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Lee JY, Lim MCX, Koh RY, Tsen MT, Chye SM. Blood-based therapies to combat neurodegenerative diseases. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:985-1004. [PMID: 38842660 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration, known as the progressive loss of neurons in terms of their structure and function, is the principal pathophysiological change found in the majority of brain-related disorders. Ageing has been considered the most well-established risk factor in most common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is currently no effective treatment or cure for these diseases; the approved therapeutic options to date are only for palliative care. Ageing and neurodegenerative diseases are closely intertwined; reversing the aspects of brain ageing could theoretically mitigate age-related neurodegeneration. Ever since the regenerative properties of young blood on aged tissues came to light, substantial efforts have been focused on identifying and characterizing the circulating factors in the young and old systemic milieu that may attenuate or accentuate brain ageing and neurodegeneration. Later studies discovered the superiority of old plasma dilution in tissue rejuvenation, which is achieved through a molecular reset of the systemic proteome. These findings supported the use of therapeutic blood exchange for the treatment of degenerative diseases in older individuals. The first objective of this article is to explore the rejuvenating properties of blood-based therapies in the ageing brains and their therapeutic effects on AD. Then, we also look into the clinical applications, various limitations, and challenges associated with blood-based therapies for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yee Lee
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mervyn Chen Xi Lim
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Min Tze Tsen
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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2
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Sadakata M, Fujii K, Kaneko R, Hosoya E, Sugimoto H, Kawabata-Iwakawa R, Kasamatsu T, Hongo S, Koshidaka Y, Takase A, Iijima T, Takao K, Sadakata T. Maternal immunoglobulin G affects brain development of mouse offspring. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:114. [PMID: 38698428 PMCID: PMC11064405 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal immunoglobulin (Ig)G is present in breast milk and has been shown to contribute to the development of the immune system in infants. In contrast, maternal IgG has no known effect on early childhood brain development. We found maternal IgG immunoreactivity in microglia, which are resident macrophages of the central nervous system of the pup brain, peaking at postnatal one week. Strong IgG immunoreactivity was observed in microglia in the corpus callosum and cerebellar white matter. IgG stimulation of primary cultured microglia activated the type I interferon feedback loop by Syk. Analysis of neonatal Fc receptor knockout (FcRn KO) mice that could not take up IgG from their mothers revealed abnormalities in the proliferation and/or survival of microglia, oligodendrocytes, and some types of interneurons. Moreover, FcRn KO mice also exhibited abnormalities in social behavior and lower locomotor activity in their home cages. Thus, changes in the mother-derived IgG levels affect brain development in offsprings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Sadakata
- Education and Research Support Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Fujii
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Emi Hosoya
- Education and Research Support Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hisako Sugimoto
- Education and Research Support Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Reika Kawabata-Iwakawa
- Division of Integrated Oncology Research, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Kasamatsu
- Department of Medical Technology and Clinical Engineering, Gunma University of Health and Walfare, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-0823, Japan
| | - Shoko Hongo
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yumie Koshidaka
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Akinori Takase
- Medical Science College Office, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Iijima
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Keizo Takao
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sadakata
- Education and Research Support Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
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3
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Racine JJ, Misherghi A, Dwyer JR, Maser R, Forte E, Bedard O, Sattler S, Pugliese A, Landry L, Elso C, Nakayama M, Mannering S, Rosenthal N, Serreze DV. HLA-DQ8 Supports Development of Insulitis Mediated by Insulin-Reactive Human TCR-Transgenic T Cells in Nonobese Diabetic Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1792-1805. [PMID: 37877672 PMCID: PMC10939972 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to improve HLA-"humanized" mouse models for type 1 diabetes (T1D) therapy development, we previously generated directly in the NOD strain CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletions of various combinations of murine MHC genes. These new models improved upon previously available platforms by retaining β2-microglobulin functionality in FcRn and nonclassical MHC class I formation. As proof of concept, we generated H2-Db/H2-Kd double knockout NOD mice expressing human HLA-A*0201 or HLA-B*3906 class I variants that both supported autoreactive diabetogenic CD8+ T cell responses. In this follow-up work, we now describe the creation of 10 new NOD-based mouse models expressing various combinations of HLA genes with and without chimeric transgenic human TCRs reactive to proinsulin/insulin. The new TCR-transgenic models develop differing levels of insulitis mediated by HLA-DQ8-restricted insulin-reactive T cells. Additionally, these transgenic T cells can transfer insulitis to newly developed NSG mice lacking classical murine MHC molecules, but expressing HLA-DQ8. These new models can be used to test potential therapeutics for a possible capacity to reduce islet infiltration or change the phenotype of T cells expressing type 1 diabetes patient-derived β cell autoantigen-specific TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adel Misherghi
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
- College of the Atlantic, Bar Harbor, ME
| | | | | | | | | | - Susanne Sattler
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Laurie Landry
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Colleen Elso
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Stuart Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Nadia Rosenthal
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Schellhammer L, Beffinger M, Salazar U, Laman JD, Buch T, vom Berg J. Exit pathways of therapeutic antibodies from the brain and retention strategies. iScience 2023; 26:108132. [PMID: 37915602 PMCID: PMC10616392 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Treating brain diseases requires therapeutics to pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which is nearly impermeable for large biologics such as antibodies. Several methods now facilitate crossing or circumventing the BBB for antibody therapeutics. Some of these exploit receptor-mediated transcytosis, others use direct delivery bypassing the BBB. However, successful delivery into the brain does not preclude exit back to the systemic circulation. Various mechanisms are implicated in the active and passive export of antibodies from the central nervous system. Here we review findings on active export via transcytosis of therapeutic antibodies - in particular, the role of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) - and discuss a possible contribution of passive efflux pathways such as lymphatic and perivascular drainage. We point out open questions and how to address these experimentally. In addition, we suggest how emerging findings could aid the design of the next generation of therapeutic antibodies for neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Schellhammer
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Michal Beffinger
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- InCephalo AG, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Ulisse Salazar
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jon D. Laman
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713, the Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Johannes vom Berg
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- InCephalo AG, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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5
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Chevaleyre C, Novell A, Tournier N, Dauba A, Dubois S, Kereselidze D, Selingue E, Jego B, Maillère B, Larrat B, Nozach H, Truillet C. Efficient PD-L1 imaging of murine glioblastoma with FUS-aided immunoPET by leveraging FcRn-antibody interaction. Theranostics 2023; 13:5584-5596. [PMID: 37908736 PMCID: PMC10614689 DOI: 10.7150/thno.87168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The passage of antibodies through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-tumoral barrier (BTB) is determinant not only to increase the immune checkpoint inhibitors efficacy but also to monitor prognostic and predictive biomarkers such as the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) via immunoPET. Although the involvement of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in antibody distribution has been demonstrated, its function at the BBB remains controversial, while it is unknown at the BTB. In this context, we assessed FcRn's role by pharmacokinetic immunoPET imaging combined with focused ultrasounds (FUS) using unmodified and FcRn low-affinity IgGs targeting PD-L1 in a preclinical orthotopic glioblastoma model. Methods: Transcranial FUS were applied over the whole brain in mice shortly before injecting the anti-PD-L1 IgG 89Zr-DFO-C4 or its FcRn low-affinity mutant 89Zr-DFO-C4Fc-MUT in a syngeneic glioblastoma murine model (GL261-GFP). Brain uptake was measured from PET scans acquired up to 7 days post-injection. Kinetic modeling was performed to compare the brain kinetics of both C4 formats. Results: FUS efficiently enhanced the delivery of both C4 radioligands in the brain with high reproducibility. 89Zr-DFO-C4Fc-MUT mean concentrations in the brain reached a significant uptake of 3.75±0.41%ID/cc with FUS against 1.92±0.45%ID/cc without, at 1h post-injection. A substantial and similar entry of both C4 radioligands was observed at a rate of 0.163±0.071 mL/h/g of tissue during 10.4±4.6min. The impaired interaction with FcRn of 89Zr-DFO-C4Fc-MUT significantly decreased the efflux constant from the healthy brain tissue to plasma compared with non-mutated IgG. Abolishing FcRn interaction allows determining the target engagement related to the specific binding as soon as 12h post-injection. Conclusion: Abolishing Fc-FcRn interaction confers improved kinetic properties to 89Zr-DFO-C4Fc-MUT for immunoPET imaging. FUS-aided BBB/BTB disruption enables quantitative imaging of PD-L1 expression by glioblastoma tumors within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Chevaleyre
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay France
| | - Anthony Novell
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay France
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay France
| | - Ambre Dauba
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay France
| | - Steven Dubois
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dimitri Kereselidze
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay France
| | - Erwan Selingue
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin/BAOBAB, Centre d'études de Saclay, Bâtiment 145, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Benoit Jego
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay France
| | - Bernard Maillère
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benoit Larrat
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin/BAOBAB, Centre d'études de Saclay, Bâtiment 145, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Hervé Nozach
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Charles Truillet
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay France
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6
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Glendenning LM, Reynero KM, Kukan EN, Long MD, Cobb BA. IgG sialylation occurs via the FcRn-mediated recycling pathway in endothelial cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.30.547255. [PMID: 37886533 PMCID: PMC10602034 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.30.547255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
IgG is a key mediator of immune responses throughout the human body, and the structure of the conserved glycan on the Fc region has been identified as a key inflammatory switch regulating its downstream effects. In particular, the absence of terminal sialic acid has been shown to increase the affinity of IgG for activating Fc receptors, cascading the inflammatory response in a variety of diseases and conditions. Previously, we have shown that IgG sialylation is mediated by B cell-extrinsic processes. Here, we show that the FcRn-mediated recycling pathway within endothelial cells is a critical modulator of IgG sialylation. Building a deeper understanding of how IgG sialylation is regulated will drive the development of novel therapeutics which dynamically tune IgG functionality in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kalob M Reynero
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, OH, 44124, USA
| | - Emily N Kukan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, OH, 44124, USA
| | - Megan D Long
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, OH, 44124, USA
| | - Brian A Cobb
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, OH, 44124, USA
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7
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Salimi-Moosavi H, Soto M. A Non-radiometric Approach to Determine Tissue Vascular Blood Volume in Biodistribution Studies. AAPS J 2022; 24:116. [PMID: 36376552 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00770-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to develop a reliable non-radiometric method to measure the residual blood in tissue without the need for perfusion or radiometric measurements in biodistribution studies. It was found that the perfusion method not only was ineffective in removing blood from tissue, but also introduced additional variability in the determination of tissue drug exposure and was not reproducible across studies. In addition, the use of hemoglobin as an endogenous protein and biomarker for tissue blood content was studied and it was found that hemoglobin measurement in tissue was not a reliable and effective approach for determination of residual blood level in tissue. To evaluate an alternative method for addressing the tissue blood level in biodistribution studies, animals were dosed with a Residual Blood Determinant Reagent (RBDR) 5 min prior to tissue harvesting. The level of RBDR, an exogenous protein, was measured in whole blood homogenate and in tissue lysate. Based on the level of the RBDR, the vascular blood volume (VBV) in tissue was calculated and then the tissue exposures were corrected based on the blood volumes. The tissue VBVs measured by the RBDR method were comparable with the literature values obtained by radiometric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Salimi-Moosavi
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA.
| | - Marcus Soto
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA
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8
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Edelmann MR. Radiolabelling small and biomolecules for tracking and monitoring. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32383-32400. [PMID: 36425706 PMCID: PMC9650631 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06236d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiolabelling small molecules with beta-emitters has been intensively explored in the last decades and novel concepts for the introduction of radionuclides continue to be reported regularly. New catalysts that induce carbon/hydrogen activation are able to incorporate isotopes such as deuterium or tritium into small molecules. However, these established labelling approaches have limited applicability for nucleic acid-based drugs, therapeutic antibodies, or peptides, which are typical of the molecules now being investigated as novel therapeutic modalities. These target molecules are usually larger (significantly >1 kDa), mostly multiply charged, and often poorly soluble in organic solvents. However, in preclinical research they often require radiolabelling in order to track and monitor drug candidates in metabolism, biotransformation, or pharmacokinetic studies. Currently, the most established approach to introduce a tritium atom into an oligonucleotide is based on a multistep synthesis, which leads to a low specific activity with a high level of waste and high costs. The most common way of tritiating peptides is using appropriate precursors. The conjugation of a radiolabelled prosthetic compound to a functional group within a protein sequence is a commonly applied way to introduce a radionuclide or a fluorescent tag into large molecules. This review highlights the state-of-the-art in different radiolabelling approaches for oligonucleotides, peptides, and proteins, as well as a critical assessment of the impact of the label on the properties of the modified molecules. Furthermore, applications of radiolabelled antibodies in biodistribution studies of immune complexes and imaging of brain targets are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Edelmann
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Therapeutic Modalities, Small Molecule Research, Isotope Synthesis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd CH-4070 Basel Switzerland
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9
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Nelke C, Spatola M, Schroeter CB, Wiendl H, Lünemann JD. Neonatal Fc Receptor-Targeted Therapies in Neurology. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:729-740. [PMID: 34997443 PMCID: PMC9294083 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies are increasingly recognized for their pathogenic potential in a growing number of neurological diseases. While myasthenia gravis represents the prototypic antibody (Ab)-mediated neurological disease, many more disorders characterized by Abs targeting neuronal or glial antigens have been identified over the past two decades. Depletion of humoral immune components including immunoglobulin G (IgG) through plasma exchange or immunoadsorption is a successful therapeutic strategy in most of these disease conditions. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), primarily expressed by endothelial and myeloid cells, facilitates IgG recycling and extends the half-life of IgG molecules. FcRn blockade prevents binding of endogenous IgG to FcRn, which forces these antibodies into lysosomal degradation, leading to IgG depletion. Enhancing the degradation of endogenous IgG by FcRn-targeted therapies proved to be a powerful therapeutic approach in patients with generalized MG and is currently being tested in clinical trials for several other neurological diseases including autoimmune encephalopathies, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, and inflammatory neuropathies. This review illustrates mechanisms of FcRn-targeted therapies and appraises their potential to treat neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Nelke
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Marianna Spatola
- MIT and Harvard Medical School, Ragon Institute of MGH, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christina B Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology With Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Department of Neurology With Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Munster, Germany.
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10
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Zakrzewicz A, Würth C, Beckert B, Feldhoff S, Vanderheyden K, Foss S, Andersen JT, de Haard H, Verheesen P, Bobkov V, Tikkanen R. Stabilization of Keratinocyte Monolayer Integrity in the Presence of Anti-Desmoglein-3 Antibodies through FcRn Blockade with Efgartigimod: Novel Treatment Paradigm for Pemphigus? Cells 2022; 11:cells11060942. [PMID: 35326398 PMCID: PMC8946243 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune blistering disease of the epidermis, caused by autoantibodies against desmosomal proteins, mainly desmogleins 1 and 3, which induce an impairment of desmosomal adhesion and blister formation. Recent findings have shown that inhibition of immunoglobulin G binding on the neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, results in reduced autoantibody recycling and shortens their half-life, providing a valid treatment option for PV. We have here analyzed the role of FcRn in human keratinocytes treated with antibodies isolated from pemphigus vulgaris patient or with recombinant anti-desmoglein-3 antibodies that induce pathogenic changes in desmosomes, such as loss of monolayer integrity, aberrant desmoglein-3 localization and degradation of desmoglein-3. We show that blocking IgG binding on FcRn by efgartigimod, a recombinant Fc fragment undergoing clinical studies for pemphigus, stabilizes the keratinocyte monolayer, whereas the loss of desmoglein-3 is not prevented by efgartigimod. Our data show that FcRn may play a direct role in the pathogenesis of pemphigus at the level of the autoantibody target cells, the epidermal keratinocytes. Our data suggest that in keratinocytes, FcRn may have functions different from its known function in IgG recycling. Therefore, stabilization of keratinocyte adhesion by FcRn blocking entities may provide a novel treatment paradigm for pemphigus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zakrzewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.Z.); (C.W.); (B.B.); (S.F.)
| | - Celina Würth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.Z.); (C.W.); (B.B.); (S.F.)
| | - Benedikt Beckert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.Z.); (C.W.); (B.B.); (S.F.)
| | - Simon Feldhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.Z.); (C.W.); (B.B.); (S.F.)
| | - Katrien Vanderheyden
- Argenx BV, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (K.V.); (H.d.H.); (P.V.); (V.B.)
| | - Stian Foss
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (S.F.); (J.T.A.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (S.F.); (J.T.A.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans de Haard
- Argenx BV, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (K.V.); (H.d.H.); (P.V.); (V.B.)
| | - Peter Verheesen
- Argenx BV, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (K.V.); (H.d.H.); (P.V.); (V.B.)
| | - Vladimir Bobkov
- Argenx BV, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (K.V.); (H.d.H.); (P.V.); (V.B.)
| | - Ritva Tikkanen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.Z.); (C.W.); (B.B.); (S.F.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Antibody–Drug Conjugates as an Emerging Therapy in Oncodermatology. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030778. [PMID: 35159045 PMCID: PMC8833781 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Currently, the therapeutic arsenal to fight cancers is extensive. Among these, antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) consist in an antibody linked to a cytotoxic agent, allowing a specific delivery to tumor cells. ADCs are an emerging class of therapeutics, with twelve FDA- and EMA-approved drugs for hematological and solid cancers. In recent years, tremendous progress has been observed in therapeutic approaches for advanced skin cancer patients. ADCs appear as an emerging therapeutic option in oncodermatology. After providing an overview of ADC design and development, the goal of this article is to review the potential ADC indications in the field of oncodermatology. Abstract Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are an emerging class of therapeutics, with twelve FDA- and EMA-approved drugs for hematological and solid cancers. Such drugs consist in a monoclonal antibody linked to a cytotoxic agent, allowing a specific cytotoxicity to tumor cells. In recent years, tremendous progress has been observed in therapeutic approaches for advanced skin cancer patients. In this regard, targeted therapies (e.g., kinase inhibitors) or immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies outperformed conventional chemotherapy, with proven benefit to survival. Nevertheless, primary and acquired resistances as well as adverse events remain limitations of these therapies. Therefore, ADCs appear as an emerging therapeutic option in oncodermatology. After providing an overview of ADC design and development, the goal of this article is to review the potential ADC indications in the field of oncodermatology.
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12
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Rafidi H, Rajan S, Urban K, Shatz-Binder W, Hui K, Ferl GZ, Kamath AV, Boswell CA. Effect of molecular size on interstitial pharmacokinetics and tissue catabolism of antibodies. MAbs 2022; 14:2085535. [PMID: 35867780 PMCID: PMC9311319 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2085535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in antibody engineering have enabled the construction of novel molecular formats in diverse shapes and sizes, providing new opportunities for biologic therapies and expanding the need to understand how various structural aspects affect their distribution properties. To assess the effect of antibody size on systemic pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue distribution with or without neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) binding, we evaluated a series of non-mouse-binding anti-glycoprotein D monoclonal antibody formats, including IgG [~150 kDa], one-armed IgG [~100 kDa], IgG-HAHQ (attenuated FcRn binding) [~150 kDa], F(ab')2 [~100 kDa], and F(ab) [~50 kDa]. Tissue-specific concentration-time profiles were corrected for blood content based on vascular volumes and normalized based on interstitial volumes to allow estimation of interstitial concentrations and interstitial:serum concentration ratios. Blood correction demonstrated that the contribution of circulating antibody on total uptake was greatest at early time points and for highly vascularized tissues. Tissue interstitial PK largely mirrored serum exposure profiles. Similar interstitial:serum ratios were obtained for the two FcRn-binding molecules, IgG and one-armed IgG, which reached pseudo-steady-state kinetics in most tissues. For non-FcRn-binding molecules, interstitial:serum ratios changed over time, suggesting that these molecules did not reach steady-state kinetics during the study. Furthermore, concentration-time profiles of both intact and catabolized molecule were measured by a dual tracer approach, enabling quantification of tissue catabolism and demonstrating that catabolism levels were highest for IgG-HAHQ. Overall, these data sets provide insight into factors affecting preclinical distribution and may be useful in estimating interstitial concentrations and/or catabolism in human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanine Rafidi
- Departments of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sharmila Rajan
- Departments of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Konnie Urban
- Safety Assessment, Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Whitney Shatz-Binder
- Protein Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Keliana Hui
- Departments of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gregory Z Ferl
- Departments of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Biomedical Imaging, Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amrita V Kamath
- Departments of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C Andrew Boswell
- Departments of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Biomedical Imaging, Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Castillo AMM, Vu TT, Liva SG, Chen M, Xie Z, Thomas J, Remaily B, Guo Y, Subrayan UL, Costa T, Helms TH, Irby DJ, Kim K, Owen DH, Kulp SK, Mace TA, Phelps MA, Coss CC. Murine cancer cachexia models replicate elevated catabolic pembrolizumab clearance in humans. JCSM RAPID COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 4:232-244. [PMID: 34514376 PMCID: PMC8420755 DOI: 10.1002/rco2.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal antibody (mAb) immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies have dramatically impacted oncology this past decade. However, only about one-third of patients respond to treatment, and biomarkers to predict responders are lacking. Recent ICI clinical pharmacology data demonstrate high baseline drug clearance (CL0) significantly associates with shorter overall survival, independent of ICI exposure, in patients receiving ICI mAb therapies. This suggests CL0 may predict outcomes from ICI therapy, and cachectic signalling may link elevated CL0 and poor response. Our aim was to determine if mouse models of cancer cachexia will be useful for studying these phenomena and their underlying mechanisms. METHODS We evaluated pembrolizumab CL in the C26 and Lewis lung carcinoma mouse models of cancer cachexia. A single treatment of vehicle or pembrolizumab, at a dose of 2 or 10 mg/kg, was administered intravenously by tail vein injection. Pembrolizumab was quantified by an ELISA in serial plasma samples, and FcRn gene (Fcgrt) expression was assessed in liver using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Non-compartmental and mixed-effects pharmacokinetics analyses were performed. RESULTS We observed higher pembrolizumab CL0 and decreased Fcgrt expression in whole liver tissue from tumour-bearing vs. tumour-free mice. In multivariate analysis, presence of tumour, total murine IgG, muscle weight and Fcgrt expression were significant covariates on CL, and total murine IgG was a significant covariate on V1 and Q. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate increases in catabolic clearance of monoclonal antibodies observed in humans can be replicated in cachectic mice, in which Fcgrt expression is also reduced. Notably, FcRn activity is essential for proper antigen presentation and antitumour immunity, which may permit the study of cachexia's impact on FcRn-mediated clearance and efficacy of ICI therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Marie M. Castillo
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Trang T. Vu
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Sophia G. Liva
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Min Chen
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Zhiliang Xie
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Justin Thomas
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Bryan Remaily
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Yizhen Guo
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Uma L. Subrayan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Travis Costa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Timothy H. Helms
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Donald J. Irby
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Kyeongmin Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Dwight H. Owen
- Division of Medical OncologyThe Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer CenterColumbusOHUSA
| | - Samuel K. Kulp
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Thomas A. Mace
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- The Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH43210USA
| | - Mitch A. Phelps
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- The Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH43210USA
| | - Christopher C. Coss
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- The Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH43210USA
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Two-pore physiologically based pharmacokinetic model validation using whole-body biodistribution of trastuzumab and different-size fragments in mice. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2021; 48:743-762. [PMID: 34146191 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-021-09772-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the past, our lab proposed a two-pore PBPK model for different-size protein therapeutics using de novo derived parameters and the model was validated using plasma PK data of different-size antibody fragments digitized from the literature (Li Z, Shah DK, J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodynam 46(3):305-318, 2009). To further validate the model using tissue distribution data, whole-body biodistribution study of 6 different-size proteins in mice were conducted. Studied molecules covered a wide MW range (13-150 kDa). Plasma PK and tissue distribution profiles is 9 tissues were measured, including heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, skin, muscle, small intestine, large intestine. Tumor exposure of different-size proteins were also evaluated. The PBPK model was validated by comparing percentage predictive errors (%PE) between observed and model predicted results for each type of molecule in each tissue. Model validation showed that the two-pore PBPK model was able to predict plasma, tissues and tumor PK of all studied molecules relatively well. This model could serve as a platform for developing a generic PBPK model for protein therapeutics in the future.
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15
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Kouhi A, Pachipulusu V, Kapenstein T, Hu P, Epstein AL, Khawli LA. Brain Disposition of Antibody-Based Therapeutics: Dogma, Approaches and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126442. [PMID: 34208575 PMCID: PMC8235515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their high specificity, monoclonal antibodies have been widely investigated for their application in drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) for the treatment of neurological diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease. Research in the past few decades has revealed that one of the biggest challenges in the development of antibodies for drug delivery to the CNS is the presence of blood–brain barrier (BBB), which acts to restrict drug delivery and contributes to the limited uptake (0.1–0.2% of injected dose) of circulating antibodies into the brain. This article reviews the various methods currently used for antibody delivery to the CNS at the preclinical stage of development and the underlying mechanisms of BBB penetration. It also describes efforts to improve or modulate the physicochemical and biochemical properties of antibodies (e.g., charge, Fc receptor binding affinity, and target affinity), to adapt their pharmacokinetics (PK), and to influence their distribution and disposition into the brain. Finally, a distinction is made between approaches that seek to modify BBB permeability and those that use a physiological approach or antibody engineering to increase uptake in the CNS. Although there are currently inherent difficulties in developing safe and efficacious antibodies that will cross the BBB, the future prospects of brain-targeted delivery of antibody-based agents are believed to be excellent.
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16
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Bouleau A, Lebon V, Truillet C. PET imaging of immune checkpoint proteins in oncology. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 222:107786. [PMID: 33307142 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the remarkable clinical successes of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in various advanced cancers, response is still limited to a subset of patients that generally exhibit tumoral expression of immune checkpoint (IC) proteins. Development of biomarkers assessing the expression of such ICs is therefore a major challenge nowadays to refine patient selection and improve therapeutic benefits. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using IC-targeted radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (immunoPET) provides a non-invasive and whole-body visualization of in vivo IC biodistribution. As such, PET imaging of ICs may serve as a robust biomarker to predict and monitor responses to ICIs, complementing the existing immunohistochemical techniques. Besides monoclonal antibodies, other PET radioligand formats, ranging from antibody-derived fragments to small proteins, have gained increasing interest owing to their faster pharmacokinetics and enhanced imaging characteristics. We provide an overview of the various strategies investigated so far for PET imaging of ICs in preclinical and clinical studies, emphasizing their benefits and limitations. Moreover, we discuss various parameters to consider for designing optimized and best-suited PET radioligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alizée Bouleau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 place du Général Leclerc, 91401 ORSAY, France
| | - Vincent Lebon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 place du Général Leclerc, 91401 ORSAY, France
| | - Charles Truillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 place du Général Leclerc, 91401 ORSAY, France.
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17
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Qi T, Cao Y. In Translation: FcRn across the Therapeutic Spectrum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3048. [PMID: 33802650 PMCID: PMC8002405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As an essential modulator of IgG disposition, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) governs the pharmacokinetics and functions many therapeutic modalities. In this review, we thoroughly reexamine the hitherto elucidated biological and thermodynamic properties of FcRn to provide context for our assessment of more recent advances, which covers antigen-binding fragment (Fab) determinants of FcRn affinity, transgenic preclinical models, and FcRn targeting as an immune-complex (IC)-clearing strategy. We further comment on therapeutic antibodies authorized for treating SARS-CoV-2 (bamlanivimab, casirivimab, and imdevimab) and evaluate their potential to saturate FcRn-mediated recycling. Finally, we discuss modeling and simulation studies that probe the quantitative relationship between in vivo IgG persistence and in vitro FcRn binding, emphasizing the importance of endosomal transit parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanguang Cao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
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18
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Chang HP, Kim SJ, Shah DK. Whole-Body Pharmacokinetics of Antibody in Mice Determined using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Derivation of Tissue Interstitial Concentrations. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:446-457. [PMID: 32502472 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we have reported whole-body disposition of wild-type IgG and FcRn non-binding IgG in mice, determined using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The disposition data generated using ELISA are compared with previously published biodistribution data generated using radiolabelled IgG. In addition, we introduce a novel concept of ABCIS values, which are defined as percentage ratios of tissue interstitial and plasma AUC values. These values can help in predicting tissue interstitial concentrations of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) based on the plasma concentrations. Tissue interstitial concentrations derived from our study are also compared with previously reported values measured using microdialysis or centrifugation method. Lastly, the new set of biodistribution data generated using ELISA are used to refine the PBPK model for mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Ping Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Se Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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19
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Conner KP, Devanaboyina SC, Thomas VA, Rock DA. The biodistribution of therapeutic proteins: Mechanism, implications for pharmacokinetics, and methods of evaluation. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107574. [PMID: 32433985 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins (TPs) are a diverse drug class that include monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), recombinantly expressed enzymes, hormones and growth factors, cytokines (e.g. chemokines, interleukins, interferons), as well as a wide range of engineered fusion scaffolds containing IgG1 Fc domain for half-life extension. As the pharmaceutical industry advances more potent and selective protein-based medicines through discovery and into the clinical stages of development, it has become widely appreciated that a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of TP biodistribution can aid this endeavor. This review aims to highlight the literature that has advanced our understanding of the determinants of TP biodistribution. A particular emphasis is placed on the multi-faceted role of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in mAb and Fc-fusion protein disposition. In addition, characterization of the TP-target interaction at the cell-level is discussed as an essential strategy to establish pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships that may lead to more informed human dose projections during clinical development. Methods for incorporation of tissue and cell-level parameters defining these characteristics into higher-order mechanistic and semi-mechanistic PK models will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kip P Conner
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Siva Charan Devanaboyina
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Veena A Thomas
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Dan A Rock
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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20
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Coughlin DG, Litvan I. Progressive supranuclear palsy: Advances in diagnosis and management. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 73:105-116. [PMID: 32487421 PMCID: PMC7462164 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a complex clinicopathologic disease with no current cure or disease modulating therapies that can only be definitively confirmed at autopsy. Growing understanding of the phenotypic diversity of PSP has led to expanded clinical criteria and new insights into etiopathogenesis that coupled with improved in vivo biomarkers makes increased access to current clinical trials possible. Current standard-of-care treatment of PSP is multidisciplinary, supportive and symptomatic, and several trials of potentially disease modulating agents have already been completed with disappointing results. Current ongoing clinical trials target the abnormal aggregation of tau through a variety of mechanisms including immunotherapy and gene therapy offer a more direct method of treatment. Here we review PSP clinicopathologic correlations, in vivo biomarkers including MRI, PET, and CSF biomarkers. We additionally review current pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic methods of treatment, prior and ongoing clinical trials in PSP. Newly expanded clinical criteria and improved specific biomarkers will aid in identifying patients with PSP earlier and more accurately and expand access to these potentially beneficial clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Coughlin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
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21
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Ruano-Salguero JS, Lee KH. Antibody transcytosis across brain endothelial-like cells occurs nonspecifically and independent of FcRn. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3685. [PMID: 32111886 PMCID: PMC7048754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) hinders the brain delivery of therapeutic immunoglobulin γ (IgG) antibodies. Evidence suggests that IgG-specific processing occurs within the endothelium of the BBB, but any influence on transcytosis remains unclear. Here, involvement of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), which mediates IgG recycling and transcytosis in peripheral endothelium, was investigated by evaluating the transcytosis of IgGs with native or reduced FcRn engagement across human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain endothelial-like cells. Despite differential trafficking, the permeability of all tested IgGs were comparable and remained constant irrespective of concentration or competition with excess IgG, suggesting IgG transcytosis occurs nonspecifically and originates from fluid-phase endocytosis. Comparison with the receptor-enhanced permeability of transferrin indicates that the phenomena observed for IgG is ubiquitous for most macromolecules. However, increased permeability was observed for macromolecules with biophysical properties known to engage alternative endocytosis mechanisms, highlighting the importance of biophysical characterizations in assessing transcytosis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Ruano-Salguero
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Kelvin H Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA.
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22
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Understanding Inter-Individual Variability in Monoclonal Antibody Disposition. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040056. [PMID: 31817205 PMCID: PMC6963779 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently the largest and most dominant class of therapeutic proteins. Inter-individual variability has been observed for several mAbs; however, an understanding of the underlying mechanisms and factors contributing to inter-subject differences in mAb disposition is still lacking. In this review, we analyze the mechanisms of antibody disposition and the putative mechanistic determinants of inter-individual variability. Results from in vitro, preclinical, and clinical studies were reviewed evaluate the role of the neonatal Fc receptor and Fc gamma receptors (expression and polymorphism), target properties (expression, shedding, turnover, internalization, heterogeneity, polymorphism), and the influence of anti-drug antibodies. Particular attention is given to the influence of co-administered drugs and disease, and to the physiological relevance of covariates identified by population pharmacokinetic modeling, as determinants of variability in mAb pharmacokinetics.
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23
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Pyzik M, Sand KMK, Hubbard JJ, Andersen JT, Sandlie I, Blumberg RS. The Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn): A Misnomer? Front Immunol 2019; 10:1540. [PMID: 31354709 PMCID: PMC6636548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are essential components of an adaptive immune response. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most common type of antibody found in circulation and extracellular fluids. Although IgG alone can directly protect the body from infection through the activities of its antigen binding region, the majority of IgG immune functions are mediated via proteins and receptors expressed by specialized cell subsets that bind to the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of IgG. Fc gamma (γ) receptors (FcγR) belong to a broad family of proteins that presently include classical membrane-bound surface receptors as well as atypical intracellular receptors and cytoplasmic glycoproteins. Among the atypical FcγRs, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) has increasingly gained notoriety given its intimate influence on IgG biology and its ability to also bind to albumin. FcRn functions as a recycling or transcytosis receptor that is responsible for maintaining IgG and albumin in the circulation, and bidirectionally transporting these two ligands across polarized cellular barriers. More recently, it has been appreciated that FcRn acts as an immune receptor by interacting with and facilitating antigen presentation of peptides derived from IgG immune complexes (IC). Here we review FcRn biology and focus on newer advances including how emerging FcRn-targeted therapies may affect the immune responses to IgG and IgG IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pyzik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kine M K Sand
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan J Hubbard
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA, United States
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24
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Datta-Mannan A. Mechanisms Influencing the Pharmacokinetics and Disposition of Monoclonal Antibodies and Peptides. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1100-1110. [PMID: 31043438 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.086488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and peptides are an important class of therapeutic modalities that have brought improved health outcomes in areas with limited therapeutic optionality. Presently, there more than 90 mAb and peptide therapeutics on the United States market, with over 600 more in various clinical stages of development in a broad array of therapeutic areas, including diabetes, autoimmune disorders, oncology, neuroscience, and cardiovascular and infectious diseases. Notwithstanding this potential, there is high clinical rate of attrition, with approximately 10% reaching patients. A major contributor to the failure of the molecules is often times an incomplete or poor understanding of the pharmacokinetics (PK) and disposition profiles leading to limited or diminished efficacy. Increased and thorough characterization efforts directed at disseminating mechanisms influencing the PK and disposition of mAbs and peptides can aid in improving the design for their intended pharmacological activity, and thereby their clinical success. The PK and disposition factors for mAbs and peptides are broadly influenced by target-mediated drug disposition and nontarget-related clearance mechanisms related to the interplay between the relationship of the structure and physiochemical properties of mAbs and peptides with physiologic processes. This review focuses on nontarget-related factors influencing the disposition and PK of mAbs and peptides. Contemporary considerations around the increasing in silico approaches to identify nontarget-related molecule limitations and enhancing the druggability of mAbs and peptides, including parenteral and nonparenteral delivery strategies that are geared toward improving patient experience and compliance, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Datta-Mannan
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Yousefpour P, Ahn L, Tewksbury J, Saha S, Costa SA, Bellucci JJ, Li X, Chilkoti A. Conjugate of Doxorubicin to Albumin-Binding Peptide Outperforms Aldoxorubicin. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1804452. [PMID: 30756483 PMCID: PMC8114561 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Short circulation time and off-target toxicity are the main challenges faced by small-molecule chemotherapeutics. To overcome these shortcomings, an albumin-binding peptide conjugate of chemotherapeutics is developed that binds specifically to endogenous albumin and harnesses its favorable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for drug delivery to tumors. A protein-G-derived albumin-binding domain (ABD) is conjugated with doxorubicin (Dox) via a pH-sensitive linker. One to two Dox molecules are conjugated to ABD without loss of aqueous solubility. The albumin-binding ABD-Dox conjugate exhibits nanomolar affinity for human and mouse albumin, and upon administration in mice, shows a plasma half-life of 29.4 h, which is close to that of mouse albumin. Additionally, 2 h after administration, ABD-Dox exhibits an approximately 4-fold higher concentration in the tumor than free Dox. Free Dox clears quickly from the tumor, while ABD-Dox maintains a steady concentration in the tumor for at least 72 h, so that its relative accumulation at 72 h is ≈120-fold greater than that of free Dox. The improved pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of ABD-Dox result in enhanced therapeutic efficacy in syngeneic C26 colon carcinoma and MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic tumor xenografts, compared with free Dox and aldoxorubicin, an albumin-reactive Dox prodrug currently in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Yousefpour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Lucie Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Joel Tewksbury
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Soumen Saha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Simone A Costa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Joseph J Bellucci
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Xinghai Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a group of drugs with predicted slow linear and target-mediated distribution and elimination. Visual inspection of published pharmacokinetic profiles of mAbs frequently reveals plateaus in the distribution phase or an increasing concentration many days after a single intravenous dose. A question which has been left unanswered until now is whether mAbs undergo recirculation mechanisms. If so, then which mechanisms are crucial for the fluctuation in their pharmacokinetics profiles? What is the impact of such mechanisms on mAb absorption, distribution and elimination? Current commentary accounts for the fluctuation of mAbs concentrations based on different mechanisms, as well in different phases of their in vivo disposition. Current knowledge shows significant impact of mAbs lymphatic recirculation on characteristics of their pharmacokinetics profiles. Fluctuating or plateau phases in pharmacokinetic profiles of mAbs are a consequence of multiple simultaneously occurring recirculatory as well as adsorption/desorption processes rather than only slow, continuous elimination. Lymphatic recirculation as well as other mechanisms appears to be an obvious element of the mAbs disposition. Periodic changes in the key factors affecting mAbs disposition can be responsible for the unpredictable concentration peaks in absorption, distribution and the elimination phase.
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Neiveyans M, Melhem R, Arnoult C, Bourquard T, Jarlier M, Busson M, Laroche A, Cerutti M, Pugnière M, Ternant D, Gaborit N, Chardès T, Poupon A, Gouilleux-Gruart V, Pèlegrin A, Poul MA. A recycling anti-transferrin receptor-1 monoclonal antibody as an efficient therapy for erythroleukemia through target up-regulation and antibody-dependent cytotoxic effector functions. MAbs 2019; 11:593-605. [PMID: 30604643 PMCID: PMC6512944 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1564510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) with monoclonal antibodies is a promising therapeutic strategy in cancer as tumor cells often overexpress TfR1 and show increased iron needs. We have re-engineered six anti-human TfR1 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies into fully human scFv2-Fcγ1 and IgG1 antibodies. We selected the more promising candidate (H7), based on its ability to inhibit TfR1-mediated iron-loaded transferrin internalization in Raji cells (B-cell lymphoma). The H7 antibody displayed nanomolar affinity for its target in both formats (scFv2-Fcγ1 and IgG1), but cross-reacted with mouse TfR1 only in the scFv2-Fc format. H7 reduced the intracellular labile iron pool and, contrary to what has been observed with previously described anti-TfR1 antibodies, upregulated TfR1 level in Raji cells. H7 scFv2-Fc format elimination half-life was similar in FcRn knock-out and wild type mice, suggesting that TfR1 recycling contributes to prevent H7 elimination in vivo. In vitro, H7 inhibited the growth of erythroleukemia and B-cell lymphoma cell lines (IC50 0.1 µg/mL) and induced their apoptosis. Moreover, the Im9 B-cell lymphoma cell line, which is resistant to apoptosis induced by rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody), was sensitive to H7. In vivo, tumor regression was observed in nude mice bearing ERY-1 erythroleukemia cell xenografts treated with H7 through a mechanism that involved iron deprivation and antibody-dependent cytotoxic effector functions. Therefore, targeting TfR1 using the fully human anti-TfR1 H7 is a promising tool for the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Neiveyans
- a IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier ; INSERM, U1194, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier , France.,b ICM , Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Rana Melhem
- a IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier ; INSERM, U1194, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier , France.,b ICM , Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Christophe Arnoult
- c CNRS , GICC UMR 7292 , Tours , France.,d Université François Rabelais de Tours , Tours , France
| | - Thomas Bourquard
- e UMR INRA CNRS Physiologie de la reproduction et des comportements, Université François Rabelais de Tours , Nouzilly , France
| | - Marta Jarlier
- b ICM , Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Muriel Busson
- a IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier ; INSERM, U1194, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier , France.,b ICM , Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Adrien Laroche
- a IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier ; INSERM, U1194, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier , France.,b ICM , Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | | | - Martine Pugnière
- g PP2I, Plateforme Protéomique et Interactions Moléculaires , IRCM
| | - David Ternant
- c CNRS , GICC UMR 7292 , Tours , France.,d Université François Rabelais de Tours , Tours , France.,h CHRU de Tours, Department of medical pharmacology , Tours , France
| | - Nadège Gaborit
- a IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier ; INSERM, U1194, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier , France.,b ICM , Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Thierry Chardès
- a IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier ; INSERM, U1194, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier , France.,b ICM , Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Anne Poupon
- e UMR INRA CNRS Physiologie de la reproduction et des comportements, Université François Rabelais de Tours , Nouzilly , France
| | - Valérie Gouilleux-Gruart
- c CNRS , GICC UMR 7292 , Tours , France.,d Université François Rabelais de Tours , Tours , France
| | - Andre Pèlegrin
- a IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier ; INSERM, U1194, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier , France.,b ICM , Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Marie-Alix Poul
- a IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier ; INSERM, U1194, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier , France.,b ICM , Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
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Lucas AT, Robinson R, Schorzman AN, Piscitelli JA, Razo JF, Zamboni WC. Pharmacologic Considerations in the Disposition of Antibodies and Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Preclinical Models and in Patients. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E3. [PMID: 31544809 PMCID: PMC6640706 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid advancement in the development of therapeutic proteins, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), has created a novel mechanism to selectively deliver highly potent cytotoxic agents in the treatment of cancer. These agents provide numerous benefits compared to traditional small molecule drugs, though their clinical use still requires optimization. The pharmacology of mAbs/ADCs is complex and because ADCs are comprised of multiple components, individual agent characteristics and patient variables can affect their disposition. To further improve the clinical use and rational development of these agents, it is imperative to comprehend the complex mechanisms employed by antibody-based agents in traversing numerous biological barriers and how agent/patient factors affect tumor delivery, toxicities, efficacy, and ultimately, biodistribution. This review provides an updated summary of factors known to affect the disposition of mAbs/ADCs in development and in clinical use, as well as how these factors should be considered in the selection and design of preclinical studies of ADC agents in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Lucas
- University of North Carolina (UNC), Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Ryan Robinson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Allison N Schorzman
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Joseph A Piscitelli
- University of North Carolina (UNC), Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Juan F Razo
- University of North Carolina (UNC), Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - William C Zamboni
- University of North Carolina (UNC), Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Li T, Balthasar JP. FcRn Expression in Wildtype Mice, Transgenic Mice, and in Human Tissues. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8040115. [PMID: 30326650 PMCID: PMC6316262 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot methods were developed to assess neonatal Fc-receptor (FcRn) mRNA and protein expression in human FcRn transgenic mice, Swiss Webster mice, and in select human tissues. Additionally, FcRn turnover was evaluated via pulse-chase. FcRn mRNA expression was significantly higher in transgenic mice when compared to mouse FcRn mRNA in Swiss Webster mice and it ranged from 184-fold higher in the kidney to 109,000-fold higher in the skin. FcRn protein expression was found to be 13-fold lower in kidney to 5.6-fold higher in lung obtained from transgenic mice compared to FcRn protein expression in lung samples obtained from Swiss Webster mice. FcRn protein expression in human liver and small intestine tissues matched more closely with FcRn expression in Swiss Webster mice but were significantly lower when compared to values found from Swiss Webster and transgenic mice. Although FcRn mRNA expression correlated significantly with protein expression (p < 0.0005), the correlation coefficient was only 0.113. As such, the measurement of FcRn protein may be preferred to FcRn mRNA for quantitative applications. Significant differences were found in FcRn expression in transgenic mice, Swiss Webster mice, and human tissues, which may have implications for the use of mouse models in the assessment of monoclonal antibody disposition, efficacy, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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30
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Finke JM, Banks WA. Modulators of IgG penetration through the blood-brain barrier: Implications for Alzheimer's disease immunotherapy. Hum Antibodies 2018; 25:131-146. [PMID: 28035915 DOI: 10.3233/hab-160306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review serves to highlight approaches that may improve the access of antibody drugs to regions of the brain affected by Alzheimer's Disease. While previous antibody drugs have been unsuccessful in treating Alzheimer's disease, recent work demonstrates that Alzheimer's pathology can be modified if these drugs can penetrate the brain parenchyma with greater efficacy. Research in antibody blood-brain barrier drug delivery predominantly follows one of three distinct directions: (1) enhancing influx with reduced antibody size, addition of Trojan horse modules, or blood-brain barrier disruption; (2) modulating trancytotic equilibrium and/or kinetics of the neonatal Fc Receptor; and (3) manipulation of antibody glycan carbohydrate composition. In addition to these topics, recent studies are discussed that reveal a role of glycan sialic acid in suppressing antibody efflux from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Finke
- Division of Sciences and Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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31
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Lucas AT, Price LSL, Schorzman AN, Storrie M, Piscitelli JA, Razo J, Zamboni WC. Factors Affecting the Pharmacology of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:E10. [PMID: 31544862 PMCID: PMC6698819 DOI: 10.3390/antib7010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major advances in therapeutic proteins, including antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), have created revolutionary drug delivery systems in cancer over the past decade. While these immunoconjugate agents provide several advantages compared to their small-molecule counterparts, their clinical use is still in its infancy. The considerations in their development and clinical use are complex, and consist of multiple components and variables that can affect the pharmacologic characteristics. It is critical to understand the mechanisms employed by ADCs in navigating biological barriers and how these factors affect their biodistribution, delivery to tumors, efficacy, and toxicity. Thus, future studies are warranted to better understand the complex pharmacology and interaction between ADC carriers and biological systems, such as the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) and tumor microenvironment. This review provides an overview of factors that affect the pharmacologic profiles of ADC therapies that are currently in clinical use and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Lucas
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Lauren S L Price
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Allison N Schorzman
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Mallory Storrie
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | | | - Juan Razo
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - William C Zamboni
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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32
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Ferguson DC, Blanco JG. Regulation of the Human Fc-Neonatal Receptor alpha-Chain Gene FCGRT by MicroRNA-3181. Pharm Res 2018; 35:15. [PMID: 29302759 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE FCGRT encodes the alpha-chain component of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). FcRn is critical for the trafficking of endogenous and exogenous IgG molecules and albumin in various tissues. Few regulators of FcRn expression have been identified. We investigated the epigenetic regulation of FcRn by two microRNAs (hsa-miR-3181 and hsa-miR-3136-3p) acting on FCGRT. METHODS The binding of candidate microRNAs to the 3'-untranslated region of FCGRT was evaluated using luciferase reporter constructs in CHO cells. The effect of microRNAs on FCGRT mRNA and FcRn protein expression was evaluated using specific microRNA mimics and inhibitor transfections in A549, HEK293 and HepG2 cells. RESULTS Hsa-miR-3181 mimic reduced luciferase reporter activity by 70.1% (10 nM, P < 0.0001). In A549, HEK293 and HepG2 cells, hsa-miR-3181 decreased FCGRT mRNA expression (48.6%, 51.3% and 43.5% respectively, 25 nM, P < 0.05). The hsa-miR-3181 mimic decreased the expression of FcRn protein by 40% after 48 h (25 nM, P < 0.001). The mature form of hsa-miR-3181 was detected in samples of human liver. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that hsa-miR-3181 is an epigenetic regulator of FCGRT expression. The identification of this regulator of FCGRT may provide insights into a potential determinant of interindividual variability in FcRn expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Ferguson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 470 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, New York, 14214, USA
| | - Javier G Blanco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 470 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, New York, 14214, USA.
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Haraya K, Tachibana T, Nezu J. Quantitative prediction of therapeutic antibody pharmacokinetics after intravenous and subcutaneous injection in human. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 32:208-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug delivery to the brain is a major roadblock to treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Recent results of the PRIME study indicate that increasing brain penetration of antibody drugs improves Alzheimer's treatment outcomes. New approaches are needed to better accomplish this goal. Based on prior evidence, the hypothesis that glycan modification alters antibody blood-brain barrier permeability was tested here. METHODS The blood-brain barrier permeability coefficient Pe of different glycosylated states of anti-amyloid IgG was measured using in vitro models of brain microvascular endothelial cells. Monoclonal antibodies 4G8, with sialic acid, and 6E10, lacking sialic acid, were studied. The amount of sialic acid was determined using quantitative and semi-quantitative surface plasmon resonance methods. RESULTS Influx of IgG was not saturable and was largely insensitive to IgG species and glycosylation state. By contrast, efflux of 4G8 efflux was significantly lower than both albumin controls and 6E10. Removal of α2,6-linked sialic acid group present on 12% of 4G8 completely restored efflux to that of 6E10 but increasing the α2,6-sialylated fraction to 15% resulted in no change. Removal of the Fc glycan from 4G8 partially restored efflux. Alternate sialic acid groups with α2,3 and α2,8 linkages, nor on the Fc glycan, were not detected at significant levels on either 4G8 or 6E10. CONCLUSIONS These results support a model in which surface-sialylated 4G8 inhibits its own efflux and that of asialylated 4G8. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Glycan modification has the potential to increase antibody drug penetration into the brain through efflux inhibition.
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Eigenmann MJ, Fronton L, Grimm HP, Otteneder MB, Krippendorff BF. Quantification of IgG monoclonal antibody clearance in tissues. MAbs 2017; 9:1007-1015. [PMID: 28613103 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1337619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are an important therapeutic entity, and knowledge of antibody pharmacokinetics has steadily increased over the years. Despite this effort, little is known about the extent of IgG antibody degradation in different tissues of the body. While studies have been published identifying sites of degradation with the use of residualizing and non-residualizing radiolabels, quantitative tissue clearances have not yet been derived. Here, we show that in physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models we can combine mouse data of Indium-111 and Iodine-125 labeled antibodies with prior physiologic knowledge to determine tissue-specific intrinsic clearances. Unspecific total tissue clearance (mL/day) in the mouse was estimated to be: liver = 4.75; brain = 0.02; gut = 0.40; heart = 0.07; kidney = 0.97; lung = 0.20; muscle = 3.02; skin = 3.89; spleen = 0.45; rest of body = 2.16. The highest catabolic activity (per g tissue) was in spleen for an FcRn wild-type antibody, but shifts to the liver for an antibody with reduced FcRn affinity. In the model developed, this shift can be explained by the liver having a greater FcRn-mediated protection capacity than the spleen. The quantification of tissue intrinsic clearances and FcRn salvage capacity increases our understanding of quantitative processes that drive the therapeutic responses of antibodies. This knowledge is critical, for instance to estimate the non-specific cellular uptake and degradation of antibodies used for targeted delivery of payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miro J Eigenmann
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Centre Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Ludivine Fronton
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Centre Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Hans Peter Grimm
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Centre Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Michael B Otteneder
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Centre Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Ben-Fillippo Krippendorff
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Centre Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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36
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Arnoult C, Brachet G, Cadena Castaneda D, Azzopardi N, Passot C, Desvignes C, Paintaud G, Heuzé-Vourc'h N, Watier H, Gouilleux-Gruart V. Crucial Role for Immune Complexes but Not FcRn in Immunization against Anti-TNF-α Antibodies after a Single Injection in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:418-424. [PMID: 28584008 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The immunogenicity of infliximab and adalimumab is a major concern because patients may develop Abs also called antidrug Abs (ADA), directed against these anti-TNF-α Abs after just a few weeks of treatment. These ADAs can lead to a decrease in biologic concentration, which is associated with lower treatment efficacy. Our aim was to study the involvement of immune complexes and neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in the emergence of ADAs in the case of anti-TNF-α Abs. Wild type and FcRn knockout mice were injected once with either infliximab or adalimumab, alone or preincubated with TNF-α. Adalimumab cross-reacts with murine TNF-α whereas infliximab is species specific. When injected alone, only adalimumab elicited a humoral response. By preforming immune complexes with TNF-α, an anti-infliximab response was elicited. Surprisingly, both wild type and FcRn knockout mice were able to mount an immune response against anti-TNF-α Abs, suggesting that immune complexes are a major determinant of this immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Arnoult
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS, UMR 7292, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Guillaume Brachet
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS, UMR 7292, F-37032 Tours, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France
| | | | - Nicolas Azzopardi
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS, UMR 7292, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Christophe Passot
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS, UMR 7292, F-37032 Tours, France.,Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France; and
| | - Celine Desvignes
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France; and
| | - Gilles Paintaud
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS, UMR 7292, F-37032 Tours, France.,Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France; and
| | - Nathalie Heuzé-Vourc'h
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, INSERM, UMR 1100, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Hervé Watier
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS, UMR 7292, F-37032 Tours, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Valérie Gouilleux-Gruart
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, CNRS, UMR 7292, F-37032 Tours, France; .,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France
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37
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Avery LB, Wang M, Kavosi MS, Joyce A, Kurz JC, Fan YY, Dowty ME, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Cheng A, Hua F, Jones HM, Neubert H, Polzer RJ, O'Hara DM. Utility of a human FcRn transgenic mouse model in drug discovery for early assessment and prediction of human pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2016; 8:1064-78. [PMID: 27232760 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1193660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies continue to develop as an emerging drug class, with a need for preclinical tools to better predict in vivo characteristics. Transgenic mice expressing human neonatal Fc receptor (hFcRn) have potential as a preclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) model to project human PK of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Using a panel of 27 mAbs with a broad PK range, we sought to characterize and establish utility of this preclinical animal model and provide guidance for its application in drug development of mAbs. This set of mAbs was administered to both hemizygous and homozygous hFcRn transgenic mice (Tg32) at a single intravenous dose, and PK parameters were derived. Higher hFcRn protein tissue expression was confirmed by liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry in Tg32 homozygous versus hemizygous mice. Clearance (CL) was calculated using non-compartmental analysis and correlations were assessed to historical data in wild-type mouse, non-human primate (NHP), and human. Results show that mAb CL in hFcRn Tg32 homozygous mouse correlate with human (r(2) = 0.83, r = 0.91, p < 0.01) better than NHP (r(2) = 0.67, r = 0.82, p < 0.01) for this dataset. Applying simple allometric scaling using an empirically derived best-fit exponent of 0.93 enabled the prediction of human CL from the Tg32 homozygous mouse within 2-fold error for 100% of mAbs tested. Implementing the Tg32 homozygous mouse model in discovery and preclinical drug development to predict human CL may result in an overall decreased usage of monkeys for PK studies, enhancement of the early selection of lead molecules, and ultimately a decrease in the time for a drug candidate to reach the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B Avery
- a Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- a Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Mania S Kavosi
- a Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Alison Joyce
- a Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Jeffrey C Kurz
- a Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Yao-Yun Fan
- a Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Martin E Dowty
- a Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Minlei Zhang
- a Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- a Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Aili Cheng
- b Pharmaceutical Sciences Analytical R&D, Pfizer Inc. , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Fei Hua
- c PharmaTherapeutics Clinical R&D, Pfizer Inc. , Technology Square, Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Hannah M Jones
- d Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Hendrik Neubert
- a Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Robert J Polzer
- d Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Denise M O'Hara
- a Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc. , Andover , MA , USA
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38
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Fan YY, Avery LB, Wang M, O'Hara DM, Leung S, Neubert H. Tissue expression profile of human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in Tg32 transgenic mice. MAbs 2016; 8:848-53. [PMID: 27104806 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1178436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is a homeostatic receptor responsible for prolonging immunoglobulin G (IgG) half-life by protecting it from lysosomal degradation and recycling it to systemic circulation. Tissue-specific FcRn expression is a critical parameter in physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling for translational pharmacokinetics of Fc-containing biotherapeutics. Using online peptide immuno-affinity chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry, we established a quantitative FcRn tissue protein expression profile in human FcRn (hFcRn) transgenic mice, Tg32 homozygous and hemizygous strains. The concentration of hFcRn across 14 tissues ranged from 3.5 to 111.2 pmole per gram of tissue. Our hFcRn quantification data from Tg32 mice will enable a more refined PBPK model to improve the accuracy of human PK predictions for Fc-containing biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yun Fan
- a Pharmacokinetics Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Worldwide Research & Development , Andover , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Lindsay B Avery
- a Pharmacokinetics Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Worldwide Research & Development , Andover , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- a Pharmacokinetics Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Worldwide Research & Development , Andover , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Denise M O'Hara
- a Pharmacokinetics Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Worldwide Research & Development , Andover , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Sheldon Leung
- a Pharmacokinetics Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Worldwide Research & Development , Andover , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Hendrik Neubert
- a Pharmacokinetics Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Worldwide Research & Development , Andover , Massachusetts , USA
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39
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Fan YY, Neubert H. Quantitative Analysis of Human Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn) Tissue Expression in Transgenic Mice by Online Peptide Immuno-Affinity LC-HRMS. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4239-47. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yun Fan
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Hendrik Neubert
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
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40
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Chadha GS, Morris ME. Monoclonal Antibody Pharmacokinetics in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Nephropathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40495-016-0048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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41
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Tibbitts J, Canter D, Graff R, Smith A, Khawli LA. Key factors influencing ADME properties of therapeutic proteins: A need for ADME characterization in drug discovery and development. MAbs 2015; 8:229-45. [PMID: 26636901 PMCID: PMC4966629 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1115937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein therapeutics represent a diverse array of biologics including antibodies, fusion proteins, and therapeutic replacement enzymes. Since their inception, they have revolutionized the treatment of a wide range of diseases including respiratory, vascular, autoimmune, inflammatory, infectious, and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cancer. While in vivo pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and efficacy studies are routinely carried out for protein therapeutics, studies that identify key factors governing their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties have not been fully investigated. Thorough characterization and in-depth study of their ADME properties are critical in order to support drug discovery and development processes for the production of safer and more effective biotherapeutics. In this review, we discuss the main factors affecting the ADME characteristics of these large macromolecular therapies. We also give an overview of the current tools, technologies, and approaches available to investigate key factors that influence the ADME of recombinant biotherapeutic drugs, and demonstrate how ADME studies will facilitate their future development.
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42
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Li Z, Krippendorff BF, Sharma S, Walz AC, Lavé T, Shah DK. Influence of molecular size on tissue distribution of antibody fragments. MAbs 2015; 8:113-9. [PMID: 26496429 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1111497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodistribution coefficients (BC) allow estimation of the tissue concentrations of proteins based on the plasma pharmacokinetics. We have previously established the BC values for monoclonal antibodies. Here, this concept is extended by development of a relationship between protein size and BC values. The relationship was built by deriving the BC values for various antibody fragments of known molecular weight from published biodistribution studies. We found that there exists a simple exponential relationship between molecular weight and BC values that allows the prediction of tissue distribution of proteins based on molecular weight alone. The relationship was validated by a priori predicting BC values of 4 antibody fragments that were not used in building the relationship. The relationship was also used to derive BC50 values for all the tissues, which is the molecular weight increase that would result in 50% reduction in tissue uptake of a protein. The BC50 values for most tissues were found to be ~35 kDa. An ability to estimate tissue distribution of antibody fragments based on the BC vs. molecular size relationship established here may allow better understanding of the biologics concentrations in tissues responsible for efficacy or toxicity. This relationship can also be applied for rational development of new biotherapeutic modalities with optimal biodistribution properties to target (or avoid) specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; The State University of New York at Buffalo ; Buffalo ; NY.,d These authors contributed equally
| | - Ben-Fillippo Krippendorff
- b Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Pharmaceutical Sciences; Quantitative Systems Pharmacology; Roche Innovation Center Basel ; CH - 4070; Basel.,d These authors contributed equally
| | - Sharad Sharma
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; The State University of New York at Buffalo ; Buffalo ; NY
| | - Antje C Walz
- b Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Pharmaceutical Sciences; Quantitative Systems Pharmacology; Roche Innovation Center Basel ; CH - 4070; Basel
| | - Thierry Lavé
- c Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Pharmaceutical Sciences; Project Leaders and M&S; Roche Innovation Center Basel ; CH - 4070 Basel
| | - Dhaval K Shah
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; The State University of New York at Buffalo ; Buffalo ; NY
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Shah DK. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations for the next generation protein therapeutics. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2015; 42:553-71. [PMID: 26373957 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-015-9447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly sophisticated protein engineering efforts have been undertaken lately to generate protein therapeutics with desired properties. This has resulted in the discovery of the next generation of protein therapeutics, which include: engineered antibodies, immunoconjugates, bi/multi-specific proteins, antibody mimetic novel scaffolds, and engineered ligands/receptors. These novel protein therapeutics possess unique physicochemical properties and act via a unique mechanism-of-action, which collectively makes their pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) different than other established biological molecules. Consequently, in order to support the discovery and development of these next generation molecules, it becomes important to understand the determinants controlling their PK/PD. This review discusses the determinants that a PK/PD scientist should consider during the design and development of next generation protein therapeutics. In addition, the role of systems PK/PD models in enabling rational development of the next generation protein therapeutics is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8033, USA.
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