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Li Y, Han Y, Zhao Q, Tang C, Zhang J, Qin Y. Fermented Soy and Fish Protein Dietary Sources Shape Ileal and Colonic Microbiota, Improving Nutrient Digestibility and Host Health in a Piglet Model. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:911500. [PMID: 35814707 PMCID: PMC9257162 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.911500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Suitable protein sources are essential requirements for piglet growth and health. Typically, intestinal microbiota co-develops with the host and impact its physiology, which make it more plastic to dietary protein sources at early stages. However, the effects of fermented soybean meal (FSB) and fish meal (FM) on foregut and hindgut microbiota, and their relationship with nutrient digestion and host health remain unclear. In this study, we identified interactions between ileac and colonic microbiota which were reshaped by FSB and FM, and assessed host digestibility and host health in a piglet model. Eighteen weaned piglets (mean weight = 8.58 ± 0.44 kg) were divided into three dietary treatments, with six replicates/treatment. The level of dietary protein was 16%, with FSB, FM, and a mixture of fermented soybean meal and fish meal (MFSM) applied as protein sources. During days 1-14 and 1-28, diets containing MFSM generated higher piglet body weight and average daily gain, but lower feed to weight gain ratios when compared with the FM diet (P < 0.05). Piglets in MFSM and FM groups had lower apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP) compared with the FSB group (P < 0.05). Serum immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG) in MFSM and FM groups were significantly higher on day 28, but serum cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) were significantly lower than the FSB group on days 14 and 28 (P < 0.05). When compared with FSB and FM groups, dietary MFSM significantly increased colonic acetic acid and butyric acid levels (P < 0.05). Compared with the FM and MFSM groups, the FSB diet increased the relative abundance of ileac Lactobacillus and f_Lactobacillaceae, which were significant positively correlated with CP ATTD (P < 0.05). Compared with the FSB group, the relative abundance of f_Peptostreptococcaceae and Romboutsia in MFSM or FM groups were increased and were significant positively correlated with total carbohydrate (TC) ATTD (P < 0.05). Piglets fed FSB had higher α-diversity in colonic microbiota when compared with other groups (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of colonic unidentified_Clostridiales and Romboutsia in MFSM and FSB groups were significantly higher than in the FM group (P < 0.05). Dietary MFSM or FM increased the relative abundance of colonic Streptococcaceae and Streptococcus, but decreased the relative abundance of Christensenellaceae when compared with the FSB group (P < 0.05). These bacteria showed a significantly positive correlation with serum cytokine and immunoglobulin levels (P < 0.05). Therefore, dietary FSB improved CP digestibility by increasing the relative abundance of ileac f_Lactobacillaceae and Lactobacillus, while dietary MFSM benefited TC digestibility by increasing f_Peptostreptococcaceae and Romboutsia. Dietary MFSM and FM enhanced immunoglobulin secretion by increasing colonic f_Streptococcaceae and Streptococcus prevalence, while dietary FSB promoted cytokine production by increasing microbiota diversity and Romboutsia and Christensenellaceae. Our data provide a theoretical dietary basis for young animals using plant and animal protein sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunsheng Han
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaohua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Shin JH, Ahn YJ, Chung WH, Lim MY, Hong S, Kim JH, Park MH, Nam YD. Effect of Saengshik Supplementation on the Gut Microbial Composition of Healthy Korean Adults: A Single-Group Pilot Study. Front Nutr 2021; 8:743620. [PMID: 34746209 PMCID: PMC8568882 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.743620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Saengshik is a type of meal-replacement product or dietary supplement comprising an uncooked and dried plant-based food mixture with various health-promoting properties, such as antidiabetic, anti-dyslipidemic, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Although these properties are considered attributable to the various bioactive components absorbed through the intestine and its remolding effect on intestinal microorganisms, the effect of Saengshik supplementation on gut microbiota profiles has not yet been studied. In this study, we investigated the effect of Saengshik administration on the composition of gut microbiota. This single-group design trial was conducted on 102 healthy men and women who received 40 g/day of Saengshik powder for 8 weeks, during which stool samples were collected at two fixed time points (baseline and the endpoint) for gut microbiota-profiling analysis. We observed a significant decrease in the α-diversity of gut microbiota after Saengshik consumption (P < 0.05), with significant changes identified in the composition of major microbial taxa, such as Bacteroidetes (P < 0.0001), Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia (P < 0.0001). Notably, the gut microbial response was related to the inter-individual variability of habitual dietary intake and enterotype at baseline. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the effects of Saengshik intake on changes in gut microbiota, with the results suggesting that individual habitual diet patterns and gut microbial shapes should be considered key aspects in Saengshik-mediated health-promotion effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hee Shin
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Yong Ju Ahn
- Theragen Bio Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Won-Hyong Chung
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea.,Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Mi Young Lim
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Joong-Hark Kim
- Erom R&D Center, Erom Co., Ltd., Chuncheon-si, South Korea.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, South Korea
| | - Mi Houn Park
- Erom R&D Center, Erom Co., Ltd., Chuncheon-si, South Korea
| | - Young-Do Nam
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
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3
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Sun CH, Liu HY, Liu B, Yuan BD, Lu CH. Analysis of the Gut Microbiome of Wild and Captive Père David's Deer. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2331. [PMID: 31636626 PMCID: PMC6787558 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus or milu) is a highly endangered species originating from China, and many deer are currently being raised in captivity for gradual re-introduction to the wild. Wild and captive deer currently live in the same region but have vastly different diets. In this study, we used 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing to identify the healthy core microbiome in the gut of wild and captive Père David’s deer and investigate how dietary factors influence the gut microbiome by comparing their differences. A core shared gut microbiome was identified in healthy Père David’s deer, which was similar to that of other ruminants, mainly comprising the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. There were no differences in the richness or diversity of the gut microbiome between the wild and captive deer. However, PCA and ANOSIM demonstrated clear differences in the microbial community structure between the captive and wild deer, which mainly manifested as changes in the relative abundance of 39 bacterial genera. As the majority of these genera were not dominant in the deer gut, no significant difference was detected in functional modules related to the microbiome between the two groups. Therefore, the difference in dietary factors does not appear to affect the healthy core gut microbiome between captive and wild Père David’s deer, suggesting strong co-evolution and the possibility of re-establishment in the wild. These data could guide future applications of population management in Père David’s deer conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-He Sun
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Yi Liu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Dafeng Père David's Deer National Nature Reserve, Yancheng, China
| | - Bao-Dong Yuan
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.,College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Chang-Hu Lu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Pan X, Gong D, Nguyen DN, Zhang X, Hu Q, Lu H, Fredholm M, Sangild PT, Gao F. Early microbial colonization affects DNA methylation of genes related to intestinal immunity and metabolism in preterm pigs. DNA Res 2018; 25:4818260. [PMID: 29365082 PMCID: PMC6014285 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsy001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation may play an important role in mediating microbe-host interactions and adaptation of intestinal gene expression to bacterial colonization just after birth. This is particularly important after preterm birth because the immature intestine is hypersensitive to invading bacteria. We compared the intestinal DNA methylome and microbiome between conventional (CON) and antibiotics-treated (AB) preterm pigs, used as a model for preterm infants. Oral AB treatment reduced bacterial density (∼100-fold), diversity and fermentation, improved the resistance to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and changed the genome-wide DNA methylation in the distal small intestine. Integration of epigenome data with previously obtained proteome data showed that intestinal immune-metabolic pathways were affected by the AB-induced delay in bacterial colonization. DNA methylation and expression of intestinal genes, related to innate immune response, phagocytosis, endothelial homeostasis and tissue metabolism (e.g. CPN1, C3, LBP, HIF1A, MicroRNA-126, PTPRE), differed between AB and CON pigs even before any evidence of NEC lesions. Our findings document that the newborn immature intestine is influenced by bacterial colonization via DNA methylation changes. Microbiota-dependent epigenetic programming of genes related to gut immunity, vascular integrity and metabolism may be critical for short- and long-term intestinal health in preterm neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Pan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg DK 1870 C, Denmark
| | - Desheng Gong
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg DK 1870 C, Denmark
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Qi Hu
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Hanlin Lu
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Merete Fredholm
- Animal Genetics, Bioinformatics and Breeding, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg DK 1870 C, Denmark
| | - Per T Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg DK 1870 C, Denmark
| | - Fei Gao
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
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5
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Yang IV, Lozupone CA, Schwartz DA. The environment, epigenome, and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:14-23. [PMID: 28673400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Asthma prevalence has been on the increase, especially in North America compared with other continents. However, the prevalence of asthma differs worldwide, and in many countries the prevalence is stable or decreasing. This highlights the influence of environmental exposures, such as allergens, air pollution, and the environmental microbiome, on disease etiology and pathogenesis. The epigenome might provide the unifying mechanism that translates the influence of environmental exposures to changes in gene expression, respiratory epithelial function, and immune cell skewing that are hallmarks of asthma. In this review we will introduce the concept of the environmental epigenome in asthmatic patients, summarize previous publications of relevance to this field, and discuss future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana V Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colo.
| | - Catherine A Lozupone
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo
| | - David A Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colo
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6
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Remely M, Haslberger AG. The microbial epigenome in metabolic syndrome. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 54:71-77. [PMID: 27670623 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dietary habits, lifestyle, medication, and food additives affect the composition and functions of the GI microbiota. Metabolic syndrome is already known to be associated with an aberrant gut microbiota affecting systemic low-grade inflammation, which is also outlined by differing epigenetic patterns. Thus, structural changes and compositional evaluation of gut microbial differences affecting epigenetic patterns in metabolic syndrome are of research interest. In the present review we focus on the disparities in the gut microbiota composition of metabolic syndrome and the resulting aberrant profile of bioactive microbial metabolites known to affect epigenetic modifications such as G-protein coupled receptors and inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Remely
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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7
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Hernández DL. Letter to the Editor: Use of Antibiotics, Gut Microbiota, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Epigenetics Regulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:L62-3. [PMID: 27163475 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel López Hernández
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Center for Research and Continuing Education, CP 57820 Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl, Mexico
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8
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Cortese R, Lu L, Yu Y, Ruden D, Claud EC. Epigenome-Microbiome crosstalk: A potential new paradigm influencing neonatal susceptibility to disease. Epigenetics 2016; 11:205-15. [PMID: 26909656 PMCID: PMC4854540 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1155011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is the leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory bowel disease affecting primarily premature infants, which can be lethal. Microbial intestinal colonization may alter epigenetic signatures of the immature gut establishing inflammatory and barrier properties predisposing to the development of NEC. We hypothesize that a crosstalk exists between the epigenome of the host and the initial intestinal colonizing microbiota at critical neonatal stages. By exposing immature enterocytes to probiotic and pathogenic bacteria, we showed over 200 regions of differential DNA modification, which were specific for each exposure. Reciprocally, using a mouse model of prenatal exposure to dexamethasone we demonstrated that antenatal treatment with glucocorticoids alters the epigenome of the host. We investigated the effects on the expression profiles of genes associated with inflammatory responses and intestinal barrier by qPCR-based gene expression array and verified the DNA modification changes in 5 candidate genes by quantitative methylation specific PCR (qMSP). Importantly, by 16S RNA sequencing-based phylogenetic analysis of intestinal bacteria in mice at 2 weeks of life, we showed that epigenome changes conditioned early microbiota colonization leading to differential bacterial colonization at different taxonomic levels. Our findings support a novel conceptual framework in which epigenetic changes induced by intrauterine influences affect early microbial colonization and intestinal development, which may alter disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Cortese
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lei Lu
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yueyue Yu
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Douglas Ruden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (IEHS), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Erika C. Claud
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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9
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Yang J, Farmer LM, Agyekum AAA, Elbaz-Younes I, Hirschi KD. Detection of an Abundant Plant-Based Small RNA in Healthy Consumers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137516. [PMID: 26335106 PMCID: PMC4559308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of delivery of plant small RNAs to consumers must be investigated in order to harness this technology to positively impact biotechnology. Two groups have used honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) feeding regimes to detect a plant-based small RNA, termed MIR2911, in sera. Meanwhile, numerous groups have failed to detect dietary plant-based small RNAs in consumers. Here we catalog levels of MIR2911 in different herbs, and suggest that in particular herb MIR2911 levels are elevated. Feeding these different herb-based diets to mice, we found MIR2911 levels in the sera and urine were associated with dietary intake levels. Abundance was not the sole determinate of apparent RNA bioavailability, as gavage-feeding large-doses of synthetic MIR2911 permitted only small transient increases in serum levels. Dietary MIR2911 were not modified in circulation by association with the host’s RNA-induced silencing complex, as the RNA did not co-immunoprecipitate with AGO2. The stability of dietary MIR2911 in circulation differed from synthesized small RNAs, as tail vein administration of various synthetic plant-based small RNAs resulted in rapid clearance. However, synthetic MIR2911 appeared to be more stable than the other plant miRNAs tested. Notably, this uptake of dietary MIR2911 was not related to perturbations in the host’s microbiome or gut permeability. We suggest dietary uptake of MIR2911 is commonplace in healthy consumers, and reproducible detection of plant-based small RNAs in consumers depends on dietary abundance, RNA stability and digestion from within the food-matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Farmer
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Abia A. A. Agyekum
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ismail Elbaz-Younes
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kendal D. Hirschi
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Abstract
The development, existence, and functioning of numerous animals and plants depend on their symbiotic interactions with other organisms, mainly microorganisms. In return, the symbionts benefit from safe habitats and nutrient-rich environments provided by their hosts. In these interactions, genetic changes in either of the partners may provide fitness advantages and become subjects to natural selection. Recent findings suggest that epigenetic changes, heritable or within the organism's life time, in either of the partners play significant roles in the establishment of symbiotic relationships. In this review, a variety of epigenetic effects underlying the most common host-symbiont interactions will be examined to determine to what extent these effects are shared in various interactions and how the epigenetic pathways could possibly be manipulated to benefit the interacting symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sassan Asgari
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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11
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Remely M, Aumueller E, Jahn D, Hippe B, Brath H, Haslberger AG. Microbiota and epigenetic regulation of inflammatory mediators in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Benef Microbes 2014; 5:33-43. [PMID: 24533976 DOI: 10.3920/bm2013.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is associated with alterations in the structure of the gut microbiota leading to low-grade inflammatory responses. An increased penetration of the impaired gut membrane by bacterial components is believed to induce this inflammation, possibly involving epigenetic alteration of inflammatory molecules such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We evaluated changes of the gut microbiota and epigenetic DNA methylation of TLR2 and TLR4 in three groups of subjects: type 2 diabetics under glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist therapy, obese individuals without established insulin resistance, and a lean control group. Clostridium cluster IV, Clostridium cluster XIVa, lactic acid bacteria, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bacteroidetes abundances were analysed by PCR and 454 high-throughput sequencing. The epigenetic methylation in the regulatory region of TLR4 and TLR2 was analysed using bisulfite conversion and pyrosequencing. We observed a significantly higher ratio of Firmicutes/ Bacteroidetes in type 2 diabetics compared to lean controls and obese. Major differences were shown in lactic acid bacteria, with the highest abundance in type 2 diabetics, followed by obese and lean participants. In comparison, F. prausnitzii was least abundant in type 2 diabetics, and most abundant in lean controls. Methylation analysis of four CpGs in the first exon of TLR4 showed significantly lower methylation in obese individuals, but no significant difference between type 2 diabetics and lean controls. Methylation of seven CpGs in the promoter region of TLR2 was significantly lower in type 2 diabetics compared to obese subjects and lean controls. The methylation levels of both TLRs were significantly correlated with body mass index. Our data suggest that changes in gut microbiota and thus cell wall components are involved in the epigenetic regulation of inflammatory reactions. An improved diet targeted to induce gut microbial balance and in the following even epigenetic changes of pro-inflammatory genes may be effective in the prevention of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Remely
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, UZA 2/2D541, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - E Aumueller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, UZA 2/2D541, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - D Jahn
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, UZA 2/2D541, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - B Hippe
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, UZA 2/2D541, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - H Brath
- Diabetes Outpatient Clinic, Health Center South, Wienerbergstrasse 13, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - A G Haslberger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, UZA 2/2D541, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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12
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van Bergenhenegouwen J, Plantinga TS, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Folkerts G, Kraneveld AD, Garssen J, Vos AP. TLR2 & Co: a critical analysis of the complex interactions between TLR2 and coreceptors. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:885-902. [PMID: 23990624 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0113003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TLRs play a major role in microbe-host interactions and innate immunity. Of the 10 functional TLRs described in humans, TLR2 is unique in its requirement to form heterodimers with TLR1 or TLR6 for the initiation of signaling and cellular activation. The ligand specificity of TLR2 heterodimers has been studied extensively, using specific bacterial and synthetic lipoproteins to gain insight into the structure-function relationship, the minimal active motifs, and the critical dependence on TLR1 or TLR6 for activation. Different from that for specific well-defined TLR2 agonists, recognition of more complex ligands like intact microbes or molecules from endogenous origin requires TLR2 to interact with additional coreceptors. A breadth of data has been published on ligand-induced interactions of TLR2 with additional pattern recognition receptors such as CD14, scavenger receptors, integrins, and a range of other receptors, all of them important factors in TLR2 function. This review summarizes the roles of TLR2 in vivo and in specific immune cell types and integrates this information with a detailed review of our current understanding of the roles of specific coreceptors and ligands in regulating TLR2 functions. Understanding how these processes affect intracellular signaling and drive functional immune responses will lead to a better understanding of host-microbe interactions and will aid in the design of new agents to target TLR2 function in health and disease.
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13
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Mir SA, Nagy-Szakal D, Dowd SE, Szigeti RG, Smith CW, Kellermayer R. Prenatal methyl-donor supplementation augments colitis in young adult mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73162. [PMID: 23977377 PMCID: PMC3747105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have become highly prevalent in developed countries. Environmentally triggered exaggerated immune responses against the intestinal microbiome are thought to mediate the disorders. The potential dietary origins of the disease group have been implicated. However, the effects of environmental influences on prenatal developmental programming in respect to orchestrating postnatal microbiome composition and predilection towards mammalian colitis have not been examined. We tested how transient prenatal exposure to methyl donor micronutrient (MD) supplemented diets may impact predilection towards IBD in a murine dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis model. Prenatal MD supplementation was sufficient to modulate colonic mucosal Ppara expression (3.2 fold increase; p=0.022) and worsen DSS colitis in young adulthood. The prenatal dietary exposure shifted the postnatal colonic mucosal and cecal content microbiomes. Transfer of the gut microbiome from prenatally MD supplemented young adult animals into germ free mice resulted in increased colitis susceptibility in the recipients compared to controls. Therefore, the prenatal dietary intervention induced the postnatal nurturing of a colitogenic microbiome. Our results show that prenatal nutritional programming can modulate the mammalian host to harbor a colitogenic microbiome. These findings may be relevant for the nutritional developmental origins of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina A. Mir
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Department of Agriculture/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dorottya Nagy-Szakal
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Department of Agriculture/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Scot E. Dowd
- MR DNA (Molecular Research), Shallowater, Texas, United States of America
| | - Reka G. Szigeti
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - C. Wayne Smith
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Agriculture/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard Kellermayer
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Department of Agriculture/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Joly C, Gay-Quéheillard J, Léké A, Chardon K, Delanaud S, Bach V, Khorsi-Cauet H. Impact of chronic exposure to low doses of chlorpyrifos on the intestinal microbiota in the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME) and in the rat. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:2726-34. [PMID: 23135753 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) on the mammalian digestive system has been poorly described. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of chronic, low-dose exposure to CPF on the composition of the gut microbiota in a Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem: the SHIME and in rats. The SHIME comprises six reactor vessels (stomach to colon). The colonic segments were inoculated with feces from healthy humans. Then, the simulator was exposed to a daily dose of 1 mg of CPF for 30 days. The changes over time in the populations of bacteria were examined at different time points: prior to pesticide exposure (as a control) and after exposure. In parallel, pregnant rats were gavaged daily with 1 mg/kg of CPF (or vehicle) until the pups were weaned. Next, the rats were gavaged with same dose of CPF until 60 days of age (adulthood). Then, samples of different parts of the digestive tract were collected under sterile conditions for microbiological assessment. Chronic, low-dose exposure to CPF in the SHIME and in the rat was found to induce dysbiosis in the microbial community with, in particular, proliferation of subpopulations of some strains and a decrease in the numbers of others bacteria. In compliance with European guidelines, the use of the SHIME in vitro tool would help to (1) elucidate the final health effect of toxic agents and (2) minimize (though not fully replace) animal testing. Indeed, certain parameters would still have to be studied further in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Joly
- Peritox Laboratory, EA4285 UMI01 INERIS, Faculty of Medicine, Jules Verne University of Picardy, 3 rue des Louvels, 80036 Amiens, France
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Monotonous diets protect against acute colitis in mice: epidemiologic and therapeutic implications. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 56:544-50. [PMID: 23085891 PMCID: PMC4030530 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3182769748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multiple characteristics of industrialization have been proposed to contribute to the global emergence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs: Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis). Major changes in eating habits during the last decades and the effectiveness of exclusive enteral nutrition in the treatment of Crohn disease indicate the etiologic importance of dietary intake in IBDs. A uniform characteristic of nutrition in developing countries (where the incidence of IBD is low) and exclusive enteral nutrition is their consistent nature for prolonged periods; however, the potentially beneficial effect of dietary monotony in respect to mammalian intestinal inflammation has not been examined. METHODS The association between alternating (2 different complete chows) and persistent regular diets, and dextran sulfate sodium colitis susceptibility in C57BL/6J mice was studied. Colonic mucosal microbiota changes were investigated by high-throughput pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. RESULTS The severity of colitis increased upon dietary alternation compared with consistent control feeding. The microbiota of the alternating nutritional group clustered discretely from both control groups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight that monotonous dietary intake may decrease mammalian vulnerability against colitis in association with microbiota separation. The epidemiologic and therapeutic implications of our results are also discussed.
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16
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Epigenetics and the developmental origins of inflammatory bowel diseases. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2013; 26:909-15. [PMID: 23248794 DOI: 10.1155/2012/526408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota, the intestinal mucosa and the host immune system are among the large biological networks involved in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Host genetics and environmental factors can significantly modulate the interactive relationships among these biological systems and influence predilection toward IBD. High monozygotic twin discordance rates and the rapid rise in the prevalence of IBD indicate that environmental influences may be as important or even more important in their pathogenesis than genetic susceptibility. However, the nature and timing of environmental factors critical for inducing IBD remain largely unknown. The molecular mechanisms and the key biological component(s) that may be affected by such factors are also in question. Epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation (the methylation of cytosines followed by a guanine in CpG dinucleotides) can be modified by environmental influences during finite developmental periods and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD. Mucosal DNA methylation can also react to changes in the commensal microbiota, underscoring the intercalating relationships among the large biological systems involved in gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore, transient environmental influences during specific periods of development may induce critical change(s) in an isolated or concomitant fashion within the intestinal biomic networks and lead to increased susceptibility to IBD. The present review focuses on the emerging paradigm shift considering IBD to originate from critical environmental effects during pre- and postnatal development.
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17
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Nagy-Szakal D, Hollister EB, Luna RA, Szigeti R, Tatevian N, Smith CW, Versalovic J, Kellermayer R. Cellulose supplementation early in life ameliorates colitis in adult mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56685. [PMID: 23437211 PMCID: PMC3577696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased consumption of dietary fibers, such as cellulose, has been proposed to promote the emergence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD: Crohn disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC]) where intestinal microbes are recognized to play an etiologic role. However, it is not known if transient fiber consumption during critical developmental periods may prevent consecutive intestinal inflammation. The incidence of IBD peaks in young adulthood indicating that pediatric environmental exposures may be important in the etiology of this disease group. We studied the effects of transient dietary cellulose supplementation on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis susceptibility during the pediatric period in mice. Cellulose supplementation stimulated substantial shifts in the colonic mucosal microbiome. Several bacterial taxa decreased in relative abundance (e.g., Coriobacteriaceae [p = 0.001]), and other taxa increased in abundance (e.g., Peptostreptococcaceae [p = 0.008] and Clostridiaceae [p = 0.048]). Some of these shifts persisted for 10 days following the cessation of cellulose supplementation. The changes in the gut microbiome were associated with transient trophic and anticolitic effects 10 days following the cessation of a cellulose-enriched diet, but these changes diminished by 40 days following reversal to a low cellulose diet. These findings emphasize the transient protective effect of dietary cellulose in the mammalian large bowel and highlight the potential role of dietary fibers in amelioration of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorottya Nagy-Szakal
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Emily B. Hollister
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ruth Ann Luna
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Reka Szigeti
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nina Tatevian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - C. Wayne Smith
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard Kellermayer
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Microbiota separation and C-reactive protein elevation in treatment-naïve pediatric granulomatous Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012; 55:243-50. [PMID: 22699834 PMCID: PMC3812911 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3182617c16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), the presence of noncaseating mucosal granuloma is sufficient for diagnosing Crohn disease (CD) and may represent a specific immune response or microbial-host interaction. The cause of granulomas in CD is unknown and their association with the intestinal microbiota has not been addressed with high-throughput methodologies. METHODS The mucosal microbiota from 3 different pediatric centers was studied with 454 pyrosequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and the fungal small subunit (SSU) ribosomal region in transverse colonic biopsy specimens from 26 controls and 15 treatment-naïve pediatric CD cases. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) was tested with real-time polymerase chain reaction. The correlation of granulomatous inflammation with C-reactive protein was expanded to 86 treatment-naïve CD cases. RESULTS The CD microbiota separated from controls by distance-based redundancy analysis (P = 0.035). Mucosal granulomata found in any portion of the intestinal tract associated with an augmented colonic bacterial microbiota divergence (P = 0.013). The granuloma-based microbiota separation persisted even when research center bias was eliminated (P = 0.04). Decreased Roseburia and Ruminococcus in granulomatous CD were important in this separation; however, principal coordinates analysis did not reveal partitioning of the groups. CRP levels >1 mg/dL predicted the presence of mucosal granulomata (odds ratio 28 [6-134.32]; 73% sensitivity, 91% specificity). CONCLUSIONS Granulomatous CD associates with microbiota separation and C-reactive protein elevation in treatment-naïve children; however, overall dysbiosis in pediatric CD appears rather limited. Geographical/center bias should be accounted for in future multicenter microbiota studies.
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Nagy-Szakal D, Ross MC, Dowd SE, Mir SA, Schaible TD, Petrosino JF, Kellermayer R. Maternal micronutrients can modify colonic mucosal microbiota maturation in murine offspring. Gut Microbes 2012; 3:426-33. [PMID: 22713270 PMCID: PMC3679229 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.20697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic data suggest that early nutritional exposures may inflict persistent changes in the developing mammalian "super-organism" (i.e., the host and its residing microbiota). Such persistent modifications could predispose young adults to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). We recently observed that the dietary supplementation of four micronutrients to dams augmented colitis susceptibility in murine offspring in association with mucosal microbiota composition changes. In this study the effects of the four micronutrients on the microbiota of dams and female mice was examined. Additionally, age dependent microbiota composition shifts during pediatric development were delineated from the previous offspring data sets. Maternal and adult female microbiota did not separate secondary to the nutritional intervention. Significant microbiota composition changes occurred from postnatal day 30 (P30) to P90 at the level of 1 phylum and 15 genera. Most of these changes were absent or opposite in the maternally supplemented offspring. Nutritionally induced alterations in mucosal microbiota maturation may be contributors to colitis susceptibility in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorottya Nagy-Szakal
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology; Baylor College of Medicine; Texas Children's Hospital; Houston, TX USA
| | - Matthew C. Ross
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Scot E. Dowd
- MR DNA Molecular Research LP, Shallowater, TX USA
| | - Sabina A.V. Mir
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology; Baylor College of Medicine; Texas Children's Hospital; Houston, TX USA
| | - Tiffany D. Schaible
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology; Baylor College of Medicine; Texas Children's Hospital; Houston, TX USA
| | - Joseph F. Petrosino
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research Center, Houston, TX USA,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA,Human Genome Sequencing Center; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard Kellermayer
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology; Baylor College of Medicine; Texas Children's Hospital; Houston, TX USA,Correspondence to: Richard Kellermayer,
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Szigeti R, Pangas SA, Nagy-Szakal D, Dowd SE, Shulman RJ, Olive AP, Popek EJ, Finegold MJ, Kellermayer R. SMAD4 haploinsufficiency associates with augmented colonic inflammation in select humans and mice. ANNALS OF CLINICAL AND LABORATORY SCIENCE 2012; 42:401-408. [PMID: 23090737 PMCID: PMC3875295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
SMAD4 is a common mediator of the TGF-beta signaling pathway. One of the members of this pathway, TGF-beta 1, has an important role in controlling gut inflammation in relation to the continuous stimulation of the intestinal microbiota. SMAD4 haploinsufficiency in humans has been linked to juvenile polyposis hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia syndrome (JP/HHT; OMIM#17505). Hematochezia and colonic mucosal inflammation suggestive of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have been reported in JP/HHT. Stimulated by recent experience with two affected pediatric patients presented here, we explored the potential role of Smad4 haploinsufficiency in a murine model of colonic inflammation. Smad4(+/-) mice were maintained on a mixed C57/129SvEv background. Chronic colitis was induced with repeated administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water. The colonic mucosal microbiota was interrogated by massively parallel pyrosequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. 66.7% of Smad4(+/-) mice were sensitive to DSS colitis compared to 14.3% of wild type (Chi-Square p=0.036). The augmented colitis was associated with microbiota separation in the Smad4(+/-) mice. Enterococcus and Enterococcus faecalis specifically was increased in abundance in the colitis-prone animals. Smad4 haploinsufficiency can associate with increased susceptibility to large bowel inflammation in mammals with variable penetrance in association with the colonic mucosal microbiota. These findings may reveal implications not only towards colonic inflammation in the setting of SMAD4 haploinsufficiency, but for colorectal cancer as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reka Szigeti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Stephanie A. Pangas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Dorottya Nagy-Szakal
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Scot E. Dowd
- MR DNA Molecular Research LP, Shallowater, TX, USA
| | - Robert J. Shulman
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Anthony P. Olive
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Edwina J. Popek
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Milton J. Finegold
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Richard Kellermayer
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
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