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Abbaszade Dibavar M, Soleimani M, Mohammadi MH, Zomorrod MS. High yield killing of lymphoma cells by anti-CD22 CAR-NK cell therapy. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2024; 60:321-332. [PMID: 38589736 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-024-00895-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) offer a promising new approach for targeting B cell malignancies through the immune system. Despite the proven effectiveness of CAR T cells targeting CD19 and CD22 in hematological malignancies, it is imperative to note that their production remains a highly complex process. Unlike T cells, NK cells eliminate targets in a non-antigen-specific manner while avoiding graft vs. host disease (GvHD). CAR-NK cells are considered safer than CAR-T cells because they have a shorter lifespan and produce less toxic cytokines. Due to their unlimited ability to proliferate in vitro, NK-92 cells can be used as a source for CAR-engineered NK cells. We found that CARs created from the m971 anti-CD22 mAb, which specifically targets a proximal CD22 epitope, were more effective at anti-leukemic activity compared to those made with other binding domains. To further enhance the anti-leukemic capacity of NK cells, we used lentiviral transduction to generate the m971-CD28-CD3ζ NK-92. CD22 is highly expressed in B cell lymphoma. To evaluate the potential of targeting CD22, Raji cells were selected as CD22-positive cells. Our study aimed to investigate CD22 as a potential target for CAR-NK-92 therapy in the treatment of B cell lymphoma. We first generated m971-CD28-CD3ζ NK-92 that expressed a CAR for binding CD22 in vitro. Flow cytometric analysis was used to evaluate the expression of CAR. The 7AAD determined the cytotoxicity of the m971-CD28-CD3ζ NK-92 towards target lymphoma cell lines by flow cytometry assay. The ELISA assay evaluated cytokine production in CAR NK-92 cells in response to target cells. The m971-CD28-CD3ζ NK-92 cells have successfully expressed the CD22-specific CAR. m971-CD28-CD3ζ NK-92 cells efficiently lysed CD22-expressing lymphoma cell lines and produced large amounts of cytokines such as IFN-γ and GM-CSF but a lower level of IL-6 after coculturing with target cells. Based on our results, it is evident that transferring m971-CD28-CD3ζ NK-92 cells could be a promising immunotherapy for B cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnoosh Abbaszade Dibavar
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi
- HSCT Research Center, Laboratory Hematology and Blood Banking Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mina Soufi Zomorrod
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Xu J, Luo W, Li C, Mei H. Targeting CD22 for B-cell hematologic malignancies. Exp Hematol Oncol 2023; 12:90. [PMID: 37821931 PMCID: PMC10566133 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-023-00454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
CD19-targeted chimeric receptor antigen (CAR)-T cell therapy has shown remarkable clinical efficacy in the treatment of relapsed or refractory (R/R) B-cell malignancies. However, 30%-60% of patients eventually relapsed, with the CD19-negative relapse being an important hurdle to sustained remission. CD22 expression is independent of CD19 expression in malignant B cells. Consequently, CD22 is a potential alternative target for CD19 CAR-T cell-resistant patients. CD22-targeted therapies, mainly including the antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and CAR-T cells, have come into wide clinical use with acceptable toxicities and promising efficacy. In this review, we explore the molecular and physiological characteristics of CD22, development of CD22 ADCs and CAR-T cells, and the available clinical data on CD22 ADCs and CAR-T cell therapies. Furthermore, we propose some perspectives for overcoming tumor escape and enhancing the efficacy of CD22-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Wenjing Luo
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Chenggong Li
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
| | - Heng Mei
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
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3
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Kokalaki E, Ma B, Ferrari M, Grothier T, Hazelton W, Manzoor S, Costu E, Taylor J, Bulek A, Srivastava S, Gannon I, Jha R, Gealy R, Stanczuk L, Rizou T, Robson M, El-Kholy M, Baldan V, Righi M, Sillibourne J, Thomas S, Onuoha S, Cordoba S, Pule M. Dual targeting of CD19 and CD22 against B-ALL using a novel high-sensitivity aCD22 CAR. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2089-2104. [PMID: 36945773 PMCID: PMC10362402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CAR T cells recognizing CD19 effectively treat relapsed and refractory B-ALL and DLBCL. However, CD19 loss is a frequent cause of relapse. Simultaneously targeting a second antigen, CD22, may decrease antigen escape, but is challenging: its density is approximately 10-fold less than CD19, and its large structure may hamper immune synapse formation. The characteristics of the optimal CD22 CAR are underexplored. We generated 12 distinct CD22 antibodies and tested CARs derived from them to identify a CAR based on the novel 9A8 antibody, which was sensitive to low CD22 density and lacked tonic signaling. We found no correlation between affinity or membrane proximity of recognition epitope within Ig domains 3-6 of CD22 with CART function. The optimal strategy for CD19/CD22 CART co-targeting is undetermined. Co-administration of CD19 and CD22 CARs is costly; single CARs targeting CD19 and CD22 are challenging to construct. The co-expression of two CARs has previously been achieved using bicistronic vectors. Here, we generated a dual CART product by co-transduction with 9A8-41BBζ and CAT-41BBζ (obe-cel), the previously described CD19 CAR. CAT/9A8 CART eliminated single- and double-positive target cells in vitro and eliminated CD19- tumors in vivo. CAT/9A8 CART is being tested in a phase I clinical study (NCT02443831).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Biao Ma
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Mathieu Ferrari
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Thomas Grothier
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Warren Hazelton
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Somayya Manzoor
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Eren Costu
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Julia Taylor
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Anna Bulek
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK
| | | | - Isaac Gannon
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Ram Jha
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Rosalind Gealy
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Lukas Stanczuk
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Tatiana Rizou
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Mathew Robson
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK
| | | | - Vania Baldan
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Matteo Righi
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK
| | | | - Simon Thomas
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Shimobi Onuoha
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Shaun Cordoba
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK
| | - Martin Pule
- Autolus Ltd, The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Ln, London W12 7FP, UK; Department of Haematology, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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4
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Chen J, Pan Z, Han L, Liu J, Yue Y, Xiao X, Zhang B, Wu M, Yuan Y, Bian Y, Jiang H, Xie Y, Zhu J. Binding domain on CD22 molecules contributing to the biological activity of T cell-engaging bispecific antibodies. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17960. [PMID: 37456045 PMCID: PMC10344817 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CD22, as the B-cell malignancies antigen, has been targeted for immunotherapies through CAR-T cells, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and immunotoxins via interaction of antibodies with binding domains on the receptor. We hypothesized that avidity and binding domain of antibody to target cells may have significant impact on the biological function in tumor immunotherapy, and T cell-engaging bispecific antibody (TCB) targeting CD22 could be used in the therapy of hematologic malignancies. So, to address the question, we utilized the information of six previously reported CD22 mAbs to generate CD22-TCBs with different avidity to different domains on CD22 protein. We found that the avidity of CD22-TCBs to protein was not consistent with the avidity to target cells, indicating that TCBs had different binding mode to the protein and cells. In vitro results indicated that CD22-TCBs mediated cytotoxicity depended on the avidity of antibodies to target cells rather than to protein. Moreover, distal binding domain of the antigen contributed to the avidity and biological activity of IgG-[L]-scfv-like CD22-TCBs. The T cells' proliferation, activation, cytotoxicity as well as cytokine release were compared, and G5/44 BsAb was selected for further in vivo assessment in anti-tumor activity. In vivo results demonstrated that CD22-TCB (G5/44 BsAb) significantly inhibited the tumors growth in mice. All these data suggested that CD22-TCBs could be developed as a promising candidate for B-cell malignancies therapy through optimizing the design with avidity and binding domain to CD22 target in consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhidi Pan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lei Han
- Jecho Institute, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yali Yue
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | | | - Baohong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Mingyuan Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yunsheng Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yanlin Bian
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Jecho Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300450, China
- Jecho Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD21704, USA
| | - Yueqing Xie
- Jecho Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD21704, USA
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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5
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Casey NP, Klee CH, Fåne A, Caulier B, Graczyk-Jarzynka A, Krawczyk M, Fidyt K, Josefsson SE, Köksal H, Dillard P, Patkowska E, Firczuk M, Smeland EB, Winiarska M, Myklebust JH, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S. Efficient chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting of a central epitope of CD22. J Biol Chem 2023:104883. [PMID: 37269947 PMCID: PMC10331463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has had considerable success in the treatment of B cell malignancies. Targeting the B-lineage markerCD19 has brought great advances to treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and B cell lymphomas. However, relapse remains an issue in many cases. Such relapse can result from downregulation or loss of CD19 from the malignant cell population, or expression of alternate isoforms. Consequently, there remains a need to target alternative B-cell antigens and diversify the spectrum of epitopes targeted within the same antigen. CD22 has been identified as a substitute target in cases of CD19-negative relapse. One anti-CD22 antibody - clone m971 - targets a membrane-proximal epitope of CD22 and has been widely validated and used in the clinic. Here we have compared m971-CAR with a novel CAR derived from IS7, an antibody that targets a central epitope on CD22. The IS7-CAR has superior avidity, and is active and specific against CD22 positive targets, including B-ALL patient-derived xenograft (PDX) samples. Side-by-side comparisons indicated that while IS7-CAR killed less rapidly than m971-CAR in vitro, it remains efficient in controlling lymphoma xenograft models in vivo. Thus, IS7-CAR presents a potential alternative candidate for treatment of refractory B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Paul Casey
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Clara Helena Klee
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Fåne
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benjamin Caulier
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Center for Cancer Cell Reprogramming (CanCell), Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Agnieszka Graczyk-Jarzynka
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Krawczyk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Fidyt
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sarah E Josefsson
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hakan Köksal
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pierre Dillard
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Malgorzata Firczuk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - June H Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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6
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Ren P, Peng L, Yang L, Suzuki K, Fang Z, Renauer PA, Lin Q, Bai M, Li T, Clark P, Klein D, Chen S. RAMIHM generates fully human monoclonal antibodies by rapid mRNA immunization of humanized mice and BCR-seq. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:85-96.e6. [PMID: 36640761 PMCID: PMC9868106 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As a clinical vaccine, lipid nanoparticle (LNP) mRNA has demonstrated potent and broad antibody responses, leading to speculation about its potential for antibody discovery. Here, we developed RAMIHM, a highly efficient strategy for developing fully human monoclonal antibodies that employs rapid mRNA immunization of humanized mice followed by single B cell sequencing (scBCR-seq). We immunized humanized transgenic mice with RAMIHM and generated 15 top-ranked clones from peripheral blood, plasma B, and memory B cell populations, demonstrating a high rate of antigen-specificity (93.3%). Two Omicron-specific neutralizing antibodies with high potency and one broad-spectrum neutralizing antibody were discovered. Furthermore, we extended the application of RAMIHM to cancer immunotherapy targets, including a single transmembrane protein CD22 and a multi-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor target, GPRC5D, which is difficult for traditional protein immunization methods. RAMIHM-scBCR-seq is a broadly applicable platform for the rapid and efficient development of fully human monoclonal antibodies against an assortment of targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ren
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lei Peng
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Luojia Yang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kazushi Suzuki
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Zhenhao Fang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Paul A Renauer
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Qianqian Lin
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Meizhu Bai
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tongqing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Paul Clark
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Daryl Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sidi Chen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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7
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Safety and Efficacy of Humanized Versus Murinized CD19 and CD22 CAR T-Cell Cocktail Therapy for Refractory/Relapsed B-Cell Lymphoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244085. [PMID: 36552849 PMCID: PMC9776474 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy is efficacious for refractory/relapsed (R/R) B-cell hematological malignancies, yet relapse due to CD19 antigen escape remains a challenge. Our trial explored simultaneous targeting of multiple B-cell antigens as a therapeutic approach that may reduce the risk of relapse. We tested the safety and efficacy of CAR19/22 T-cell cocktail therapy including murinized and humanized products among patients with R/R aggressive B-cell lymphoma. In the group that received the humanized product, 11/12 (91.7%) patients achieved an objective response, including 9/12 (75%) complete responses (CRs) by day 28. The overall response rate and CR rate in the murinized group was 92.9% (13/14) and 42.9% (6/14), respectively. Nine of 12 (75%) patients in the humanized group maintained CR at month 3 following infusion, compared to 5/14 patients (35.7%) in the murinized group. Progression-free survival (PFS) was more favorable in the humanized compared to the murinized group. Most patients had mild cytokine release syndrome (CRS) (grade 1-2) in both groups. This study demonstrates that CAR19/22 T-cell cocktail therapy is safe and effective for R/R B-cell lymphoma and that patients treated with a humanized CAR-T exhibited better efficacy compared to patients treated with a murinized CAR-T therapy.
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8
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Abstract
As the targets of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells expand to a variety of cancers, autoimmune diseases, viral infections, and fibrosis, there is an increasing demand for identifying new antigens and designing new CARs that can be effectively activated. However, the rational selection of antigens and the design of CARs are limited by a lack of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism by which CARs are activated by antigens. Here, we present data supporting a "size exclusion" model explaining how antigen signals are transmitted across the plasma membrane to activate the intracellular domains of CARs. In this model, antigen engagement with CAR results in a narrow intermembrane space that physically excludes CD45, a bulky phosphatase, out of the CAR zone, thus favoring CAR phosphorylation by kinases, which further triggers downstream pathways leading to T cell activation. Aligned with this model, increasing the size of CAR extracellular domains diminished CAR-T activation both in vitro and in a mouse lymphoma model; membrane-proximal epitopes activated CAR-Ts better than membrane-distal epitopes. Moreover, increasing the size of CD45 by antibody conjugation enhanced the activation of CARs that recognize membrane-distal epitopes. Consistently, CAR-Ts expressing CD45RABC, the larger isoform, were activated to a higher level than those expressing a smaller isoform CD45RO. Together, our work revealed that CAR-T activation depends on the size difference between the CAR-antigen pair and CD45; the size of CAR, antigen, and CD45 can thus be targets for tuning CAR-T activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA,Duncan and Nancy MacMillan Cancer Immunology and Metabolism Center of Excellence, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA,Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Xinyan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Liqun Tu
- Duncan and Nancy MacMillan Cancer Immunology and Metabolism Center of Excellence, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Jian Cao
- Duncan and Nancy MacMillan Cancer Immunology and Metabolism Center of Excellence, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA,Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Christian S. Hinrichs
- Duncan and Nancy MacMillan Cancer Immunology and Metabolism Center of Excellence, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA,Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Xiaolei Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA,Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA,Corresponding author: Xiaolei Su,
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9
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Wong KL, Li Z, Ma F, Wang D, Song N, Chong CH, Luk KK, Leung SO. SM03, an Anti-CD22 Antibody, Converts Cis-to- Trans Ligand Binding of CD22 against α2,6-Linked Sialic Acid Glycans and Immunomodulates Systemic Autoimmune Diseases. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2726-2737. [PMID: 35688465 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
SM03, an anti-CD22 recombinant IgG1 mAb, is currently in a phase III clinical trial for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (NCT04312815). SM03 showed good safety and efficacy in phase I systemic lupus erythematosus and phase II moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials. We propose the success of SM03 as a therapeutic to systemic autoimmune diseases is through the utilization of a novel mechanism of action unique to SM03. CD22, an inhibitory coreceptor of the BCR, is a potential immunotherapeutic target against autoimmune diseases. SM03 could disturb the CD22 homomultimeric configuration through disrupting cis binding to α2,6-linked sialic acids, induce rapid internalization of CD22 from the cell surface of human B cells, and facilitate trans binding between CD22 to human autologous cells. This in turn increased the activity of the downstream immunomodulatory molecule Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) and decreased BCR-induced NF-κB activation in human B cells and B cell proliferation. This mechanism of action gives rationale to support the significant amelioration of disease and good safety profile in clinical trials, as by enabling the "self" recognition mechanism of CD22 via trans binding to α2,6 sialic acid ligands on autologous cells, SM03 specifically restores immune tolerance of B cells to host tissues without affecting the normal B cell immune response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin L Wong
- SinoMab BioScience Ltd., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhengdong Li
- SinoMab BioScience Ltd., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Felix Ma
- SinoMab BioScience Ltd., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Dong Wang
- SinoMab BioScience Ltd., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Nan Song
- SinoMab BioScience Ltd., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chi H Chong
- SinoMab BioScience Ltd., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ka K Luk
- SinoMab BioScience Ltd., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Shui O Leung
- SinoMab BioScience Ltd., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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10
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Zhang Y, Li S, Wang Y, Lu Y, Xu Y, Rao Q, Wang H, Xing H, Tian Z, Tang K, Lv L, Wang M, Wang J. A novel and efficient CD22 CAR-T therapy induced a robust antitumor effect in relapsed/refractory leukemia patients when combined with CD19 CAR-T treatment as a sequential therapy. Exp Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:15. [PMID: 35317863 PMCID: PMC8939233 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00270-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy has achieved impressive success in relapsed or refractory (R/R) B-cell malignancies, but relapse due to antigen escape is increasingly appearing reported. As the expression profile of CD22 is similar to that of CD19, CD22 has become a candidate target when CD19 CAR-T therapy fails. METHODS A novel CD22 CAR incorporating scFv derived from an HIB22 hybridoma which bound the first and second Ig-like extracellular domains of CD22 antigen was constructed. Preclinical investigation of the CD22 CAR-T therapy against B-cell malignancies was evaluated by coculturing CD22 CAR-T cells with tumor cell lines or primary blasts from patients in vitro and using a xenograft mouse model in vivo. Further clinical study of CD22/CD19 CAR-T sequential therapy was conducted in 4 R/R adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) patients. RESULTS The novel CD22 CAR-T treatment had specific cytotoxicity to CD22 + target cells, and the survival time of mice in the CD22 CAR-T treatment group was significantly prolonged. Furthermore, it's validated that sequential CD22/CD19 CAR-T therapy was significantly superior than single CD19 or CD22 CAR-T treatment in a relapse xenograft model. All 4 patients achieved complete remission (CR) with negative minimal residual disease (MRD), including 3 patients who had received prior CD19-related immunotherapy. The proliferation of CD19 and CD22 CAR-T cells was observed respectively in vivo, and 3 of the 4 patients experienced cytokine release syndrome (CRS); 2 of these patients had grade 1 CRS and 1 had grade 3 CRS. Long term follow-up showed that 3 of the 4 (75%) patients had sustained CR for up to 1 year. Analysis of antigen expression in the relapsed patients demonstrated that loss or diminution of CD19 and CD22 expression might cause antigen escape from CAR-T surveillance. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the novel CD22 CAR-T therapy was validated with antitumor effects both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, our study demonstrated the safety and robust efficacy of sequential CD22/CD19 CAR-T therapy in xenograft models and clinical trials, especially as the salvage treatment for R/R B-ALL patients with antigen loss or in whom anti-CD19 related immunotherapy failure failed. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR): ChiCTR1900025419, Supplementarily registered 26 August, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Saisai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Yang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Yingxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Qing Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Haiyan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Zheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Kejing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Lulu Lv
- Juventas Cell Therapy Ltd, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cell Therapy for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
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11
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Zheng S, Gillespie E, Naqvi AS, Hayer KE, Ang Z, Torres-Diz M, Quesnel-Vallières M, Hottman DA, Bagashev A, Chukinas J, Schmidt C, Asnani M, Shraim R, Taylor DM, Rheingold SR, O'Brien MM, Singh N, Lynch KW, Ruella M, Barash Y, Tasian SK, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. Modulation of CD22 Protein Expression in Childhood Leukemia by Pervasive Splicing Aberrations: Implications for CD22-Directed Immunotherapies. Blood Cancer Discov 2022; 3:103-115. [PMID: 35015683 PMCID: PMC9780083 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-21-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of surface epitopes causes postimmunotherapy relapses in B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Here we demonstrate that mRNA encoding CD22 undergoes aberrant splicing in B-ALL. We describe the plasma membrane-bound CD22 Δex5-6 splice isoform, which is resistant to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting the third immunoglobulin-like domain of CD22. We also describe splice variants skipping the AUG-containing exon 2 and failing to produce any identifiable protein, thereby defining an event that is rate limiting for epitope presentation. Indeed, forcing exon 2 skipping with morpholino oligonucleotides reduced CD22 protein expression and conferred resistance to the CD22-directed antibody-drug conjugate inotuzumab ozogamicin in vitro. Furthermore, among inotuzumab-treated pediatric patients with B-ALL, we identified one nonresponder in whose leukemic blasts Δex2 isoforms comprised the majority of CD22 transcripts. In a second patient, a sharp reduction in CD22 protein levels during relapse was driven entirely by increased CD22 exon 2 skipping. Thus, dysregulated CD22 splicing is a major mechanism of epitope downregulation and ensuing resistance to immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE The mechanism(s) underlying downregulation of surface CD22 following CD22-directed immunotherapy remains underexplored. Our biochemical and correlative studies demonstrate that in B-ALL, CD22 expression levels are controlled by inclusion/skipping of CD22 exon 2. Thus, aberrant splicing of CD22 is an important driver/biomarker of de novo and acquired resistance to CD22-directed immunotherapies. See related commentary by Bourcier and Abdel-Wahab, p. 87. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 85.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Zheng
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
| | - Elisabeth Gillespie
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ammar S. Naqvi
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katharina E. Hayer
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhiwei Ang
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Manuel Torres-Diz
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mathieu Quesnel-Vallières
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at
the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David A. Hottman
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
| | - Asen Bagashev
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
| | - John Chukinas
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
| | - Carolin Schmidt
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mukta Asnani
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rawan Shraim
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Deanne M. Taylor
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan R. Rheingold
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maureen M. O'Brien
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati
College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nathan Singh
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristen W. Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at
the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marco Ruella
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yoseph Barash
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah K. Tasian
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine
at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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12
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Velasco-Hernandez T, Zanetti SR, Roca-Ho H, Gutierrez-Aguera F, Petazzi P, Sánchez-Martínez D, Molina O, Baroni ML, Fuster JL, Ballerini P, Bueno C, Fernandez-Fuentes N, Engel P, Menendez P. Efficient elimination of primary B-ALL cells in vitro and in vivo using a novel 4-1BB-based CAR targeting a membrane-distal CD22 epitope. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000896. [PMID: 32788237 PMCID: PMC7422657 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There are few therapeutic options available for patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) relapsing as CD19– either after chemotherapy or CD19-targeted immunotherapies. CD22-chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells represent an attractive addition to CD19-CAR T cell therapy because they will target both CD22+CD19– B-ALL relapses and CD19– preleukemic cells. However, the immune escape mechanisms from CD22-CAR T cells, and the potential contribution of the epitope binding of the anti-CD22 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) remain understudied. Methods Here, we have developed and comprehensively characterized a novel CD22-CAR (clone hCD22.7) targeting a membrane-distal CD22 epitope and tested its cytotoxic effects against B-ALL cells both in in vitro and in vivo assays. Results Conformational epitope mapping, cross-blocking, and molecular docking assays revealed that the hCD22.7 scFv is a high-affinity binding antibody which specifically binds to the ESTKDGKVP sequence, located in the Ig-like V-type domain, the most distal domain of CD22. We observed efficient killing of B-ALL cells in vitro, although the kinetics were dependent on the level of CD22 expression. Importantly, we show an efficient in vivo control of patients with B-ALL derived xenografts with diverse aggressiveness, coupled to long-term hCD22.7-CAR T cell persistence. Remaining leukemic cells at sacrifice maintained full expression of CD22, ruling out CAR pressure-mediated antigen loss. Finally, the immunogenicity capacity of this hCD22.7-scFv was very similar to that of other CD22 scFv previously used in adoptive T cell therapy. Conclusions We report a novel, high-affinity hCD22.7 scFv which targets a membrane-distal epitope of CD22. 4-1BB-based hCD22.7-CAR T cells efficiently eliminate clinically relevant B- CD22high and CD22low ALL primary samples in vitro and in vivo. Our study supports the clinical translation of this hCD22.7-CAR as either single or tandem CD22–CD19-CAR for both naive and anti-CD19-resistant patients with B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heleia Roca-Ho
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Paolo Petazzi
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Oscar Molina
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jose Luis Fuster
- Sección de Oncohematología Pediátrica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paola Ballerini
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-oncology, Armand-Trousseau Childrens Hospital, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Clara Bueno
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBER-ONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Narcis Fernandez-Fuentes
- Department of Biosciences, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Pablo Engel
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBER-ONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Instituciò Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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13
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A Novel Bispecific Antibody Targeting CD3 and Lewis Y with Potent Therapeutic Efficacy against Gastric Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081059. [PMID: 34440263 PMCID: PMC8393954 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lewis Y antigen, a glycan highly expressed on most epithelial cancers, was targeted for cancer treatment but lacked satisfactory results in some intractable and refractory cancers. Thus, it is highly desirable to develop an effective therapy against these cancers, hopefully based on this target. In this work, we constructed a novel T cell-engaging bispecific antibody targeting Lewis Y and CD3 (m3s193 BsAb) with the IgG-[L]-scfv format. In vitro activity of m3s193 BsAb was evaluated by affinity assay to target cells, cytotoxicity assay, cytokines releasing assay, and T cells proliferation and recruiting assays. Anti-tumor activity against gastric cancer was evaluated in vivo by subcutaneous huPBMCs/tumor cells co-grafting model and huPBMCs intravenous injecting model. In vitro, m3s193 BsAb appeared to have a high binding affinity to Lewis Y positive cells and Jurkat cells. The BsAb showed stronger activity than its parent mAb in T cell recruiting, activation, proliferation, cytokine release, and cytotoxicity. In vivo, m3s193 BsAb not only demonstrated higher therapeutic efficacy in the huPBMCs/tumor co-grafting gastric carcinoma model than the parent mAb but also eliminated tumors in the model of intravenous injection with huPBMCs. Strong anti-tumor activity of m3s193 BsAb revealed that Lewis Y could be targeted in T cell-engaging BsAb for gastric cancer therapy.
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14
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Ereño-Orbea J, Liu X, Sicard T, Kucharska I, Li W, Borovsky D, Cui H, Feng Y, Dimitrov DS, Julien JP. Structural details of monoclonal antibody m971 recognition of the membrane-proximal domain of CD22. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100966. [PMID: 34273351 PMCID: PMC8353475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation-22 (CD22) belongs to the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin (Ig)-like lectin family of receptors that is expressed on the surface of B cells. It has been classified as an inhibitory coreceptor for the B-cell receptor because of its function in establishing a baseline level of B-cell inhibition. The restricted expression of CD22 on B cells and its inhibitory function make it an attractive target for B-cell depletion in cases of B-cell malignancies. Genetically modified T cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) derived from the m971 antibody have shown promise when used as an immunotherapeutic agent against B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A key aspect of the efficacy of this CAR-T was its ability to target a membrane-proximal epitope on the CD22 extracellular domain; however, the molecular details of m971 recognition of CD22 have thus far remained elusive. Here, we report the crystal structure of the m971 fragment antigen-binding in complex with the two most membrane-proximal Ig-like domains of CD22 (CD22d6-d7). The m971 epitope on CD22 resides at the most proximal Ig domain (d7) to the membrane, and the antibody paratope contains electrostatic surfaces compatible with interactions with phospholipid head groups. Together, our data identify molecular details underlying the successful transformation of an antibody epitope on CD22 into an effective CAR immunotherapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Ereño-Orbea
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Xianglei Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Taylor Sicard
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iga Kucharska
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dorota Borovsky
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong Cui
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yang Feng
- Protein Interactions Group, Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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15
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Antigen-independent activation enhances the efficacy of 4-1BB-costimulated CD22 CAR T cells. Nat Med 2021; 27:842-850. [PMID: 33888899 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells can induce remission in patients with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a large subset relapse with CD19- disease. Like CD19, CD22 is broadly expressed by B-lineage cells and thus serves as an alternative immunotherapy target in ALL. Here we present the composite outcomes of two pilot clinical trials ( NCT02588456 and NCT02650414 ) of T cells bearing a 4-1BB-based, CD22-targeting CAR in patients with relapsed or refractory ALL. The primary end point of these studies was to assess safety, and the secondary end point was antileukemic efficacy. We observed unexpectedly low response rates, prompting us to perform detailed interrogation of the responsible CAR biology. We found that shortening of the amino acid linker connecting the variable heavy and light chains of the CAR antigen-binding domain drove receptor homodimerization and antigen-independent signaling. In contrast to CD28-based CARs, autonomously signaling 4-1BB-based CARs demonstrated enhanced immune synapse formation, activation of pro-inflammatory genes and superior effector function. We validated this association between autonomous signaling and enhanced function in several CAR constructs and, on the basis of these observations, designed a new short-linker CD22 single-chain variable fragment for clinical evaluation. Our findings both suggest that tonic 4-1BB-based signaling is beneficial to CAR function and demonstrate the utility of bedside-to-bench-to-bedside translation in the design and implementation of CAR T cell therapies.
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16
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A novel full-human CD22-CAR T cell therapy with potent activity against CD22 low B-ALL. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:71. [PMID: 33839735 PMCID: PMC8036232 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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17
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Juillerat A, Tkach D, Yang M, Boyne A, Valton J, Poirot L, Duchateau P. Straightforward Generation of Ultrapure Off-the-Shelf Allogeneic CAR-T Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:678. [PMID: 32671047 PMCID: PMC7330105 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we developed a straightforward methodology to generate TCRαβ negative (allogeneic) cells for CAR-T cell therapies. With an early and transient expression of an anti-CD3 CAR in the engineered donor T cells, we programmed these cells to self-eliminate the TCR+ cell population and obtained an ultrapure TCRαβ– population (99–99.9%) at the end of the CAR-T production. This novel and easy-to-implement procedure preserves the production yield and cell fitness and has the potential to streamline the manufacturing of “off-the-shelf” CAR T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ming Yang
- Cellectis Inc, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alex Boyne
- Cellectis Inc, New York, NY, United States
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18
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Jacoby E, Shahani SA, Shah NN. Updates on CAR T-cell therapy in B-cell malignancies. Immunol Rev 2020; 290:39-59. [PMID: 31355492 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
By increasing disease-free survival and offering the potential for long-term cure, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has dramatically expanded therapeutic options among those with high-risk B-cell malignancies. As CAR T-cell utilization evolves however, novel challenges are generated. These include determining how to optimally integrate CAR T cells into standard of care and overcoming mechanisms of resistance to CAR T-cell therapy, such as evolutionary stress induced on cancer cells leading to immunophenotypic changes that allow leukemia to evade this targeted therapy. Compounding these challenges are the limited ability to determine differences between various CAR T-cell constructs, understanding the generalizability of trial outcomes from multiple sites utilizing unique CAR manufacturing strategies, and comparing distinct criteria for toxicity grading while defining optimal management. Additionally, as understanding of CAR behavior in humans has developed, strategies have appropriately evolved to proactively mitigate toxicities. These challenges offer complimentary insights and guide next steps to enhance the efficacy of this novel therapeutic modality. With a focus on B-cell malignancies as the paradigm for effective CAR T-cell therapy, this review describes advances in the field as well as current challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Jacoby
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and BMT, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shilpa A Shahani
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nirali N Shah
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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19
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Juillerat A, Tkach D, Busser BW, Temburni S, Valton J, Duclert A, Poirot L, Depil S, Duchateau P. Modulation of chimeric antigen receptor surface expression by a small molecule switch. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:44. [PMID: 31269942 PMCID: PMC6610870 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Engineered therapeutic cells have attracted a great deal of interest due to their potential applications in treating a wide range of diseases, including cancer and autoimmunity. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells are designed to detect and kill tumor cells that present a specific, predefined antigen. The rapid expansion of targeted antigen beyond CD19, has highlighted new challenges, such as autoactivation and T-cell fratricide, that could impact the capacity to manufacture engineered CAR T-cells. Therefore, the development of strategies to control CAR expression at the surface of T-cells and their functions is under intense investigations. Results Here, we report the development and evaluation of an off-switch directly embedded within a CAR construct (SWIFF-CAR). The incorporation of a self-cleaving degradation moiety controlled by a protease/protease inhibitor pair allowed the ex vivo tight and reversible control of the CAR surface presentation and the subsequent CAR-induced signaling and cytolytic functions of the engineered T-cells using the cell permeable Asunaprevir (ASN) small molecule. Conclusions The strategy described in this study could, in principle, be broadly adapted to CAR T-cells development to circumvent some of the possible hurdle of CAR T-cell manufacturing. This system essentially creates a CAR T-cell with an integrated functional rheostat. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-019-0537-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diane Tkach
- Cellectis Inc, 430E, 29th street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Brian W Busser
- Cellectis Inc, 430E, 29th street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Sonal Temburni
- Cellectis Inc, 430E, 29th street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Julien Valton
- Cellectis Inc, 430E, 29th street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | | | - Laurent Poirot
- Cellectis, 8 rue de la croix Jarry, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Depil
- Cellectis, 8 rue de la croix Jarry, 75013, Paris, France
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20
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Jia H, Wang Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, Dai H, Tong C, Guo Y, Guo B, Ti D, Han X, Yang Q, Wu Z, Han W. Haploidentical CD19/CD22 bispecific CAR-T cells induced MRD-negative remission in a patient with relapsed and refractory adult B-ALL after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:57. [PMID: 31182121 PMCID: PMC6558895 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy simultaneously against CD19 and CD22 is an attractive strategy to address the antigen escape relapse after CD19-directed CAR-T cell therapies. However, the potential of optimizing the durability of remission by this approach in patients with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) remains a critical unanswered question so far. Case presentation We treated an adult patient with relapsed and refractory B-ALL after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) by administering haploidentical CAR-T cells targeting both CD19 and CD22 following preparative lymphodepleting chemotherapy. This patient has remained in minimal residual disease-negative remission for more than 14 months and has been tapered off graft versus host disease prophylaxis. Conclusions CAR simultaneously targeting CD19 and CD22 has the potential of inducing long-term remission in patients with B-ALL. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13045-019-0741-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejin Jia
- Molecular & Immunological Department, Bio-therapeutic Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zhenguang Wang
- Molecular & Immunological Department, Bio-therapeutic Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Molecular & Immunological Department, Bio-therapeutic Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Geriatric Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hanren Dai
- Molecular & Immunological Department, Bio-therapeutic Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chuan Tong
- Molecular & Immunological Department, Bio-therapeutic Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yelei Guo
- Molecular & Immunological Department, Bio-therapeutic Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Bo Guo
- Department of Geriatric Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Dongdong Ti
- Molecular & Immunological Department, Bio-therapeutic Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Molecular & Immunological Department, Bio-therapeutic Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Qingming Yang
- Molecular & Immunological Department, Bio-therapeutic Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Molecular & Immunological Department, Bio-therapeutic Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Weidong Han
- Molecular & Immunological Department, Bio-therapeutic Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
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21
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Köksal H, Baken E, Warren DJ, Løset GÅ, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S. Chimeric antigen receptor preparation from hybridoma to T-cell expression. Antib Ther 2019; 2:56-63. [PMID: 33928223 PMCID: PMC7990154 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) for hematological cancer treatment has influenced the direction taken in translational research toward an increasing focus on personalized targeted immunotherapy. Thus, a growing number of labs worldwide are now interested in testing their old antibody collections in this format to broaden the spectrum of utility and improve safety and efficacy. We herein present a straightforward protocol for the identification of an antibody from a hybridoma and the design of the single chain fragment that will be placed on the extracellular part of the CAR construct. We further show how to test the expression and the activity of the construct in primary T cells. We illustrate our demonstration with two new CARs targeted against the B cell receptor, more precisely the light chains κ and λ, that represent potential alternatives to the CD19 CAR used in the treatment of B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Köksal
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Elizabeth Baken
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - David John Warren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Geir Åge Løset
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway.,Nextera AS, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway
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22
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Pan J, Niu Q, Deng B, Liu S, Wu T, Gao Z, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Qu X, Zhang Y, Liu S, Ling Z, Lin Y, Zhao Y, Song Y, Tan X, Zhang Y, Li Z, Yin Z, Chen B, Yu X, Yan J, Zheng Q, Zhou X, Gao J, Chang AH, Feng X, Tong C. CD22 CAR T-cell therapy in refractory or relapsed B acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2019; 33:2854-2866. [PMID: 31110217 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite worldwide promising clinical outcome of CD19 CAR-T therapy, relapse after this therapy is associated with poor prognosis and has become an urgent problem to be solved. We conducted a CD22 CAR T-cell therapy in 34 relapsed or refractory (r/r) B-ALL pediatric and adult patients who failed from previous CD19 CAR T-cell therapy. Complete remission (CR) or CR with incomplete count recovery (CRi) was achieved in 24 of 30 patients (80%) that could be evaluated on day 30 after infusion, which accounted for 70.5% of all 34 enrolled patients. Most patients only experienced mild cytokine-release syndrome and neurotoxicity. Seven CR patients received no further treatment, and 3 of them remained in remission at 6, 6.6, and 14 months after infusion. Eleven CR patients were promptly bridged to transplantation, and 8 of them remained in remission at 4.6 to 13.3 months after transplantation, resulted in 1-year leukemia-free survival rate of 71.6% (95% CI, 44.2-99.0). CD22 antigen loss or mutation was not observed to be associated with relapsed patients. Our study demonstrated that our CD22 CAR T-cells was highly effective in inducing remission in r/r B-ALL patients, and also provided a precious window for subsequent transplantation to achieve durable remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Qing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematological disorders, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Biping Deng
- Cytology Laboratory, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Shuangyou Liu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Zhaoli Liu
- Cytology Laboratory, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Cytology Laboratory, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Xiaomin Qu
- Cytology Laboratory, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yanlei Zhang
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shaohui Liu
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhuojun Ling
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yuehui Lin
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhao
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yanzhi Song
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Xiyou Tan
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Cytology Laboratory, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Zhichao Yin
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Bingzhen Chen
- Medical Laboratory, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Xinjian Yu
- Medical Laboratory, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Ju Yan
- Medical Laboratory, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Qinlong Zheng
- Medical Laboratory, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Gaobo Healthcare Group, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Gao
- Gaobo Healthcare Group, Beijing, China
| | - Alex H Chang
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematological disorders, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China. .,Central Laboratory, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
| | - Chunrong Tong
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China.
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23
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Ramakrishna S, Highfill SL, Walsh Z, Nguyen SM, Lei H, Shern JF, Qin H, Kraft IL, Stetler-Stevenson M, Yuan CM, Hwang JD, Feng Y, Zhu Z, Dimitrov D, Shah NN, Fry TJ. Modulation of Target Antigen Density Improves CAR T-cell Functionality and Persistence. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:5329-5341. [PMID: 31110075 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CART) therapy targeting CD22 induces remission in 70% of patients with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, the majority of post-CD22 CART remissions are short and associated with reduction in CD22 expression. We evaluate the implications of low antigen density on the activity of CD22 CART and propose mechanisms to overcome antigen escape. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using ALL cell lines with variable CD22 expression, we evaluate the cytokine profile, cytotoxicity, and in vivo CART functionality in the setting of low CD22 expression. We develop a high-affinity CD22 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) as an approach to improve CAR sensitivity. We also assess Bryostatin1, a therapeutically relevant agent, to upregulate CD22 and improve CAR functionality. RESULTS We demonstrate that low CD22 expression negatively impacts in vitro and in vivo CD22 CART functionality and impairs in vivo CART persistence. Moreover, low antigen expression on leukemic cells increases naïve phenotype of persisting CART. Increasing CAR affinity does not improve response to low-antigen leukemia. Bryostatin1 upregulates CD22 on leukemia and lymphoma cell lines for 1 week following single-dose exposure, and improves CART functionality and in vivo persistence. While Bryostatin1 attenuates IFNγ production by CART, overall in vitro and in vivo CART cytotoxicity is not adversely affected. Finally, administration of Bryostain1 with CD22 CAR results in longer duration of in vivo response. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that target antigen modulation is a promising strategy to improve CD22 CAR efficacy and remission durability in patients with leukemia and lymphoma.See related commentary by Guedan and Delgado, p. 5188.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Ramakrishna
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven L Highfill
- Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zachary Walsh
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Colgate University, Hamilton, New York.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sang M Nguyen
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Haiyan Lei
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jack F Shern
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Haiying Qin
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ira L Kraft
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Constance M Yuan
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jennifer D Hwang
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Yang Feng
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Zhongyu Zhu
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Dimiter Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Nirali N Shah
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Terry J Fry
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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24
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Li G, Ding L, Ma X, Cai Q, Ying T, Wei F. Establishment of Novel Monoclonal Fabs Specific for Epstein-Barr Virus Encoded Latent Membrane Protein 1. Virol Sin 2019; 34:467-470. [PMID: 30949961 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxin Li
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ling Ding
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qiliang Cai
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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25
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Ruella M, Xu J, Barrett DM, Fraietta JA, Reich TJ, Ambrose DE, Klichinsky M, Shestova O, Patel PR, Kulikovskaya I, Nazimuddin F, Bhoj VG, Orlando EJ, Fry TJ, Bitter H, Maude SL, Levine BL, Nobles CL, Bushman FD, Young RM, Scholler J, Gill SI, June CH, Grupp SA, Lacey SF, Melenhorst JJ. Induction of resistance to chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy by transduction of a single leukemic B cell. Nat Med 2018; 24:1499-1503. [PMID: 30275568 PMCID: PMC6511988 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report a patient relapsing 9 months after CD19-targeted CAR T cell (CTL019) infusion with CD19- leukemia that aberrantly expressed the anti-CD19 CAR. The CAR gene was unintentionally introduced into a single leukemic B cell during T cell manufacturing, and its product bound in cis to the CD19 epitope on the surface of leukemic cells, masking it from recognition by and conferring resistance to CTL019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ruella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cellular Immunotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David M Barrett
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph A Fraietta
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cellular Immunotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tyler J Reich
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David E Ambrose
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Klichinsky
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Olga Shestova
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Prachi R Patel
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Irina Kulikovskaya
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Farzana Nazimuddin
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vijay G Bhoj
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elena J Orlando
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Terry J Fry
- University of Colorado, Children's Hospital Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Hans Bitter
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shannon L Maude
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bruce L Levine
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher L Nobles
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Regina M Young
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Scholler
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Saar I Gill
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carl H June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cellular Immunotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Stephan A Grupp
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Simon F Lacey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Joseph Melenhorst
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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26
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A Versatile Safeguard for Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Immunotherapies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8972. [PMID: 29895885 PMCID: PMC5997667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27264-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CAR T-cell therapies hold great promise for treating a range of malignancies but are however challenged by the complexity of their production and by the adverse events related to their activity. Here we report the development of the CubiCAR, a tri-functional CAR architecture that enables CAR T-cell detection, purification and on-demand depletion by the FDA-approved antibody Rituximab. This novel architecture has the potential to streamline the manufacturing of CAR T-cells, allow their tracking and improve their overall safety.
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Morrissey MA, Williamson AP, Steinbach AM, Roberts EW, Kern N, Headley MB, Vale RD. Chimeric antigen receptors that trigger phagocytosis. eLife 2018; 7:36688. [PMID: 29862966 PMCID: PMC6008046 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are synthetic receptors that reprogram T cells to kill cancer. The success of CAR-T cell therapies highlights the promise of programmed immunity and suggests that applying CAR strategies to other immune cell lineages may be beneficial. Here, we engineered a family of Chimeric Antigen Receptors for Phagocytosis (CAR-Ps) that direct macrophages to engulf specific targets, including cancer cells. CAR-Ps consist of an extracellular antibody fragment, which can be modified to direct CAR-P activity towards specific antigens. By screening a panel of engulfment receptor intracellular domains, we found that the cytosolic domains from Megf10 and FcRɣ robustly triggered engulfment independently of their native extracellular domain. We show that CAR-Ps drive specific engulfment of antigen-coated synthetic particles and whole human cancer cells. Addition of a tandem PI3K recruitment domain increased cancer cell engulfment. Finally, we show that CAR-P expressing murine macrophages reduce cancer cell number in co-culture by over 40%. Our immune system constantly patrols our body, looking to eliminate cancerous cells and harmful microbes. It can spot these threats because it recognizes certain signals at the surface of dangerous cells. However, cancer cells often find ways to ‘hide’ from our immune system. Chimeric antigen receptors, or CARs, are receptors designed in a laboratory to attach to specific proteins that are found on a cancer cell. These receptors tell immune cells, such as T cells, to attack cancers. T cells that carry CARs are already used to treat people with blood cancers. Yet, these immune cells are not good at penetrating a solid tumor to kill the cells inside, which limits their use. Macrophages are a group of immune cells that can make their way inside tumors and travel to cancers that the rest of the immune system cannot reach. They defend our body by ‘swallowing’ harmful cells. Would it then be possible to use CARs to program macrophages to ‘eat’ cancer cells? Morrissey, Williamson et al. created a new type of CARs, named CAR-P, and introduced it in macrophages. These cells were then able to recognize and attack beads covered in proteins found on cancer cells. The modified macrophages could also limit the growth of live cancer cells in a dish by ‘biting’ and even ‘eating’ them. While these results are promising in the laboratory, the next step is to test whether these reprogrammed macrophages can recognize and fight cancers in living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Morrissey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Adam P Williamson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Adriana M Steinbach
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Edward W Roberts
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Nadja Kern
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Mark B Headley
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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CD22-targeted CAR T cells induce remission in B-ALL that is naive or resistant to CD19-targeted CAR immunotherapy. Nat Med 2017; 24:20-28. [PMID: 29155426 PMCID: PMC5774642 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 942] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells targeting CD19 mediate potent effects in relapsed/refractory pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) but antigen loss is a frequent cause of resistance to CD19-targeted immunotherapy. CD22 is also expressed on most B-ALL and usually retained following CD19 loss. We report results from a phase I trial testing a novel CD22-CAR in twenty-one children and adults, including 17 previously treated with CD19-directed immunotherapy. Dose dependent anti-leukemic activity was observed with complete remission in 73% (11/15) of patients receiving ≥ 1 × 106 CD22-CART cells/kg, including 5/5 patients with CD19dim/neg B-ALL. Median remission duration was 6 months. Relapses were associated with diminished CD22 site density that likely permitted escape from killing by CD22-CART cells. These results are the first to eastablish the clinical activity of a CD22-CAR in pre-B cell ALL, including in leukemia resistant to anti-CD19 immunotherapy, demonstrating comparable potency to CD19-CART at biologically active doses in B-ALL. They also highlight the critical role played by antigen density in regulating CAR function. (Funded by NCI Intramural Research Program)
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Wu Y, Jiang S, Ying T. From therapeutic antibodies to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs): making better CARs based on antigen-binding domain. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:1469-1478. [PMID: 27618260 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2016.1235148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A variety of approaches are being pursued to improve the safety and antitumor potency of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. However, most engineering efforts have thus far been focused on its intracellular signaling domain, while its extracellular antigen-binding domain has received less attention. Areas covered: Herein, the authors summarize the current knowledge of CAR T-cell therapy. Accordingly, they focus on its antigen-binding domain, discuss key considerations for selecting an optimal single-chain variable fragment (scFv) when designing a CAR, and suggest potential directions aimed at developing the next-generation CARs. Expert opinion: The extracellular region of CARs can play a decisive role in their safety and efficacy. Instead of directly translating an available therapeutic mAb to a scFv-based CAR construct, the authors suggest that various CAR-displayed scFvs with different affinity, specificity and binding epitopes against an individual target molecule should be generated and evaluated side-by-side. Incorporating new antibody formats that possess characteristics superior to those of scFvs may be one way to engineer safer and more effective CARs. The authors expect that further CAR engineering will enable us to target more antigens involved in hematological and solid malignancies with minimal side effects to serve unmet clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Wu
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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Long AH, Haso WM, Orentas RJ. Lessons learned from a highly-active CD22-specific chimeric antigen receptor. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e23621. [PMID: 23734316 PMCID: PMC3654586 DOI: 10.4161/onci.23621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD22 is an attractive target for the development of immunotherapeutic approaches for the therapy of B-cell malignancies. In particular, an m971 antibody-derived, second generation chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that targets CD22 holds significant therapeutic promise. The key aspect for the development of such a highly-active CAR was its ability to target a membrane-proximal epitope of CD22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne H Long
- Pediatric Oncology Branch; National Cancer Institute; Center for Cancer Research; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
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Anti-CD22-chimeric antigen receptors targeting B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2012; 121:1165-74. [PMID: 23243285 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-438002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune targeting of B-cell malignancies using chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) is a promising new approach, but critical factors impacting CAR efficacy remain unclear. To test the suitability of targeting CD22 on precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), lymphoblasts from 111 patients with BCP-ALL were assayed for CD22 expression and all were found to be CD22-positive, with median CD22 expression levels of 3500 sites/cell. Three distinct binding domains targeting CD22 were fused to various TCR signaling domains ± an IgG heavy chain constant domain (CH2CH3) to create a series of vector constructs suitable to delineate optimal CAR configuration. CARs derived from the m971 anti-CD22 mAb, which targets a proximal CD22 epitope demonstrated superior antileukemic activity compared with those incorporating other binding domains, and addition of a 4-1BB signaling domain to CD28.CD3 constructs diminished potency, whereas increasing affinity of the anti-CD22 binding motif, and extending the CD22 binding domain away from the membrane via CH2CH3 had no effect. We conclude that second-generation m971 mAb-derived anti-CD22 CARs are promising novel therapeutics that should be tested in BCP-ALL.
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