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Pileggi S, Colombo EA, Ancona S, Quadri R, Bernardelli C, Colapietro P, Taiana M, Fontana L, Miozzo M, Lesma E, Sirchia SM. Dysfunction in IGF2R Pathway and Associated Perturbations in Autophagy and WNT Processes in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3586. [PMID: 38612397 PMCID: PMC11011696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) is an imprinting disorder characterized by overgrowth, stemming from various genetic and epigenetic changes. This study delves into the role of IGF2 upregulation in BWS, focusing on insulin-like growth factor pathways, which are poorly known in this syndrome. We examined the IGF2R, the primary receptor of IGF2, WNT, and autophagy/lysosomal pathways in BWS patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines, showing different genetic and epigenetic defects. The findings reveal a decreased expression and mislocalization of IGF2R protein, suggesting receptor dysfunction. Additionally, our results point to a dysregulation in the AKT/GSK-3/mTOR pathway, along with imbalances in autophagy and the WNT pathway. In conclusion, BWS cells, regardless of the genetic/epigenetic profiles, are characterized by alteration of the IGF2R pathway that is associated with the perturbation of the autophagy and lysosome processes. These alterations seem to be a key point of the molecular pathogenesis of BWS and potentially contribute to BWS's characteristic overgrowth and cancer susceptibility. Our study also uncovers alterations in the WNT pathway across all BWS cell lines, consistent with its role in growth regulation and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Pileggi
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy; (S.P.)
| | - Elisa A. Colombo
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy; (S.P.)
| | - Silvia Ancona
- Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy (E.L.)
| | - Roberto Quadri
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Bernardelli
- Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy (E.L.)
| | - Patrizia Colapietro
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Taiana
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Fontana
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy; (S.P.)
- Unit of Medical Genetics, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Miozzo
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy; (S.P.)
- Unit of Medical Genetics, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Lesma
- Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy (E.L.)
| | - Silvia M. Sirchia
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy; (S.P.)
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Kim HY, Shin CH, Lee YA, Shin CH, Kim GH, Ko JM. Deciphering Epigenetic Backgrounds in a Korean Cohort with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome. Ann Lab Med 2022; 42:668-677. [PMID: 35765875 PMCID: PMC9277041 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2022.42.6.668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a congenital overgrowth disorder caused by genetic or epigenetic alterations at two imprinting centers (ICs) in the 11p15.5 region. Delineation of the molecular defects is important for prognosis and predicting familial recurrence. We evaluated epigenetic alterations and potential epigenotype–phenotype correlations in Korean children with BWS. Methods Forty children with BWS with proven genetic or epigenetic defects in the 11p15.5 region were included. The phenotype was scored using the BWS consensus scoring system. Methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA), bisulfite pyrosequencing, a single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray, and CDKN1C sequencing were used for confirmative diagnosis. Results Patients met the criteria for genetic testing, with a mean clinical score of 5.4±2.0. Methylation alterations were consistent between MS-MLPA and bisulfite pyrosequencing in all patients. Twenty-six patients (65.0%) had IC2 loss of methylation (IC2-LoM), 11 (27.5%) had paternal uniparental disomy (patUPD), and one (2.5%) had IC1 gain of methylation. Macroglossia and external ear anomalies were more common in IC2-LoM than in patUPD, and lateralized overgrowth was more common in patUPD than in IC2-LoM (all P<0.05). Methylation levels at IC2 were inversely correlated with birth weight standard deviation score (r=–0.476, P=0.014) and clinical score (r=–0.520, P=0.006) in the IC2-LoM group. Conclusions Comprehensive molecular analysis of the 11p15.5 region revealed epigenotype–phenotype correlations in our BWS cohort. Bisulfite pyrosequencing can help clarify epigenotypes. Methylation levels were correlated with fetal growth and clinical severity in patients with BWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choong Ho Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ah Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Shin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gu-Hwan Kim
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Min Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Rare Disease Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Duffy KA, Hathaway ER, Klein SD, Ganguly A, Kalish JM. Epigenetic mosaicism and cell burden in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome due to loss of methylation at imprinting control region 2. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2021; 7:mcs.a006115. [PMID: 34697083 PMCID: PMC8751414 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a006115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a rare overgrowth disorder caused by epigenetic alterations on Chromosome 11p15.5. Most molecular changes are sporadic and are thought to occur in a mosaic pattern. Thereby, the distribution of affected cells differs between tissues for each individual, which can complicate genotype–phenotype correlations. In two of the BWS molecular subtypes, tissue mosaicism has been demonstrated; however, mosaicism has not been specifically studied in the most common cause of BWS, loss of methylation (LOM) at KCNQ1OT1:TSS differentially methylated region (DMR) imprinting center 2 (IC2) LOM. The increased prevalence of twinning associated with the IC2 LOM subtype and the discordant phenotypes between the twins previously led to the proposal of diffused epigenetic mosaicism, leading to asymmetric distribution of affected cells during embryonic development. In this study, we evaluated the level of methylation detected in 64 samples collected from 30 individuals with IC2 LOM. We demonstrate that the IC2 LOM defect can occur in mosaic and nonmosaic patterns, and tissues from the same individual can show variable patterns, which suggests that this asymmetric distribution occurs during development. We further suggest that the clinical phenotype in individuals with BWS IC2 LOM is correlated with the epigenetic burden of affected cells in each tissue type. This series is the first report to demonstrate tissue mosaicism within the IC2 LOM epigenotype, and consideration of this mosaicism is necessary to understanding the pathogenesis of BWS.
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Quantitative DNA Methylation Analysis and Epigenotype-Phenotype Correlations in Taiwanese Patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11111066. [PMID: 34834418 PMCID: PMC8622080 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11111066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS; OMIM 130650) is a rare overgrowth syndrome with tumor predisposition resulting from the abnormal expression or function of imprinted genes of the chromosome 11p15.5 imprinting gene cluster. The aim of this study was to identify the epigenotype-phenotype correlations of these patients using quantitative DNA methylation analysis. Methods: One hundred and four subjects with clinically suspected BWS were enrolled in this study. All of the subjects had been referred for diagnostic testing which was conducted using methylation profiling of H19-associated imprinting center (IC) 1 and KCNQ1OT1-associated IC2 in high-resolution melting analysis and methylation quantification with the MassARRAY assay. Correlations between the quantitative DNA methylation status and clinical manifestations of the enrolled subjects were analyzed. Results: Among the 104 subjects, 19 had IC2 hypomethylation, 2 had IC1 hypermethylation, and 10 had paternal uniparental disomy (pUPD). The subjects with IC2 hypomethylation were characterized by significantly more macroglossia but less hemihypertrophy compared to the subjects with pUPD (p < 0.05). For 19 subjects with IC2 hypomethylation, the IC2 methylation level was significantly different (p < 0.05) between the subjects with and without features including macroglossia (IC2 methylation level: 11.1% vs. 30.0%) and prenatal or postnatal overgrowth (8.5% vs. 16.9%). The IC2 methylation level was negatively correlated with birth weight z score (p < 0.01, n = 19) and birth height z score (p < 0.05, n = 13). For 36 subjects with clinically diagnosed BWS, the IC2 methylation level was negatively correlated with the BWS score (r = −0.592, p < 0.01). The IC1 methylation level showed the tendency of positive correlation with the BWS score without statistical significance (r = 0.137, p > 0.05). Conclusions: Lower IC2 methylation and higher IC1 methylation levels were associated with greater disease severity in the subjects with clinically diagnosed BWS. Quantitative DNA methylation analysis using the MassARRAY assay could improve the detection of epigenotype-phenotype correlations, which could further promote better genetic counseling and medical care for these patients.
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Clinical and Molecular Diagnosis of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome with Single- or Multi-Locus Imprinting Disturbance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073445. [PMID: 33810554 PMCID: PMC8036922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous overgrowth disease. BWS is caused by (epi)genetic defects at the 11p15 chromosomal region, which harbors two clusters of imprinted genes, IGF2/H19 and CDKN1C/KCNQ1OT1, regulated by differential methylation of imprinting control regions, H19/IGF2:IG DMR and KCNQ1OT1:TSS DMR, respectively. A subset of BWS patients show multi-locus imprinting disturbances (MLID), with methylation defects extended to other imprinted genes in addition to the disease-specific locus. Specific (epi)genotype-phenotype correlations have been defined in order to help clinicians in the classification of patients and referring them to a timely diagnosis and a tailored follow-up. However, specific phenotypic correlations have not been identified among MLID patients, thus causing a debate on the usefulness of multi-locus testing in clinical diagnosis. Finally, the high incidence of BWS monozygotic twins with discordant phenotypes, the high frequency of BWS among babies conceived by assisted reproductive technologies, and the female prevalence among BWS-MLID cases provide new insights into the timing of imprint establishment during embryo development. In this review, we provide an overview on the clinical and molecular diagnosis of single- and multi-locus BWS in pre- and post-natal settings, and a comprehensive analysis of the literature in order to define possible (epi)genotype-phenotype correlations in MLID patients.
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Jiang H, Ping Z, Wang J, Liu X, Jin Y, Li S, Zhou C, Huang P, Jin Y, Ai L, Chen J. A Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome case with de novo 24 Mb duplication of chromosome 11p15.5p14.3. Mol Cytogenet 2021; 14:14. [PMID: 33658067 PMCID: PMC7931524 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-021-00532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular genetic testing for the 11p15-associated imprinting disorder Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is challenging because of the molecular heterogeneity and complexity of the affected imprinted regions. An integrated molecular approach to analyze the epigenetic-genetic alterations is required for accurate diagnosis of BWS. CASE PRESENTATION We reported a Chinese case with BWS detected by SNP array analysis and methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA). The genetic analysis showed a de novo duplication of 24 Mb at 11p15.5p14.3 is much longer than ever reported. MS-MLPA showed copy number changes with a peak height ratio value of 1.5 (three copies) at 11p15. The duplication of paternal origin with increase of methylation index of 0.68 at H19 and decreased methylation index of 0.37 at KCNQ1OT1. CONCLUSION Combined chromosome microarray analysis and methylation profiling provided reliable diagnosis for this paternally derived duplication of BWS. The phenotype associated with 11p15 duplications depends on the size, genetic content, parental inheritance and imprinting status. Identification of these rare duplications is crucial for genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huling Jiang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Maternity and Child Health Care Affiliated Hospital, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Zepeng Ping
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Maternity and Child Health Care Affiliated Hospital, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Maternity and Child Health Care Affiliated Hospital, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Maternity and Child Health Care Affiliated Hospital, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Yuxia Jin
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Maternity and Child Health Care Affiliated Hospital, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Suping Li
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Maternity and Child Health Care Affiliated Hospital, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Chiyan Zhou
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Maternity and Child Health Care Affiliated Hospital, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Pinghua Huang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Maternity and Child Health Care Affiliated Hospital, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Maternity and Child Health Care Affiliated Hospital, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Ling Ai
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Maternity and Child Health Care Affiliated Hospital, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Maternity and Child Health Care Affiliated Hospital, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China. .,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai Jiao Tong University School Of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Extensive Placental Methylation Profiling in Normal Pregnancies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042136. [PMID: 33669975 PMCID: PMC7924820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The placental methylation pattern is crucial for the regulation of genes involved in trophoblast invasion and placental development, both key events for fetal growth. We investigated LINE-1 methylation and methylome profiling using a methylation EPIC array and the targeted methylation sequencing of 154 normal, full-term pregnancies, stratified by birth weight percentiles. LINE-1 methylation showed evidence of a more pronounced hypomethylation in small neonates compared with normal and large for gestational age. Genome-wide methylation, performed in two subsets of pregnancies, showed very similar methylation profiles among cord blood samples while placentae from different pregnancies appeared very variable. A unique methylation profile emerged in each placenta, which could represent the sum of adjustments that the placenta made during the pregnancy to preserve the epigenetic homeostasis of the fetus. Investigations into the 1000 most variable sites between cord blood and the placenta showed that promoters and gene bodies that are hypermethylated in the placenta are associated with blood-specific functions, whereas those that are hypomethylated belong mainly to pathways involved in cancer. These features support the functional analogies between a placenta and cancer. Our results, which provide a comprehensive analysis of DNA methylation profiling in the human placenta, suggest that its peculiar dynamicity can be relevant for understanding placental plasticity in response to the environment.
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Villanueva-Hayes C, Millership SJ. Imprinted Genes Impact Upon Beta Cell Function in the Current (and Potentially Next) Generation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:660532. [PMID: 33986727 PMCID: PMC8112240 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.660532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta cell failure lies at the centre of the aetiology and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and the epigenetic control of the expression of critical beta cell genes appears to play a major role in this decline. One such group of epigenetically-controlled genes, termed 'imprinted' genes, are characterised by transgenerational monoallelic expression due to differential allelic DNA methylation and play key functional roles within beta cells. Here, we review the evidence for this functional importance of imprinted genes in beta cells as well as their nutritional regulation by the diet and their altered methylation and/or expression in rodent models of diabetes and in type 2 diabetic islets. We also discuss imprinted genes in the context of the next generation, where dietary overnutrition in the parents can lead to their deregulation in the offspring, alongside beta cell dysfunction and defective glucose handling. Both the modulation of imprinted gene expression and the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes in adulthood are susceptible to the impact of nutritional status in early life. Imprinted loci, therefore, represent an excellent opportunity with which to assess epigenomic changes in beta cells due to the diet in both the current and next generation.
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Fontana L, Bedeschi MF, Cagnoli GA, Costanza J, Persico N, Gangi S, Porro M, Ajmone PF, Colapietro P, Santaniello C, Crippa M, Sirchia SM, Miozzo M, Tabano S. (Epi)genetic profiling of extraembryonic and postnatal tissues from female monozygotic twins discordant for Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1386. [PMID: 32627967 PMCID: PMC7507324 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth disorder caused by defects at the 11p15.5 imprinted region. Many cases of female monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for BWS have been reported, but no definitive conclusions have been drawn regarding the link between epigenetic defects, twinning process, and gender. Here, we report a comprehensive characterization and follow‐up of female MZ twins discordant for BWS. Methods Methylation pattern at 11p15.5 and multilocus methylation disturbance (MLID) profiling were performed by pyrosequencing and MassARRAY in placental/umbilical cord samples and postnatal tissues. Whole‐exome sequencing was carried out to identify MLID causative mutations. X‐chromosome inactivation (XCI) was determined by HUMARA test. Results Both twins share KCNQ1OT1:TSS‐DMR loss of methylation (LOM) and MLID in blood and the epigenetic defect remained stable in the healthy twin over time. KCNQ1OT1:TSS‐DMRLOM was nonhomogeneously distributed in placental samples and the twins showed the same severely skewed XCI pattern. No MLID‐causative mutations were identified. Conclusion This is the first report on BWS‐discordant twins with methylation analyses extended to extraembryonic tissues. The results suggest that caution is required when attempting prenatal diagnosis in similar cases. Although the causative mechanism underlying LOM remains undiscovered, the XCI pattern and mosaic LOM suggest that both twinning and LOM/MLID occurred after XCI commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fontana
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Research Laboratories Coordination Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria F Bedeschi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia A Cagnoli
- Medical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Jole Costanza
- Research Laboratories Coordination Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Persico
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.,Department of ClinicalSciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvana Gangi
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Porro
- Pediatric Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola F Ajmone
- Child and AdolescentNeuropsychiatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Colapietro
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Research Laboratories Coordination Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Santaniello
- Research Laboratories Coordination Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Milena Crippa
- Medical Cytogenetics& Human Molecular Genetics, Istituto Auxologico Italiano-IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia M Sirchia
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Miozzo
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Research Laboratories Coordination Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Tabano
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Rovina D, La Vecchia M, Cortesi A, Fontana L, Pesant M, Maitz S, Tabano S, Bodega B, Miozzo M, Sirchia SM. Profound alterations of the chromatin architecture at chromosome 11p15.5 in cells from Beckwith-Wiedemann and Silver-Russell syndromes patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8275. [PMID: 32427849 PMCID: PMC7237657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) and Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) are imprinting-related disorders associated with genetic/epigenetic alterations of the 11p15.5 region, which harbours two clusters of imprinted genes (IGs). 11p15.5 IGs are regulated by the methylation status of imprinting control regions ICR1 and ICR2. 3D chromatin structure is thought to play a pivotal role in gene expression control; however, chromatin architecture models are still poorly defined in most cases, particularly for IGs. Our study aimed at elucidating 11p15.5 3D structure, via 3C and 3D FISH analyses of cell lines derived from healthy, BWS or SRS children. We found that, in healthy cells, IGF2/H19 and CDKN1C/KCNQ1OT1 domains fold in complex chromatin conformations, that facilitate the control of IGs mediated by distant enhancers. In patient-derived cell lines, we observed a profound impairment of such a chromatin architecture. Specifically, we identified a cross-talk between IGF2/H19 and CDKN1C/KCNQ1OT1 domains, consisting in in cis, monoallelic interactions, that are present in healthy cells but lost in patient cell lines: an inter-domain association that sees ICR2 move close to IGF2 on one allele, and to H19 on the other. Moreover, an intra-domain association within the CDKN1C/KCNQ1OT1 locus seems to be crucial for maintaining the 3D organization of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Rovina
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta La Vecchia
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142, Milano, Italy
| | - Alice Cortesi
- Genome Biology Unit, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM), 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Fontana
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milano, Italy.,Medical Genetics, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Matthieu Pesant
- Genome Biology Unit, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM), 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Maitz
- Clinical Pediatric, Genetics Unit, MBBM Foundation, San Gerardo di Monza, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Silvia Tabano
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milano, Italy.,Medical Genetics, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Beatrice Bodega
- Genome Biology Unit, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM), 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Miozzo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milano, Italy.,Medical Genetics, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia M Sirchia
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142, Milano, Italy.
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Sparago A, Verma A, Patricelli MG, Pignata L, Russo S, Calzari L, De Francesco N, Del Prete R, Palumbo O, Carella M, Mackay DJG, Rezwan FI, Angelini C, Cerrato F, Cubellis MV, Riccio A. The phenotypic variations of multi-locus imprinting disturbances associated with maternal-effect variants of NLRP5 range from overt imprinting disorder to apparently healthy phenotype. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:190. [PMID: 31829238 PMCID: PMC6907351 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0760-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subset of individuals affected by imprinting disorders displays multi-locus imprinting disturbances (MLID). MLID has been associated with maternal-effect variants that alter the maintenance of methylation at germline-derived differentially methylated regions (gDMRs) in early embryogenesis. Pedigrees of individuals with MLID also include siblings with healthy phenotype. However, it is unknown if these healthy individuals have MLID themselves or if their methylation patterns differ from those associated with imprinting disorders, and in general, if MLID affects the clinical phenotype. METHODS We have investigated gDMR methylation by locus-specific and whole-genome analyses in a family with multiple pregnancy losses, a child with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) and a further child with no clinical diagnosis of imprinting disorder or other pathologies. RESULTS We detected MLID with different methylation profiles in the BWS-affected and healthy siblings. Whole-exome sequencing demonstrated the presence of novel loss-of-function variants of NLRP5 in compound heterozygosity in the mother. The methylation profiles of the two siblings were compared with those of other cases with MLID and control groups by principal component analysis and unsupervised hierarchical clustering, but while their patterns were clearly separated from those of controls, we were unable to cluster those associated with specific clinical phenotypes among the MLID cases. CONCLUSION The identification of two novel maternal-effect variants of NLRP5 associated with poly-abortivity and MLID adds further evidence to the role of this gene in the maintenance of genomic imprinting in early embryos. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that within these pedigrees, MLID can also be present in the progeny with healthy phenotype, indicating that some sort of compensation occurs between altered imprinted loci in these individuals. The analysis of larger cohorts of patients with MLID is needed to formulate more accurate epigenotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sparago
- 0000 0001 2200 8888grid.9841.4Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Ankit Verma
- 0000 0001 2200 8888grid.9841.4Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy ,0000 0004 1758 2860grid.419869.bInstitute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Patricelli
- 0000000417581884grid.18887.3eMolecular Biology and Citogenetics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pignata
- 0000 0001 2200 8888grid.9841.4Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Silvia Russo
- 0000 0004 1757 9530grid.418224.9Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Calzari
- 0000 0004 1757 9530grid.418224.9Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Naomi De Francesco
- 0000 0001 2200 8888grid.9841.4Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosita Del Prete
- 0000 0001 2200 8888grid.9841.4Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Orazio Palumbo
- 0000 0004 1757 9135grid.413503.0Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG Italy
| | - Massimo Carella
- 0000 0004 1757 9135grid.413503.0Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG Italy
| | - Deborah J. G. Mackay
- 0000 0004 1936 9297grid.5491.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Faisal I. Rezwan
- 0000 0004 1936 9297grid.5491.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Claudia Angelini
- 0000 0001 1940 4177grid.5326.2Institute for Applied Mathematics “Mauro Picone” (IAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Flavia Cerrato
- 0000 0001 2200 8888grid.9841.4Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Riccio
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy. .,Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy.
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Ou K, Yu M, Moss NG, Wang YJ, Wang AW, Nguyen SC, Jiang C, Feleke E, Kameswaran V, Joyce EF, Naji A, Glaser B, Avrahami D, Kaestner KH. Targeted demethylation at the CDKN1C/p57 locus induces human β cell replication. J Clin Invest 2018; 129:209-214. [PMID: 30352048 DOI: 10.1172/jci99170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of insulin-secreting β cells is characteristic among type I and type II diabetes. Stimulating proliferation to expand sources of β cells for transplantation remains a challenge because adult β cells do not proliferate readily. The cell cycle inhibitor p57 has been shown to control cell division in human β cells. Expression of p57 is regulated by the DNA methylation status of the imprinting control region 2 (ICR2), which is commonly hypomethylated in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome patients who exhibit massive β cell proliferation. We hypothesized that targeted demethylation of the ICR2 using a transcription activator-like effector protein fused to the catalytic domain of TET1 (ICR2-TET1) would repress p57 expression and promote cell proliferation. We report here that overexpression of ICR2-TET1 in human fibroblasts reduces p57 expression levels and increases proliferation. Furthermore, human islets overexpressing ICR2-TET1 exhibit repression of p57 with concomitant upregulation of Ki-67 while maintaining glucose-sensing functionality. When transplanted into diabetic, immunodeficient mice, the epigenetically edited islets show increased β cell replication compared with control islets. These findings demonstrate that epigenetic editing is a promising tool for inducing β cell proliferation, which may one day alleviate the scarcity of transplantable β cells for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Ou
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas G Moss
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yue J Wang
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amber W Wang
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Son C Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Connie Jiang
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eseye Feleke
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vasumathi Kameswaran
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric F Joyce
- Department of Genetics, Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana Avrahami
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Fontana L, Bedeschi MF, Maitz S, Cereda A, Faré C, Motta S, Seresini A, D'Ursi P, Orro A, Pecile V, Calvello M, Selicorni A, Lalatta F, Milani D, Sirchia SM, Miozzo M, Tabano S. Characterization of multi-locus imprinting disturbances and underlying genetic defects in patients with chromosome 11p15.5 related imprinting disorders. Epigenetics 2018; 13:897-909. [PMID: 30221575 PMCID: PMC6284780 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2018.1514230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of multilocus imprinting disturbances (MLID) appears fundamental to uncover molecular pathways underlying imprinting disorders (IDs) and to complete clinical diagnosis of patients. However, MLID genetic associated mechanisms remain largely unknown. To characterize MLID in Beckwith-Wiedemann (BWS) and Silver-Russell (SRS) syndromes, we profiled by MassARRAY the methylation of 12 imprinted differentially methylated regions (iDMRs) in 21 BWS and 7 SRS patients with chromosome 11p15.5 epimutations. MLID was identified in 50% of BWS and 29% of SRS patients as a maternal hypomethylation syndrome. By next-generation sequencing, we searched for putative MLID-causative mutations in genes involved in methylation establishment/maintenance and found two novel missense mutations possibly causative of MLID: one in NLRP2, affecting ADP binding and protein activity, and one in ZFP42, likely leading to loss of DNA binding specificity. Both variants were paternally inherited. In silico protein modelling allowed to define the functional effect of these mutations. We found that MLID is very frequent in BWS/SRS. In addition, since MLID-BWS patients in our cohort show a peculiar pattern of BWS-associated clinical signs, MLID test could be important for a comprehensive clinical assessment. Finally, we highlighted the possible involvement of ZFP42 variants in MLID development and confirmed NLRP2 as causative locus in BWS-MLID.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fontana
- a Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - M F Bedeschi
- b Clinical Genetics Unit , Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milano , Italy
| | - S Maitz
- c Clinical Pediatric, Genetics Unit , MBBM Foundation, San Gerardo Monza , Monza , Italy
| | - A Cereda
- d Medical Genetics Unit , Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital , Bergamo , Italy
| | - C Faré
- e Division of Pathology , Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milano , Italy
| | - S Motta
- e Division of Pathology , Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milano , Italy
| | - A Seresini
- f Medical Genetics Laboratory , Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milano , Italy.,g Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson , Milano , Italy
| | - P D'Ursi
- h Department of Biomedical Sciences National Research Council , Institute for Biomedical Technologies , Segrate , Italy
| | - A Orro
- h Department of Biomedical Sciences National Research Council , Institute for Biomedical Technologies , Segrate , Italy
| | - V Pecile
- i Medical Genetics Division , Institute for maternal and child health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo , Trieste , Italy
| | - M Calvello
- e Division of Pathology , Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milano , Italy.,j Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IEO , European Institute of Oncology IRCCS , Milano , Italy
| | - A Selicorni
- k UOC Pediatria , ASST Lariana , Como , Italy
| | - F Lalatta
- b Clinical Genetics Unit , Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milano , Italy
| | - D Milani
- l Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit , Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milano , Italy
| | - S M Sirchia
- m Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - M Miozzo
- a Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy.,e Division of Pathology , Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milano , Italy
| | - S Tabano
- a Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
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14
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Barisic I, Boban L, Akhmedzhanova D, Bergman JEH, Cavero-Carbonell C, Grinfelde I, Materna-Kiryluk A, Latos-Bieleńska A, Randrianaivo H, Zymak-Zakutnya N, Sansovic I, Lanzoni M, Morris JK. Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome: A population-based study on prevalence, prenatal diagnosis, associated anomalies and survival in Europe. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 61:499-507. [PMID: 29753922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome is a complex developmental disorder characterized by somatic overgrowth, macroglossia, abdominal wall defects, neonatal hypoglycemia, and predisposition to embryonal tumors. We present epidemiological and clinical aspects of patients with Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome diagnosed prenatally or in the early years of life, using data from EUROCAT (European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies) registries. The study population consisted of 371 cases identified between January 1990 and December 2015 in 34 registries from 16 European countries. There were 15 (4.0%) terminations of pregnancy after prenatal detection of severe anomaly/anomalies, 10 fetal deaths (2.7%), and 346 (93.3%) live-births. Twelve (3.6%) of the 330 live-births with available information on survival died in the first week of life, of those eleven (91.6%) were preterm. First-year survival rate was 90.9%. Prematurity was present in 40.6% of males and 33.9% of females. Macrosomia was found in 49.2% and 43.3% of preterm males and females, respectively. Of term newborns, 41.1% of males and 24% of females were macrosomic. Out of 353 cases with known time of diagnosis, 39.9% were suspected prenatally, 36.3% at birth, 7.6% were diagnosed in the first week of life, and 16.2% in the first year of life. The mean gestational age at prenatal diagnosis by obstetric ultrasound was 19.8 ± 6.2 (11-39) gestational weeks. The mean prenatal diagnosis of cases where parents opted for termination of pregnancy was 15.3 ± 2.4 (11-22) gestational weeks, and the mean gestational age at termination was 19.3 ± 4.1 (13-26) gestational weeks. The prenatal detection rate was 64.1% (141/220) with no significant change over time. There were 12.7% of familial cases. The study confirmed the association of assisted reproductive technologies with Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome, as 7.2% (13/181) of patients were conceived by one of the methods of assisted reproductive technologies, which was three times higher compared to the general population of the countries included in the study. Twin pregnancies of undetermined zygosity were recorded in 5.7% (21/365) cases, and were on average three to four times more common than in European countries that participated in the study. The estimated mean prevalence of classical Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome in Europe was 3.8 per 100,000 births or 1:26,000 births.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Barisic
- Department of Medical Genetics and Reproductive Health, Children's Hospital Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ljubica Boban
- Department of Medical Genetics and Reproductive Health, Children's Hospital Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Diana Akhmedzhanova
- OMNI-Net Ukraine and Khmelnytsky City Perinatal Center, Khmelnytsky, Ukraine
| | - Jorieke E H Bergman
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Clara Cavero-Carbonell
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ieva Grinfelde
- Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Clinic, Children's University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Anna Materna-Kiryluk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences and Center for Medical Genetics GENESIS, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Latos-Bieleńska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences and Center for Medical Genetics GENESIS, Poznan, Poland
| | - Hanitra Randrianaivo
- Registre des Malformations Congenitales de la Reunion, St Pierre, Ile de la Reunion, France
| | | | - Ivona Sansovic
- Department of Medical Genetics and Reproductive Health, Children's Hospital Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monica Lanzoni
- European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
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15
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Wang Q, Geng Q, Zhou Q, Luo F, Li P, Xie J. De novo paternal origin duplication of chromosome 11p15.5: report of two Chinese cases with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Mol Cytogenet 2017; 10:46. [PMID: 29270226 PMCID: PMC5738159 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-017-0347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular etiology of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is complex and heterogeneous. Several subtypes of epigenetic-genetic alterations including aberrant methylation patterns, segmental uniparental disomy, single gene mutations, and copy number changes have been described. An integrated molecular approach to analyze the epigenetic-genetic alterations is required for accurate diagnosis of BWS. Case presentation We reported two Chinese cases with BWS detected by genome-wide copy number analysis and locus-specific methylation profiling. Prenatal analysis on cord blood of patient 1 showed a de novo paternal origin duplication spanning 896Kb at 11p15.5. Patient 2 was referred at 2-month old and the genetic analysis showed a de novo 228.8Kb deletion at 11p15.5 telomeric end and a de novo duplication of 2.5 Mb at 11p15.5–15.4. Both the duplications are of paternal origin with gain of methylation at the imprinting center 1 and thus belong to the subgroup of a low tumor risk. Conclusion Results from these two cases and other reported cases from literature indicated that paternally derived duplications at 11p15.5 region cause BWS. Combined chromosome microarray analysis and methylation profiling provided reliable diagnosis for this subtype of BWS. Characterization of genetic defects in BWS patients could lead to better understanding the genetic mechanisms of this clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 3012 Fuqiang Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518028 China
| | - Qian Geng
- Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 3012 Fuqiang Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518028 China
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Fuwei Luo
- Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 3012 Fuqiang Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518028 China
| | - Peining Li
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Jiansheng Xie
- Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 3012 Fuqiang Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518028 China
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16
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Bedeschi MF, Calvello M, Paganini L, Pezzani L, Baccarin M, Fontana L, Sirchia SM, Guerneri S, Canazza L, Leva E, Colombo L, Lalatta F, Mosca F, Tabano S, Miozzo M. Sequence variants identification at the KCNQ1OT1:TSS differentially Methylated region in isolated omphalocele cases. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 18:115. [PMID: 29047350 PMCID: PMC5648441 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-017-0470-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Omphalocele is a congenital midline ventral body wall defect that can exist as isolated malformation or as part of a syndrome. It can be considered one of the major and most frequent clinical manifestation of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) in case of loss of methylation at KCNQ1OT1: Transcription Star Site-Differentially Methylated Region (TSS-DMR) or in presence of CDKN1C mutations. The isolated form of the omphalocele accounts approximately for about the 14% of the total cases and its molecular etiology has never been fully elucidated. Methods Given the tight relationship with BWS, we hypothesized that the isolated form of the omphalocele could belong to the heterogeneous spectrum of the BWS associated features, representing an endophenotype with a clear genetic connection. We therefore investigated genetic and epigenetic changes affecting BWS imprinted locus at 11p15.5 imprinted region, focusing in particular on the KCNQ1OT1:TSS DMR. Results We studied 21 cases of isolated omphalocele detected during pregnancy or at birth and identified the following rare maternally inherited variants: i) the non-coding variant G > A at nucleotide 687 (NR_002728.3) at KCNQ1OT1:TSS-DMR, which alters the methylation pattern of the imprinted allele, in one patient; ii) the deletion c.624-629delGGCCCC at exon 1 of CDKN1C, with unknown clinical significance, in two unrelated cases. Conclusions Taken together, these findings suggest that KCNQ1OT1:TSS-DMR could be a susceptibility locus for the isolated omphalocele. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12881-017-0470-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Bedeschi
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Mariarosaria Calvello
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Leda Paganini
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lidia Pezzani
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Baccarin
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Fontana
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia M Sirchia
- Department of Health Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Guerneri
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorena Canazza
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ernesto Leva
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Colombo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Faustina Lalatta
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Tabano
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Miozzo
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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17
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Elhamamsy AR. Role of DNA methylation in imprinting disorders: an updated review. J Assist Reprod Genet 2017; 34:549-562. [PMID: 28281142 PMCID: PMC5427654 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-017-0895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is a complex epigenetic process that contributes substantially to embryogenesis, reproduction, and gametogenesis. Only small fraction of genes within the whole genome undergoes imprinting. Imprinted genes are expressed in a monoallelic parent-of-origin-specific manner, which means that only one of the two inherited alleles is expressed either from the paternal or maternal side. Imprinted genes are typically arranged in clusters controlled by differentially methylated regions or imprinting control regions. Any defect or relaxation in imprinting process can cause loss of imprinting in the key imprinted loci. Loss of imprinting in most cases has a harmful effect on fetal development and can result in neurological, developmental, and metabolic disorders. Since DNA methylation and histone modifications play a key role in the process of imprinting. This review focuses on the role of DNA methylation in imprinting process and describes DNA methylation aberrations in different imprinting disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Rafat Elhamamsy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31512, Gharbia, Egypt.
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18
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Mussa A, Molinatto C, Baldassarre G, Riberi E, Russo S, Larizza L, Riccio A, Ferrero GB. Cancer Risk in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Outlining a Novel (Epi)Genotype Specific Histotype Targeted Screening Protocol. J Pediatr 2016; 176:142-149.e1. [PMID: 27372391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare tumor risk in the 4 Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) molecular subgroups: Imprinting Control Region 1 Gain of Methylation (ICR1-GoM), Imprinting Control Region 2 Loss of Methylation (ICR2-LoM), Chromosome 11p15 Paternal Uniparental Disomy (UPD), and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1C gene (CDKN1C) mutation. STUDY DESIGN Studies on BWS and tumor development published between 2000 and 2015 providing (epi)genotype-cancer correlations with histotype data were reviewed and meta-analysed with cancer histotypes as measured outcome and (epi)genotype as exposure. RESULTS A total of 1370 patients with BWS were included: 102 developed neoplasms (7.4%). Tumor prevalence was 2.5% in ICR2-LoM, 13.8% in UPD, 22.8% in ICR1-GoM, and 8.6% in patients with CDKN1C mutations. Cancer ORs were 12.8 in ICR1-GoM, 6.5 in UPD, and 2.9 in patients with CDKN1C mutations compared with patients with ICR2-LoM. Wilms tumor was associated with ICR1-GoM (OR 68.3) and UPD (OR 13.2). UPD also was associated with hepatoblastoma (OR 5.2) and adrenal carcinoma (OR 7.0), and CDKN1C mutations with neuroblastic tumors (OR 7.2). CONCLUSION Cancer screening in BWS could be differentiated on the basis of (epi)genotype and target specific histotypes. Patients with ICR1-GoM and UPD should undergo renal ultrasonography scanning, given their risk of Wilms tumor. Alpha feto protein monitoring for heptaoblastoma is suggested in patients with UPD. Adrenal carcinoma may deserve screening in patients with UPD. Patients with CDKN1C mutations may deserve neuroblastoma screening based on urinary markers and ultrasonography scanning. Finally, screening appears questionable in cases of ICR2-LoM, given low tumor risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mussa
- Department of Pediatric and Public Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - Cristina Molinatto
- Department of Pediatric and Public Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Evelise Riberi
- Department of Pediatric and Public Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Russo
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lidia Larizza
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Riccio
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Second University of Naples and Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples, Italy
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Lin HY, Chuang CK, Tu RY, Fang YY, Su YN, Chen CP, Chang CY, Liu HC, Chu TH, Niu DM, Lin SP. Epigenotype, genotype, and phenotype analysis of patients in Taiwan with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 119:8-13. [PMID: 27436784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a congenital overgrowth disorder predisposing to tumorigenesis that results from abnormal expression or function of imprinted genes of chromosome 11p15.5. METHODS Forty-seven patients in Taiwan with clinical suspicion of BWS were referred for diagnostic testing based on methylation profiling of H19-associated imprinting center (IC) 1 and KCNQ1OT1-associated IC2 using high-resolution melting analysis, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, or high-resolution quantitative methylation profiling. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients received a clinical diagnosis of BWS (the presence of 3 major features or 2 major features and at least 1 minor feature), 18 had suspected BWS (the presence of at least 1 major feature), and 1 had isolated Wilms' tumor. Nineteen patients were identified with IC2 hypomethylation (including 1 with isolated Wilms' tumor), 1 with IC1 hypermethylation, 2 with paternal uniparental disomy, and 1 with CDKN1C mutation. Several clinical features were found to be statistically different (P<0.05) between the 2 groups-clinical diagnosis of BWS (n=28) or suspected BWS (n=18)-including macroglossia, pre- or postnatal gigantism, abdominal wall defect, ear creases, facial nevus flammeus, BWS score, and the molecular diagnosis rate. Molecular lesion was detected in 81% of patients with the presence of three major features, compared with 33% and 28% of those with two or one major feature, respectively. The mean BWS score was 5.6 for 19 subjects with "IC2 hypomethylation", compared with 3.8 for 2 subjects with pUPD. The BWS score of one subject with CDKN1C mutation and one with IC1 hypermethylation was 6 and 7, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The BWS score was positively correlated with the molecular diagnosis rate (P<0.01). The BWS database of epigenotype, genotype, and phenotype is expected to promote better genetic counseling and medical care of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yu Lin
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuang Chuang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Medical College, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Yi Tu
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ya Fang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ning Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Che Liu
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hung Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dau-Ming Niu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuan-Pei Lin
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Infant and Child Care, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Tabano S, Bonaparte E, Miozzo M. Detection of Loss of Imprinting by Pyrosequencing®. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1315:241-58. [PMID: 26103904 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2715-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetically regulated process determining allele-specific expression in a parent-of-origin dependent manner. Altered expression of imprinted genes characterizes numerous congenital diseases including Beckwith-Wiedemann, Silver-Russell, Angelman, and Prader-Willi syndromes as well as acquired disorders such as cancer. The detection of imprinting alterations has important translational implications in clinics and the application of the Pyrosequencing(®) technology offers the possibility to identify accurately also subtle modifications in allele-specific expression and in DNA methylation levels.Here, we describe two methods to investigate genomic imprinting defects (loss of imprinting, LOI) using Pyrosequencing: (1) Allele-specific expression analysis based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and (2) quantification of DNA methylation.The protocol for the quantification of the allele-specific expression is carried out by analyzing an informative SNP located within the transcribed portion of an imprinted gene. The method includes the cDNA amplification of the region containing the SNP and the Pyrosequencing-based analysis for the quantitative allelic discrimination comparing the ratio of the two alleles.The second protocol allows the accurate quantification of the DNA methylation levels at the Imprinting Control Regions (ICRs). Imprinted genes are clustered in chromosomal regions and their expression is mainly regulated by DNA methylation at CpG sites located within the ICRs. After bisulfite modification of the genomic DNA, the region of interest is amplified by PCR and analyzed by Pyrosequencing. The methylation value at each CpG site is calculated by the CpG software, which determines the ratio of the incorporation of "C" and "T" and converts the value in methylation percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tabano
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa Del Perdono 7, Milan, 20122, Italy
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21
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Paganini L, Carlessi N, Fontana L, Silipigni R, Motta S, Fiori S, Guerneri S, Lalatta F, Cereda A, Sirchia S, Miozzo M, Tabano S. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome prenatal diagnosis by methylation analysis in chorionic villi. Epigenetics 2016; 10:643-9. [PMID: 26061650 PMCID: PMC4622958 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1057383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an imprinting disorder that can be prenatally suspected or diagnosed based on established clinical guidelines. Molecular confirmation is commonly performed on amniocytes. The possibility to use fresh (CVF) and cultured (CVC) chorionic villi has never been investigated. To verify whether CVF and CVC are reliable sources of DNA to study fetal methylation, we used pyrosequencing to test the methylation level of a number of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) at several imprinted loci (ICR1, ICR2, H19, PWS/AS-ICR, GNASXL, GNAS1A, ZAC/PLAGL1, and MEST) and at non-imprinted MGMT and RASSF1A promoters. We analyzed these regions in 19 healthy pregnancies and highlighted stable methylation levels between CVF and CVC at ICR1, ICR2, GNASXL, PWS/AS-ICR, and MEST. Conversely, the methylation levels at H19 promoter, GNAS1A and ZAC/PLAGL1 were different in CVC compared to fresh CV. We also investigated ICR1 and ICR2 methylation level of CVF/CVC of 2 BWS-suspected fetuses (P1 and P2). P1 showed ICR2 hypomethylation, P2 showed normal methylation at both ICR1 and ICR2. Our findings, although limited to one case of BWS fetus with an imprinting defect, can suggest that ICR1 and ICR2, but not H19, could be reliable targets for prenatal BWS diagnosis by methylation test in CVF and CVC. In addition, PWS/AS-ICR, GNASXL, and MEST, but not GNAS1A and ZAC/PLAGL1, are steadily hemimethylated in CV from healthy pregnancies, independently from culture. Thus, prenatal investigation of genomic imprinting in CV needs to be validated in a locus-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leda Paganini
- a Division of Pathology; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation; Università degli Studi di Milano ; Milano , Italy
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22
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Mussa A, Russo S, de Crescenzo A, Freschi A, Calzari L, Maitz S, Macchiaiolo M, Molinatto C, Baldassarre G, Mariani M, Tarani L, Bedeschi MF, Milani D, Melis D, Bartuli A, Cubellis MV, Selicorni A, Silengo MC, Larizza L, Riccio A, Ferrero GB. Fetal growth patterns in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Clin Genet 2016; 90:21-7. [PMID: 26857110 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We provide data on fetal growth pattern on the molecular subtypes of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS): IC1 gain of methylation (IC1-GoM), IC2 loss of methylation (IC2-LoM), 11p15.5 paternal uniparental disomy (UPD), and CDKN1C mutation. In this observational study, gestational ages and neonatal growth parameters of 247 BWS patients were compared by calculating gestational age-corrected standard deviation scores (SDS) and proportionality indexes to search for differences among IC1-GoM (n = 21), UPD (n = 87), IC2-LoM (n = 147), and CDKN1C mutation (n = 11) patients. In IC1-GoM subgroup, weight and length are higher than in other subgroups. Body proportionality indexes display the following pattern: highest in IC1-GoM patients, lowest in IC2-LoM/CDKN1C patients, intermediate in UPD ones. Prematurity was significantly more prevalent in the CDKN1C (64%) and IC2-LoM subgroups (37%). Fetal growth patterns are different in the four molecular subtypes of BWS and remarkably consistent with altered gene expression primed by the respective molecular mechanisms. IC1-GoM cases show extreme macrosomia and severe disproportion between weight and length excess. In IC2-LoM/CDKN1C patients, macrosomia is less common and associated with more proportionate weight/length ratios with excess of preterm birth. UPD patients show growth patterns closer to those of IC2-LoM, but manifest a body mass disproportion rather similar to that seen in IC1-GoM cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mussa
- Department of Pediatric and Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - S Russo
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - A Freschi
- DiSTABiF, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - L Calzari
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - S Maitz
- Clinical Pediatric Genetics Unit, Pediatrics Clinics, MBBM Foundation, S. Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italia
| | - M Macchiaiolo
- Rare Disease and Medical Genetics Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - C Molinatto
- Department of Pediatric and Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - G Baldassarre
- Department of Pediatric and Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M Mariani
- Clinical Pediatric Genetics Unit, Pediatrics Clinics, MBBM Foundation, S. Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italia
| | - L Tarani
- Department of Pediatric and Pediatric Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - M F Bedeschi
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Ca' Granda Foundation, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - D Milani
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - D Melis
- Clinical Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - A Bartuli
- Rare Disease and Medical Genetics Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - M V Cubellis
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - A Selicorni
- Clinical Pediatric Genetics Unit, Pediatrics Clinics, MBBM Foundation, S. Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italia
| | - M C Silengo
- Department of Pediatric and Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - L Larizza
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - A Riccio
- DiSTABiF, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - G B Ferrero
- Department of Pediatric and Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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23
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Russo S, Calzari L, Mussa A, Mainini E, Cassina M, Di Candia S, Clementi M, Guzzetti S, Tabano S, Miozzo M, Sirchia S, Finelli P, Prontera P, Maitz S, Sorge G, Calcagno A, Maghnie M, Divizia MT, Melis D, Manfredini E, Ferrero GB, Pecile V, Larizza L. A multi-method approach to the molecular diagnosis of overt and borderline 11p15.5 defects underlying Silver-Russell and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndromes. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:23. [PMID: 26933465 PMCID: PMC4772365 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple (epi)genetic defects affecting the expression of the imprinted genes within the 11p15.5 chromosomal region underlie Silver-Russell (SRS) and Beckwith-Wiedemann (BWS) syndromes. The molecular diagnosis of these opposite growth disorders requires a multi-approach flowchart to disclose known primary and secondary (epi)genetic alterations; however, up to 20 and 30 % of clinically diagnosed BWS and SRS cases remain without molecular diagnosis. The complex structure of the 11p15 region with variable CpG methylation and low-rate mosaicism may account for missed diagnoses. Here, we demonstrate the relevance of complementary techniques for the assessment of different CpGs and the importance of testing multiple tissues to increase the SRS and BWS detection rate. RESULTS Molecular testing of 147 and 450 clinically diagnosed SRS and BWS cases provided diagnosis in 34 SRS and 185 BWS patients, with 9 SRS and 21 BWS cases remaining undiagnosed and herein referred to as "borderline." A flowchart including complementary techniques and, when applicable, the analysis of buccal swabs, allowed confirmation of the molecular diagnosis in all borderline cases. Comparison of methylation levels by methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) in borderline and control cases defined an interval of H19/IGF2:IG-DMR loss of methylation that was distinct between "easy to diagnose" and "borderline" cases, which were characterized by values ≤mean -3 standard deviations (SDs) compared to controls. Values ≥mean +1 SD at H19/IGF2: IG-DMR were assigned to borderline hypermethylated BWS cases and those ≤mean -2 SD at KCNQ1OT1: TSS-DMR to hypomethylated BWS cases; these were supported by quantitative pyrosequencing or Southern blot analysis. Six BWS cases suspected to carry mosaic paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 11 were confirmed by SNP array, which detected mosaicism till 10 %. Regarding the clinical presentation, borderline SRS were representative of the syndromic phenotype, with exception of one patient, whereas BWS cases showed low frequency of the most common features except hemihyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS A conclusive molecular diagnosis was reached in borderline methylation cases, increasing the detection rate by 6 % for SRS and 5 % for BWS cases. The introduction of complementary techniques and additional tissue analyses into routine diagnostic work-up should facilitate the identification of cases undiagnosed because of mosaicism, a distinctive feature of epigenetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Russo
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luciano Calzari
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mussa
- Department of Pediatric and Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Ester Mainini
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Cassina
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Di Candia
- Department of Pediatrics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Clementi
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Guzzetti
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Tabano
- Division of Pathology - Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Miozzo
- Division of Pathology - Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Sirchia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Palma Finelli
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Prontera
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Hospital "S. M. della Misericordia", Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Maitz
- Clinical Pediatric Genetics Unit, Pediatrics Clinics, MBBM Foundation, S. Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sorge
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Sciences, AO "Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy
| | - Annalisa Calcagno
- Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS, Children's Hospital Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Mohamad Maghnie
- Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS, Children's Hospital Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Divizia
- Department of Medical Genetics, IRCCS, Children's Hospital Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Melis
- Clinical Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Emanuela Manfredini
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Vanna Pecile
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Foundation IRCCS Burlo Garofolo Institute, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lidia Larizza
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
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Vals MA, Yakoreva M, Kahre T, Mee P, Muru K, Joost K, Teek R, Soellner L, Eggermann T, Õunap K. The Frequency of Methylation Abnormalities Among Estonian Patients Selected by Clinical Diagnostic Scoring Systems for Silver-Russell Syndrome and Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2015; 19:684-91. [PMID: 26505556 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2015.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To study the frequency of methylation abnormalities among Estonian patients selected according to published clinical diagnostic scoring systems for Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight patients with clinical suspicion of SRS (n = 20) or BWS (n = 28) were included in the study group, to whom methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependant probe amplification analysis of 11p15 region was made. In addition, to patients with minimal diagnostic score for either SRS or BWS, multilocus methylation-specific single nucleotide primer extension assay was performed. RESULTS Five (38%) SRS patients with positive clinical scoring had abnormal methylation pattern at chromosome 11p15, whereas in the BWS group, only one patient was diagnosed with imprinting control region 2 (ICR2) hypomethylation (8%). An unexpected hypomethylation of the PLAGL1 (6q24) and IGF2R (6q25) genes in the patient with the highest BWS scoring was found. CONCLUSIONS Compared to BWS, diagnostic criteria used for selecting SRS patients gave us a similar detection rate of 11p15 imprinting disorders as seen in other studies. A more careful selection of patients with possible BWS should be considered to improve the detection of molecularly confirmed cases. Genome-wide multilocus methylation tests could be used in routine clinical practice as it increases the detection rates of imprinting disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Anne Vals
- 1 Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital , Tartu, Estonia .,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu , Tartu, Estonia .,3 Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital , Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maria Yakoreva
- 1 Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital , Tartu, Estonia .,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu , Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiina Kahre
- 1 Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital , Tartu, Estonia .,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu , Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pille Mee
- 4 United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital , Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kai Muru
- 1 Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital , Tartu, Estonia .,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu , Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kairit Joost
- 1 Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital , Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rita Teek
- 1 Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital , Tartu, Estonia .,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu , Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lukas Soellner
- 5 Institute of Human Genetics , RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Katrin Õunap
- 1 Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital , Tartu, Estonia .,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu , Tartu, Estonia
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Koppes E, Himes KP, Chaillet JR. Partial Loss of Genomic Imprinting Reveals Important Roles for Kcnq1 and Peg10 Imprinted Domains in Placental Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135202. [PMID: 26241757 PMCID: PMC4524636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in imprinted genes or their imprint control regions (ICRs) produce changes in imprinted gene expression and distinct abnormalities in placental structure, indicating the importance of genomic imprinting to placental development. We have recently shown that a very broad spectrum of placental abnormalities associated with altered imprinted gene expression occurs in the absence of the oocyte-derived DNMT1o cytosine methyltransferase, which normally maintains parent-specific imprinted methylation during preimplantation. The absence of DNMT1o partially reduces inherited imprinted methylation while retaining the genetic integrity of imprinted genes and their ICRs. Using this novel system, we undertook a broad and inclusive approach to identifying key ICRs involved in placental development by correlating loss of imprinted DNA methylation with abnormal placental phenotypes in a mid-gestation window (E12.5-E15.5). To these ends we measured DNA CpG methylation at 15 imprinted gametic differentially methylated domains (gDMDs) that overlap known ICRs using EpiTYPER-mass array technology, and linked these epigenetic measurements to histomorphological defects. Methylation of some imprinted gDMDs, most notably Dlk1, was nearly normal in mid-gestation DNMT1o-deficient placentas, consistent with the notion that cells having lost methylation on these DMDs do not contribute significantly to placental development. Most imprinted gDMDs however showed a wide range of methylation loss among DNMT1o-deficient placentas. Two striking associations were observed. First, loss of DNA methylation at the Peg10 imprinted gDMD associated with decreased embryonic viability and decreased labyrinthine volume. Second, loss of methylation at the Kcnq1 imprinted gDMD was strongly associated with trophoblast giant cell (TGC) expansion. We conclude that the Peg10 and Kcnq1 ICRs are key regulators of mid-gestation placental function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Koppes
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Program in Integrative Molecular Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine P. Himes
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Richard Chaillet
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mussa A, Russo S, Larizza L, Riccio A, Ferrero GB. (Epi)genotype-phenotype correlations in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: a paradigm for genomic medicine. Clin Genet 2015; 89:403-415. [PMID: 26138266 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is the commonest overgrowth cancer predisposition disorder and represents a model for human imprinting dysregulation and tumorigenesis. BWS features can variably combine and present a widely variable range of severity in the phenotypic expression. This wide spectrum is paralleled at molecular level by complex (epi)genetic defects on chromosome 11p15.5 leading to disrupted expression of imprinted genes controlling growth and cellular proliferation. In this review, we outline the spectrum of clinical manifestations of BWS analyzing their (epi)genotype-phenotype correlations. The differences observed in the phenotypic profiles of BWS molecular subtypes allow a composite view of this syndrome with implications on clinical care, diagnosis, follow-up, and management, and provide directions for future disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mussa
- Department of Pediatrics and Public Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - S Russo
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - L Larizza
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Riccio
- DiSTABiF, Second University of Naples, Napoli, Italy.,Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - G B Ferrero
- Department of Pediatrics and Public Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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(Epi)genotype-phenotype correlations in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 24:183-90. [PMID: 25898929 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is characterized by cancer predisposition, overgrowth and highly variable association of macroglossia, abdominal wall defects, nephrourological anomalies, nevus flammeus, ear malformations, hypoglycemia, hemihyperplasia, and organomegaly. BWS molecular defects, causing alteration of expression or activity of the genes regulated by two imprinting centres (IC) in the 11p15 chromosomal region, are also heterogeneous. In this paper we define (epi)genotype-phenotype correlations in molecularly confirmed BWS patients. The characteristics of 318 BWS patients with proven molecular defect were compared among the main four molecular subclasses: IC2 loss of methylation (IC2-LoM, n=190), IC1 gain of methylation (IC1-GoM, n=31), chromosome 11p15 paternal uniparental disomy (UPD, n=87), and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C gene (CDKN1C) variants (n=10). A characteristic growth pattern was found in each group; neonatal macrosomia was almost constant in IC1-GoM, postnatal overgrowth in IC2-LoM, and hemihyperplasia more common in UPD (P<0.001). Exomphalos was more common in IC2/CDKN1C patients (P<0.001). Renal defects were typical of UPD/IC1 patients, uretheral malformations of IC1-GoM cases (P<0.001). Ear anomalies and nevus flammeus were associated with IC2/CDKN1C genotype (P<0.001). Macroglossia was less common among UPD patients (P<0.001). Wilms' tumor was associated with IC1-GoM or UPD and never observed in IC2-LoM patients (P<0.001). Hepatoblastoma occurred only in UPD cases. Cancer risk was lower in IC2/CDKN1C, intermediate in UPD, and very high in IC1 cases (P=0.009). In conclusion, (epi)genotype-phenotype correlations define four different phenotypic BWS profiles with some degree of clinical overlap. These observations impact clinical care allowing to move toward (epi) genotype-based follow-up and cancer screening.
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Miozzo M, Vaira V, Sirchia SM. Epigenetic alterations in cancer and personalized cancer treatment. Future Oncol 2015; 11:333-48. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Based on the pivotal importance of epigenetics for transcription regulation, it is not surprising that cancer is characterized by several epigenetic abnormalities. Conversely to genetic alterations, epigenetic changes are not permanent, thus represent opportunities for therapeutic strategies designed to reverse transcriptional abnormalities, and cancer is the first disease in which epigenetic therapies with chromatin remodeling agents were introduced. The role of miRNAs in gene regulation supports their potential as innovative therapeutic strategy. Recent evidences have proven that the environment can profoundly influence the epigenome: diet, smoking and alcohol consumption can negatively impact the expression profile. Given the plasticity of epigenetic marks, it is challenging the idea that the epigenetic alterations are ‘druggable’ sites using specific food components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Miozzo
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Vaira
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare ‘Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi’, Integrative Biology Unit, Milano, Italy
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DNA methylation biomarkers: cancer and beyond. Genes (Basel) 2014; 5:821-64. [PMID: 25229548 PMCID: PMC4198933 DOI: 10.3390/genes5030821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are naturally-occurring characteristics by which a particular pathological process or disease can be identified or monitored. They can reflect past environmental exposures, predict disease onset or course, or determine a patient's response to therapy. Epigenetic changes are such characteristics, with most epigenetic biomarkers discovered to date based on the epigenetic mark of DNA methylation. Many tissue types are suitable for the discovery of DNA methylation biomarkers including cell-based samples such as blood and tumor material and cell-free DNA samples such as plasma. DNA methylation biomarkers with diagnostic, prognostic and predictive power are already in clinical trials or in a clinical setting for cancer. Outside cancer, strong evidence that complex disease originates in early life is opening up exciting new avenues for the detection of DNA methylation biomarkers for adverse early life environment and for estimation of future disease risk. However, there are a number of limitations to overcome before such biomarkers reach the clinic. Nevertheless, DNA methylation biomarkers have great potential to contribute to personalized medicine throughout life. We review the current state of play for DNA methylation biomarkers, discuss the barriers that must be crossed on the way to implementation in a clinical setting, and predict their future use for human disease.
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Milani D, Pezzani L, Tabano S, Miozzo M. Beckwith-Wiedemann and IMAGe syndromes: two very different diseases caused by mutations on the same gene. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2014; 7:169-75. [PMID: 25258553 PMCID: PMC4173641 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s35474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetically regulated mechanism leading to parental-origin allele-specific expression. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an imprinting disease related to 11p15.5 genetic and epigenetic alterations, among them loss-of-function CDKN1C mutations. Intriguing is that CDKN1C gain-of-function variations were recently found in patients with IMAGe syndrome (intrauterine growth restriction, metaphyseal dysplasia, congenital adrenal hypoplasia, and genital anomalies). BWS and IMAGe share an imprinted mode of inheritance; familial analysis demonstrated the presence of the phenotype exclusively when the mutant CDKN1C allele is inherited from the mother. Interestingly, both IMAGe and BWS are characterized by growth disturbances, although with opposite clinical phenotypes; IMAGe patients display growth restriction whereas BWS patients display overgrowth. CDKN1C codifies for CDKN1C/KIP2, a nuclear protein and potent tight-binding inhibitor of several cyclin/Cdk complexes, playing a role in maintenance of the nonproliferative state of cells. The mirror phenotype of BWS and IMAGe can be, at least in part, explained by the effect of mutations on protein functions. All the IMAGe-associated mutations are clustered in the proliferating cell nuclear antigen-binding domain of CDKN1C and cause a dramatic increase in the stability of the protein, which probably results in a functional gain of growth inhibition properties. In contrast, BWS mutations are not clustered within a single domain, are loss-of-function, and promote cell proliferation. CDKN1C is an example of allelic heterogeneity associated with opposite syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Milani
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy
| | - Lidia Pezzani
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy
| | - Silvia Tabano
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Miozzo
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy ; Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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