1
|
Draschkow D, Anderson NC, David E, Gauge N, Kingstone A, Kumle L, Laurent X, Nobre AC, Shiels S, Võ MLH. Using XR (Extended Reality) for Behavioral, Clinical, and Learning Sciences Requires Updates in Infrastructure and Funding. Policy Insights Behav Brain Sci 2023; 10:317-323. [PMID: 37900910 PMCID: PMC10602770 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231196305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Extended reality (XR, including augmented and virtual reality) creates a powerful intersection between information technology and cognitive, clinical, and education sciences. XR technology has long captured the public imagination, and its development is the focus of major technology companies. This article demonstrates the potential of XR to (1) deliver behavioral insights, (2) transform clinical treatments, and (3) improve learning and education. However, without appropriate policy, funding, and infrastructural investment, many research institutions will struggle to keep pace with the advances and opportunities of XR. To realize the full potential of XR for basic and translational research, funding should incentivize (1) appropriate training, (2) open software solutions, and (3) collaborations between complementary academic and industry partners. Bolstering the XR research infrastructure with the right investments and incentives is vital for delivering on the potential for transformative discoveries, innovations, and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Draschkow
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola C. Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Erwan David
- Department of Psychology, Scene Grammar Lab, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nathan Gauge
- OxSTaR Oxford Simulation Teaching and Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alan Kingstone
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Levi Kumle
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xavier Laurent
- Centre for Teaching and Learning, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna C. Nobre
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Sally Shiels
- OxSTaR Oxford Simulation Teaching and Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Melissa L.-H. Võ
- Department of Psychology, Scene Grammar Lab, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lowry MTH, Doudesis D, Boeddinghaus J, Kimenai DM, Bularga A, Taggart C, Wereski R, Ferry AV, Stewart SD, Tuck C, Koechlin L, Nestelberger T, Lopez-Ayala P, Huré G, Lee KK, Chapman AR, Newby DE, Anand A, Collinson PO, Mueller C, Mills NL. Troponin in early presenters to rule out myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:2846-2858. [PMID: 37350492 PMCID: PMC10406338 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Whether a single cardiac troponin measurement can safely rule out myocardial infarction in patients presenting within a few hours of symptom onset is uncertain. The study aim was to assess the performance of troponin in early presenters. METHODS AND RESULTS In patients with possible myocardial infarction, the diagnostic performance of a single measurement of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I at presentation was evaluated and externally validated in those tested ≤3, 4-12, and >12 h from symptom onset. The limit-of-detection (2 ng/L), rule-out (5 ng/L), and sex-specific 99th centile (16 ng/L in women; 34 ng/L in men) thresholds were compared. In 41 103 consecutive patients [60 (17) years, 46% women], 12 595 (31%) presented within 3 h, and 3728 (9%) had myocardial infarction. In those presenting ≤3 h, a threshold of 2 ng/L had greater sensitivity and negative predictive value [99.4% (95% confidence interval 99.2%-99.5%) and 99.7% (99.6%-99.8%)] compared with 5 ng/L [96.5% (96.2%-96.8%) and 99.3% (99.1%-99.4%)]. In those presenting ≥3 h, the sensitivity and negative predictive value were similar for both thresholds. The sensitivity of the 99th centile was low in early and late presenters at 71.4% (70.6%-72.2%) and 92.5% (92.0%-93.0%), respectively. Findings were consistent in an external validation cohort of 7088 patients. CONCLUSION In early presenters, a single measurement of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I below the limit of detection may facilitate the safe rule out of myocardial infarction. The 99th centile should not be used to rule out myocardial infarction at presentation even in those presenting later following symptom onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T H Lowry
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Room SU.226, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Dimitrios Doudesis
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Room SU.226, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Usher Institute, 9 Little France Road, BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Jasper Boeddinghaus
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Room SU.226, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Dorien M Kimenai
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Room SU.226, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Anda Bularga
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Room SU.226, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Caelan Taggart
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Room SU.226, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Ryan Wereski
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Room SU.226, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Amy V Ferry
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Room SU.226, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Stacey D Stewart
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Room SU.226, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Christopher Tuck
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Room SU.226, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Luca Koechlin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Nestelberger
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Lopez-Ayala
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabrielle Huré
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kuan Ken Lee
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Room SU.226, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Andrew R Chapman
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Room SU.226, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - David E Newby
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Room SU.226, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Atul Anand
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Room SU.226, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Paul O Collinson
- Department of Clinical Blood Sciences, St George’s, University Hospitals NHS Trust and St George’s University of London, London, UK
- Department Cardiology, St George’s, University Hospitals NHS Trust and St George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Christian Mueller
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Room SU.226, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Usher Institute, 9 Little France Road, BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Snoek L, Jack RE, Schyns PG, Garrod OG, Mittenbühler M, Chen C, Oosterwijk S, Scholte HS. Testing, explaining, and exploring models of facial expressions of emotions. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eabq8421. [PMID: 36763663 PMCID: PMC9916981 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq8421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Models are the hallmark of mature scientific inquiry. In psychology, this maturity has been reached in a pervasive question-what models best represent facial expressions of emotion? Several hypotheses propose different combinations of facial movements [action units (AUs)] as best representing the six basic emotions and four conversational signals across cultures. We developed a new framework to formalize such hypotheses as predictive models, compare their ability to predict human emotion categorizations in Western and East Asian cultures, explain the causal role of individual AUs, and explore updated, culture-accented models that improve performance by reducing a prevalent Western bias. Our predictive models also provide a noise ceiling to inform the explanatory power and limitations of different factors (e.g., AUs and individual differences). Thus, our framework provides a new approach to test models of social signals, explain their predictive power, and explore their optimization, with direct implications for theory development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Snoek
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rachael E. Jack
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Philippe G. Schyns
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Maximilian Mittenbühler
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chaona Chen
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Suzanne Oosterwijk
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - H. Steven Scholte
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lanskey JH, Kocagoncu E, Quinn AJ, Cheng YJ, Karadag M, Pitt J, Lowe S, Perkinton M, Raymont V, Singh KD, Woolrich M, Nobre AC, Henson RN, Rowe JB. New Therapeutics in Alzheimer's Disease Longitudinal Cohort study (NTAD): study protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e055135. [PMID: 36521898 PMCID: PMC9756184 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the pressing need to develop treatments that slow or stop the progression of Alzheimer's disease, new tools are needed to reduce clinical trial duration and validate new targets for human therapeutics. Such tools could be derived from neurophysiological measurements of disease. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The New Therapeutics in Alzheimer's Disease study (NTAD) aims to identify a biomarker set from magneto/electroencephalography that is sensitive to disease and progression over 1 year. The study will recruit 100 people with amyloid-positive mild cognitive impairment or early-stage Alzheimer's disease and 30 healthy controls aged between 50 and 85 years. Measurements of the clinical, cognitive and imaging data (magnetoencephalography, electroencephalography and MRI) of all participants will be taken at baseline. These measurements will be repeated after approximately 1 year on participants with Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment, and clinical and cognitive assessment of these participants will be repeated again after approximately 2 years. To assess reliability of magneto/electroencephalographic changes, a subset of 30 participants with mild cognitive impairment or early-stage Alzheimer's disease will also undergo repeat magneto/electroencephalography 2 weeks after baseline. Baseline and longitudinal changes in neurophysiology are the primary analyses of interest. Additional outputs will include atrophy and cognitive change and estimated numbers needed to treat each arm of simulated clinical trials of a future disease-modifying therapy. ETHICS AND DATA STATEMENT The study has received a favourable opinion from the East of England Cambridge Central Research Ethics Committee (REC reference 18/EE/0042). Results will be disseminated through internal reports, peer-reviewed scientific journals, conference presentations, website publication, submission to regulatory authorities and other publications. Data will be made available via the Dementias Platform UK Data Portal on completion of initial analyses by the NTAD study group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ece Kocagoncu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew J Quinn
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yun-Ju Cheng
- Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Melek Karadag
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jemma Pitt
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Lowe
- Lilly Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Singapore
| | | | | | - Krish D Singh
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mark Woolrich
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna C Nobre
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard N Henson
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reynolds CJ, Gibbons JM, Pade C, Lin KM, Sandoval DM, Pieper F, Butler DK, Liu S, Otter AD, Joy G, Menacho K, Fontana M, Smit A, Kele B, Cutino-Moguel T, Maini MK, Noursadeghi M, Brooks T, Semper A, Manisty C, Treibel TA, Moon JC, McKnight Á, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ. Heterologous infection and vaccination shapes immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Science 2022; 375:183-192. [PMID: 34855510 PMCID: PMC10186585 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm0811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the initial severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infecting strain on downstream immunity to heterologous variants of concern (VOCs) is unknown. Studying a longitudinal healthcare worker cohort, we found that after three antigen exposures (infection plus two vaccine doses), S1 antibody, memory B cells, and heterologous neutralization of B.1.351, P.1, and B.1.617.2 plateaued, whereas B.1.1.7 neutralization and spike T cell responses increased. Serology using the Wuhan Hu-1 spike receptor binding domain poorly predicted neutralizing immunity against VOCs. Neutralization potency against VOCs changed with heterologous virus encounter and number of antigen exposures. Neutralization potency fell differentially depending on targeted VOCs over the 5 months from the second vaccine dose. Heterologous combinations of spike encountered during infection and vaccination shape subsequent cross-protection against VOC, with implications for future-proof next-generation vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph M. Gibbons
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Corinna Pade
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Kai-Min Lin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Franziska Pieper
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David K. Butler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Siyi Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - George Joy
- St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Katia Menacho
- St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Beatrix Kele
- St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - COVIDsortium Immune Correlates Network‡
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
- St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tim Brooks
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | | | - Charlotte Manisty
- St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas A. Treibel
- St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - James C. Moon
- St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - COVIDsortium Investigators‡
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
- St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Áine McKnight
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Daniel M. Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rosemary J. Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rahman SS, Mulvihill K, Wood CM, Quah SKL, Horst NK, Clarke HF, Cockcroft GJ, Santangelo AM, Roberts AC. Differential Contribution of Anterior and Posterior Midcingulate Subregions to Distal and Proximal Threat Reactivity in Marmosets. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4765-4780. [PMID: 34076234 PMCID: PMC8408452 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The midcingulate cortex (MCC) is associated with cognition and emotion regulation. Structural and correlational functional evidence suggests that rather than being homogenous, the MCC may have dissociable functions that can be mapped onto distinct subregions. In this study, we use the marmoset monkey to causally investigate the contributions of two proposed subregions of the MCC: the anterior and posterior midcingulate cortices (aMCC and pMCC) to behavioral and cardiovascular correlates of threat processing relevant to anxiety disorders. Transient inactivation of the aMCC decreased anxiety-like responses to a postencounter distal threat, namely an unfamiliar human intruder, while inactivation of the pMCC showed a mild but opposing effect. Furthermore, although inactivation of neither MCC subregions had any effect on basal cardiovascular activity, aMCC inactivation blunted the expression of both cardiovascular and behavioral conditioned responses to a predictable proximal threat (a rubber snake) during the extinction in a Pavlovian conditioning task, with pMCC inactivation having again an opposing effect, but primarily on the behavioral response. These findings suggest that the MCC is indeed functionally heterogeneous with regards to its role in threat processing, with aMCC providing a marked facilitative contribution to the expression of the emotional response to both proximal and distal threat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sufia S Rahman
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Kevin Mulvihill
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Christian M Wood
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Shaun K L Quah
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Nicole K Horst
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Hannah F Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Gemma J Cockcroft
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Andrea M Santangelo
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Angela C Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liberati EG, Tarrant C, Willars J, Draycott T, Winter C, Kuberska K, Paton A, Marjanovic S, Leach B, Lichten C, Hocking L, Ball S, Dixon-Woods M. Seven features of safety in maternity units: a framework based on multisite ethnography and stakeholder consultation. BMJ Qual Saf 2021; 30:444-456. [PMID: 32978322 PMCID: PMC8142434 DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2020-010988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing avoidable harm in maternity services is a priority globally. As well as learning from mistakes, it is important to produce rigorous descriptions of 'what good looks like'. OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterise features of safety in maternity units and to generate a plain language framework that could be used to guide learning and improvement. METHODS We conducted a multisite ethnography involving 401 hours of non-participant observations 33 semistructured interviews with staff across six maternity units, and a stakeholder consultation involving 65 semistructured telephone interviews and one focus group. RESULTS We identified seven features of safety in maternity units and summarised them into a framework, named For Us (For Unit Safety). The features include: (1) commitment to safety and improvement at all levels, with everyone involved; (2) technical competence, supported by formal training and informal learning; (3) teamwork, cooperation and positive working relationships; (4) constant reinforcing of safe, ethical and respectful behaviours; (5) multiple problem-sensing systems, used as basis of action; (6) systems and processes designed for safety, and regularly reviewed and optimised; (7) effective coordination and ability to mobilise quickly. These features appear to have a synergistic character, such that each feature is necessary but not sufficient on its own: the features operate in concert through multiple forms of feedback and amplification. CONCLUSIONS This large qualitative study has enabled the generation of a new plain language framework-For Us-that identifies the behaviours and practices that appear to be features of safe care in hospital-based maternity units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Giulia Liberati
- THIS Institute (The Healthcare Improvement Studies Institute), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Carolyn Tarrant
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Janet Willars
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Tim Draycott
- Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- PROMPT Maternity Foundation, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Karolina Kuberska
- THIS Institute (The Healthcare Improvement Studies Institute), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Alexis Paton
- Department of Sociology and Policy, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sonja Marjanovic
- THIS Institute (The Healthcare Improvement Studies Institute), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
- RAND Europe, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Ball
- RAND Europe, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Mary Dixon-Woods
- THIS Institute (The Healthcare Improvement Studies Institute), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Perez-Sepulveda BM, Predeus AV, Fong WY, Parry CM, Cheesbrough J, Wigley P, Feasey NA, Hinton JCD. Complete Genome Sequences of African Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Clinical Isolates Associated with Bloodstream Infection. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e01452-20. [PMID: 33766909 PMCID: PMC7996468 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01452-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the complete genome sequencing and annotation of four Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates, two that are representative of the Central/Eastern African clade (CP255 and D7795) and two of the Global Epidemic clade (A1636 and P125109).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca M Perez-Sepulveda
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander V Predeus
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Wai Yee Fong
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Parry
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John Cheesbrough
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wigley
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A Feasey
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Jay C D Hinton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Williams MC, Massera D, Moss AJ, Bing R, Bularga A, Adamson PD, Hunter A, Alam S, Shah ASV, Pawade T, Roditi G, van Beek EJR, Nicol ED, Newby DE, Dweck MR. Prevalence and clinical implications of valvular calcification on coronary computed tomography angiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 22:262-270. [PMID: 33306104 PMCID: PMC7899264 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeaa263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Valvular heart disease can be identified by calcification on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and has been associated with adverse clinical outcomes. We assessed aortic and mitral valve calcification in patients presenting with stable chest pain and their association with cardiovascular risk factors, coronary artery disease, and cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS In 1769 patients (58 ± 9 years, 56% male) undergoing CCTA for stable chest pain, aortic and mitral valve calcification were quantified using Agatston score. Aortic valve calcification was present in 241 (14%) and mitral calcification in 64 (4%). Independent predictors of aortic valve calcification were age, male sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cerebrovascular disease, whereas the only predictor of mitral valve calcification was age. Patients with aortic and mitral valve calcification had higher coronary artery calcium scores and more obstructive coronary artery disease. The composite endpoint of cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal stroke was higher in those with aortic [hazard ratio (HR) 2.87; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.60-5.17; P < 0.001] or mitral (HR 3.50; 95% CI 1.47-8.07; P = 0.004) valve calcification, but this was not independent of coronary artery calcification or obstructive coronary artery disease. CONCLUSION Aortic and mitral valve calcification occurs in one in six patients with stable chest pain undergoing CCTA and is associated with concomitant coronary atherosclerosis. Whilst valvular calcification is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events, this was not independent of the burden of coronary artery disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Williams
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH164SB, UK
- Edinburgh Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH164TJ, UK
| | - Daniele Massera
- Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alastair J Moss
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH164SB, UK
| | - Rong Bing
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH164SB, UK
| | - Anda Bularga
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH164SB, UK
| | - Philip D Adamson
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH164SB, UK
- Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Amanda Hunter
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH164SB, UK
| | - Shirjel Alam
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH164SB, UK
| | - Anoop S V Shah
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH164SB, UK
| | - Tania Pawade
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH164SB, UK
| | - Giles Roditi
- Glasgow Clinical Research Imaging Facility, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow G514LB, UK
| | - Edwin J R van Beek
- Edinburgh Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH164TJ, UK
| | | | - David E Newby
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH164SB, UK
- Edinburgh Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH164TJ, UK
| | - Marc R Dweck
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH164SB, UK
- Edinburgh Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH164TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pallett LJ, Dimeloe S, Sinclair LV, Byrne AJ, Schurich A. A glutamine 'tug-of-war': targets to manipulate glutamine metabolism for cancer immunotherapy. Immunother Adv 2021; 1:ltab010. [PMID: 34541580 PMCID: PMC8444990 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the tumour microenvironment (TME), there is a cellular 'tug-of-war' for glutamine, the most abundant amino acid in the body. This competition is most evident when considering the balance between a successful anti-tumour immune response and the uncontrolled growth of tumour cells that are addicted to glutamine. The differential effects of manipulating glutamine abundance in individual cell types is an area of intense research and debate. Here, we discuss some of the current strategies in development altering local glutamine availability focusing on inhibition of enzymes involved in the utilisation of glutamine and its uptake by cells in the TME. Further studies are urgently needed to complete our understanding of glutamine metabolism, to provide critical insights into the pathways that represent promising targets and for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of advanced or drug resistant cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Dimeloe
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Linda V Sinclair
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Adam J Byrne
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Schurich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Puntambekar S, Newhouse R, San-Miguel J, Chauhan R, Vernaz G, Willis T, Wayland MT, Umrania Y, Miska EA, Prabakaran S. Evolutionary divergence of novel open reading frames in cichlids speciation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21570. [PMID: 33299045 PMCID: PMC7726158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel open reading frames (nORFs) with coding potential may arise from noncoding DNA. Not much is known about their emergence, functional role, fixation in a population or contribution to adaptive radiation. Cichlids fishes exhibit extensive phenotypic diversification and speciation. Encounters with new environments alone are not sufficient to explain this striking diversity of cichlid radiation because other taxa coexistent with the Cichlidae demonstrate lower species richness. Wagner et al. analyzed cichlid diversification in 46 African lakes and reported that both extrinsic environmental factors and intrinsic lineage-specific traits related to sexual selection have strongly influenced the cichlid radiation, which indicates the existence of unknown molecular mechanisms responsible for rapid phenotypic diversification, such as emergence of novel open reading frames (nORFs). In this study, we integrated transcriptomic and proteomic signatures from two tissues of two cichlids species, identified nORFs and performed evolutionary analysis on these nORF regions. Our results suggest that the time scale of speciation of the two species and evolutionary divergence of these nORF genomic regions are similar and indicate a potential role for these nORFs in speciation of the cichlid fishes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Puntambekar
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Rachel Newhouse
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Jaime San-Miguel
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Ruchi Chauhan
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Grégoire Vernaz
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Thomas Willis
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Matthew T Wayland
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Yagnesh Umrania
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Eric A Miska
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Sudhakaran Prabakaran
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India.
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK.
- St. Edmund's College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0BN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gorvin CM, Stokes VJ, Boon H, Cranston T, Glück AK, Bahl S, Homfray T, Aung T, Shine B, Lines KE, Hannan FM, Thakker RV. Activating Mutations of the G-protein Subunit α 11 Interdomain Interface Cause Autosomal Dominant Hypocalcemia Type 2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5671666. [PMID: 31820785 PMCID: PMC7048683 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia types 1 and 2 (ADH1 and ADH2) are caused by germline gain-of-function mutations of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and its signaling partner, the G-protein subunit α 11 (Gα 11), respectively. More than 70 different gain-of-function CaSR mutations, but only 6 different gain-of-function Gα 11 mutations are reported to date. METHODS We ascertained 2 additional ADH families and investigated them for CaSR and Gα 11 mutations. The effects of identified variants on CaSR signaling were evaluated by transiently transfecting wild-type (WT) and variant expression constructs into HEK293 cells stably expressing CaSR (HEK-CaSR), and measuring intracellular calcium (Ca2+i) and MAPK responses following stimulation with extracellular calcium (Ca2+e). RESULTS CaSR variants were not found, but 2 novel heterozygous germline Gα 11 variants, p.Gly66Ser and p.Arg149His, were identified. Homology modeling of these revealed that the Gly66 and Arg149 residues are located at the interface between the Gα 11 helical and GTPase domains, which is involved in guanine nucleotide binding, and this is the site of 3 other reported ADH2 mutations. The Ca2+i and MAPK responses of cells expressing the variant Ser66 or His149 Gα 11 proteins were similar to WT cells at low Ca2+e, but significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner following Ca2+e stimulation, thereby indicating that the p.Gly66Ser and p.Arg149His variants represent pathogenic gain-of-function Gα 11 mutations. Treatment of Ser66- and His149-Gα 11 expressing cells with the CaSR negative allosteric modulator NPS 2143 normalized Ca2+i and MAPK responses. CONCLUSION Two novel ADH2-causing mutations that highlight the Gα 11 interdomain interface as a hotspot for gain-of-function Gα 11 mutations have been identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Gorvin
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Victoria J Stokes
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannah Boon
- Oxford Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Treena Cranston
- Oxford Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna K Glück
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shailini Bahl
- Department of Paediatrics, Ashford and St. Peter’s Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK
| | - Tessa Homfray
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St George’s University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Theingi Aung
- The Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK
| | - Brian Shine
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Kate E Lines
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fadil M Hannan
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Rajesh V. Thakker, Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shahar N, Hauser TU, Moutoussis M, Moran R, Keramati M, Dolan RJ. Improving the reliability of model-based decision-making estimates in the two-stage decision task with reaction-times and drift-diffusion modeling. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006803. [PMID: 30759077 PMCID: PMC6391008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A well-established notion in cognitive neuroscience proposes that multiple brain systems contribute to choice behaviour. These include: (1) a model-free system that uses values cached from the outcome history of alternative actions, and (2) a model-based system that considers action outcomes and the transition structure of the environment. The widespread use of this distinction, across a range of applications, renders it important to index their distinct influences with high reliability. Here we consider the two-stage task, widely considered as a gold standard measure for the contribution of model-based and model-free systems to human choice. We tested the internal/temporal stability of measures from this task, including those estimated via an established computational model, as well as an extended model using drift-diffusion. Drift-diffusion modeling suggested that both choice in the first stage, and RTs in the second stage, are directly affected by a model-based/free trade-off parameter. Both parameter recovery and the stability of model-based estimates were poor but improved substantially when both choice and RT were used (compared to choice only), and when more trials (than conventionally used in research practice) were included in our analysis. The findings have implications for interpretation of past and future studies based on the use of the two-stage task, as well as for characterising the contribution of model-based processes to choice behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Shahar
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias U. Hauser
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Moutoussis
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rani Moran
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mehdi Keramati
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Raymond J. Dolan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dreyer SB, Jamieson NB, Upstill-Goddard R, Bailey PJ, McKay CJ, Biankin AV, Chang DK. Defining the molecular pathology of pancreatic body and tail adenocarcinoma. Br J Surg 2018; 105:e183-e191. [PMID: 29341146 PMCID: PMC5817249 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a dismal disease, with very little improvement in survival over the past 50 years. Recent large-scale genomic studies have improved understanding of the genomic and transcriptomic landscape of the disease, yet very little is known about molecular heterogeneity according to tumour location in the pancreas; body and tail PDACs especially tend to have a significantly worse prognosis. The aim was to investigate the molecular differences between PDAC of the head and those of the body and tail of the pancreas. METHODS Detailed correlative analysis of clinicopathological variables, including tumour location, genomic and transcriptomic data, was performed using the Australian Pancreatic Cancer Genome Initiative (APGI) cohort, part of the International Cancer Genome Consortium study. RESULTS Clinicopathological data were available for 518 patients recruited to the APGI, of whom 421 underwent genomic analyses; 179 of these patients underwent whole-genome and 96 RNA sequencing. Patients with tumours of the body and tail had significantly worse survival than those with pancreatic head tumours (12·1 versus 22·0 months; P = 0·001). Location in the body and tail was associated with the squamous subtype of PDAC. Body and tail PDACs enriched for gene programmes involved in tumour invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, as well as features of poor antitumour immune response. Whether this is due to a molecular predisposition from the outset, or reflects a later time point on the tumour molecular clock, requires further investigation using well designed prospective studies in pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSION PDACs of the body and tail demonstrate aggressive tumour biology that may explain worse clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Dreyer
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - N B Jamieson
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - P J Bailey
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - C J McKay
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A V Biankin
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - D K Chang
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Richter S, Helm C, Meunier FA, Hering L, Campbell LI, Drukewitz SH, Undheim EAB, Jenner RA, Schiavo G, Bleidorn C. Comparative analyses of glycerotoxin expression unveil a novel structural organization of the bloodworm venom system. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:64. [PMID: 28259138 PMCID: PMC5336659 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We present the first molecular characterization of glycerotoxin (GLTx), a potent neurotoxin found in the venom of the bloodworm Glycera tridactyla (Glyceridae, Annelida). Within the animal kingdom, GLTx shows a unique mode of action as it can specifically up-regulate the activity of Cav2.2 channels (N-type) in a reversible manner. The lack of sequence information has so far hampered a detailed understanding of its mode of action. RESULTS Our analyses reveal three ~3.8 kb GLTx full-length transcripts, show that GLTx represents a multigene family, and suggest it functions as a dimer. An integrative approach using transcriptomics, quantitative real-time PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunocytochemistry shows that GLTx is highly expressed exclusively in four pharyngeal lobes, a previously unrecognized part of the venom apparatus. CONCLUSIONS Our results overturn a century old textbook view on the glycerid venom system, suggesting that it is anatomically and functionally much more complex than previously thought. The herein presented GLTx sequence information constitutes an important step towards the establishment of GLTx as a versatile tool to understand the mechanism of synaptic function, as well as the mode of action of this novel neurotoxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Richter
- Institute of Biology - Molecular Evolution and Systematics of Animals, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Conrad Helm
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Frederic A. Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4072 QLD Australia
| | - Lars Hering
- Institute of Biology - Department of Zoology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Lahcen I. Campbell
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, London, SW7 5BD UK
- The European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) - Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD UK
| | - Stephan H. Drukewitz
- Institute of Biology - Molecular Evolution and Systematics of Animals, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eivind A. B. Undheim
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4072 QLD Australia
| | - Ronald A. Jenner
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
| | - Christoph Bleidorn
- Institute of Biology - Molecular Evolution and Systematics of Animals, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Calle José Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
van Arensbergen J, Dussaud S, Pardanaud-Glavieux C, García-Hurtado J, Sauty C, Guerci A, Ferrer J, Ravassard P. A distal intergenic region controls pancreatic endocrine differentiation by acting as a transcriptional enhancer and as a polycomb response element. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171508. [PMID: 28225770 PMCID: PMC5321433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lineage-selective expression of developmental genes is dependent on the interplay between activating and repressive mechanisms. Gene activation is dependent on cell-specific transcription factors that recognize transcriptional enhancer sequences. Gene repression often depends on the recruitment of Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, although the sequences that underlie the recruitment of PcG proteins, also known as Polycomb response elements (PREs), remain poorly understood in vertebrates. While distal PREs have been identified in mammals, a role for positive-acting enhancers in PcG-mediated repression has not been described. Here we have used a highly efficient procedure based on lentiviral-mediated transgenesis to carry out in vivo fine-mapping of, cis-regulatory sequences that control lineage-specific activation of Neurog3, a master regulator of pancreatic endocrine differentiation. Our findings reveal an enhancer region that is sufficient to drive correct spacio-temporal expression of Neurog3 and demonstrate that this same region serves as a PRE in alternative lineages where Neurog3 is inactive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joris van Arensbergen
- Genomic Programming of Beta-Cells Laboratory, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastien Dussaud
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM)–Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Pardanaud-Glavieux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM)–Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Javier García-Hurtado
- Genomic Programming of Beta-Cells Laboratory, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claire Sauty
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM)–Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Aline Guerci
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM)–Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Jorge Ferrer
- Genomic Programming of Beta-Cells Laboratory, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PR); (JF)
| | - Philippe Ravassard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM)–Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (PR); (JF)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mawad D, Mansfield C, Lauto A, Perbellini F, Nelson GW, Tonkin J, Bello SO, Carrad DJ, Micolich AP, Mahat MM, Furman J, Payne D, Lyon AR, Gooding JJ, Harding SE, Terracciano CM, Stevens MM. A conducting polymer with enhanced electronic stability applied in cardiac models. Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1601007. [PMID: 28138526 PMCID: PMC5262463 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrically active constructs can have a beneficial effect on electroresponsive tissues, such as the brain, heart, and nervous system. Conducting polymers (CPs) are being considered as components of these constructs because of their intrinsic electroactive and flexible nature. However, their clinical application has been largely hampered by their short operational time due to a decrease in their electronic properties. We show that, by immobilizing the dopant in the conductive scaffold, we can prevent its electric deterioration. We grew polyaniline (PANI) doped with phytic acid on the surface of a chitosan film. The strong chelation between phytic acid and chitosan led to a conductive patch with retained electroactivity, low surface resistivity (35.85 ± 9.40 kilohms per square), and oxidized form after 2 weeks of incubation in physiological medium. Ex vivo experiments revealed that the conductive nature of the patch has an immediate effect on the electrophysiology of the heart. Preliminary in vivo experiments showed that the conductive patch does not induce proarrhythmogenic activities in the heart. Our findings set the foundation for the design of electronically stable CP-based scaffolds. This provides a robust conductive system that could be used at the interface with electroresponsive tissue to better understand the interaction and effect of these materials on the electrophysiology of these tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damia Mawad
- Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Corresponding author. (D.M.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Catherine Mansfield
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Antonio Lauto
- Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience Research Group, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Filippo Perbellini
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | | | - Joanne Tonkin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Sean O. Bello
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Damon J. Carrad
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Adam P. Micolich
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mohd M. Mahat
- Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Faculty of Applied Sciences Universiti Teknologi Mara, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jennifer Furman
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - David Payne
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Alexander R. Lyon
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, U.K
| | - J. Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Sian E. Harding
- National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, U.K
| | | | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Corresponding author. (D.M.); (M.M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|