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Thompson RR, Jones NM, Freeman AM, Holman EA, Garfin DR, Silver RC. Psychological responses to U.S. statewide restrictions and COVID-19 exposures: A longitudinal study. Health Psychol 2022; 41:817-825. [PMID: 36251253 PMCID: PMC9727834 DOI: 10.1037/hea0001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The COVID-19 pandemic has generated debate as to whether community-level behavioral restrictions are worth the emotional costs of such restrictions. Using a longitudinal design, we juxtaposed the relative impacts of state-level restrictions and case counts with person-level direct and media-based exposures on distress, loneliness, and traumatic stress symptoms (TSS) during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. METHOD From March 18, 2020 to April 18, 2020 and September 9, 2020 to October 16, 2020, a representative probability sample of U.S. adults (N = 5,594) completed surveys of their psychological responses and personal direct and media-based exposures to the COVID-19 pandemic. Survey data were merged with publicly available data on the stringency of state-level mitigation policies (e.g., school/business closures) during this period and longitudinal case/death counts for each state. RESULTS Three multilevel models (outcomes: distress, loneliness, TSS) were constructed. Measurements of dependent variables (Level 1) were nested within respondents (Level 2) who were nested within states (Level 3). State-level mitigation, cases, or deaths were not associated with any dependent variables (all p's > .05). However, person-level exposures, including having contracted COVID-19 oneself (distress b = .22, p < .001; loneliness b = .13, p = .03; TSS b = .18, p = .001), knowing others who were sick (distress b = .04, p < .001; loneliness b = .02, p < .001; TSS b = .05, p < .001) or died (distress b = .10, p = .001; loneliness b = .10, p = .003; TSS b = .16, p < .001), and exposure to pandemic-related media (distress b = .12, p < .001; loneliness b = .09, p < .001; TSS b = .16, p < .001), were positively associated with outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Personal exposures to COVID-19 are more strongly associated with psychological outcomes than statewide mitigations levied to stop disease spread. Results may inform public health response planning for future disease outbreaks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nickolas M. Jones
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Apphia M. Freeman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - E. Alison Holman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
- Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of California, Irvine
| | - Dana Rose Garfin
- Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of California, Irvine
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine
| | - Roxane Cohen Silver
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine
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2
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Muhajarine N, Adeyinka DA, Pisolkar V, Ahmed MS, Kallio N, Coomaran V, McIntosh T, Novik N, Jeffery B. Equity Analysis of Repeated Cross-Sectional Survey Data on Mental Health Outcomes in Saskatchewan, Canada during COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192113808. [PMID: 36360688 PMCID: PMC9655244 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to understand the impact of COVID-19 on three mental health outcomes-anxiety, depression, and mental health service use. Specifically, whether the associations between social and economic variables and these outcomes are exacerbated or buffered among equity-seeking groups in Saskatchewan. We analyzed secondary datasets of Saskatchewan adults from population-based national surveys conducted by Mental Health Research Canada (MHRC) on three occasions: cycle 2 (August 2020), cycle 5 (February 2021), and cycle 7 (June 2021). We examined temporal changes in the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and service utilization. Using the responses from 577 respondents in cycle 5 dataset (as it coincides with the peak of 2nd wave), we performed multinomial logistic regression. The policy implications of the findings were explored empirically through a World Café approach with 30 service providers, service users and policy makers in the province. The prevalence of anxiety and depression remained steady but high. Mental health services were not accessed by many who need it. Participants reporting moderate or severe anxiety were more likely to be 30-49 years old, women, and immigrants who earned less than $20,000 annually. Immigrants with either college or technical education presented with a lesser risk of severe anxiety. Factors associated with moderate or severe depression were younger age (<50 years), low household income, as well as immigrants with lower levels of education. Racialized groups had a lower risk of severe depression if they were under 30 years. Students and retirees also had a lower risk of severe depression. Canadian-born residents were more likely to require mental health supports but were not accessing them, compared to immigrants. Our analysis suggests mental health outcomes and service utilization remain a problem in Saskatchewan, especially among equity-seeking groups. This study should help drive mental health service redesign towards a client-centred, integrated, and equity-driven system in Saskatchewan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazeem Muhajarine
- Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit (SPHERU), University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Daniel A. Adeyinka
- Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit (SPHERU), University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Vaidehi Pisolkar
- Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit (SPHERU), University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Md Sabbir Ahmed
- Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit (SPHERU), University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Natalie Kallio
- Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit (SPHERU), University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Vithusha Coomaran
- Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit (SPHERU), University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Tom McIntosh
- Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit (SPHERU), University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
- Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Nuelle Novik
- Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit (SPHERU), University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Bonnie Jeffery
- Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit (SPHERU), University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
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3
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Chen H, Ma Q, Du B, Huang Y, Zhu SG, Li SL, Geng DQ, Xu XS. Psychotherapy and Follow-Up in Health Care Workers After the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Single Center's Experience. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:2245-2258. [PMID: 36003831 PMCID: PMC9394520 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s371787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aims to analysis the mental health of high-risk health care workers (HHCWs) and low-risk HCWs (LHCWs) who were respectively exposed to COVID-19 wards and non-COVID-19 wards by following up on mental disorders in HCWs in China for 6 months. Methods A multi-psychological assessment questionnaire was used to follow up on the psychological status of HCWs in the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University in Xuzhou City (a non-core epidemic area) at 6 months after the first evaluation conducted during the COVID-19 epidemic. Based on the risk of exposure to COVID-19 patients, the HCWs were divided into two groups: high-risk HCWs, who worked in COVID-19 wards, and low-risk HCWs, who worked in non-COVID-19 wards. Results A total of 198 HCWs participated in the study, and 168 questionnaires were selected for evaluation. Among them, 93 (55.4%) were in the HHCW group and 75 (44.5%) were in the LHCW group. Significant differences were observed in salary, profession, and altruistic behavior between the two groups (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the anxiety, depression, insomnia, or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) scores between the two groups. Logistic regression revealed that work stress was a major joint risk factor for mental disorders in HCWs. Among all the HCWs, a total of 58 voluntarily participated in psychotherapy; the analysis showed a significant decrease in anxiety, depression, PTSD, work stress, and work risk after attending psychotherapy. There were also significant differences in positive and negative coping styles before and after psychotherapy. Conclusion In the present follow-up, work stress was the major contributing factor to mental disorders in HCWs. Psychotherapy is helpful in terms of stress management and should be provided to first-line COVID-19 HCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Du
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Guang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Li Li
- Department of Medical Records and Statistics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Qin Geng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Shun Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, People's Republic of China
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4
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Xue J, Raitt J, Roaten K, North CS. A study of suicidal thoughts and behaviour in a sample of adults affected by the 9/11 attacks on New York City's World Trade Center. Int Rev Psychiatry 2022; 34:89-96. [PMID: 35584020 PMCID: PMC9992927 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2021.2018996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous research on suicide risk in relation to disasters has yielded varying findings, likely resulting at least in part from inconsistencies in definitions of disaster exposure and assessment of psychiatric disorders. This study examined suicidal thoughts and behaviour in a sample of 379 adults affected by the 9/11 attacks on New York City, using carefully-defined disaster exposure variables and assessing psychopathology with full diagnostic criteria, nearly 3 years after the disaster. Only 7% of the sample reported any postdisaster suicidal thoughts or behaviour, only 1% of which were new (incident) after the disaster, amounting to very little evidence of incident suicidal risk. The occurrence of a postdisaster psychiatric disorder in nearly one-half of the sample (45%) was significantly associated with postdisaster suicide risk (15% vs 1%). Disaster trauma exposure was not associated with postdisaster suicide risk. The findings of this study are not consistent with the disaster experience itself giving rise to suicide risk. Nonetheless, the postdisaster setting provides opportunities for education about and surveillance for suicide risk and other mental health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Xue
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Josh Raitt
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Metrocare Services, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kimberly Roaten
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Carol S North
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Metrocare Services, Dallas, TX, USA
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5
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Okamura T, Sugiyama M, Inagaki H, Miyamae F, Ura C, Sakuma N, Edahiro A, Taga T, Tsuda S, Awata S. Depressed mood and frailty among older people in Tokyo during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychogeriatrics 2021; 21:892-901. [PMID: 34530494 PMCID: PMC8662134 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aim was to identify depressed mood and frailty and its related factors in older people during the coronavirus disease 19 pandemic. METHODS Since 2010, we have conducted questionnaire surveys on all older residents, who are not certified in the long-term care insurance, living in one district of Tokyo municipality. These residents are divided into two groups by birth month, that is those born between April and September and those born between October and March, and each group completes the survey every 2 years (in April and May). Study participants were older residents who were born between April and September and who completed the survey in spring 2018 and in spring 2020, the pandemic period. Depressed mood and frailty were assessed using the Kihon Checklist, which is widely used by local governments in Japan. We had no control group in this study. RESULTS A total of 1736 residents responded to both surveys. From 2018 to 2020, the depressed mood rate increased from 29% to 38%, and frailty increased from 10% to 16%. The incidence of depressed mood and frailty was 25% and 11%, respectively. Incidence of depressed mood was related to subjective memory impairment and difficulty in device usage, and incidence of frailty was related to being older, subjective memory impairment, lack of emotional social support, poor subjective health, and social participation difficulties. CONCLUSIONS Older people with subjective memory impairment may be a high-risk group during the coronavirus pandemic. Telephone outreach for frail older people could be an effective solution. We recommend extending the scope of the 'reasonable accommodation' concept beyond disability and including older people to build an age-friendly and crisis-resistant community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mika Sugiyama
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inagaki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Miyamae
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ura
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Sakuma
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Edahiro
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Taga
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Tsuda
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Awata
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Samy AL, Awang Bono S, Tan SL, Low WY. Mental Health and COVID-19: Policies, Guidelines, and Initiatives from the Asia-Pacific Region. Asia Pac J Public Health 2021; 33:839-846. [PMID: 34308673 DOI: 10.1177/10105395211025901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020 due to rapid intercontinental spread and high morbidity and mortality. Globally, the disease has had a major impact on human lives, including health, economic, employment, psychological, and overall well-being. The COVID-19, besides causing respiratory, neurological, and cardiovascular diseases, has had significant impact on mental health. Major mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, and stress, have risen in parallel with increasing prevalence of COVID-19. Many population groups, including children, the elderly, those with chronic illnesses, and health care workers, have been affected. This review gives an overall assessment of the prevalence of COVID-19-associated psychological morbidity. In countries in the Asia-Pacific region, prevalence of depression ranged between 4.9% and 43.1%, anxiety from 7.0 to 43.0%, and stress from 3.4% to 35.7%. As COVID-19 continues to severely affect the psychosocial well-being of the population at large, countries have developed and revised policies, guidelines, and introduced new initiatives to curb mental health issues among their citizens. In the long run, pre-disaster preparedness is important to alleviate long-term post-pandemic psychiatric morbidity and to develop psychological resilience toward disasters and pandemic, alongside investment for better mental health coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lourdes Samy
- Asia-Europe Institute, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Centre for ASEAN Regionalism, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suzanna Awang Bono
- School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Shu Leed Tan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Anaesthesiology & Intensive Care, Hospital Selayang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Anaesthesiology & Intensive Care, Hospital Tuanku Ja'afar, Seremban, Malaysia
| | - Wah-Yun Low
- Asia-Europe Institute, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Centre for ASEAN Regionalism, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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7
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Anxiety, Depression, and Post-traumatic Stress a month after 2019 Cyclone Fani in Odisha, India. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2021; 16:670-677. [PMID: 33583466 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early Identification of disaster victims with mental health problems may be useful, but information within a short period after a disaster is scarce in developing countries. This study examined anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms at 1 month following 2019 Cyclone Fani in Odisha, India. METHOD Post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) were assessed by the Primary care PTSD screen for DSM 5 (PC-PTSD-5), anxiety symptoms by the Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), and depression by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The survey included participants' disaster experience e.g., evacuation, fear of death, injury, death in family, damage to house, difficulty for food, displacement, and effect on livelihood. RESULTS Proportion of sample (n = 80) with probable PTSD was 42.9%, with severe anxiety was 36.7%, moderately severe depression was 16.5%, and severe depression was 3.8%. Suicidal cognitions were reported to increase by 14%. Comorbidity was common; with significant (P < 0.01) correlation between PTSS and anxiety (r = 0.69), depression (r = 0.596), and between anxiety and depression (r = 0.63). Damage of house and displacement were associated significantly with PTSD; evacuation and displacement with moderate and severe depression; and displacement with severe anxiety. No specific demographic factors were significantly linked to the psychiatric morbidities. CONCLUSION A considerable proportion of victims had psychiatric morbidities at 1 month. Associated risk factors included housing damages, evacuation, and displacement, suggesting the need to improve the disaster-management process.
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8
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Idele P, Banati P. We Are All in This Together: COVID-19 and a Call to Action for Mental Health of Children and Adolescents. Front Psychiatry 2021; 11:589834. [PMID: 33643080 PMCID: PMC7905025 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.589834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Prerna Banati
- UNICEF West and Central Africa Regional Office, Dakar, Senegal
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9
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Silveira S, Kornbluh M, Withers MC, Grennan G, Ramanathan V, Mishra J. Chronic Mental Health Sequelae of Climate Change Extremes: A Case Study of the Deadliest Californian Wildfire. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041487. [PMID: 33557397 PMCID: PMC7915298 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Weather-related disasters, such as wildfires exacerbated by a rise in global temperatures, need to be better studied in terms of their mental health impacts. This study focuses on the mental health sequelae of the deadliest wildfire in California to date, the Camp Fire of 2018. Methods. We investigated a sample of 725 California residents with different degrees of disaster exposure and measured mental health using clinically validated scales for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Data were collected at a chronic time-point, six months post-wildfire. We used multiple regression analyses to predict the mental health outcomes based on self-reported fire exposure. Additionally, we included vulnerability and resilience factors in hierarchical regression analyses. Results. Our primary finding is that direct exposure to large scale fires significantly increased the risk for mental health disorders, particularly for PTSD and depression. Additionally, the inclusion of vulnerability and resilience factors in the hierarchical regression analyses led to the significantly improved prediction of all mental health outcomes. Childhood trauma and sleep disturbances exacerbated mental health symptoms. Notably, self-reported resilience had a positive effect on mental health, and mindfulness was associated with significantly lower depression and anxiety symptoms. Conclusion. Overall, our study demonstrated that climate-related extreme events, such as wildfires, can have severe mental illness sequelae. Moreover, we found that pre-existing stressful life events, resilient personality traits and lifestyle factors can play an important role in the prevalence of psychopathology after such disasters. Unchecked climate change projected for the latter half of this century may severely impact the mental wellbeing of the global population, and we must find ways to foster individual resiliency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (S.S.); (G.G.)
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mariah Kornbluh
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Mathew C. Withers
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Chico, CA 95929, USA;
| | - Gillian Grennan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (S.S.); (G.G.)
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Jyoti Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (S.S.); (G.G.)
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Thomas JJ, B P, Kulkarni P, Murthy M R N. Exploring the psychiatric symptoms among people residing at flood affected areas of Kodagu district, Karnataka. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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11
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Plasse MJ. Psychosocial support for providers working high-risk exposure settings during a pandemic: A critical discussion. Nurs Inq 2020; 28:e12399. [PMID: 33382522 PMCID: PMC7883264 DOI: 10.1111/nin.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Psychological first aid is a form of support designed to lessen disaster‐related distress. In a pandemic, providers may need such support but with the high risk of exposure, such a program is offered only virtually. The research is scant for traditional post‐disaster support and non‐existent for virtual; therefore, by using related research this discussion considers the likelihood of providers accessing and benefiting from this program. The virtual platform is heralded as the responsible way to provide support in a pandemic but this standard may be ineffective and is inherently inequitable. As a global event, pandemics require containment strategies applicable on an international level; therefore, psychosocial support should also be developed with an international audience in mind. Online psychosocial support falls short of being such a strategy as it incorrectly assumes global internet access. Many low‐income areas such as Sub‐Saharan Africa will need support strategies which compliment local frontline staff and fit with community‐driven initiatives, whereas wealthier countries may use a combination of onsite and online support. Provider psychosocial support needs in a pandemic, if articulated, are globally similar but how this support is offered requires contextually sensitive considerations not yet found in the literature.
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12
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Gerstner RMF, Lara-Lara F, Vasconez E, Viscor G, Jarrin JD, Ortiz-Prado E. Earthquake-related stressors associated with suicidality, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress in adolescents from Muisne after the earthquake 2016 in Ecuador. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:347. [PMID: 32616034 PMCID: PMC7331255 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02759-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ecuadorian earthquake in April 16th was the second strongest and deadliest in 2016 worldwide, with approximately one million people affected. In this paper, we analyzed the psychological impact and the relationship between mental health events and various earthquake-related stressors related to the earthquake, 9 months after the event. METHODS We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study, applying an anonymous survey to 316 adolescents (13-19 years old) from Muisne, Ecuador. Suicidal tendency, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress (PTSD) were evaluated via the Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS), Spence Children's Anxiety Scale, Okasha Suicidality Scale, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the adapted seven-questions earthquake-related stressors survey. RESULTS We found a high prevalence of suicidal ideations and behavior, posttraumatic stress, depression and anxiety compared to international studies. Even though adolescents currently living in shelters had higher levels of anxiety, their suicidal tendency was significantly lower than those living in their own or their relatives' home. Finally, the earthquake-related stressors were not associated with suicidality and mental health events, with the exception of economic damage suffered by the family. CONCLUSIONS High levels of depression, post-traumatic stress and anxiety among high-school students were found, especially among those who have suffered serious economic damage. The economic impact in their families and high unemployment rates among their parents seems to be related to lack of hope and favorable perspectives for their future, situation that might lead to lead to emotional disturbances and psychological disorders. Although prolonged homelessness experience in shelters may be a stressful occurrence, might also be related with spiritual growth among adolescents, and may work as a protective factor against suicidal ideations and attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka M. F. Gerstner
- grid.412527.70000 0001 1941 7306Department of Psico-etichs, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, sede PUCE Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador
| | - Fernando Lara-Lara
- grid.412527.70000 0001 1941 7306Department of Psico-etichs, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, sede PUCE Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo Vasconez
- grid.442184.f0000 0004 0424 2170OneHealth Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad De Las Americas, Calle de los Colimes y Avenida De los Granados, 170137 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ginés Viscor
- grid.7898.e0000 0001 0395 8423Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan D. Jarrin
- grid.7898.e0000 0001 0395 8423Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Esteban Ortiz-Prado
- OneHealth Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad De Las Americas, Calle de los Colimes y Avenida De los Granados, 170137, Quito, Ecuador. .,Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Gilmoor A, Vallath S, Regeer B, Bunders J. "If somebody could just understand what I am going through, it would make all the difference": Conceptualizations of trauma in homeless populations experiencing severe mental illness. Transcult Psychiatry 2020; 57:455-467. [PMID: 32148189 PMCID: PMC7263042 DOI: 10.1177/1363461520909613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to violence, vulnerability due to lack of shelter, alienation due to stigma, the experiences of severe mental illness (SMI) and subsequent institutionalization, make homeless persons with SMI uniquely susceptible to trauma exposure and subsequent mental health consequences. This study aims to contribute to the development of culturally sensitive interventions for identifying and treating trauma in a population of homeless persons with SMI in Tamil Nadu, India by understanding the manifestations of trauma and its associated consequences in this population. Free-listing exercises followed by in-depth interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 26 user-survivors who have experienced homelessness or were at risk of homelessness, and suffered from SMI. Topics explored included events considered to be traumatic, pathways to trauma, associated emotional, physical and social complaints, and coping strategies. Results indicate discrepancies in classification of traumatic events between user-survivors and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Traumatic experiences, particularly relating to social relationships and poverty, mentioned by user-survivors did not match traditional conceptualizations of trauma. Positive coping strategies for trauma included being mentally strong, knowledge and awareness, whereas the main negative coping strategy is avoidance. User-survivors attributed their experiences of homelessness and SMI to past traumas. Differing views of trauma between user-survivors and mental health professionals can lead to misdiagnosis and under-recognition of trauma in this population of homeless persons with SMI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Smriti Vallath
- VU University Amsterdam.,Banyan Academy of Leadership in Mental Health.,The Banyan, Chennai India
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14
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Tasdik Hasan M, Adhikary G, Mahmood S, Papri N, Shihab HM, Kasujja R, Ahmed HU, Azad AK, Nasreen M. Exploring mental health needs and services among affected population in a cyclone affected area in costal Bangladesh: a qualitative case study. Int J Ment Health Syst 2020; 14:12. [PMID: 32165918 PMCID: PMC7059662 DOI: 10.1186/s13033-020-00351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bangladesh, one of the most densely populated countries in the world has been ranked 9th on the Climate Risk Index for 2017: the 10 most affected countries & 7th on the Long-Term Climate Risk Index: the 10 countries most affected from 1998 to 2017. Every year it is afflicted with various climatic disasters including floods, hurricanes and cyclones. Apart from the obvious devastation of lives and property, there is a huge increase in clinical diseases when these disasters occur. Mental health of affected persons after these disasters is a topic that is often neglected by local and national level. Methods A qualitative case study was conducted on perceived need on mental health support & availability of such services in a cyclone affected area in rural Bangladesh. Ten (10) key informant interviews (KIIs) with different stakeholders and ten (10) in-depth interviews (IDIs) with affected people were taken. Findings We found that cyclones had numerous psychosocial impacts on the population including acute stress disorder, sleep disorder, post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSDs), generalized anxiety disorders, suicidal ideation and depression. The survivors had specific needs for receiving support. Children, elderly and women were perceived to be more vulnerable. The government and NGOs had no specific action plans and initiatives to address these issues and support the mental health of affected population. There was a visible gap in finding effective ways to provide affected people with the required mental health & psycho-social services (MHPSS). Conclusion Resilient, responsive and self-sustaining health systems for this vulnerable population are required. Implementation of effective mental health programs and strong mental health policies remain a challenge in Bangladesh where there is a cultural fatalistic acceptance of mental health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tasdik Hasan
- 1Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,2Institute of Disaster Management & Vulnerability Studies, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Gourab Adhikary
- 2Institute of Disaster Management & Vulnerability Studies, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sultan Mahmood
- 2Institute of Disaster Management & Vulnerability Studies, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nowshin Papri
- 2Institute of Disaster Management & Vulnerability Studies, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan M Shihab
- 4Combined Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine Program, MedStar Franklin Square Medical Centre and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Rosco Kasujja
- 5Department of Mental Health & Community Psychology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Abul Kalam Azad
- 2Institute of Disaster Management & Vulnerability Studies, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbuba Nasreen
- 2Institute of Disaster Management & Vulnerability Studies, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Zahlawi T, Roome AB, Chan CW, Campbell JJ, Tosiro B, Malanga M, Tagaro M, Obed J, Iaruel J, Taleo G, Tarivonda L, Olszowy KM, Dancause KN. Psychosocial support during displacement due to a natural disaster: relationships with distress in a lower-middle income country. Int Health 2019; 11:472-479. [DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihy099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Past studies show relationships between disaster-related displacement and adverse psychosocial health outcomes. The development of psychosocial interventions following displacement is thus increasingly prioritized. However, data from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are lacking. In October 2017, the population of Ambae Island in Vanuatu, a lower-middle income country, was temporarily displaced due to volcanic activity. We analyzed distress among adults displaced due to the event and differences based on the psychosocial support they received.
Methods
Data on experiences during displacement, distress and psychosocial support were collected from 443 adults 2–3 wk after repatriation to Ambae Island. Four support categories were identified: Healthcare professional, Traditional/community, Not available and Not wanted. We analyzed differences in distress by sex and group using one-way ANOVA and generalized linear models.
Results
Mean distress scores were higher among women (1.90, SD=0.97) than men (1.64, SD=0.98) (p<0.004). In multivariate models, psychosocial support group was associated with distress among women (p=0.033), with higher scores among women who reported no available support compared with every other group. Both healthcare professional and traditional support networks were widely used.
Conclusions
Women might be particularly vulnerable to distress during disaster-related displacement in LMICs, and those who report a lack of support might be at greater risk. Both healthcare professional and traditional networks provide important sources of support that are widely used and might help to ameliorate symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Zahlawi
- Département des sciences de l’activité physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Amanda B Roome
- Binghamton University, Department of Anthropology, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Chim W Chan
- Island Malaria Group, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Bev Tosiro
- Lolowai Hospital, PMB 9009, Ambae, Republic of Vanuatu
| | - Max Malanga
- Lolowai Hospital, PMB 9009, Ambae, Republic of Vanuatu
| | | | - Jimmy Obed
- Vanuatu Ministry of Health, PMB 9042, Port Vila, Republic of Vanuatu
| | - Jerry Iaruel
- Vanuatu Ministry of Health, PMB 9042, Port Vila, Republic of Vanuatu
| | - George Taleo
- Vanuatu Ministry of Health, PMB 9042, Port Vila, Republic of Vanuatu
| | - Len Tarivonda
- Vanuatu Ministry of Health, PMB 9042, Port Vila, Republic of Vanuatu
| | - Kathryn M Olszowy
- Cleveland State University, Department of Criminology, Anthropology & Sociology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kelsey N Dancause
- Département des sciences de l’activité physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Gilmoor AR, Adithy A, Regeer B. The Cross-Cultural Validity of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in the Indian Context: A Systematic Search and Review. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:439. [PMID: 31333512 PMCID: PMC6620607 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The cross-cultural validity of the construct of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been a life-long debate in the field of trauma. Its validation in a setting such as India-a nation prone to considerably traumatic events such as conflict, natural disasters, and sexual violence against women-warrants exploration. Objective: To describe how PTSD and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are conceptualized in the Indian context by systematically examining the evidence of studies that investigate PTSD and PTSS in India. Methods: A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct yielded a total of 56 studies that discussed one or multiple aspects of PTSD and PTSS in India. Data relating to types of events, populations, diagnostic tools, manifestations, and interventions were extracted and analyzed. Results: Eleven of 29 Indian states and 2/7 union territories were represented in the 56 included studies, with most studies (n = 21) originating from Tamil Nadu. Natural Disasters (n = 28), War/Conflict (n = 10), and Medical conditions (n = 7) were the top three most commonly investigated traumatic events. The majority of studies focused on entire communities (n = 16), while children and adolescents made up the second largest group (n = 14). Less attention was paid explicitly to male (n = 3) or female (n = 4) victims. Twenty-five different methods for screening for PTSD were identified, with the most common being the impact of events scale (n = 14). The majority of studies reported the screening and clinical diagnosis of PTSD by professional health care providers (n = 24). Abuse scored the highest average prevalence of PTSD at 52.3%, while the lowest was 16.4% due to man-made accidents. Overall, there was a lack of assessment on trauma-specific interventions, though psychosocial support was the most commonly mentioned intervention. Conclusions: Results indicate diversity in approaches for identifying, measuring, and treating PTSD and PTSS in the Indian population and how sociocultural norms influence its manifestation in this population. Future research calls for the development of culturally sensitive approaches to identifying and addressing PTSD and PTSS in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Roderick Gilmoor
- Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Barbara Regeer
- Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Nahar N, Blomstedt Y, Wu B, Kandarina I, Trisnantoro L, Kinsman J. Increasing the provision of mental health care for vulnerable, disaster-affected people in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:708. [PMID: 25011931 PMCID: PMC4099388 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bangladesh has the highest natural disaster mortality rate in the world, with over half a million people lost to disaster events since 1970. Most of these people have died during floods or cyclones, both of which are likely to become more frequent due to global climate change. To date, the government’s post-disaster response strategy has focused, increasingly effectively, on the physical needs of survivors, through the provision of shelter, food and medical care. However, the serious and widespread mental health consequences of natural disasters in Bangladesh have not yet received the attention that they deserve. This Debate article proposes a practical model that will facilitate the provision of comprehensive and effective post-disaster mental health services for vulnerable Bangladeshis on a sustainable basis. Discussion A series of socially determined factors render the women and the poor of Bangladesh particularly vulnerable to dying in natural disasters; and, for those who survive, to suffering from some sort of disaster-related mental health illness. For women, this is largely due to the enforced gender separation, or purdah, that they endure; while for the poor, it is the fact that they are, by definition, only able to afford to live in the most climatically dangerous, and under-served parts of the country. Although the disasters themselves are brought by nature, therefore, social determinants increase the vulnerability of particular groups to mental illness as a result of them. While deeply entrenched, these determinants are at least partially amenable to change through policy and action. Summary In response to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the World Health Organisation developed a framework for providing mental health and psychosocial support after major disasters, which, we argue, could be adapted to Bangladeshi post-cyclone and post-flood contexts. The framework is community-based, it includes both medical and non-clinical components, and it could be adapted so that women and the poor are actively sought out and provided for. After training, these services could be run by Bangladesh’s pre-existing 50,000-strong Cyclone Preparedness Programme workforce, alongside the country’s extensive network of community-based health workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - John Kinsman
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, 91087 Umeå, Sweden.
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