. Mol Cell 2022; 82:1821-1835.e6. [PMID: 35381197 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
GLS1 orchestrates glutaminolysis and promotes cell proliferation when glutamine is abundant by regenerating TCA cycle intermediates and supporting redox homeostasis. CB-839, an inhibitor of GLS1, is currently under clinical investigation for a variety of cancer types. Here, we show that GLS1 facilitates apoptosis when glutamine is deprived. Mechanistically, the absence of exogenous glutamine sufficiently reduces glutamate levels to convert dimeric GLS1 to a self-assembled, extremely low-Km filamentous polymer. GLS1 filaments possess an enhanced catalytic activity, which further depletes intracellular glutamine. Functionally, filamentous GLS1-dependent glutamine scarcity leads to inadequate synthesis of asparagine and mitogenome-encoded proteins, resulting in ROS-induced apoptosis that can be rescued by asparagine supplementation. Physiologically, we observed GLS1 filaments in solid tumors and validated the tumor-suppressive role of constitutively active, filamentous GLS1 mutants K320A and S482C in xenograft models. Our results change our understanding of GLS1 in cancer metabolism and suggest the therapeutic potential of promoting GLS1 filament formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Guohui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Mengjue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jielu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Furong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jinyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wentao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Huanhuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Cixiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Caiming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Luming Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Qingfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yating Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chensong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Aidong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Donghai Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Qinxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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Tang E, Liu S, Zhang Z, Zhang R, Huang D, Gao T, Zhang T, Xu G. Therapeutic Potential of Glutamine Pathway in Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 11:835141. [PMID: 35223460 PMCID: PMC8873175 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.835141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells tend to obtain the substances needed for their development depending on altering metabolic characteristics. Among the reorganized metabolic pathways, Glutamine pathway, reprogrammed to be involved in the physiological process including energy supply, biosynthesis and redox homeostasis, occupies an irreplaceable role in tumor cells and has become a hot topic in recent years. Lung cancer currently maintains a high morbidity and mortality rate among all types of tumors and has been a health challenge that researchers have longed to overcome. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the essential role of glutamine pathway played in the metabolism of lung cancer and its potential therapeutic value in the interventions of lung cancer.
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32
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Baryła M, Semeniuk-Wojtaś A, Róg L, Kraj L, Małyszko M, Stec R. Oncometabolites-A Link between Cancer Cells and Tumor Microenvironment. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020270. [PMID: 35205136 PMCID: PMC8869548 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is the space between healthy tissues and cancer cells, created by the extracellular matrix, blood vessels, infiltrating cells such as immune cells, and cancer-associated fibroblasts. These components constantly interact and influence each other, enabling cancer cells to survive and develop in the host organism. Accumulated intermediate metabolites favoring dysregulation and compensatory responses in the cell, called oncometabolites, provide a method of communication between cells and might also play a role in cancer growth. Here, we describe the changes in metabolic pathways that lead to accumulation of intermediate metabolites: lactate, glutamate, fumarate, and succinate in the tumor and their impact on the tumor microenvironment. These oncometabolites are not only waste products, but also link all types of cells involved in tumor survival and progression. Oncometabolites play a particularly important role in neoangiogenesis and in the infiltration of immune cells in cancer. Oncometabolites are also associated with a disrupted DNA damage response and make the tumor microenvironment more favorable for cell migration. The knowledge summarized in this article will allow for a better understanding of associations between therapeutic targets and oncometabolites, as well as the direct effects of these particles on the formation of the tumor microenvironment. In the future, targeting oncometabolites could improve treatment standards or represent a novel method for fighting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Baryła
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.); (L.R.); (L.K.); (M.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Semeniuk-Wojtaś
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.); (L.R.); (L.K.); (M.M.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Letycja Róg
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.); (L.R.); (L.K.); (M.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Leszek Kraj
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.); (L.R.); (L.K.); (M.M.); (R.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Maciej Małyszko
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.); (L.R.); (L.K.); (M.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Rafał Stec
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.); (L.R.); (L.K.); (M.M.); (R.S.)
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Sharma S, Agnihotri N, Kumar S. Targeting fuel pocket of cancer cell metabolism: A focus on glutaminolysis. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Halama A, Suhre K. Advancing Cancer Treatment by Targeting Glutamine Metabolism—A Roadmap. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030553. [PMID: 35158820 PMCID: PMC8833671 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dysregulated glutamine metabolism is one of the metabolic features evident in cancer cells when compared to normal cells. Cancer cells utilize glutamine for energy generation as well as the synthesis of other molecules that are critical for cancer growth and progression. Therefore, drugs targeting glutamine metabolism have been extensively investigated. However, inhibition of glutamine metabolism in cancer cells results in the activation of other metabolic pathways enabling cancer cells to survive. In this review, we summarize and discuss the targets in glutamine metabolism, which has been probed in the development of anticancer drugs in preclinical and clinical studies. We further discuss pathways activated in response to glutamine metabolism inhibition, enabling cancer cells to survive the challenge. Finally, we put into perspective combined treatment strategies targeting glutamine metabolism along with other pathways as potential treatment options. Abstract Tumor growth and metastasis strongly depend on adapted cell metabolism. Cancer cells adjust their metabolic program to their specific energy needs and in response to an often challenging tumor microenvironment. Glutamine metabolism is one of the metabolic pathways that can be successfully targeted in cancer treatment. The dependence of many hematological and solid tumors on glutamine is associated with mitochondrial glutaminase (GLS) activity that enables channeling of glutamine into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, generation of ATP and NADPH, and regulation of glutathione homeostasis and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Small molecules that target glutamine metabolism through inhibition of GLS therefore simultaneously limit energy availability and increase oxidative stress. However, some cancers can reprogram their metabolism to evade this metabolic trap. Therefore, the effectiveness of treatment strategies that rely solely on glutamine inhibition is limited. In this review, we discuss the metabolic and molecular pathways that are linked to dysregulated glutamine metabolism in multiple cancer types. We further summarize and review current clinical trials of glutaminolysis inhibition in cancer patients. Finally, we put into perspective strategies that deploy a combined treatment targeting glutamine metabolism along with other molecular or metabolic pathways and discuss their potential for clinical applications.
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High-resolution structures of mitochondrial glutaminase C tetramers indicate conformational changes upon phosphate binding. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101564. [PMID: 34999118 PMCID: PMC8800119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial enzyme glutaminase C (GAC) is upregulated in many cancer cells to catalyze the first step in glutamine metabolism, the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate. The dependence of cancer cells on this transformed metabolic pathway highlights GAC as a potentially important therapeutic target. GAC acquires maximal catalytic activity upon binding to anionic activators such as inorganic phosphate. To delineate the mechanism of GAC activation, we used the tryptophan substitution of tyrosine 466 in the catalytic site of the enzyme as a fluorescent reporter for glutamine binding in the presence and absence of phosphate. We show that in the absence of phosphate, glutamine binding to the Y466W GAC tetramer exhibits positive cooperativity. A high-resolution X-ray structure of tetrameric Y466W GAC bound to glutamine suggests that cooperativity in substrate binding is coupled to tyrosine 249, located at the edge of the catalytic site (i.e., the “lid”), adopting two distinct conformations. In one dimer within the GAC tetramer, the lids are open and glutamine binds weakly, whereas, in the adjoining dimer, the lids are closed over the substrates, resulting in higher affinity interactions. When crystallized in the presence of glutamine and phosphate, all four subunits of the Y466W GAC tetramer exhibited bound glutamine with closed lids. Glutamine can bind with high affinity to each subunit, which subsequently undergo simultaneous catalysis. These findings explain how the regulated transitioning of GAC between different conformational states ensures that maximal catalytic activity is reached in cancer cells only when an allosteric activator is available.
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Han T, Wang P, Wang Y, Xun W, Lei J, Wang T, Lu Z, Gan M, Zhang W, Yu B, Wang JB. FAIM regulates autophagy through glutaminolysis in lung adenocarcinoma. Autophagy 2021; 18:1416-1432. [PMID: 34720024 PMCID: PMC9225548 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1987672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered glutamine metabolism is an important aspect of cancer metabolic reprogramming. The GLS isoform GAC (glutaminase C), the rate-limiting enzyme in glutaminolysis, plays a vital role in cancer initiation and progression. Our previous studies demonstrated that phosphorylation of GAC was essential for its high enzymatic activity. However, the molecular mechanisms for GAC in maintaining its high enzymatic activity and protein stability still need to be further clarified. FAIM/FAIM1 (Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule) is known as an important anti-apoptotic protein, but little is known about its function in tumorigenesis. Here, we found that knocking down FAIM induced macroautophagy/autophagy through suppressing the activation of the MTOR pathway in lung adenocarcinoma. Further studies demonstrated that FAIM could promote the tetramer formation of GAC through increasing PRKCE/PKCε-mediated phosphorylation. What's more, FAIM also stabilized GAC through sequestering GAC from degradation by protease ClpXP. These effects increased the production of α-ketoglutarate, leading to the activation of MTOR. Besides, FAIM also promoted the association of ULK1 and MTOR and this further suppressed autophagy induction. These findings discovered new functions of FAIM and elucidated an important molecular mechanism for GAC in maintaining its high enzymatic activity and protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Han
- Jiangxi Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R.China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R.China
| | - Yanan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R.China
| | - Wenze Xun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R.China
| | - Jiapeng Lei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R.China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R.China
| | - Zhuo Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R.China
| | - Mingxi Gan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R.China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangxi Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R.China
| | - Bentong Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R.China
| | - Jian-Bin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R.China
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Coronel-Hernández J, Pérez-Yépez EA, Delgado-Waldo I, Contreras-Romero C, Jacobo-Herrera N, Cantú-De León D, Pérez-Plasencia C. Aberrant Metabolism as Inductor of Epigenetic Changes in Breast Cancer: Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Oncol 2021; 11:676562. [PMID: 34692471 PMCID: PMC8531643 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.676562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant metabolism is arising interest in the scientific community not only because of the role it plays in the development and establishment of the tumor mass but also the possibility of drug poisoning of key enzymes overexpressed in tumor cells. Moreover, tumor metabolism provides key molecules to maintain the epigenetic changes that are also an undisputed characteristic of each tumor type. This metabolic change includes the Warburg effect and alterations in key pathways involved in glutaminolysis, pentose phosphate, and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Modifications in all these pathways have consequences that impact genetics and epigenetics processes such as DNA methylation patterns, histone post-translational modifications, triggering oncogenes activation, and loss in tumor suppressor gene expression to lead the tumor establishment. In this review, we describe the metabolic rearrangement and its association with epigenetic regulation in breast cancer, as well as its implication in biological processes involved in cancer progression. A better understanding of these processes could help to find new targets for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of this human health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eloy Andrés Pérez-Yépez
- Laboratorio de Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico.,Cátedra-CONACYT, Dirección de Cátedras, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Nadia Jacobo-Herrera
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Cantú-De León
- Unidad de Investigación en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Pérez-Plasencia
- Laboratorio de Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Cederkvist H, Kolan SS, Wik JA, Sener Z, Skålhegg BS. Identification and characterization of a novel glutaminase inhibitor. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 12:163-174. [PMID: 34698439 PMCID: PMC8727943 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, there are two forms of glutaminase (GLS), designated GLS1 and GLS2. These enzymes catalyse the conversion of glutamine to glutamate. GLS1 exists as two isozymes: kidney glutaminase (KGA) and glutaminase C (GAC). Several GLS inhibitors have been identified, of which DON (6‐diazo‐5‐oxonorleucine), BPTES (bis‐2‐(5‐phenylacetamido‐1, 3, 4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl) ethyl sulphide), 968 (5‐(3‐Bromo‐4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐2,3,5,6‐tetrahydrobenzo[a]phenanthridin‐4(1H)‐one) and CB839 (Telaglenastat) are the most widely used. However, these inhibitors have variable efficacy, specificity and bioavailability in research and clinical settings, implying the need for novel and improved GLS inhibitors. Based on this need, a diverse library of 28,000 compounds from Enamine was screened for inhibition of recombinant, purified GAC. From this library, one inhibitor designated compound 19 (C19) was identified with kinetic features revealing allosteric inhibition of GAC in the µm range. Moreover, C19 inhibits anti‐CD3/CD28‐induced CD4+ T‐cell proliferation and cytokine production with similar or greater potency as compared to BPTES. Taken together, our data suggest that C19 has the potential to modulate GLS1 activity and alter metabolic activity of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Cederkvist
- Division of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Shrikant S Kolan
- Division of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonas Aakre Wik
- Division of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Norway
| | - Zeynep Sener
- Division of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Steen Skålhegg
- Division of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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Takeuchi T, Hatano M, Muramatsu H, Kubota Y, Sawa R, Igarashi M. Micromonosporamide A with Glutamine-Dependent Cytotoxicity from Micromonospora sp. MM609M-173N6: Isolation, Stereochemical Determination, and Synthesis. Org Lett 2021; 23:7981-7985. [PMID: 34585936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An acyldipeptide, micromonosporamide A, was isolated from the fermentation broth of Micromonospora sp. MM609M-173N6 by bioassay-guided fractionation using a glutamine compensation assay. The planar structure was elucidated on the basis of comprehensive one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The relative and absolute configuration of the entire molecule were determined using a combined approach, involving chromatographic analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, advanced Marfey's method, and total synthesis. Micromonosporamide A exhibited glutamine-dependent antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Takeuchi
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Masaki Hatano
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Muramatsu
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kubota
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sawa
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Masayuki Igarashi
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
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Ouyang J, Zhang Y, Xiong F, Zhang S, Gong Z, Yan Q, He Y, Wei F, Zhang W, Zhou M, Xiang B, Wang F, Li X, Li Y, Li G, Zeng Z, Guo C, Xiong W. The role of alternative splicing in human cancer progression. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:4642-4667. [PMID: 34765285 PMCID: PMC8569372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, alternative splicing refers to a process via which a single precursor RNA (pre-RNA) is transcribed into different mature RNAs. Thus, alternative splicing enables the translation of a limited number of coding genes into a large number of proteins with different functions. Although, alternative splicing is common in normal cells, it also plays an important role in cancer development. Alteration in splicing mechanisms and even the participation of non-coding RNAs may cause changes in the splicing patterns of cancer-related genes. This article reviews the latest research on alternative splicing in cancer, with a view to presenting new strategies and guiding future studies related to pathological mechanisms associated with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Ouyang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha 410013, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha 410013, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Xiong
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Qijia Yan
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yi He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Fuyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Medicine, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of MedicineHouston 77030, TX, USA
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha 410013, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha 410013, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, China
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Harding JJ, Telli M, Munster P, Voss MH, Infante JR, DeMichele A, Dunphy M, Le MH, Molineaux C, Orford K, Parlati F, Whiting SH, Bennett MK, Tannir NM, Meric-Bernstam F. A Phase I Dose-Escalation and Expansion Study of Telaglenastat in Patients with Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:4994-5003. [PMID: 34285061 PMCID: PMC9401498 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glutamine is a critical fuel for solid tumors. Interference with glutamine metabolism is deleterious to neoplasia in preclinical models. A phase I study of the oral, first-in-class, glutaminase (GLS) inhibitor telaglenastat was conducted in treatment-refractory solid tumor patients to define recommended phase II dose (RP2D) and evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and antitumor activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Dose escalation by 3 + 3 design was followed by exploratory tumor-/biomarker-specific cohorts. RESULTS Among 120 patients, fatigue (23%) and nausea (19%) were the most common toxicity. Maximum tolerated dose was not reached. Correlative analysis indicated >90% GLS inhibition in platelets at plasma exposures >300 nmol/L, >75% tumoral GLS inhibition, and significant increase in circulating glutamine. RP2D was defined at 800 mg twice-daily. Disease control rate (DCR) was 43% across expansion cohorts (overall response rate 5%, DCR 50% in renal cell carcinoma). CONCLUSIONS Telaglenastat is safe, with a favorable PK/PD profile and signal of antitumor activity, supporting further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Harding
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Medical College, New York, New York.,Corresponding Author: James J. Harding, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 East 66th Street, New York, NY. Phone: 646-888-4314; Fax: 646-888-4255; E-mail:
| | - Melinda Telli
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Pamela Munster
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Martin H. Voss
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey R. Infante
- Sarah Canon Research Institute, Tennessee Oncology PLLC, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Mark Dunphy
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Mai H. Le
- Calithera Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Chris Molineaux
- Calithera Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Keith Orford
- Calithera Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Frank Parlati
- Calithera Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Sam H. Whiting
- Calithera Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Mark K. Bennett
- Calithera Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Nizar M. Tannir
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Inhibition of Metabolism as a Therapeutic Option for Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092398. [PMID: 34572047 PMCID: PMC8467413 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have an increased need for glucose and, despite aerobic conditions, obtain their energy through aerobic oxidation and lactate fermentation, instead of aerobic oxidation alone. Glutamine is an essential amino acid in the human body. Glutaminolysis and glycolysis are crucial for cancer cell survival. In the therapy of estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancer (BC), the focus lies on hormone sensitivity targeting therapy with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) such as 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT), although this therapy is partially limited by the development of resistance. Therefore, further targets for therapy improvement of ERα-positive BC with secondary 4-OHT resistance are needed. Hence, increased glucose requirement and upregulated glutaminolysis in BC cells could be used. We have established sublines of ERα-positive MCF7 and T47D BC cells, which were developed to be resistant to 4-OHT. Further, glycolysis inhibitor 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose (2-DG) and glutaminase inhibitor CB-839 were analyzed. Co-treatments using 4-OHT and CB-839, 2-DG and CB-839, or 4-OHT, 2-DG and CB-839, respectively, showed significantly stronger inhibitory effects on viability compared to single treatments. It could be shown that tamoxifen-resistant BC cell lines, compared to the non-resistant cell lines, exhibited a stronger reducing effect on cell viability under co-treatments. In addition, the tamoxifen-resistant BC cell lines showed increased expression of proto-oncogene c-Myc compared to the parental cell lines. This could be reduced depending on the treatment. Suppression of c-Myc expression using specific siRNA completely abolished resistance to 4OH-tamoxifen. In summary, our data suggest that combined treatments affecting the metabolism of BC are suitable depending on the cellularity and resistance status. In addition, the anti-metabolic treatments affected the expression of the proto-oncogene c-Myc, a key player in the regulation of cancer cell metabolism.
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Can the Mitochondrial Metabolic Theory Explain Better the Origin and Management of Cancer than Can the Somatic Mutation Theory? Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090572. [PMID: 34564387 PMCID: PMC8467939 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A theory that can best explain the facts of a phenomenon is more likely to advance knowledge than a theory that is less able to explain the facts. Cancer is generally considered a genetic disease based on the somatic mutation theory (SMT) where mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes cause dysregulated cell growth. Evidence is reviewed showing that the mitochondrial metabolic theory (MMT) can better account for the hallmarks of cancer than can the SMT. Proliferating cancer cells cannot survive or grow without carbons and nitrogen for the synthesis of metabolites and ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). Glucose carbons are essential for metabolite synthesis through the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways while glutamine nitrogen and carbons are essential for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing metabolites and ATP through the glutaminolysis pathway. Glutamine-dependent mitochondrial substrate level phosphorylation becomes essential for ATP synthesis in cancer cells that over-express the glycolytic pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2), that have deficient OxPhos, and that can grow in either hypoxia (0.1% oxygen) or in cyanide. The simultaneous targeting of glucose and glutamine, while elevating levels of non-fermentable ketone bodies, offers a simple and parsimonious therapeutic strategy for managing most cancers.
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Romero Y, Aquino-Gálvez A. Hypoxia in Cancer and Fibrosis: Part of the Problem and Part of the Solution. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8335. [PMID: 34361103 PMCID: PMC8348404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive responses to hypoxia are involved in the progression of lung cancer and pulmonary fibrosis. However, it has not been pointed out that hypoxia may be the link between these diseases. As tumors or scars expand, a lack of oxygen results in the activation of the hypoxia response, promoting cell survival even during chronic conditions. The role of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) as master regulators of this adaptation is crucial in both lung cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, which have shown the active transcriptional signature of this pathway. Emerging evidence suggests that interconnected feedback loops such as metabolic changes, fibroblast differentiation or extracellular matrix remodeling contribute to HIF overactivation, making it an irreversible phenomenon. This review will focus on the role of HIF signaling and its possible overlapping in order to identify new opportunities in therapy and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Romero
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Arnoldo Aquino-Gálvez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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Zhong C, Wu K, Wang S, Long Z, Yang T, Zhong W, Tan X, Wang Z, Li C, Lu J, Mao X. Autophagy-related circRNA evaluation reveals hsa_circ_0001747 as a potential favorable prognostic factor for biochemical recurrence in patients with prostate cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:726. [PMID: 34294687 PMCID: PMC8298711 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04015-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common high-incidence malignancy in men, some of whom develop biochemical recurrence (BCR) in the advanced stage. However, there are currently no accurate prognostic indicators of BCR in PCa. The aim of our study was to identify an autophagy-related circular RNA prognostic factor of BCR for patients with PCa. In this study, immunochemistry revealed that the classic autophagy marker MAP1LC3B was positively correlated with Gleason score. Least absolute shrinkage and selector operator regression were conducted to develop a novel prognostic model with tenfold cross-validation and an L1 penalty. Five autophagy-related circRNA signatures were included in the prognostic model. Patients with PCa were ultimately divided into high- and low-risk groups, based on the median risk score. Patients with PCa, who had a high risk score, were more likely to develop BCR in a shorter period of time. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses demonstrated that the risk score was an independent variable for predicting BCR in PCa. In addition, a prognostic nomogram integrated with the risk score and numerous clinicopathological parameters was developed to accurately predict 3- and 5-year BCR of patients with PCa. Finally, the hsa_circ_0001747 signature was selected for further experimental verification in vitro and in vivo, which showed that downregulated hsa_circ_0001747 might facilitate PCa via augmenting autophagy. Our findings indicate that the autophagy-related circRNA signature hsa_circ_0001747 may serve as a promising indicator for BCR prediction in patients with PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfan Zhong
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaihui Wu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zining Long
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taowei Yang
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weibo Zhong
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Tan
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Chuanyin Li
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jianming Lu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiangming Mao
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Endicott M, Jones M, Hull J. Amino acid metabolism as a therapeutic target in cancer: a review. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1169-1179. [PMID: 34292410 PMCID: PMC8325646 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Malignant cells often demonstrate a proliferative advantage when compared to non-malignant cells. However, the rapid growth and metabolism required for survival can also highlight vulnerabilities specific to these malignant cells. One such vulnerability exhibited by cancer is an increased demand for amino acids (AAs), which often results in a dependency on exogenous sources of AAs or requires upregulation of de novo synthesis. These metabolic alterations can be exploited by therapy, which aims to improve treatment outcome and decrease relapse and reoccurrence. One clinically utilised strategy targeting AA dependency is the use of asparaginase in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), which results in a depletion of exogenous asparagine and subsequent cancer cell death. Examples of other successful strategies include the exploitation of arginine deiminase and methioninase, nutrient restriction of methionine and the inhibition of glutaminase. In this review, we summarise these treatment strategies into three promising avenues: AA restriction, enzymatic depletion and inhibition of metabolism. This review provides an insight into the complexity of metabolism in cancer, whilst highlighting these three current research avenues that have support in both preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Endicott
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Michael Jones
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Jonathon Hull
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
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Yu W, Yang X, Zhang Q, Sun L, Yuan S, Xin Y. Targeting GLS1 to cancer therapy through glutamine metabolism. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 23:2253-2268. [PMID: 34023970 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancers which is described as an essential role in serving as a major energy and building blocks supply to cell proliferation in cancer cells. Many malignant tumor cells always display glutamine addiction. The "kidney-type" glutaminase (GLS1) is a metabolism enzyme which plays a significant part in glutaminolysis. Interestingly, GLS1 is often overexpressed in highly proliferative cancer cells to fulfill enhanced glutamine demand. So far, GLS1 has been proved to be a significant target during the carcinogenesis process, and emerging evidence reveals that its inhibitors could provide a benefit strategy for cancer therapy. Herein, we summarize the prognostic value of GLS1 in multiple cancer type and its related regulatory factors which are associated with antitumor activity. Moreover, this review article highlights the remarkable reform of discovery and development for GLS1 inhibitors. On the basis of case studies, our perspectives for targeting GLS1 and development of GLS1 antagonist are discussed in the final part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 21000, Jiangsu, China
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - XiangYu Yang
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 21000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Sun
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 21000, Jiangsu, China
| | - ShengTao Yuan
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 21000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - YongJie Xin
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
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Mukhopadhyay S, Vander Heiden MG, McCormick F. The Metabolic Landscape of RAS-Driven Cancers from biology to therapy. NATURE CANCER 2021; 2:271-283. [PMID: 33870211 PMCID: PMC8045781 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of how the RAS protein family, and in particular mutant KRAS promote metabolic dysregulation in cancer cells has advanced significantly over the last decade. In this Review, we discuss the metabolic reprogramming mediated by oncogenic RAS in cancer, and elucidating the underlying mechanisms could translate to novel therapeutic opportunities to target metabolic vulnerabilities in RAS-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Mukhopadhyay
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Pallett LJ, Dimeloe S, Sinclair LV, Byrne AJ, Schurich A. A glutamine 'tug-of-war': targets to manipulate glutamine metabolism for cancer immunotherapy. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2021; 1:ltab010. [PMID: 34541580 PMCID: PMC8444990 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the tumour microenvironment (TME), there is a cellular 'tug-of-war' for glutamine, the most abundant amino acid in the body. This competition is most evident when considering the balance between a successful anti-tumour immune response and the uncontrolled growth of tumour cells that are addicted to glutamine. The differential effects of manipulating glutamine abundance in individual cell types is an area of intense research and debate. Here, we discuss some of the current strategies in development altering local glutamine availability focusing on inhibition of enzymes involved in the utilisation of glutamine and its uptake by cells in the TME. Further studies are urgently needed to complete our understanding of glutamine metabolism, to provide critical insights into the pathways that represent promising targets and for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of advanced or drug resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Dimeloe
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Linda V Sinclair
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Adam J Byrne
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Schurich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
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Huang M, Myers CR, Wang Y, You M. Mitochondria as a Novel Target for Cancer Chemoprevention: Emergence of Mitochondrial-targeting Agents. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 14:285-306. [PMID: 33303695 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer chemoprevention is the most effective approach to control cancer in the population. Despite significant progress, chemoprevention has not been widely adopted because agents that are safe tend to be less effective and those that are highly effective tend to be toxic. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel and effective chemopreventive agents, such as mitochondria-targeted agents, that can prevent cancer and prolong survival. Mitochondria, the central site for cellular energy production, have important functions in cell survival and death. Several studies have revealed a significant role for mitochondrial metabolism in promoting cancer development and progression, making mitochondria a promising new target for cancer prevention. Conjugating delocalized lipophilic cations, such as triphenylphosphonium cation (TPP+), to compounds of interest is an effective approach for mitochondrial targeting. The hyperpolarized tumor cell membrane and mitochondrial membrane potential allow for selective accumulation of TPP+ conjugates in tumor cell mitochondria versus those in normal cells. This could enhance direct killing of precancerous, dysplastic, and tumor cells while minimizing potential toxicities to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mofei Huang
- Center for Disease Prevention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Charles R Myers
- Center for Disease Prevention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Yian Wang
- Center for Disease Prevention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ming You
- Center for Disease Prevention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. .,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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