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Chippalkatti R, Parisi B, Kouzi F, Laurini C, Ben Fredj N, Abankwa DK. RAS isoform specific activities are disrupted by disease associated mutations during cell differentiation. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151425. [PMID: 38795504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The RAS-MAPK-pathway is aberrantly regulated in cancer and developmental diseases called RASopathies. While typically the impact of Ras on the proliferation of various cancer cell lines is assessed, it is poorly established how Ras affects cellular differentiation. Here we implement the C2C12 myoblast cell line to systematically study the effect of Ras mutants and Ras-pathway drugs on differentiation. We first provide evidence that a minor pool of Pax7+ progenitors replenishes a major pool of transit amplifying cells that are ready to differentiate. Our data indicate that Ras isoforms have distinct roles in the differentiating culture, where K-Ras depletion increases and H-Ras depletion decreases terminal differentiation. This assay could therefore provide significant new insights into Ras biology and Ras-driven diseases. In line with this, we found that all oncogenic Ras mutants block terminal differentiation of transit amplifying cells. By contrast, RASopathy associated K-Ras variants were less able to block differentiation. Profiling of eight targeted Ras-pathway drugs on seven oncogenic Ras mutants revealed their allele-specific activities and distinct abilities to restore normal differentiation as compared to triggering cell death. In particular, the MEK-inhibitor trametinib could broadly restore differentiation, while the mTOR-inhibitor rapamycin broadly suppressed differentiation. We expect that this quantitative assessment of the impact of Ras-pathway mutants and drugs on cellular differentiation has great potential to complement cancer cell proliferation data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Chippalkatti
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette 4362, Luxembourg
| | - Bianca Parisi
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette 4362, Luxembourg
| | - Farah Kouzi
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette 4362, Luxembourg
| | - Christina Laurini
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette 4362, Luxembourg
| | - Nesrine Ben Fredj
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette 4362, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Kwaku Abankwa
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette 4362, Luxembourg.
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Shu HY, Chen CC, Ku HT, Wang CL, Wu KM, Weng HY, Liu ST, Chen CL, Chiu CH. Complete genome sequence of Bacillus halotolerans F29-3, a fengycin-producing strain. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0124623. [PMID: 38451104 PMCID: PMC11008187 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01246-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacillus halotolerans F29-3, a Gram-positive bacterium, is recognized for its synthesis of the antifungal substance fengycin. This announcement introduces the complete genome sequence and provides insights into the genetic products related to antibiotic secondary metabolites, including non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), polyketide synthase (PKS), and NRPS/PKS combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Shu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chi Chen
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Tzu Ku
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lin Wang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Keh-Ming Wu
- Bioinformatics Department, Welgene Biotech Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ying Weng
- Biomedical Industry Ph.D. Program, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tung Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chyi-Liang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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3
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Tate EW, Soday L, de la Lastra AL, Wang M, Lin H. Protein lipidation in cancer: mechanisms, dysregulation and emerging drug targets. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:240-260. [PMID: 38424304 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-024-00666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Protein lipidation describes a diverse class of post-translational modifications (PTMs) that is regulated by over 40 enzymes, targeting more than 1,000 substrates at over 3,000 sites. Lipidated proteins include more than 150 oncoproteins, including mediators of cancer initiation, progression and immunity, receptor kinases, transcription factors, G protein-coupled receptors and extracellular signalling proteins. Lipidation regulates the physical interactions of its protein substrates with cell membranes, regulating protein signalling and trafficking, and has a key role in metabolism and immunity. Targeting protein lipidation, therefore, offers a unique approach to modulate otherwise undruggable oncoproteins; however, the full spectrum of opportunities to target the dysregulation of these PTMs in cancer remains to be explored. This is attributable in part to the technological challenges of identifying the targets and the roles of protein lipidation. The early stage of drug discovery for many enzymes in the pathway contrasts with efforts for drugging similarly common PTMs such as phosphorylation and acetylation, which are routinely studied and targeted in relevant cancer contexts. Here, we review recent advances in identifying targetable protein lipidation pathways in cancer, the current state-of-the-art in drug discovery, and the status of ongoing clinical trials, which have the potential to deliver novel oncology therapeutics targeting protein lipidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Lior Soday
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Mei Wang
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hening Lin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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4
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Yuan Y, Li P, Li J, Zhao Q, Chang Y, He X. Protein lipidation in health and disease: molecular basis, physiological function and pathological implication. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:60. [PMID: 38485938 PMCID: PMC10940682 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications increase the complexity and functional diversity of proteins in response to complex external stimuli and internal changes. Among these, protein lipidations which refer to lipid attachment to proteins are prominent, which primarily encompassing five types including S-palmitoylation, N-myristoylation, S-prenylation, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and cholesterylation. Lipid attachment to proteins plays an essential role in the regulation of protein trafficking, localisation, stability, conformation, interactions and signal transduction by enhancing hydrophobicity. Accumulating evidence from genetic, structural, and biomedical studies has consistently shown that protein lipidation is pivotal in the regulation of broad physiological functions and is inextricably linked to a variety of diseases. Decades of dedicated research have driven the development of a wide range of drugs targeting protein lipidation, and several agents have been developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies, some of which, such as asciminib and lonafarnib are FDA-approved for therapeutic use, indicating that targeting protein lipidations represents a promising therapeutic strategy. Here, we comprehensively review the known regulatory enzymes and catalytic mechanisms of various protein lipidation types, outline the impact of protein lipidations on physiology and disease, and highlight potential therapeutic targets and clinical research progress, aiming to provide a comprehensive reference for future protein lipidation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiyuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianghui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ying Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xingxing He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
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5
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Li Y, Gao X, Yang C, Yan H, Li C. CircRNA hsa_circ_0018289 exerts an oncogenic role in cervical cancer progression through miR‐1294/ICMT axis. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24348. [PMID: 35312113 PMCID: PMC9102762 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Li
- Department of Gynaecology Linyi Central Hospital Linyi China
| | - Xiangrong Gao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Juye County People’s Hospital Heze China
| | - Chaochao Yang
- Department of General Practice Linyi Central Hospital Linyi China
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Gynaecology Linyi Central Hospital Linyi China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Gynaecology Linyi Central Hospital Linyi China
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Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase is critical for glioblastoma growth and survival by activating Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2022; 89:401-411. [PMID: 35171349 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-022-04401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The poor outcomes in glioblastoma necessitate new therapeutic target. Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT), a unique enzyme of the final step of prenylation that modifies activities of oncogenic proteins, represents a promising target for many cancers. METHODS Expression pattern, function and downstream pathway of ICMT in glioblastoma were analyzed using immunohistochemistry, ELISA, cellular assays and immunoblotting method. Combinatory effect was analyzed using Chou-Talalay approach. RESULTS Upregulation of ICMT expression is a common phenomenon in glioblastoma patients regardless of clinicopathological characteristics. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function analysis support the role of ICMT in glioblastoma growth and survival but not migration. Importantly, pharmacological inhibitors of ICMT are effectively against glioblastoma cells while sparing normal neuron cells, and furthermore that they act synergistically with chemotherapeutic drugs. Consistently, ICMT inhibitor UCM-1336 significantly inhibits glioblastoma growth without causing toxicity in mice. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk rather than Ras/PI3K/Akt/mTOR is the downstream pathway of ICMT-mediated glioblastoma growth. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide the proof-of-concept of pharmacologically targeting ICMT in the treatment of glioblastoma via deactivation of Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk.
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7
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Evangelisti C, Rusciano I, Mongiorgi S, Ramazzotti G, Lattanzi G, Manzoli L, Cocco L, Ratti S. The wide and growing range of lamin B-related diseases: from laminopathies to cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:126. [PMID: 35132494 PMCID: PMC8821503 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
B-type lamins are fundamental components of the nuclear lamina, a complex structure that acts as a scaffold for organization and function of the nucleus. Lamin B1 and B2, the most represented isoforms, are encoded by LMNB1 and LMNB2 gene, respectively. All B-type lamins are synthesized as precursors and undergo sequential post-translational modifications to generate the mature protein. B-type lamins are involved in a wide range of nuclear functions, including DNA replication and repair, regulation of chromatin and nuclear stiffness. Moreover, lamins B1 and B2 regulate several cellular processes, such as tissue development, cell cycle, cellular proliferation, senescence, and DNA damage response. During embryogenesis, B-type lamins are essential for organogenesis, in particular for brain development. As expected from the numerous and pivotal functions of B-type lamins, mutations in their genes or fluctuations in their expression levels are critical for the onset of several diseases. Indeed, a growing range of human disorders have been linked to lamin B1 or B2, increasing the complexity of the group of diseases collectively known as laminopathies. This review highlights the recent findings on the biological role of B-type lamins under physiological or pathological conditions, with a particular emphasis on brain disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Evangelisti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Isabella Rusciano
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Mongiorgi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Ramazzotti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lattanzi
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Tang J, Casey PJ, Wang M. Suppression of isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase compromises DNA damage repair. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/12/e202101144. [PMID: 34610973 PMCID: PMC8500237 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase reduces cancer cells’ ability to repair DNA damage by suppressing the expression of critical DNA damage repair pathway genes, hence increasing their vulnerability to DNA damaging insults such as PARP inhibitors and other DNA damage agents. DNA damage is a double-edged sword for cancer cells. On the one hand, DNA damage–induced genomic instability contributes to cancer development; on the other hand, accumulating damage compromises proliferation and survival of cancer cells. Understanding the key regulators of DNA damage repair machinery would benefit the development of cancer therapies that induce DNA damage and apoptosis. In this study, we found that isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase (ICMT), a posttranslational modification enzyme, plays an important role in DNA damage repair. We found that ICMT suppression consistently reduces the activity of MAPK signaling, which compromises the expression of key proteins in the DNA damage repair machinery. The ensuing accumulation of DNA damage leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in multiple breast cancer cells. Interestingly, these observations are more pronounced in cells grown under anchorage-independent conditions or grown in vivo. Consistent with the negative impact on DNA repair, ICMT inhibition transforms the cancer cells into a “BRCA-like” state, hence sensitizing cancer cells to the treatment of PARP inhibitor and other DNA damage–inducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Tang
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cancer and Stem Cell, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patrick J Casey
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cancer and Stem Cell, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cancer and Stem Cell, Singapore, Singapore .,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596
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Coley AB, Ward A, Keeton AB, Chen X, Maxuitenko Y, Prakash A, Li F, Foote JB, Buchsbaum DJ, Piazza GA. Pan-RAS inhibitors: Hitting multiple RAS isozymes with one stone. Adv Cancer Res 2021; 153:131-168. [PMID: 35101229 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the three RAS oncogenes are present in approximately 30% of all human cancers that drive tumor growth and metastasis by aberrant activation of RAS-mediated signaling. Despite the well-established role of RAS in tumorigenesis, past efforts to develop small molecule inhibitors have failed for various reasons leading many to consider RAS as "undruggable." Advances over the past decade with KRAS(G12C) mutation-specific inhibitors have culminated in the first FDA-approved RAS drug, sotorasib. However, the patient population that stands to benefit from KRAS(G12C) inhibitors is inherently limited to those patients harboring KRAS(G12C) mutations. Additionally, both intrinsic and acquired mechanisms of resistance have been reported that indicate allele-specificity may afford disadvantages. For example, the compensatory activation of uninhibited wild-type (WT) NRAS and HRAS isozymes can rescue cancer cells harboring KRAS(G12C) mutations from allele-specific inhibition or the occurrence of other mutations in KRAS. It is therefore prudent to consider alternative drug discovery strategies that may overcome these potential limitations. One such approach is pan-RAS inhibition, whereby all RAS isozymes co-expressed in the tumor cell population are targeted by a single inhibitor to block constitutively activated RAS regardless of the underlying mutation. This chapter provides a review of past and ongoing strategies to develop pan-RAS inhibitors in detail and seeks to outline the trajectory of this promising strategy of RAS inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Coley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States; Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Antonio Ward
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States; Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Adam B Keeton
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Yulia Maxuitenko
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Aishwarya Prakash
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jeremy B Foote
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Donald J Buchsbaum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Gary A Piazza
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.
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10
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Wang WH, Yuan T, Qian MJ, Yan FJ, Yang L, He QJ, Yang B, Lu JJ, Zhu H. Post-translational modification of KRAS: potential targets for cancer therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1201-1211. [PMID: 33087838 PMCID: PMC8285426 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the RAS superfamily is one of the critical factors in carcinogenesis. Among them, KRAS is the most frequently mutated one which has inspired extensive studies for developing approaches to intervention. Although the cognition toward KRAS remains far from complete, mounting evidence suggests that a variety of post-translational modifications regulate its activation and localization. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mode of post-translational modifications on KRAS including prenylation, post-prenylation, palmitoylation, ubiquitination, phosphorylation, SUMOylation, acetylation, nitrosylation, etc. We also highlight the recent studies targeting these modifications having exhibited potent anti-tumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mei-Jia Qian
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fang-Jie Yan
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Qiao-Jun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Hong Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Rio-Vilariño A, del Puerto-Nevado L, García-Foncillas J, Cebrián A. Ras Family of Small GTPases in CRC: New Perspectives for Overcoming Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3757. [PMID: 34359657 PMCID: PMC8345156 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer remains among the cancers with the highest incidence, prevalence, and mortality worldwide. Although the development of targeted therapies against the EGFR and VEGFR membrane receptors has considerably improved survival in these patients, the appearance of resistance means that their success is still limited. Overactivation of several members of the Ras-GTPase family is one of the main actors in both tumour progression and the lack of response to cytotoxic and targeted therapies. This fact has led many resources to be devoted over the last decades to the development of targeted therapies against these proteins. However, they have not been as successful as expected in their move to the clinic so far. In this review, we will analyse the role of these Ras-GTPases in the emergence and development of colorectal cancer and their relationship with resistance to targeted therapies, as well as the status and new advances in the design of targeted therapies against these proteins and their possible clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jesús García-Foncillas
- Translational Oncology Division, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jimenez Diaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-V.); (L.d.P.-N.)
| | - Arancha Cebrián
- Translational Oncology Division, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jimenez Diaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-V.); (L.d.P.-N.)
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12
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Song F, Bian Y, Liu J, Li Z, Zhao L, Fang J, Lai Y, Zhou M. Indole Alkaloids, Synthetic Dimers and Hybrids with Potential In Vivo Anticancer Activity. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:377-403. [PMID: 32901583 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200908162311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Indole, a heterocyclic organic compound, is one of the most promising heterocycles found in natural and synthetic sources since its derivatives possess fascinating structural diversity and various therapeutic properties. Indole alkaloids, synthetic dimers and hybrids could act on diverse targets in cancer cells, and consequently, possess potential antiproliferative effects on various cancers both in vitro and in vivo. Vinblastine, midostaurin, and anlotinib as the representative of indole alkaloids, synthetic dimers and hybrids respectively, have already been clinically applied to treat many types of cancers, demonstrating indole alkaloids, synthetic dimers and hybrids are useful scaffolds for the development of novel anticancer agents. Covering articles published between 2010 and 2020, this review emphasizes the recent development of indole alkaloids, synthetic dimers and hybrids with potential in vivo therapeutic application for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Song
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Yunqiang Bian
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenghua Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Junman Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Yonghong Lai
- School of Life Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, Shandong, China
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Henkels KM, Rehl KM, Cho KJ. Blocking K-Ras Interaction With the Plasma Membrane Is a Tractable Therapeutic Approach to Inhibit Oncogenic K-Ras Activity. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:673096. [PMID: 34222333 PMCID: PMC8244928 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.673096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras proteins are membrane-bound small GTPases that promote cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Consistent with this key regulatory role, activating mutations of Ras are present in ∼19% of new cancer cases in the United States per year. K-Ras is one of the three ubiquitously expressed isoforms in mammalian cells, and oncogenic mutations in this isoform account for ∼75% of Ras-driven cancers. Therefore, pharmacological agents that block oncogenic K-Ras activity would have great clinical utility. Most efforts to block oncogenic Ras activity have focused on Ras downstream effectors, but these inhibitors only show limited clinical benefits in Ras-driven cancers due to the highly divergent signals arising from Ras activation. Currently, four major approaches are being extensively studied to target K-Ras–driven cancers. One strategy is to block K-Ras binding to the plasma membrane (PM) since K-Ras requires the PM binding for its signal transduction. Here, we summarize recently identified molecular mechanisms that regulate K-Ras–PM interaction. Perturbing these mechanisms using pharmacological agents blocks K-Ras–PM binding and inhibits K-Ras signaling and growth of K-Ras–driven cancer cells. Together, these studies propose that blocking K-Ras–PM binding is a tractable strategy for developing anti–K-Ras therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Henkels
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Kristen M Rehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Kwang-Jin Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
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14
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Sun X, Yan H. MicroRNA-99a-5p suppresses cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by targeting isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:300060520939031. [PMID: 34038200 PMCID: PMC8161884 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520939031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA (miR)-99a-5p acts as a tumor suppressor in several tumors, including bladder cancer and breast cancer, but its biological function in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is poorly understood. METHODS miR-99a-5p expression was determined in OSCC tissues and cell lines using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Cell proliferation was assessed by the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and colony formation assay. Wound healing and Transwell assays were used to analyze migration and invasion abilities, respectively, in OSCC cells. The luciferase reporter assay, RT-qPCR, and western blotting were used to determine the relationship between miR-99a-5p and isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase (ICMT). RESULTS miR-99a-5p expression in OSCC tissues and cell lines was significantly decreased compared with corresponding controls, and was significantly associated with clinical stage and lymph node metastasis in OSCC. Functional assays revealed that miR-99a-5p overexpression significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of CAL-27 and TCA-8113 OSCC cells. miR-99a-5p was found to directly target ICMT, while ICMT restoration reversed the role of miR-99a-5p in OSCC cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that miR-99a-5p-mediates the down-regulation of ICMT, which could be used as a novel potential therapeutic target for OSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Yulin First Hospital, Yulin, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Huixin Yan
- Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yan'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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15
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Wang SR, Sun W, Zhou N, Zhao K, Li WJ, Chi ZP, Wang Y, Wang QM, Tong L, He ZX, Han HY, Chen ZG. Effects of isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase silencing on the proliferation and apoptosis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2021; 39:64-73. [PMID: 33723939 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the effects of silencing isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransfe-rase (Icmt) through small interfering RNA (siRNA) interference on the proliferation and apoptosis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). METHODS Three siRNA were designed and constructed for the Icmt gene sequence and were then transfected into TSCC cells CAL-27 and SCC-4 to silence Icmt expression. The tested cells were divided as follows: RNA interference groups Icmt-siRNA-1, Icmt-siRNA-2, and Icmt-siRNA-3, negative control group, and blank control group. The transfection efficiency of siRNA was detected by the fluorescent group Cy3-labeled siRNA, and the expression of Icmt mRNA was screened by quantitive real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) selected the experimental group for subsequent experiments. The expression of Icmt, RhoA, Cyclin D1, p21, extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), and phospho-extracellular regulated protein kinases (p-ERK) were analyzed by Western blot. The proliferation abilities of TSCC cells were determined by cell counting kit-8 assay. The change in apoptosis was detected by AnnexinV-APC/propidium staining (PI) assay. Cell-cycle analysis was conducted by flow cytometry. RESULTS The expression of Icmt mRNA and protein in TSCC cells significantly decreased after Icmt-siRNA transfection (P<0.05). No significant difference in RhoA mRNA and protein expression was detected (P>0.05), but the expression of RhoA membrane protein decreased compared with the negative control group and blank control groups (P<0.05). Cyclin D1 expression decreased, whereas p21 expression significantly increased and the relative expression of ERK protein in the experimental group did not significantly different that in the control group (P>0.05). However, the phosphorylation level of ERK was significantly reduced (P<0.05). The cell cycles of TSCC CAL-27 and SCC-4 were altered in G1/S, cell proliferation activity was inhibited, and apoptosis was induced (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Silencing Icmt can effectively downregulate its expression in TSCC cells, reduce the RhoA membrane targeting localization and cell proliferation, and induce apoptosis. Thus, Icmt may be a potential gene therapy target for TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ru Wang
- Dept. of Stomatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.,School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Dept. of Stomatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- College of Stomatology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261021, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wen-Jian Li
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zeng-Peng Chi
- College of Stomatology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261021, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Dept. of Stomatology, Fourth People,s Hospital of Jinan, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Qi-Min Wang
- Dept. of Stomatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Dept. of Stomatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zong-Xuan He
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillafacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266005, China
| | - Hong-Yu Han
- Dept. of Stomatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zheng-Gang Chen
- Dept. of Stomatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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16
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Lau HY, Tang J, Casey PJ, Wang M. Evaluating the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Program in Human Breast Epithelial Cells Cultured in Soft Agar Using a Novel Macromolecule Extraction Protocol. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040807. [PMID: 33671920 PMCID: PMC7919038 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Anchorage-independent soft agar colony formation assays have been widely used as an in vitro surrogate for in vivo tumour formation in xenograft studies, and has found much utility in studies such as cancer drug development. However, molecular characterisation of cells grown in soft agar has proven difficult and sometimes even impossible. We developed a set of new methods that allow DNA, RNA and proteins (including phosphoproteins) to be extracted from cells grown in soft agar, even without visible colony formation. We used these methods to demonstrate the role of the epithelial-mesenchymal program in the malignant transformation of a classical human mammary epithelial cell model. Abstract The ability to grow in anchorage-independent conditions is an important feature of malignant cells, and it is well-established that cellular phenotypes in adherent cultures can differ widely from phenotypes observed in xenografts and anchorage-independent conditions. The anchorage-independent soft-agar colony formation assay has been widely used as a bridge between adherent cell cultures and animal tumor studies, providing a reliable in vitro tool to predict the tumorigenicity of cancer cells. However, this functional assay is limited in its utility for molecular mechanistic studies, as currently there is no reliable method that allows the extraction of biological macromolecules from cells embedded in soft-agar matrices, especially in experimental conditions where no visible colonies form. We developed a set of new methods that enable the extraction of DNA, RNA and proteins directly from cells embedded in soft agar, allowing for a wide range of molecular signaling analysis. Using the new methods and human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs), we studied the role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the ability of HMECs to form colonies in soft agar. We found that, when cultured in soft agar instead of in adherent cultures, immortalized non-malignant HME-hTERT cells upregulated the epithelial program, which was noted to be necessary for their survival in this anchorage-independent condition. Overexpression of SV40 small T antigen (ST) or the EMT master-regulator SNAI1 negates this requirement and significantly enhances colony formation in soft agar driven by mutant-RAS. Interestingly, we found that, similar to SNAI1, ST also promotes EMT changes in HMECs, providing further support for EMT as a prerequisite for the efficient anchorage-independent colony formation driven by mutant-RAS in our HMEC model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Yeung Lau
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (H.Y.L.); (J.T.); (P.J.C.)
| | - Jingyi Tang
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (H.Y.L.); (J.T.); (P.J.C.)
| | - Patrick J. Casey
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (H.Y.L.); (J.T.); (P.J.C.)
| | - Mei Wang
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (H.Y.L.); (J.T.); (P.J.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6516-8608
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Chai TF, Manu KA, Casey PJ, Wang M. Isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase is required for the impact of mutant KRAS on TAZ protein level and cancer cell self-renewal. Oncogene 2020; 39:5373-5389. [PMID: 32561852 PMCID: PMC7391290 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells possess the capacity for self-renewal and resistance to chemotherapy. It is therefore crucial to understand the molecular regulators of stemness in the quest to develop effective cancer therapies. TAZ is a transcription activator that promotes stem cell functions in post-development mammalian cells; suppression of TAZ activity reduces or eliminates cancer stemness in select cancers. Isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase (ICMT) is the unique enzyme of the last step of posttranslational prenylation processing pathway that modifies several oncogenic proteins, including RAS. We found that suppression of ICMT results in reduced self-renewal/stemness in KRAS-driven pancreatic and breast cancer cells. Silencing of ICMT led to significant reduction of TAZ protein levels and loss of self-renewal ability, which could be reversed by overexpressing mutant KRAS, demonstrating the functional impact of ICMT modification on the ability of KRAS to control TAZ stability and function. Contrary to expectation, YAP protein levels appear to be much less susceptible than TAZ to the regulation by ICMT and KRAS, and YAP is less consequential in regulating stemness characteristics in these cells. Further, we found that the ICMT-dependent KRAS regulation of TAZ was mediated through RAF, but not PI3K, signaling. Functionally, we demonstrate that a signaling cascade from ICMT modification of KRAS to TAZ protein stability supports cancer cell self-renewal abilities in both in vitro and in vivo settings. In addition, studies using the proof-of-concept small molecule inhibitors of ICMT confirmed its role in regulating TAZ and self-renewal, demonstrating the potential utility of targeting ICMT to control aggressive KRAS-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Fan Chai
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Kanjoormana Aryan Manu
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Patrick J Casey
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore. .,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore.
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18
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Forsberg F, Brunet A, Ali TML, Collas P. Interplay of lamin A and lamin B LADs on the radial positioning of chromatin. Nucleus 2020; 10:7-20. [PMID: 30663495 PMCID: PMC6363278 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2019.1570810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin A (CsA) can elicit hepatotoxicity by affecting gene expression. Here, we address the link between CsA and large-scale chromatin organization in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells. We show the existence of lamina-associated domains (LADs) interacting with lamin A, lamin B, or both. These ‘A-B’, ‘A-only’ and ‘B-only’ LADs display distinct fates after CsA treatment: A-B LADs remain constitutive or lose A, A-only LADs mainly lose A or switch to B, and B-only LADs remain B-only or acquire A. LAD rearrangement is overall uncoupled from changes in gene expression. Three-dimensional (3D) genome modeling predicts changes in radial positioning of LADs as LADs switch identities, which are corroborated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Our results reveal interplay between A- and B-type lamins on radial locus positioning, suggesting complementary contributions to large-scale genome architecture. The data also unveil a hitherto unsuspected impact of cytotoxic drugs on genome conformation.Abbreviations: ChIP-seq: chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing; CsA: cyclosporin A; FISH; fluorescence in situ hybridization; ICMT: isoprenylcysteine methyltransferase; LAD: lamina-associated domain; TAD: topologically-associated domain
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Forsberg
- a Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Annaël Brunet
- a Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Tharvesh M Liyakat Ali
- a Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Philippe Collas
- a Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,b Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
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19
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Chen FY, Li X, Zhu HP, Huang W. Regulation of the Ras-Related Signaling Pathway by Small Molecules Containing an Indole Core Scaffold: A Potential Antitumor Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:280. [PMID: 32231571 PMCID: PMC7082308 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras-Related signaling pathway plays an important role in cell development and differentiation. A growing body of evidence collected in recent years has shown that the aberrant activation of Ras is associated with tumor-related processes. Several studies have indicated that indole and its derivatives can target regulatory factors and interfere with or even block the aberrant Ras-Related pathway to treat or improve malignant tumors. In this review, we summarize the roles of indole and its derivatives in the isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase-participant Ras membrane localization signaling pathway and Ras-GTP/Raf/MAPK signaling pathway through their regulatory mechanisms. Moreover, we briefly discuss the current treatment strategies that target these pathways. Our review will help guide the further study of the application of Ras-Related signaling pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Ping Zhu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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20
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Degirmenci U, Wang M, Hu J. Targeting Aberrant RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK Signaling for Cancer Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:E198. [PMID: 31941155 PMCID: PMC7017232 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter- and intra-cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival, and differentiation. The MAPK pathway also integrates signals from complex intracellular networks in performing cellular functions. Despite the initial discovery of the core elements of the MAPK pathways nearly four decades ago, additional findings continue to make a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of this pathway challenging. Considerable effort has been focused on the regulation of RAF, especially after the discovery of drug resistance and paradoxical activation upon inhibitor binding to the kinase. RAF activity is regulated by phosphorylation and conformation-dependent regulation, including auto-inhibition and dimerization. In this review, we summarize the recent major findings in the study of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling cascade, particularly with respect to the impact on clinical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Degirmenci
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Mei Wang
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jiancheng Hu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore 169610, Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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Wu HZ, Xiao JQ, Xiao SS, Cheng Y. KRAS: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Cancer Treatment. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2081-2097. [PMID: 31486755 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190905164144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is the most commonly mutated oncogene in human cancer. The developments of many cancers depend on sustained expression and signaling of KRAS, which makes KRAS a high-priority therapeutic target. Scientists have not successfully developed drugs that target KRAS, although efforts have been made last three decades. In this review, we highlight the emerging experimental strategies of impairing KRAS membrane localization and the direct targeting of KRAS. We also conclude the combinatorial therapies and RNA interference technology for the treatment of KRAS mutant cancers. Moreover, the virtual screening approach to discover novel KRAS inhibitors and synthetic lethality interactors of KRAS are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Zhou Wu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jia-Qi Xiao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Song-Shu Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
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Xu J, Zhu Y, Wang F, Zhou Y, Xia G, Xu W. ICMT contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma growth, survival, migration and chemoresistance via multiple oncogenic pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:584-589. [PMID: 31451223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase (Icmt) which catalyzes the final step of prenylation of many oncoproteins, such as Ras. Despite studies on Icmt and its regulation in biological activities of various cancers, little is known on the expression, function and mechanisms of the impact of Icmt on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We report here the findings that Icmt is critical for HCC growth, migration, survival and chemoresistance by multiple oncogenic pathways. Expression analysis on primary patient and cell line samples demonstrated that Icmt protein level was significantly higher in the majority (∼70%) of HCC tissues and cells than corresponding normal counterparts. Icmt depletion inhibited growth, survival and migration in HCC cells, and augmented the inhibitory effects of doxorubicin. Consistently, Icmt also inhibited growth, and migration, and induced apoptosis in HCC cells that are resistant to doxorubicin. In contrast, Icmt overexpression promoted growth and migration in normal liver cells. Mechanistically, Icmt inhibition suppressed Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC cells. Several different approaches demonstrated that Icmt was critical for HCC biological activities with the predominant role in cell response to chemotherapy. This previously unappreciated function of Icmt can be targeted to enhance chemotherapy in particular those HCC patients with high Icmt expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Xu
- Department of Liver Disease Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Information Management Section, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei province, China
| | - Guili Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Manu KA, Cao PHA, Chai TF, Casey PJ, Wang M. p21cip1/waf1 Coordinate Autophagy, Proliferation and Apoptosis in Response to Metabolic Stress. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081112. [PMID: 31382612 PMCID: PMC6721591 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells possess metabolic properties that are different from benign cells. These unique characteristics have become attractive targets that are being actively investigated for cancer therapy. p21cip1/waf1, also known as Cyclin-Dependent Kinase inhibitor 1A, is encoded by the CDKN1A gene. It is a major p53 target gene involved in cell cycle progression that has been extensively evaluated. To date, p21 has been reported to regulate various cell functions, both dependent and independent of p53. Besides regulating the cell cycle, p21 also modulates apoptosis, induces senescence, and maintains cellular quiescence in response to various stimuli. p21 transcription is induced in response to stresses, including those from oxidative and chemotherapeutic treatment. A recent study has shown that in response to metabolic stresses such as nutrient and energy depletion, p21 expression is induced to regulate various cell functions. Despite the biological significance, the mechanism of p21 regulation in cancer adaptation to metabolic stress is underexplored and thus represents an exciting field. This review focuses on the recent development of p21 regulation in response to metabolic stress and its impact in inducing cell cycle arrest and death in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanjoormana Aryan Manu
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Pham Hong Anh Cao
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Tin Fan Chai
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Patrick J Casey
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore.
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Isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma chemoresistance and Ras activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:784-789. [PMID: 31253403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Development of chemo-resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) poses the therapeutic challenge and its mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this work, we demonstrate that targeting isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase (Icmt) is a therapeutic strategy to overcome NPC chemo-resistance. We found that Icmt mRNA and protein levels were increased in NPC cells after prolonged exposure to chemotherapy. Using pharmacological inhibitor cysmethynil or genetic siRNA approaches, we showed that Icmt inhibition was more effective against chemoresistant compared to chemosensitive NPC cells, suggesting that chemoresistant NPC cells is more dependent on Icmt function. The combination of Icmt inhibition with 5-FU or cisplatin resulted in greater efficacy than single chemotherapeutic agent alone in NPC. Notably, we demonstrated that the in vitro observations were translatable to in vivo NPC cancer xenograft mouse model. Mechanism analysis indicated that Icmt inhibition decreased Ras and RhoA activities, leading to the suppression of Ras and RhoA-mediated downstream signaling in NPC cells. The reverse of the inhibitory effects of cysmethynil by constitutively active Ras suggests that Ras is the critical effector of Icmt in NPC cells. Our work is the first to show that Icmt plays an important role in the development of NPC chemoresistance. Our findings also suggest that targeting Icmt represents a promising strategy to inhibit Ras function.
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25
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Marín-Ramos NI, Balabasquer M, Ortega-Nogales FJ, Torrecillas IR, Gil-Ordóñez A, Marcos-Ramiro B, Aguilar-Garrido P, Cushman I, Romero A, Medrano FJ, Gajate C, Mollinedo F, Philips MR, Campillo M, Gallardo M, Martín-Fontecha M, López-Rodríguez ML, Ortega-Gutiérrez S. A Potent Isoprenylcysteine Carboxylmethyltransferase (ICMT) Inhibitor Improves Survival in Ras-Driven Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6035-6046. [PMID: 31181882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Blockade of Ras activity by inhibiting its post-translational methylation catalyzed by isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase (ICMT) has been suggested as a promising antitumor strategy. However, the paucity of inhibitors has precluded the clinical validation of this approach. In this work we report a potent ICMT inhibitor, compound 3 [UCM-1336, IC50 = 2 μM], which is selective against the other enzymes involved in the post-translational modifications of Ras. Compound 3 significantly impairs the membrane association of the four Ras isoforms, leading to a decrease of Ras activity and to inhibition of Ras downstream signaling pathways. In addition, it induces cell death in a variety of Ras-mutated tumor cell lines and increases survival in an in vivo model of acute myeloid leukemia. Because ICMT inhibition impairs the activity of the four Ras isoforms regardless of its activating mutation, compound 3 surmounts many of the common limitations of available Ras inhibitors described so far. In addition, these results validate ICMT as a valuable target for the treatment of Ras-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagore I Marín-Ramos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid , Spain.,CEI Campus Moncloa , UCM-UPM and CSIC , E-28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Moisés Balabasquer
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Francisco J Ortega-Nogales
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Iván R Torrecillas
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , E-08193 Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Ana Gil-Ordóñez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Beatriz Marcos-Ramiro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Pedro Aguilar-Garrido
- H12O-CNIO Haematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit , Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO) , E-28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - Ian Cushman
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States
| | - Antonio Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC , E-28040 Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Consuelo Gajate
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC , E-28040 Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Mark R Philips
- Perlmutter Cancer Center , New York University School of Medicine , New York , New York 10016 , United States
| | - Mercedes Campillo
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , E-08193 Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Miguel Gallardo
- H12O-CNIO Haematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit , Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO) , E-28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - Mar Martín-Fontecha
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - María L López-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Silvia Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid , Spain
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26
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Kuskucu A, Tuysuz EC, Gurkan S, Demir Z, Yaltirik CK, Ozkan F, Ekici ID, Bayrak OF, Ture U. Co-polysomy of 1p/19q in glial tumors: Retrospective analysis of 221 cases from single center. Gene 2019; 701:161-168. [PMID: 30849537 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Glial tumors are malignant brain tumors that arise from glial cells of brain or spine and have genetic aberrations in their genome. 1p/19q co-deletion is associated with increased Overall Survival (OS) time with enhanced response to chemo- and radio-therapy in oligodendrogliomas. However, prognostic significance of 1p/19q co-polysomy is still unclear. We evaluated 1p/19q status of 221 patients with glial tumor by Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH). Records of the patients were collected retrospectively. Our results demonstrated that 1p/19q co-polysomy was associated with decreased OS time, high P53 expression and frequently located in temporal lobe, whereas 1p/19q co-deletion was associated with increased overall survival time, low P53 expression and frontal lobe location. Furthermore, classification of patients based on both 1p/19q status and P53 expression revealed that patients with 1p/19q co-polysomy and high P53 expression had the worst prognosis. Lastly, our bioinformatic survival analysis revealed that high expression of SRM, ICMT, and FTL located in 1p36.13-p36.31 and 19q13.2-q13.33 region were related with decreased OS time in patients with Low Grade Glioma (LGG). The study demonstrated that 1p/19q co-polysomy is a poor prognostic marker for glial tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Kuskucu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Yeditepe University Medical School, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Can Tuysuz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Yeditepe University Medical School, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezin Gurkan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Yeditepe University Medical School, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynel Demir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Yeditepe University Medical School, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Kaan Yaltirik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yeditepe University Medical School, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ferda Ozkan
- Department of Medical Pathology, Yeditepe University Medical School, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Isin Dogan Ekici
- Department of Medical Pathology, Yeditepe University Medical School, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Faruk Bayrak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Yeditepe University Medical School, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ugur Ture
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yeditepe University Medical School, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.
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27
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Ahearn I, Zhou M, Philips MR. Posttranslational Modifications of RAS Proteins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031484. [PMID: 29311131 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The three human RAS genes encode four proteins that play central roles in oncogenesis by acting as binary molecular switches that regulate signaling pathways for growth and differentiation. Each is subject to a set of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that modify their activity or are required for membrane targeting. The enzymes that catalyze the various PTMs are potential targets for anti-RAS drug discovery. The PTMs of RAS proteins are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ahearn
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Mo Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Mark R Philips
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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28
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Stout MC, Campbell PM. RASpecting the oncogene: New pathways to therapeutic advances. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:217-228. [PMID: 30352234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RAS is the most commonly mutated driver of tumorigenesis, seen in about 30% of all cancer cases. There is a subset of tumors termed RAS-driven cancers in which RAS mutation or overactivation is evident, including as much as 95% in pancreatic and 50% in colon cancer. RAS is a family of small membrane bound GTPases that act as a signaling node to control both normal and cancer biology. Since the discovery of RAS' overall prominence in many tumor types and specifically in RAS-dependent cancers, it has been an obvious therapeutic target for drug development. However, RAS has proved a very elusive target, and after a few prominent RAS targeted drugs failed in clinical trials after decades of research, RAS was termed "undruggable" and research in this field was greatly hampered. An increase in knowledge about basic RAS biology has led to a resurgence in the generation of novel therapeutics targeting RAS signaling utilizing various and distinct approaches. These new drugs target RAS activation directly, block downstream signaling effectors and inhibit proper post-translational processing and trafficking/recycling of RAS. This review will cover how these new drugs were developed and how they have fared in preclinical and early phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Stout
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, USA; Cancer Biology Program and The Marvin & Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, USA
| | - Paul M Campbell
- Cancer Biology Program and The Marvin & Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, USA.
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29
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Liu Q, Chen J, Fu B, Dai J, Zhao Y, Lai L. Isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase regulates ovarian cancer cell response to chemotherapy and Ras activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:556-562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Marín-Ramos NI, Ortega-Gutiérrez S, López-Rodríguez ML. Blocking Ras inhibition as an antitumor strategy. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 54:91-100. [PMID: 29409706 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ras proteins are among the most frequently mutated drivers in human cancer and remain an elusive pharmaceutical targeting. Previous studies have improved the understanding of Ras structure, processing, and signaling pathways in cancer cells and have opened new possibilities for inhibiting Ras function. In this review we discuss the most recent advances towards inhibiting Ras activity with small molecules, highlighting the two approaches: (i) compounds that bind directly to Ras protein and (ii) inhibitors of the enzymes involved in the post-translational modifications of Ras. In the former, we analyze the most recent contributions in each of the main classes of Ras direct binders, including the different types of nucleotide exchange inhibitors, allosteric compounds, and molecules that interfere with the interaction between Ras and its effectors. In the latter, we examine the compounds that inhibit Ras activation by blocking any of its post-translational modifications. Also, a special focus is made on those molecules that have progressed the farthest from medicinal chemistry and drug development points of view. Finally, the current scene regarding the clinical trials of Ras inhibitors, together with the future promising avenues for further development of the challenging Ras field are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagore I Marín-Ramos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Silvia Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María L López-Rodríguez
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Pan Q, Liu R, Banu H, Ma L, Li H. Inhibition of isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase sensitizes common chemotherapies in cervical cancer via Ras-dependent pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:169-175. [PMID: 29331763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase (Icmt) catalyzes the last step of post-translational protein prenylation, which is essential for the stability and proper functions of many oncogenic proteins, such as Ras. Despite extensive studies on the roles of Icmt in tumor transformation and progression, little is known on the involvement ofIcmt in the development of tumor resistance to chemotherapy. Here we show the upregulation of Icmt as a persistent response to chemotherapy in cervical cancer cells. In-depth functional analysis demonstrated that Icmt inhibition significantly inhibited growth, induced apoptosis and augmented the inhibitory effects of chemotherapy drugs in cervical cancer in cell culture system and xenograft mouse model. Importantly, combination of Icmt specific inhibitor cysmethynil with doxorubicin or paclitaxel at sublethal concentration achieved almost full inhibition of tumor cell growth and survival. The remarkable synergy between chemotherapy drugs and Icmt inhibition in cervical cancer cells is likely due to the additional suppression of Ras and its downstream signaling pathways. We are the first to demonstrate the contribution of Icmt in tumor cells in response to chemotherapy. Our work also highlights Icmt inhibition as a sensitizing strategy for the treatment of cervical cancer or other Ras-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Clinical Second Clinical Medical College of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Clinical Second Clinical Medical College of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Hasina Banu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Clinical Second Clinical Medical College of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Clinical Second Clinical Medical College of Yangtze University, Renmin Road 1, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Clinical Second Clinical Medical College of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.
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32
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Lau HY, Wang M. Small change, big effect: Taking RAS by the tail through suppression of post-prenylation carboxylmethylation. Small GTPases 2017; 11:271-279. [PMID: 29261009 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1415637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant RAS isoforms are the most common oncogenes affecting human cancers. After decades of effort in developing drugs targeting oncogenic RAS-driven cancers, we are still charting an unclear path. Despite recent developments exemplified by KRAS (G12C) inhibitors, direct targeting of mutant RAS remains a difficult endeavor. Inhibiting RAS function by targeting its post-translational prenylation processing has remained an important approach, especially with recent progress on the study of isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase (ICMT), the unique enzyme for the last step of prenylation processing of RAS isoforms and other substrates. Inhibition of ICMT has shown efficacy both in vitro and in vivo in RAS-mutant cancer models. We will discuss the roles of RAS family of proteins in human cancers and the impact of post-prenylation carboxylmethylation on RAS driven tumorigenesis. In addition, we will review what is known of the molecular and cellular impact of ICMT inhibition on cancer cells that underlie its anti-proliferative and pro-apoptosis efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Yeung Lau
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore
| | - Mei Wang
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore , Singapore
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33
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Court H, Ahearn IM, Amoyel M, Bach EA, Philips MR. Regulation of NOTCH signaling by RAB7 and RAB8 requires carboxyl methylation by ICMT. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:4165-4182. [PMID: 29051265 PMCID: PMC5716267 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201701053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT) methylesterifies C-terminal prenylcysteine residues of CaaX proteins and some RAB GTPases. Deficiency of either ICMT or NOTCH1 accelerates pancreatic neoplasia in Pdx1-Cre;LSL-KrasG12D mice, suggesting that ICMT is required for NOTCH signaling. We used Drosophila melanogaster wing vein and scutellar bristle development to screen Rab proteins predicted to be substrates for ICMT (ste14 in flies). We identified Rab7 and Rab8 as ICMT substrates that when silenced phenocopy ste14 deficiency. ICMT, RAB7, and RAB8 were all required for efficient NOTCH1 signaling in mammalian cells. Overexpression of RAB8 rescued NOTCH activation after ICMT knockdown both in U2OS cells expressing NOTCH1 and in fly wing vein development. ICMT deficiency induced mislocalization of GFP-RAB7 and GFP-RAB8 from endomembrane to cytosol, enhanced binding to RABGDI, and decreased GTP loading of RAB7 and RAB8. Deficiency of ICMT, RAB7, or RAB8 led to mislocalization and diminished processing of NOTCH1-GFP. Thus, NOTCH signaling requires ICMT in part because it requires methylated RAB7 and RAB8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Court
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ian M Ahearn
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Marc Amoyel
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK
| | - Erika A Bach
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Mark R Philips
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
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34
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Concepts and advances in cancer therapeutic vulnerabilities in RAS membrane targeting. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 54:121-130. [PMID: 29203271 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For decades oncogenic RAS proteins were considered undruggable due to a lack of accessible binding pockets on the protein surfaces. Seminal early research in RAS biology uncovered the basic paradigm of post-translational isoprenylation of RAS polypeptides, typically with covalent attachment of a farnesyl group, leading to isoprenyl-mediated RAS anchorage at the plasma membrane and signal initiation at those sites. However, the failure of farnesyltransferase inhibitors to translate to the clinic stymied anti-RAS therapy development. Over the past ten years, a more complete picture has emerged of RAS protein maturation, intracellular trafficking, and location, positioning and retention in subdomains at the plasma membrane, with a corresponding expansion in our understanding of how these properties of RAS contribute to signal outputs. Each of these aspects of RAS regulation presents a potential vulnerability in RAS function that may be exploited for therapeutic targeting, and inhibitors have been identified or developed that interfere with RAS for nearly all of them. This review will summarize current understanding of RAS membrane targeting with a focus on highlighting development and outcomes of inhibitors at each step.
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35
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Huang J, Yang X, Peng X, Huang W. Inhibiting prenylation augments chemotherapy efficacy in renal cell carcinoma through dual inhibition on mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:921-927. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Chen JJ, Boehning D. Protein Lipidation As a Regulator of Apoptotic Calcium Release: Relevance to Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 7:138. [PMID: 28706877 PMCID: PMC5489567 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is a critical regulator of cell death pathways. One of the most proximal events leading to cell death is activation of plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum-resident calcium channels. A large body of evidence indicates that defects in this pathway contribute to cancer development. Although we have a thorough understanding of how downstream elevations in cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium contribute to cell death, it is much less clear how calcium channels are activated upstream of the apoptotic stimulus. Recently, it has been shown that protein lipidation is a potent regulator of apoptotic signaling. Although classically thought of as a static modification, rapid and reversible protein acylation has emerged as a new signaling paradigm relevant to many pathways, including calcium release and cell death. In this review, we will discuss the role of protein lipidation in regulating apoptotic calcium signaling with direct therapeutic relevance to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Darren Boehning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, United States
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37
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Yang WS, Yeo SG, Yang S, Kim KH, Yoo BC, Cho JY. Isoprenyl carboxyl methyltransferase inhibitors: a brief review including recent patents. Amino Acids 2017. [PMID: 28631011 PMCID: PMC5561173 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Among the enzymes involved in the post-translational modification of Ras, isoprenyl carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT) has been explored by a number of researchers as a significant enzyme controlling the activation of Ras. Indeed, inhibition of ICMT exhibited promising anti-cancer activity against various cancer cell lines. This paper reviews patents and research articles published between 2009 and 2016 that reported inhibitors of ICMT as potential chemotherapeutic agents targeting Ras-induced growth factor signaling. Since ICMT inhibitors can modulate Ras signaling pathway, it might be possible to develop a new class of anti-cancer drugs targeting Ras-related cancers. Researchers have discovered indole-based small-molecular ICMT inhibitors through high-throughput screening. Researchers at Duke University identified a prototypical inhibitor, cysmethynil. At Singapore University, Ramanujulu and his colleagues patented more potent compounds by optimizing cysmethynil. In addition, Rodriguez and Stevenson at Universidad Complutense De Madrid and Cancer Therapeutics CRC PTY Ltd., respectively, have developed inhibitors based on formulas other than the indole base. However, further optimization of chemicals targeted to functional groups is needed to improve the characteristics of ICMT inhibitors related to their application as drugs, such as solubility, effectiveness, and safety, to facilitate clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Seok Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jang-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Gu Yeo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjae Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jang-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Biomarker Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong Chul Yoo
- Biomarker Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jang-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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38
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Do MT, Chai TF, Casey PJ, Wang M. Isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase function is essential for RAB4A-mediated integrin β3 recycling, cell migration and cancer metastasis. Oncogene 2017; 36:5757-5767. [PMID: 28604748 PMCID: PMC5658678 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase (ICMT) catalyzes the post-translational modification of RAB GTPases that contain C-terminal CXC motifs. However, the functional impact of this modification on RAB proteins has not been actively explored. We found that inhibition of ICMT significantly reduced cell migration in vitro and cancer invasion and metastasis in vivo. This role of ICMT was found to be mediated by RAB4A, an essential regulator of the fast recycling of integrin β3. Integrin β3 regulates cell polarity and migration when localized appropriately to the plasma membrane, thereby having an essential role in cancer metastasis. ICMT catalyzed carboxylmethylation is critical for RAB4A activation and interaction with effectors, its localization to endosomes and recycling vesicles, and hence important for RAB4A-dependent integrin β3 recycling to plasma membrane. These findings bring attention to the effects of C-terminal carboxylmethylation on RAB GTPases and provide a rationale for targeting ICMT in the treatment of metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Do
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - T F Chai
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - P J Casey
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Wang
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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39
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Pharmacological strategies to target oncogenic KRAS signaling in pancreatic cancer. Pharmacol Res 2017; 117:370-376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Lau HY, Tang J, Casey PJ, Wang M. Isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase is critical for malignant transformation and tumor maintenance by all RAS isoforms. Oncogene 2017; 36:3934-3942. [PMID: 28192404 PMCID: PMC5502315 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive effort, there has been limited progress in the development of direct RAS inhibitors. Targeting isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase (ICMT), a unique enzyme of RAS post-translational modification, represents a promising strategy to inhibit RAS function. However, there lacks direct genetic evidence on the role of ICMT in RAS-driven human cancer initiation and maintenance. Using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, we have created Icmt loss-of-function isogenic cell lines for both RAS-transformed human mammary epithelial cells (HME1) and human cancer cell lines MiaPaca-2 and MDA-MB-231 containing naturally occurring mutant KRAS. In both in vitro and in vivo tumorigenesis studies, Icmt loss-of-function abolishes the tumor initiation ability of all major isoforms of mutant RAS in HME1 cells, and the tumor maintenance capacity of MiaPaca-2 and MDA-MB-231 cells, establishing the critical role of ICMT in RAS-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Lau
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - J Tang
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - P J Casey
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - M Wang
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Manu KA, Chai TF, Teh JT, Zhu WL, Casey PJ, Wang M. Inhibition of Isoprenylcysteine Carboxylmethyltransferase Induces Cell-Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis through p21 and p21-Regulated BNIP3 Induction in Pancreatic Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:914-923. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Dufrisne MB, Petrou VI, Clarke OB, Mancia F. Structural basis for catalysis at the membrane-water interface. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:1368-1385. [PMID: 27913292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The membrane-water interface forms a uniquely heterogeneous and geometrically constrained environment for enzymatic catalysis. Integral membrane enzymes sample three environments - the uniformly hydrophobic interior of the membrane, the aqueous extramembrane region, and the fuzzy, amphipathic interfacial region formed by the tightly packed headgroups of the components of the lipid bilayer. Depending on the nature of the substrates and the location of the site of chemical modification, catalysis may occur in each of these environments. The availability of structural information for alpha-helical enzyme families from each of these classes, as well as several beta-barrel enzymes from the bacterial outer membrane, has allowed us to review here the different ways in which each enzyme fold has adapted to the nature of the substrates, products, and the unique environment of the membrane. Our focus here is on enzymes that process lipidic substrates. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Bacterial Lipids edited by Russell E. Bishop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan Belcher Dufrisne
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vasileios I Petrou
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Oliver B Clarke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Filippo Mancia
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Cox AD, Der CJ, Philips MR. Targeting RAS Membrane Association: Back to the Future for Anti-RAS Drug Discovery? Clin Cancer Res 2016; 21:1819-27. [PMID: 25878363 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RAS proteins require membrane association for their biologic activity, making this association a logical target for anti-RAS therapeutics. Lipid modification of RAS proteins by a farnesyl isoprenoid is an obligate step in that association, and is an enzymatic process. Accordingly, farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTI) were developed as potential anti-RAS drugs. The lack of efficacy of FTIs as anticancer drugs was widely seen as indicating that blocking RAS membrane association was a flawed approach to cancer treatment. However, a deeper understanding of RAS modification and trafficking has revealed that this was an erroneous conclusion. In the presence of FTIs, KRAS and NRAS, which are the RAS isoforms most frequently mutated in cancer, become substrates for alternative modification, can still associate with membranes, and can still function. Thus, FTIs failed not because blocking RAS membrane association is an ineffective approach, but because FTIs failed to accomplish that task. Recent findings regarding RAS isoform trafficking and the regulation of RAS subcellular localization have rekindled interest in efforts to target these processes. In particular, improved understanding of the palmitoylation/depalmitoylation cycle that regulates RAS interaction with the plasma membrane, endomembranes, and cytosol, and of the potential importance of RAS chaperones, have led to new approaches. Efforts to validate and target other enzymatically regulated posttranslational modifications are also ongoing. In this review, we revisit lessons learned, describe the current state of the art, and highlight challenging but promising directions to achieve the goal of disrupting RAS membrane association and subcellular localization for anti-RAS drug development. Clin Cancer Res; 21(8); 1819-27. ©2015 AACR. See all articles in this CCR Focus section, "Targeting RAS-Driven Cancers."
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne D Cox
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Channing J Der
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Mark R Philips
- Perlmutter Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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Inhibition of isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase augments BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibition-induced apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol 2015; 44:189-93.e2. [PMID: 26706195 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors remains a therapeutic challenge. One strategy used to overcome resistance is combination of existing BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors with agents that target alternative pathways. We report that inhibition of isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase (Icmt), a key enzyme in the protein prenylation pathway, with the selective inhibitor cysmethynil enhances the effect of BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors in killing CML cells. Cysmethynil augments tyrosine kinase inhibitor-induced apoptosis in both BCR-ABL1 wild type and BCR-ABL1 kinase domain mutant-expressing cell lines. Importantly, the enhanced apoptosis observed with the combination of cysmethynil and imatinib is significant only in primary CML CD34+ progenitor cells, not normal cord blood progenitor cells. The combination was also selective in inhibiting colony formation in CML CD34+ cells. The enhanced apoptosis appears to be due to combination of immediate and persistent inhibition of MAPK signaling. Consistent with in vitro studies, cysmethynil and imatinib, in combination, enhance the in vivo effects of either drug used alone. We found that simultaneous inhibition of BCR-ABL1 and Icmt may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for CML.
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Downregulation of microRNA-100 enhances the ICMT-Rac1 signaling and promotes metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12177-88. [PMID: 25361001 PMCID: PMC4322964 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is responsible for rapid recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and poor survival of HCC patients. Here we showed that miR-100 downregulation in HCC tissues was significantly associated with venous invasion, advanced TNM stage, tumor nodule without complete capsule, poorer cell differentiation, and shorter recurrence-free survival. Both gain- and loss-of-function studies showed that miR-100 dramatically suppressed the ability of HCC cells to migrate and to invade through Matrigel in vitro. Analyses using mouse orthotopic xenograft model further revealed that xenografts of miR-100-stable-expressing HCC cells displayed a significant reduction in pulmonary metastasis, compared with control group. Subsequent investigations revealed that miR-100 directly inhibited the expression of isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT) and ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) by binding to their 3′-UTRs, and in turn suppressed lamellipodia formation and matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) activation. Furthermore, knockdown of ICMT and Rac1 phenocopied the anti-metastasis effect of miR-100, whereas overexpression of the constitutively active Rac1 (Q61L) antagonized the function of miR-100. Taken together, miR-100 represses metastasis of HCC cells by abrogating the ICMT-Rac1 signaling. Downregulation of miR-100 contributes to HCC metastasis and the restoration of miR-100 is a potential strategy for cancer therapy.
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Schmick M, Kraemer A, Bastiaens PIH. Ras moves to stay in place. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:190-7. [PMID: 25759176 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ras is a major intracellular signaling hub. This elevated position comes at a precarious cost: a single point mutation can cause aberrant signaling. The capacity of Ras for signaling is inextricably linked to its enrichment at the plasma membrane (PM). This PM localization is dynamically maintained by three essential elements: alteration of membrane affinities via lipidation and membrane-interaction motifs; trapping on specific membranes coupled with unidirectional vesicular transport to the PM; and regulation of diffusion via interaction with a solubilization factor. This system constitutes a cycle that primarily corrects for the entropic equilibration of Ras to all membranes that dilutes its signaling capacity. We illuminate how this reaction-diffusion system maintains an out-of-equilibrium localization of Ras GTPases and thereby confers signaling functionality to the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Schmick
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Astrid Kraemer
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Philippe I H Bastiaens
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Diver MM, Long SB. Mutational analysis of the integral membrane methyltransferase isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT) reveals potential substrate binding sites. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26007-26020. [PMID: 25059662 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.585125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic integral membrane enzyme isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT) methylates the carboxylate of a lipid-modified cysteine at the C terminus of its protein substrates. This is the final post-translational modification of proteins containing a CAAX motif, including the oncoprotein Ras, and therefore, ICMT may serve as a therapeutic target in cancer development. ICMT has no discernible sequence homology with soluble methyltransferases, and aspects of its catalytic mechanism are unknown. For example, how both the methyl donor S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet), which is water-soluble, and the methyl acceptor isoprenylcysteine, which is lipophilic, are recognized within the same active site is not clear. To identify regions of ICMT critical for activity, we combined scanning mutagenesis with methyltransferase assays. We mutated nearly half of the residues of the ortholog of human ICMT from Anopheles gambiae and observed reduced or undetectable catalytic activity for 62 of the mutants. The crystal structure of a distantly related prokaryotic methyltransferase (Ma Mtase), which has sequence similarity with ICMT in its AdoMet binding site but methylates different substrates, provides context for the mutational analysis. The data suggest that ICMT and Ma MTase bind AdoMet in a similar manner. With regard to residues potentially involved in isoprenylcysteine binding, we identified numerous amino acids within transmembrane regions of ICMT that dramatically reduced catalytic activity when mutated. Certain substitutions of these caused substrate inhibition by isoprenylcysteine, suggesting that they contribute to the isoprenylcysteine binding site. The data provide evidence that the active site of ICMT spans both cytosolic and membrane-embedded regions of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda M Diver
- Structural Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute and Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065; Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Stephen B Long
- Structural Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute and Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065.
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