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Hong SN, Yang SK, Kim SG, Han SA, Park JA, Cha H, Kim JK, Yoon SY, Eun KM, Kim DW. Endotype and Phenotype Related Postoperative Effects of Bacterial Lysate in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2024; 133:805-813. [PMID: 39044388 DOI: 10.1177/00034894241264459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) endotypes have demonstrated clinical value in guiding treatment decisions. Bacterial lysates are immunomodulators that have shown beneficial effects in various respiratory inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of postoperative bacterial lysate therapy on different CRS endotypes. METHODS Patients diagnosed with CRS who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery were recruited. Bacterial lysates were administered postoperatively for 10 days per month for 3 months to the experimental group comprising patients with a history of frequent upper respiratory infections without adverse reactions. The remaining participants were allocated to the control group. The results of the postoperative 3-, 6-, and 12-month assessments, including the modified Lund-Kennedy (mLK) endoscopic and Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT) 22 scores, for the groups were compared. The tissue samples obtained from the participants were evaluated to detect the presence of relevant inflammatory mediators. RESULTS Among the 92 participants, 47 started bacterial lysate therapy 2 weeks after the surgery. The tissue cytokine profiles and clinical parameters, such as the disease severity and blood eosinophil percentage, of the bacterial lysate and control groups were comparable before treatment. The mLK endoscopic and SNOT-22 scores did not differ after 3, 6, and 12 months of follow-up. The subgroup analysis revealed that the bacterial lysate group had significantly lower mLK endoscopic scores than the control group for CRS without nasal polyps, while there was a tendency toward significance for the interleukin (IL)-5 negative group after 6 months. CONCLUSION Postoperative bacterial lysate therapy has some beneficial effects on the endoscopic findings of patients with CRS without nasal polyps or those who are negative for IL-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-No Hong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Koo Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Geun Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun A Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-A Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunkyung Cha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Kon Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Daejeon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Mi Eun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Woo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Węgrzyn K, Jasińska A, Janeczek K, Feleszko W. The Role of Postbiotics in Asthma Treatment. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1642. [PMID: 39203484 PMCID: PMC11356534 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been abundant research concerning human microbiome and its impact on the host's health. Studies have shown that not only the commensal bacteria itself, but also postbiotics, understood as inanimate microorganisms, possibly with the presence of their components, may themselves have an effect on various elements of human physiology. In this review, we take a closer look at the specific ways in which postbiotics can alter immune response in allergic asthma, which is one of the most prevalent allergic diseases in today's world and a serious subject of concern. Through altering patients' immune response, not only to allergens but also to pathogens, postbiotics could have a significant role in lowering the number of asthma exacerbations. We suggest that more profound research should be undertaken in order to launch postbiotics into clinical standards of asthma treatment, given the greatly promising findings in terms of their immunomodulating potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstancja Węgrzyn
- Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jasińska
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Allergy, University Clinical Centre, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Kamil Janeczek
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology and Rheumatology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Feleszko
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Allergy, University Clinical Centre, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
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Woo MS, Cao DL, Kim EJ, Jeong YY, Kang D. Broncho-Vaxom Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Acute Lung Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7135. [PMID: 39000242 PMCID: PMC11241551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a condition associated with acute respiratory failure, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. It involves cellular changes such as disruption of the alveolar-capillary membrane, excessive neutrophil migration, and release of inflammatory mediators. Broncho-Vaxom® (BV), a lyophilized product containing cell membrane components derived from eight bacteria commonly found in the respiratory tract, is known for its potential to reduce viral and bacterial lung infections. However, the specific effect of BV on ALI has not been clearly defined. This study explored the preventive effects of BV and its underlying mechanisms in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mouse model. Oral BV (1 mg/kg) gavage was administered one hour before the intratracheal injection of LPS to evaluate its preventive effect on the ALI model. The pre-administration of BV significantly mitigates inflammatory parameters, including the production of inflammatory mediators, macrophage infiltration, and NF-κB activation in lung tissue, and the increase in inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Moreover, BV (3 μg/mL) pretreatment reduced the expression of M1 macrophage markers, interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α, and cyclooxygenase-2, which are activated by LPS, in both mouse alveolar macrophage MH-S cells and human macrophage THP-1 cells. These findings showed that BV exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing inflammatory mediators through the NF-κB pathway, suggesting its potential to attenuate bronchial and pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seok Woo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Dang Long Cao
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Yeong Jeong
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Dawon Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
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Khameneh HJ, Bolis M, Ventura PMO, Cassanmagnago GA, Fischer BA, Zenobi A, Guerra J, Buzzago I, Bernasconi M, Zaman GJR, Rinaldi A, Moro SG, Sallusto F, Baulier E, Pasquali C, Guarda G. The bacterial lysate OM-85 engages Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 triggering an immunomodulatory gene signature in human myeloid cells. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:346-358. [PMID: 38447907 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
OM-85 is a bacterial lysate used in clinical practice to reduce duration and frequency of recurrent respiratory tract infections. Whereas knowledge of its regulatory effects in vivo has substantially advanced, the mechanisms of OM-85 sensing remain inadequately addressed. Here, we show that the immune response to OM-85 in the mouse is largely mediated by myeloid immune cells through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in vitro and in vivo. Instead, in human immune cells, TLR2 and TLR4 orchestrate the response to OM-85, which binds to both receptors as shown by surface plasmon resonance assay. Ribonucleic acid-sequencing analyses of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells reveal that OM-85 triggers a pro-inflammatory signature and a unique gene set, which is not induced by canonical agonists of TLR2 or TLR4 and comprises tolerogenic genes. A largely overlapping TLR2/4-dependent gene signature was observed in individual subsets of primary human airway myeloid cells, highlighting the robust effects of OM-85. Collectively, our results suggest caution should be taken when relating murine studies on bacterial lysates to humans. Furthermore, our data shed light on how a standardized bacterial lysate shapes the response through TLR2 and TLR4, which are crucial for immune response, trained immunity, and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanif J Khameneh
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Marco Bolis
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Computational Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Richerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri' IRCCS, Milano, Italy; Bioinformatics Core Unit, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Pedro M O Ventura
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Giada A Cassanmagnago
- Computational Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Richerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri' IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Berenice A Fischer
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Zenobi
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Guerra
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Irene Buzzago
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Bernasconi
- Pulmonology Division, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Ospedale Regionale di Bellinzona e Valli (ORBV), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrea Rinaldi
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Simone G Moro
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edouard Baulier
- OM Pharma SA, Department of Preclinical Research, Meyrin, Switzerland
| | | | - Greta Guarda
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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Kostinov M, Svitich O, Chuchalin A, Abramova N, Osiptsov V, Khromova E, Pakhomov D, Tatevosov V, Vlasenko A, Gainitdinova V, Mashilov K, Kryukova N, Baranova I, Kostinov A. Changes in nasal, pharyngeal and salivary secretory IgA levels in patients with COVID-19 and the possibility of correction of their secretion using combined intranasal and oral administration of a pharmaceutical containing antigens of opportunistic microorganisms. Drugs Context 2023; 12:2022-10-4. [PMID: 37342460 PMCID: PMC10278444 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2022-10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although extensive research has been conducted on the role of local immunity in patients with SARS-CoV-2, little is known about the production and concentrations of secretory IgA (SIgA) in different mucosal compartments. This article aims to assess the secretion of SIgA in the nasal and pharyngeal compartments and saliva of patients with COVID-19 and to investigate the possibility and efficiency of correction of their secretion using combined intranasal and oral administration of a pharmaceutical containing antigens of opportunistic microorganisms. Methods This study included 78 inpatients, aged between 18 and 60 years, who had confirmed COVID-19 with moderate lung involvement. The control group (n=45) received basic therapy, and the treatment group (n=33) was additionally administered the bacteria-based pharmaceutical Immunovac VP4 from day 1 to day 10 of hospitalization. SIgA levels were measured by ELISA at baseline and on days 14 and 30. Results No systemic or local reactions associated with Immunovac VP4 were reported. We observed a statistically significant reduction in the duration of fever and hospitalization in patients who received Immunovac VP4 compared with those from the control group (p=0.03 and p=0.05, respectively). Changes over time in SIgA levels in nasal swabs were found to be significantly different in the two treatment groups (F=7.9, p[78.0]<0.001). On day 14 of observation, patients in the control group showed a statistically significant reduction in SIgA levels from baseline (p=0.02), whereas patients in the Immunovac VP4 group had stable SIgA levels (p=0.07). On day 30 after the start of treatment, there was a statistically significant increase in SIgA levels in the Immunovac VP4 group compared with baseline (from 77.7 (40.5-98.7) μg/L to 113.4 (39.8-156.7) μg/L; p=0.05) and the levels measured on day 14 (from 60.2 (23.3-102.9) μg/L to 113.4 (39.8-156.7) μg/L; p=0.03). The control group showed a statistically significant decrease in levels of nasal SIgA (to 37.3) on day 30 (p=0.007 for comparison with baseline values and p=0.04 for comparison with levels measured on day 14). Changes over time in SIgA levels measured in pharyngeal swabs were also different between the two treatment groups, and this difference reached statistical significance (F=6.5, p[73.0]=0.003). In the control group, this parameter did not change throughout the study (p=0.17 for a comparison between the levels measured on day 14 and the baseline values, and p=0.12 for a comparison between the levels measured on day 30 and the baseline values). In the Immunovac VP4 group, there was a statistically significant increase from baseline in SIgA levels on study day 30: from 1.5 (0.2-16.5) μg/L to 29.8 (3.6-106.8) μg/L (p=0.02). Changes over time in salivary SIgA did not show a significant difference between study groups (F=0.3, p[66.3]=0.75). Conclusion As part of combination therapy, the bacteria-based immunostimulant agent Immunovac VP4 increases SIgA levels in the nasal and pharyngeal compartments and induces clinical improvement. Induced mucosal immunity is central to the prevention of respiratory infections, particularly in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Kostinov
- Laboratory of Preventive Vaccination and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Epidemiology and Modern Technologies of Vaccination, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Oksana Svitich
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Chuchalin
- Department of Hospital Therapy of the Faculty of Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University), Moscow, Russian Federation
- Research Institute of Pulmonology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalya Abramova
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Valery Osiptsov
- The Main Military Clinical Hospital of the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Khromova
- Laboratory of Preventive Vaccination and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Pakhomov
- Laboratory of Preventive Vaccination and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vitaly Tatevosov
- The Main Military Clinical Hospital of the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Vlasenko
- Medical Cybernetics and Informatics Department, Novokuznetsk State Institute of Advanced Training of Physicians – Branch of the “Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education”, Novokuznetsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vilia Gainitdinova
- Pulmonology Department of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill Mashilov
- Laboratory of Preventive Vaccination and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda Kryukova
- Department of Hospital Therapy of the Faculty of Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Baranova
- Department of Hospital Therapy of the Faculty of Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anton Kostinov
- Allergodiagnostics Laboratory, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Kaczynska A, Klosinska M, Janeczek K, Zarobkiewicz M, Emeryk A. Promising Immunomodulatory Effects of Bacterial Lysates in Allergic Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:907149. [PMID: 35812388 PMCID: PMC9257936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of an escalating prevalence of allergic disorders, it is crucial to fully comprehend their pathophysiology and etiology. Such knowledge would play a pivotal role in the search for new therapeutic approaches concerning not only diseases’ symptoms, but also their underlying causes. The hygiene hypothesis indicates a high correlation between limited exposure to pathogens in early childhood and the risk of developing allergic disorders. Bearing in mind the significance of respiratory and digestive systems’ mucous membrane’s first-line exposure to pathogens as well as its implications on the host’s immune response, a therapy targeted at aforesaid membranes could guarantee promising and extensive treatment outcomes. Recent years yielded valuable information about bacterial lysates (BLs) known for having immunomodulatory properties. They consist of antigen mixtures obtained through lysis of bacteria which are the most common etiologic agents of respiratory tract infections. They interact with dendritic cells located in the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract by toll-like receptors. The dendritic cells present acquired antigens resulting in innate immune response development on the release of chemokines, both stimulating monocytes and NK cells maturation and promoting polymorphonuclear neutrophil migration. Moreover, they influence the adaptive immune system by stimulating an increase of specific antibodies against administered bacterial antigens. The significance of BLs includes not only an anti-inflammatory effect on local infections but also restoration of Th1/Th2 balance, as demonstrated mainly in animal models. They decrease Th2-related cytokine levels (IL-4, IL-13) and increase Th1-related cytokine levels (IFN-γ). The reestablishment of the balance of the immune response leads to lowering atopic reactions incidence which, in addition to reduced risk of inflammation, provides the alleviation and improvement of clinical manifestations of allergic disorders. In this review, we hereby describe mechanisms of BLs action, considering their significant immunomodulatory role in innate immunity. The correlation between local, innate, and adaptive immune responses and their impact on the clinical course of allergic disorders are discussed as well. To conclude our review, we present up-to-date literature regarding the outcomes of BLs implemented in atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma prevention and treatment, especially in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kaczynska
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Children Rheumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Martyna Klosinska
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Children Rheumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamil Janeczek
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Children Rheumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- *Correspondence: Kamil Janeczek,
| | - Michał Zarobkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Emeryk
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Children Rheumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Lee YK, Haam JH, Suh E, Cho SH, Kim YS. A Case-Control Study on the Changes in Natural Killer Cell Activity following Administration of Polyvalent Mechanical Bacterial Lysate in Korean Adults with Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infection. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113014. [PMID: 35683402 PMCID: PMC9181696 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyvalent mechanical bacterial lysate (PMBL) is used for the treatment and prevention of recurrent respiratory tract infections. Although PMBL is an immunostimulant, it remains unknown whether treatment with PMBL influences natural killer cell activity (NKA). Hence, this case-control study compared the changes in IFN-γ levels (surrogate index for NKA) following PMBL treatment or time passing between the PMBL-treated group and controls. The treatment group included adults who had a PMBL prescription for three months against recurrent respiratory tract infection from an outpatient clinic, while the control group had healthy adults visiting the health promotion center for periodic health check-ups. The control group (N = 506) showed no change in IFN-γ levels, while the treatment group (N = 301) showed a significant increase in mean from 462.8 to 749.3 pg/mL after PMBL treatment. In the subgroup with IFN-γ <500 pg/mL, IFN-γ levels significantly increased in both groups. However, the change in the treatment group (287 ± 822 pg/mL) was greater than that in the control group (58 ± 809 pg/mL), and the interaction between the visit and case/control was significant (p = 0.030) in a generalized estimating equation model. In conclusion, NKA increased in the subjects with recurrent respiratory tract infections with PMBL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kyong Lee
- Chaum Life Center, CHA University, Seoul 06062, Korea; (Y.K.L.); (J.-H.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Ji-Hee Haam
- Chaum Life Center, CHA University, Seoul 06062, Korea; (Y.K.L.); (J.-H.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Eunkyung Suh
- Chaum Life Center, CHA University, Seoul 06062, Korea; (Y.K.L.); (J.-H.H.); (E.S.)
| | | | - Young-Sang Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Ackland J, Watson A, Wilkinson TMA, Staples KJ. Interrupting the Conversation: Implications for Crosstalk Between Viral and Bacterial Infections in the Asthmatic Airway. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:738987. [PMID: 35386999 PMCID: PMC8974750 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.738987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous, chronic respiratory disease affecting 300 million people and is thought to be driven by different inflammatory endotypes influenced by a myriad of genetic and environmental factors. The complexity of asthma has rendered it challenging to develop preventative and disease modifying therapies and it remains an unmet clinical need. Whilst many factors have been implicated in asthma pathogenesis and exacerbations, evidence indicates a prominent role for respiratory viruses. However, advances in culture-independent detection methods and extensive microbial profiling of the lung, have also demonstrated a role for respiratory bacteria in asthma. In particular, airway colonization by the Proteobacteria species Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat) is associated with increased risk of developing recurrent wheeze and asthma in early life, poor clinical outcomes in established adult asthma and the development of more severe inflammatory phenotypes. Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that bacterial-viral interactions may influence exacerbation risk and disease severity, highlighting the need to consider the impact chronic airway colonization by respiratory bacteria has on influencing host responses to viral infection. In this review, we first outline the currently understood role of viral and bacterial infections in precipitating asthma exacerbations and discuss the underappreciated potential impact of bacteria-virus crosstalk in modulating host responses. We discuss the mechanisms by which early life infection may predispose to asthma development. Finally, we consider how infection and persistent airway colonization may drive different asthma phenotypes, with a view to identifying pathophysiological mechanisms that may prove tractable to new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Ackland
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Watson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tom M. A. Wilkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J. Staples
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Karl J. Staples
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9
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Spacova I, De Boeck I, Bron PA, Delputte P, Lebeer S. Topical Microbial Therapeutics against Respiratory Viral Infections. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:538-553. [PMID: 33879402 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that microbial therapeutics can prevent and treat respiratory viral diseases, especially when applied directly to the airways. This review presents established beneficial effects of locally administered microbial therapeutics against respiratory viral diseases and the inferred related molecular mechanisms. Several mechanisms established in the intestinal probiotics field as well as novel, niche-specific insights are relevant in the airways. Studies at cellular and organism levels highlight biologically plausible but strain-specific and host and virus context-dependent mechanisms, underlying the potential of beneficial bacteria. Large-scale clinical studies can now be rationally designed to provide a bench-to-bedside translation of the multifactorial bacterial mechanisms within the host respiratory tract, to diminish the incidence and severity of viral infections and the concomitant complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Spacova
- Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ilke De Boeck
- Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter A Bron
- Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium. @uantwerpen.be
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10
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Cicco S, Cicco G, Racanelli V, Vacca A. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs): Two Potential Targets for COVID-19 Treatment. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:7527953. [PMID: 32724296 PMCID: PMC7366221 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7527953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a pandemic disease caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that mostly affects the respiratory system. The consequent inflammation is not able to clear viruses. The persistent excessive inflammatory response can build up a clinical picture that is very difficult to manage and potentially fatal. Modulating the immune response plays a key role in fighting the disease. One of the main defence systems is the activation of neutrophils that release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) under the stimulus of autophagy. Various molecules can induce NETosis and autophagy; some potent activators are damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and, in particular, the high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). This molecule is released by damaged lung cells and can induce a robust innate immunity response. The increase in HMGB1 and NETosis could lead to sustained inflammation due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, blocking these molecules might be useful in COVID-19 treatment and should be further studied in the context of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Cicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gerolamo Cicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy
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Suárez N, Ferrara F, Rial A, Dee V, Chabalgoity JA. Bacterial Lysates as Immunotherapies for Respiratory Infections: Methods of Preparation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:545. [PMID: 32582669 PMCID: PMC7289947 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lysates, prepared from the microorganisms most frequently involved in human Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs) have been in the market for several decades, and at present, several different brands are available in many countries worldwide. They all claimed to exert local and systemic immunomodulatory effects but different clinical trials show disparate results between them. The lack of consistency of predicted therapeutic effects has undermined their clinical use and hampered licensing in several countries. One explanation for such lack of consistency in the results is that their methods of preparation are also very different. Here, we review the available literature describing methods of preparation of bacterial lysates, including patent disclosure documents. We found a great variety of methodologies of preparation and a lack of standardized procedures among them. The main conclusion of our study is that there is a clear need for standardized protocols of production to obtain comparable results in clinical trials worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Suárez
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Ferrara
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Analia Rial
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Valerie Dee
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jose A Chabalgoity
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Roth M, Pasquali C, Stolz D, Tamm M. Broncho Vaxom (OM-85) modulates rhinovirus docking proteins on human airway epithelial cells via Erk1/2 mitogen activated protein kinase and cAMP. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188010. [PMID: 29182620 PMCID: PMC5705076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) are primary target for Rhinovirus infection through attaching to cell membrane proteins. OM-85, a bacterial extract, improves recovery of asthma and COPD patients after viral infections, but only part of the mechanism was addressed, by focusing on defined immune cells. OBJECTIVE We therefore determined the effect of OM-85 on isolated primary human BEC of controls (n = 8), asthma patients (n = 10) and COPD patients (n = 9). METHODS BEC were treated with OM-85 alone (24 hours) or infected with Rhinovirus. BEC survival was monitored by manual cell counting and Rhinovirus replication by lytic activity. Immuno-blotting and ELISA were used to determine the expression of Rhinovirus interacting proteins: intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-2), complement component C1q receptor (C1q-R), inducible T-Cell co-stimulator (ICOS), its ligand ICOSL, and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (Myd88); as well as for signal transducers Erk1/2, p38, JNK mitogen activated protein kinases MAPK), and cAMP. RESULTS OM-85 significantly reduced Rhinovirus-induced BEC death and virus replication. OM-85 significantly increased the expression of virus interacting proteins C1q-R and β-defensin in all 3 probes and groups, which was prevented by either Erk1/2 MAPK or cAMP inhibition. In addition, OM-85 significantly reduced Rhinovirus induced expression of ICAM1 involving p38 MAPK. In BEC OM-85 had no significant effect on the expression of ICOS, ICOSL and MHC-2 membrane proteins nor on the adaptor protein MyD88. CONCLUSION The OM-85-induced increased of C1q-R and β-defensin, both important for antigen presentation and phagocytosis, supports its activity in host cell's defence against Rhinovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Roth
- Pulmonary Cell Research, DBM University Basel and Pneumology Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Daiana Stolz
- Pulmonary Cell Research, DBM University Basel and Pneumology Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Tamm
- Pulmonary Cell Research, DBM University Basel and Pneumology Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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