1
|
Langouo Fontsa M, Padonou F, Willard-Gallo K. Tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structures in cancer: implications for immunotherapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024; 20:839-847. [PMID: 39007892 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2024.2380892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) arise at chronic inflammatory sites where they function as miniature lymph nodes to generate immune responses, which can be beneficial or detrimental, in diseases as diverse as autoimmunity, chronic infections and cancer. A growing number of studies show that a TLS presence in tumors from cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors is closely linked with improved clinical outcomes. TLS may foster the generation of specific anti-tumor immune responses and immunological memory that recognizes a patient's own tumor. Due to repeated rounds of chronic inflammation, some tumor-associated TLS may be immunologically inactive, with immune checkpoint inhibitors functioning to revitalize them through pathway activation. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes work on TLS and how they mediate immune responses in human tumors. We also explore TLS as potential prognostic and predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy. EXPERT OPINION The presence of TLS in human tumors has been linked with a better clinical prognosis, response to treatment(s) and overall survival. TLS provide a structured microenvironment for the activation, expansion and maturation of immune cells at the tumor site. These activities can enhance the efficacy of immunotherapeutic treatments such as checkpoint inhibitors and cancer vaccines by revitalizing local anti-tumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Langouo Fontsa
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francine Padonou
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karen Willard-Gallo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kievit H, Muntinghe-Wagenaar MB, Abdulahad WH, Rutgers A, Hijmering-Kappelle LBM, Hiddinga BI, Ubbels JF, Wijsman R, van der Leij MJ, Bijzet J, Groen HJM, Kerstjens HAM, van der Wekken AJ, Kroesen BJ, Hiltermann TJN. Baseline Blood CD8 + T Cell Activation Potency Discriminates Responders from Non-Responders to Immune Checkpoint Inhibition Combined with Stereotactic Radiotherapy in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2592. [PMID: 39061230 PMCID: PMC11275013 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16142592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-infiltrating immune cells have been correlated with prognosis for patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment of various cancers. However, no robust biomarker has been described to predict treatment response yet. We hypothesized that the activation potency of circulating T cells may predict response to ICI treatment. METHODS An exploratory analysis was conducted to investigate the association between the response to immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) combined with stereotactic radiotherapy (SBRT) and the potency of circulating T cells to be activated. Blood-derived lymphocytes from 14 patients were stimulated ex vivo with, among others, Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and compared to healthy controls (HCs). Patients were grouped into responders (>median progression free survival (PFS)) and non-responders ( RESULTS At baseline, a higher percentage of activated CD8+ T cells (15.8% vs. 3.5% (p = <0.01)) and IL-2+CD69+CD8+ T cells (8.8% vs. 2.9% (p = 0.02)) was observed in responders compared to non-responders upon ex vivo stimulation with SEB. The concurrently measured serum cytokine levels were not different between responders and non-responders. CONCLUSION Baseline blood CD8+ T cell activation potency, measured by intracellular cytokine production after ex vivo stimulation, is a potential biomarker to discriminate responders from non-responders to SBRT combined with ICI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Kievit
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands (H.A.M.K.)
| | - M. Benthe Muntinghe-Wagenaar
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands (H.A.M.K.)
| | - Wayel H. Abdulahad
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham Rutgers
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucie B. M. Hijmering-Kappelle
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands (H.A.M.K.)
| | - Birgitta I. Hiddinga
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands (H.A.M.K.)
| | - J. Fred Ubbels
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Wijsman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel J. van der Leij
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Immunology Laboratory, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Bijzet
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry J. M. Groen
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands (H.A.M.K.)
| | - Huib A. M. Kerstjens
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands (H.A.M.K.)
| | - Anthonie J. van der Wekken
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands (H.A.M.K.)
| | - Bart-Jan Kroesen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Immunology Laboratory, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - T. Jeroen N. Hiltermann
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands (H.A.M.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang F, Yang J, Wu M, Chen C, Chu X. Tertiary lymphoid structures: new immunotherapy biomarker. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1394505. [PMID: 39026662 PMCID: PMC11254617 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1394505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy shows substantial advancement in cancer and is becoming widely used in clinical practice. A variety of biomarkers have been proposed to predict the efficacy of immunotherapy, but most of them have low predictive ability. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), the aggregation of multiple lymphocytes, have been found to exist in various tumor tissues. TLSs have been shown to correlate with patient prognosis and immunotherapy response. This review summarizes the characteristics of TLSs and the inducing factors of TLS formation, presents available evidence on the role of TLSs in predicting immunotherapy response in different cancers, and lastly emphasizes their predictive potential for neoadjuvant immunotherapy efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahe Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meijuan Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mai H, Luo J, Hoeher L, Al-Maskari R, Horvath I, Chen Y, Kofler F, Piraud M, Paetzold JC, Modamio J, Todorov M, Elsner M, Hellal F, Ertürk A. Whole-body cellular mapping in mouse using standard IgG antibodies. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:617-627. [PMID: 37430076 PMCID: PMC11021200 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01846-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Whole-body imaging techniques play a vital role in exploring the interplay of physiological systems in maintaining health and driving disease. We introduce wildDISCO, a new approach for whole-body immunolabeling, optical clearing and imaging in mice, circumventing the need for transgenic reporter animals or nanobody labeling and so overcoming existing technical limitations. We identified heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin as a potent enhancer of cholesterol extraction and membrane permeabilization, enabling deep, homogeneous penetration of standard antibodies without aggregation. WildDISCO facilitates imaging of peripheral nervous systems, lymphatic vessels and immune cells in whole mice at cellular resolution by labeling diverse endogenous proteins. Additionally, we examined rare proliferating cells and the effects of biological perturbations, as demonstrated in germ-free mice. We applied wildDISCO to map tertiary lymphoid structures in the context of breast cancer, considering both primary tumor and metastases throughout the mouse body. An atlas of high-resolution images showcasing mouse nervous, lymphatic and vascular systems is accessible at http://discotechnologies.org/wildDISCO/atlas/index.php .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Mai
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Medical Research School, Munich, Germany
- Deep Piction GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Jie Luo
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Deep Piction GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Luciano Hoeher
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rami Al-Maskari
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Izabela Horvath
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Kofler
- Helmholtz Al, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM - Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marie Piraud
- Helmholtz Al, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes C Paetzold
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Modamio
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mihail Todorov
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Elsner
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Farida Hellal
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Ertürk
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Deep Piction GmbH, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
- Graduate School of Neuroscience (GSN), Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Q, Zhong W, Shen X, Hao Z, Wan M, Yang X, An R, Zhu H, Cai H, Li T, Lv Y, Dong X, Chen G, Liu A, Du J. Tertiary lymphoid structures predict survival and response to neoadjuvant therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:61. [PMID: 38431733 PMCID: PMC10908779 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00533-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) contributes to the anti-tumor immune response, and predicts the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. However, the potential impact of TLS in shaping the immune status of rectal adenocarcinoma, and the intrinsic relationship between TLS and neoadjuvant therapies (neoTx) remain unclear. We performed hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemical and biomolecular analyses to investigate TLS and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in 221 neoTx-treated and 242 treatment-naïve locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) patients. High TLS density was significantly associated with the absence of vascular invasion, a lower neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, increased TLS maturity, a longer recurrence-free survival (RFS) (hazard ratio [HR] 0.2985 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.1894-0.4706, p < 0.0001) and enhanced infiltration of adaptive immune cells. Biomolecular analysis showed that high TLS-score was strongly associated with more infiltration of immune cells and increased activation of immune-related pathways. TLS+ tumors in pre-treatment specimens were associated with a higher proportion of good respond (62.5% vs. 29.8%, p < 0.0002) and pathological complete remission (pCR) (40.0% vs. 11.1%, p < 0.0001), and significantly increased RFS (HR 0.3574 95%CI 0.1489-0.8578 p = 0.0213) compared with TLS- tumors in the neoTx cohort, which was confirmed in GSE119409 and GSE150082. Further studies showed that neoTx significantly reduced TLS density and maturity, and abolished the prognostic value of TLS. Our study illustrates that TLS may have a key role in mediating the T-cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment, which also provides a new direction for neoTx, especially neoadjuvant immunotherapy, in LRAC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Wang
- Medical Department of General Surgery, The 1st Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of General Surgery, The 7th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Wentao Zhong
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zechen Hao
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Meng Wan
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yang
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ran An
- Department of Pathology, The 7th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The 7th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Huiyun Cai
- Medical Department of General Surgery, The 1st Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of General Surgery, The 7th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Tao Li
- Medical Department of General Surgery, The 1st Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of General Surgery, The 7th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yuan Lv
- Medical Department of General Surgery, The 1st Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of General Surgery, The 7th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xing Dong
- Medical Department of General Surgery, The 1st Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of General Surgery, The 7th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Medical Department of General Surgery, The 1st Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
- Department of General Surgery, The 7th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Aijun Liu
- Department of Pathology, The 7th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Junfeng Du
- Medical Department of General Surgery, The 1st Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
- Department of General Surgery, The 7th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China.
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhan Z, Shi-Jin L, Yi-Ran Z, Zhi-Long L, Xiao-Xu Z, Hui D, Pan YL, Pan JH. High endothelial venules proportion in tertiary lymphoid structure is a prognostic marker and correlated with anti-tumor immune microenvironment in colorectal cancer. Ann Med 2023; 55:114-126. [PMID: 36503344 PMCID: PMC9754014 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2153911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High endothelial venules (HEV) and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are associated with clinical outcomes of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, because HEV are components of TLS, there have been few studies of the role of the HEV proportion in TLS (HEV/TLS). This study investigated the role of the HEV/TLS and its relationship with the tumor immune microenvironment in CRC. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 203 cases of tissue pathologically diagnosed as CRC after general surgery was performed at the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University from January 2014 to July 2017. Paraffin sections were obtained from the paracancerous intestinal mucosal tissues. The area of HEV and TLS and immune cells were detected by immunohistochemistry. We further divided the positive HEV expression group into the high HEV/TLS group and the low HEV/TLS group by the average area of HEV/TLS. After grouping, the data were also analyzed using the chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier method, and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional risk regression analyses. A correlation analysis of the HEV/TLS and immune cells as well as angiogenesis was performed. RESULTS Patients with a high HEV/TLS in CRC tissue were associated with longer OS, DFS and lower TNM stage. Meanwhile, CRC tissue with a high HEV/TLS showed a greater ability to recruit the CD3+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and M1 macrophages and correlated with less angiogenesis. Conclusively, high HEV/TLS links to the favorable prognosis of CRC patients and correlated with anti-tumor immune microenvironment, which can be a potential biomarker for prognosis of CRC patients. CONCLUSION A high HEV/TLS is associated with a favorable prognosis for CRC and is correlated with the anti-tumor immune microenvironment. Therefore, it is a potential biomarker of the CRC prognosis.KEY MESSAGESHigh HEV/TLS is associated with a favorable prognosis for CRC.High HEV/TLS correlated with the anti-tumor immune microenvironment of CRC and can serve as a novel prognostic biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhan
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu Shi-Jin
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhang Yi-Ran
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu Zhi-Long
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Xiao-Xu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ding Hui
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Long Pan
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Hua Pan
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang XM, Shen WW, Song LJ. Prognostic and predictive values of the grading system of lymph node status in patients with advanced-stage gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1183784. [PMID: 37384287 PMCID: PMC10299729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1183784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lymph node metastasis is one of the most important prognostic factors of gastric cancer. However, the effect of germinal centers in lymph nodes on the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer has not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of germinal center generation to prognostic parameters and clinicopathological significance in gastric cancer. Methods We retrospectively reviewed gastric cancer patients who underwent surgery from October 2012 to June 2022. We analyzed 5484 lymph nodes (210 patients) and calculated the lymph node metastasis rate (LNMR) and the proportion of non-metastatic lymph nodes containing three or more germinal centers (NML-GCP). Results Using a grading system that incorporated LNMR and NML-GCP. The tumors were classified into three groups based on this system, which was found to be significantly associated with prognosis. The TNM stage and grading system of lymph node status were independent risk factors for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). The 5-year OS rates for patients with advanced gastric cancer were 85.07% (n=50), 58.34% (n=42), and 24.44% (n=21) for Grades 1, 2, and 3, respectively (p<0.0001). The 5-year DFS rates were 65.32% (n=58), 40.85% (n=51), and 5.88% (n=34), respectively (p<0.0001). Patients with Grade 1 advanced gastric cancer had higher 5-year OS and DFS rates compared to those with Grade 2 or 3 in TNM stage II and III. Furthermore, the 5-year OS and DFS rates differed significantly among patients with different grades of advanced gastric cancer who received chemotherapy (p<0.0001). Conclusion These findings suggest that the grading system may be valuable for predicting prognosis and guiding clinical management in patients with gastric cancer, and provides good prognostic stratification for OS and DFS in patients with TNM stage II and III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Zhang
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Wei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Jun Song
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Combes AJ, Samad B, Krummel MF. Defining and using immune archetypes to classify and treat cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2023:10.1038/s41568-023-00578-2. [PMID: 37277485 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumours are surrounded by a host immune system that can suppress or promote tumour growth. The tumour microenvironment (TME) has often been framed as a singular entity, suggesting a single type of immune state that is defective and in need of therapeutic intervention. By contrast, the past few years have highlighted a plurality of immune states that can surround tumours. In this Perspective, we suggest that different TMEs have 'archetypal' qualities across all cancers - characteristic and repeating collections of cells and gene-expression profiles at the level of the bulk tumour. We discuss many studies that together support a view that tumours typically draw from a finite number (around 12) of 'dominant' immune archetypes. In considering the likely evolutionary origin and roles of these archetypes, their associated TMEs can be predicted to have specific vulnerabilities that can be leveraged as targets for cancer treatment with expected and addressable adverse effects for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J Combes
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Bakar ImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- UCSF Immunoprofiler Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- UCSF CoLabs, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Bushra Samad
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Bakar ImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Immunoprofiler Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF CoLabs, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Bakar ImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- UCSF Immunoprofiler Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shapiro DD, Dolan B, Laklouk IA, Rassi S, Lozar T, Emamekhoo H, Wentland AL, Lubner MG, Abel EJ. Understanding the Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092500. [PMID: 37173966 PMCID: PMC10177515 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientific understanding of how the immune microenvironment interacts with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has substantially increased over the last decade as a result of research investigations and applying immunotherapies, which modulate how the immune system targets and eliminates RCC tumor cells. Clinically, immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (ICI) has revolutionized the treatment of advanced clear cell RCC because of improved outcomes compared to targeted molecular therapies. From an immunologic perspective, RCC is particularly interesting because tumors are known to be highly inflamed, but the mechanisms underlying the inflammation of the tumor immune microenvironment are atypical and not well described. While technological advances in gene sequencing and cellular imaging have enabled precise characterization of RCC immune cell phenotypes, multiple theories have been suggested regarding the functional significance of immune infiltration in RCC progression. The purpose of this review is to describe the general concepts of the anti-tumor immune response and to provide a detailed summary of the current understanding of the immune response to RCC tumor development and progression. This article describes immune cell phenotypes that have been reported in the RCC microenvironment and discusses the application of RCC immunophenotyping to predict response to ICI therapy and patient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Shapiro
- Department of Urology, The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Division of Urology, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Brendan Dolan
- Department of Urology, The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Israa A Laklouk
- Department of Pathology, The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Sahar Rassi
- Department of Urology, The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Taja Lozar
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Hamid Emamekhoo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Andrew L Wentland
- Department of Radiology, The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Meghan G Lubner
- Department of Radiology, The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Edwin Jason Abel
- Department of Urology, The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wen Z, Liu H, Qiao D, Chen H, Li L, Yang Z, Zhu C, Zeng Z, Chen Y, Liu L. Nanovaccines Fostering Tertiary Lymphoid Structure to Attack Mimicry Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. ACS NANO 2023; 17:7194-7206. [PMID: 37057967 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are formed in inflamed tissues, and recent studies demonstrated that the appearance of TLSs in tumor sites is associated with a good prognosis for tumor patients. However, the process of natural TLSs' formation was slow and uncontrollable. Herein, we developed a nanovaccine consisting of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and a bi-adjuvant of Mn2+ and cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) formulated with tannic acid that significantly inhibited the development of mimicry nasopharyngeal carcinoma by fostering TLS formation. The nanovaccine activated LT-α and LT-β pathways, subsequently enhancing the expression of downstream chemokines, CCL19/CCL21, CXCL10 and CXCL13, in the tumor microenvironment. In turn, normalized blood and lymph vessels were detected in the tumor tissues of the nanovaccine group, correlated with increased infiltration of lymphocytes. Especially, the proportion of the B220+ CD8+ T, which was produced via trogocytosis between T and B cells during activation of T cells, was increased in tumors of the nanovaccine group. Furthermore, the intratumoral effector memory T cells (Tem), CD45+, CD3+, CD8+, CD44+, and CD62L-, did not decrease after blocking the egress of T cells from tumor-draining lymph nodes by FTY-720. These results demonstrated that the nanovaccine can foster TLS formation, which thus enhances local immune responses significantly, delays tumor outgrowth, and prolongs the median survival time of murine models of mimicry nasopharyngeal carcinoma, demonstrating a promising strategy for nanovaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfu Wen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dongdong Qiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Haolin Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Liyan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zeyu Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chenxu Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhipeng Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Lixin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Edmonds NL, Gradecki SE, Katyal P, Lynch KT, Stowman AM, Gru AA, Engelhard VH, Slingluff CL, Mauldin IS. Tertiary lymphoid structures in desmoplastic melanoma have increased lymphocyte density, lymphocyte proliferation, and immune cross talk with tumor when compared to non-desmoplastic melanomas. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2164476. [PMID: 36632563 PMCID: PMC9828737 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2164476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid structures that can arise in human cancers and are associated with improved overall survival (OS) and response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in several cancers, including non-desmoplastic metastatic melanoma (NDMM). Desmoplastic melanoma (DM) has one of the highest response rates to ICB, and we previously identified that primary DM (PDM) contains TLS. Despite the association of TLS with survival and ICB response, it is unknown whether TLS or associated markers of immune activity can differ between PDM and NDMM. We hypothesized that PDM would contain higher frequencies of TLS than NDMM, that T and B-cell densities and proliferation would be greater in TLS of PDM than TLS of NDMM, and that proliferation rates of T and B-cells in PDM TLS would be concordant with those of intratumoral lymphocytes. We found that four features of TLS in PDM distinguish them from TLS in NDMM. TLS were peritumoral in NDMM but intratumoral in PDM. CD8+ T-cell and CD20+ B-cell densities and proliferative fractions were higher in PDM TLS than NDMM TLS. Additionally, the proliferative fractions of T- and B-cells were concordant between the TLS and tumor site in PDM and discordant in NDMM. Collectively, these data suggest that TLS and associated immune markers can differ across melanoma subsets and suggest that PDM TLS may be more immunologically active and have enhanced immune cell trafficking between tumor and TLS compared to NDMM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Edmonds
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA,Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sarah E Gradecki
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Priya Katyal
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA,College of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kevin T Lynch
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anne M Stowman
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VA, USA
| | - Alejandro A Gru
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Victor H Engelhard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ileana S. Mauldin
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA,CONTACT Ileana S. Mauldin University of Virginia, 345 Crispell Drive, PO Box 801329 A 22908Charlottesville, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The impact of tertiary lymphoid structures on clinicopathological, genetic and gene expression characteristics in lung adenocarcinoma. Lung Cancer 2022; 174:125-132. [PMID: 36379125 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are observed in several cancers and are associated with favorable prognosis. This study aimed to examine the clinicopathological, genetic, and gene expression profiles of lung adenocarcinoma patients with TLS. METHODS A total of 112 patients with pathological stage IB lung adenocarcinoma who underwent complete resection between 2011 and 2015 were enrolled in this study. We investigated whether TLS correlated with prognosis and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. Furthermore, the correlation of TLS with tumor mutation burden (TMB) and genetic mutations was evaluated in patients for whom whole-exon sequencing data were available. In addition, using the Cancer Genome Atlas Lung Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-LUAD) dataset, gene expression analysis according to the TLS status was performed. RESULTS Among the 112 patients, 49 were TLS-positive (TLS+). TLS+ correlated with longer recurrence-free survival (RFS) than TLS-negative cases (TLS-) (hazard ratio [HR], 0.47; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.23-0.88, p = 0.02). In the multivariate analysis, TLS was a better independent prognostic factor for RFS (HR 0.37, 95 %CI 0.18-0.72, p < 0.01). PD-L1 expression was not significantly different between TLS+ and TLS- patients (p = 0.54). TMB in TLS+ was similar to that in TLS- patients (p = 0.39); however, it tended to be lower than that in TLS- especially among smokers (p = 0.07). In gene expression analysis, RNA expression of chemokines related to lymph node formation, such as CXCL13, CCL19 and CCL21, was significantly higher, and biological processes such as positive regulation of humoral immune response and regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway were enhanced in TLS+. CONCLUSIONS TLS was a favorable prognostic factor and was not associated with PD-L1 expression in patients with lung adenocarcainoma. Moreover, gene expression analysis indicated that TLS is a site for the generation and regulation of antitumor immune responses.
Collapse
|
13
|
Suarez Mora A, Strange M, Fang Y, Uygun I, Zhang L, Tseng GC, Kalinski P, Edwards RP, Vlad AM. Longitudinal Modulation of Loco-Regional Immunity in Ovarian Cancer Patients Receiving Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225647. [PMID: 36428740 PMCID: PMC9688312 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune tumor microenvironment (TME) of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) carries both effector and suppressive functions. To define immune correlates of chemotherapy-induced tumor involution, we performed longitudinal evaluation of biomarker expression on serial biological specimens collected during intraperitoneal (IP) platinum-based chemotherapy. Serial biological samples were collected at several time points during IP chemotherapy. RNA from IP fluid cells and tumor tissue was analyzed via NanoString. Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) multiplex assay and ELISA for MUC1 antibodies were performed on plasma and IP fluid. Differentially expressed genes in IP fluid demonstrate an upregulation of B cell function and activation of Th2 immune response along with dampening of Th1 immunity during chemotherapy. MSD analysis of IP fluid and gene expression analysis of tumor tissue revealed activation of Th2 immunity and the complement system. Anti-MUC1 antibodies were detected in IP fluid samples. IP fluid analysis in a secondary cohort also identified chemotherapy-induced B cell function genes. This study shows that serial IP fluid sampling is an effective method to capture changes in the immune TME during chemotherapy and reveals treatment induced changes in B cell function and Th2 immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adria Suarez Mora
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Mary Strange
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yusi Fang
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Ibrahim Uygun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - George C. Tseng
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Robert P. Edwards
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Correspondence: (R.P.E.); (A.M.V.)
| | - Anda M. Vlad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Correspondence: (R.P.E.); (A.M.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vats K, Kruglov O, Sahoo B, Soman V, Zhang J, Shurin GV, Chandran UR, Skums P, Shurin MR, Zelikovsky A, Storkus WJ, Bunimovich YL. Sensory nerves impede the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures and development of protective anti-melanoma immune responses. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:1141-1154. [PMID: 35834791 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neurons comprise a critical component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The role of the autonomic innervation in cancer has been firmly established. However, the effect of the afferent (sensory) neurons on tumor progression remains unclear. Utilizing surgical and chemical skin sensory denervation methods, we showed that afferent neurons supported the growth of melanoma tumors in vivo and demonstrated that sensory innervation limited the activation of effective anti-tumor immune responses. Specifically, sensory ablation led to improved leukocyte recruitment into tumors, with decreased presence of lymphoid and myeloid immunosuppressive cells and increased activation of T-effector cells within the TME. Cutaneous sensory nerves hindered maturation of intratumoral high endothelial venules (HEVs) and limited formation of mature tertiary lymphoid-like structures containing organized clusters of CD4+ T cells and B cells. Denervation further increased T-cell clonality and expanded the B-cell repertoire in the TME. Importantly, CD8a depletion prevented denervation-dependent anti-tumor effects. Finally, we observed that gene signatures of inflammation and the content of neuron-associated transcripts inversely correlated in human primary cutaneous melanomas, with the latter representing a negative prognostic marker of patient overall survival. Our results suggest that tumor-associated sensory neurons negatively regulate the development of protective anti-tumor immune responses within the TME, thereby defining a novel target for therapeutic intervention in the melanoma setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oleg Kruglov
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Bikram Sahoo
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | | | - Jiying Zhang
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Galina V Shurin
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Pavel Skums
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael R Shurin
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Ectopic lymphoid aggregates, termed tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), are formed in numerous cancer types, and, with few exceptions, their presence is associated with superior prognosis and response to immunotherapy. In spite of their presumed importance, the triggers that lead to TLS formation in cancer tissue and the contribution of these structures to intratumoral immune responses remain incompletely understood. Here, we discuss the present knowledge on TLSs in cancer, focusing on (i) the drivers of TLS formation, (ii) the function and contribution of TLSs to the antitumor immune response, and (iii) the potential of TLSs as therapeutic targets in human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ton N Schumacher
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniela S Thommen
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang N, Zhang G, Wang D, Liu H, Zhang Y, Ayarick VA, Han X, Lv Y, Wang Y. The relationship of the tertiary lymphoid structures with the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and its prognostic value in gastric cancer. Arch Med Sci 2021; 20:255-266. [PMID: 38414448 PMCID: PMC10895974 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/140622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction To explore the relationship between the tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and their distribution characteristics as well as the prognostic value in gastric cancer (GC). Material and methods The TLSs and four subtypes of TILs were assessed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. The presence of MECA-79 positive high endothelial venules (HEVs) identified among the ectopic lymphocyte aggregation area in the GC tissue was defined as valid TLSs. The number of labeled TILs was observed in 5 fields of the most positive cells in the tumor center, invasive edge and within the TLSs, at a field of vision ×40. Results The TLS distribution was significantly higher in the tumor invasive edge than the tumor center (p < 0.001). Similarly, the infiltrating density of CD8+ T cells and GrB+ T cells was statistically significantly higher in the tumor infiltrating edge than the tumor center. The total number of TILs and FOXP3+ T cells showed a contrary distribution. There was a positive correlation of the density of TLSs and TILs with both the location and the immune phenotype. A higher frequency of TILs and TLSs is often associated with favorable clinicopathologic parameters. Higher numbers of peri-TLSs (p = 0.007), peri-CD8+ (p = 0.019) and peri-GrB+TILs (p = 0.032) were significantly correlated with the favorable overall survival. Multivariate analysis revealed that the densities of TILs (p = 0.019) and TLSs (p = 0.037) were independent prognostic predictor for GC patients. Conclusions We provide evidence that TLSs were positively associated with lymphocyte infiltration in GC. Thus, the formation of TLSs predicts advantageous immune system function and can be considered as a novel biomarker to stratify the overall survival risk of untreated GC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Zhang
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute of Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian JiaoTong University, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
- Institute for Cancer Research School of Basic Medical Science of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Guanjun Zhang
- Institute for Cancer Research School of Basic Medical Science of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Depu Wang
- Institute for Cancer Research School of Basic Medical Science of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
- Department of Science and Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute of Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian JiaoTong University, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
- Institute for Cancer Research School of Basic Medical Science of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yuchi Zhang
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute of Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian JiaoTong University, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Vivian Adiila Ayarick
- Institute for Cancer Research School of Basic Medical Science of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Xuan Han
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute of Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian JiaoTong University, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute of Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian JiaoTong University, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yili Wang
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute of Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian JiaoTong University, China
- Institute for Cancer Research School of Basic Medical Science of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shen Z, Xue W, Zheng Y, Geng Q, Wang L, Fan Z, Wang W, Yue Y, Zhai Y, Li L, Zhao J. Molecular mechanism study of HGF/c-MET pathway activation and immune regulation for a tumor diagnosis model. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:374. [PMID: 34261467 PMCID: PMC8278741 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) binds to the c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition (C-MET) receptor and activates downstream signaling pathways, playing an essential role in the development of various cancers. Given the role of this signaling pathway, the primary therapeutic direction focuses on identifying and designing HGF inhibitors, antagonists and other molecules to block the binding of HGF to C-MET, thereby limiting the abnormal state of other downstream genes. Methods This study focuses on the analysis of immune-related genes and corresponding immune functions that are significantly associated with the HGF/c-MET pathway using transcriptome data from 11 solid tumors. Results We systematically analyzed 11 different cancers, including expression correlation, immune infiltration, tumor diagnosis and survival prognosis from HGF/c-MET pathway and immune regulation, two biological mechanisms having received extensive attention in cancer analysis. Conclusion We found that the HGF/c-MET pathway affected the tumor microenvironment mainly by interfering with expression levels of other genes. Immune infiltration is another critical factor involved in changes to the tumor microenvironment. The downstream immune-related genes activated by the HGF/c-MET pathway regulate immune-related pathways, which in turn affect the degree of infiltration of immune cells. Immune infiltration is significantly associated with cancer development and prognosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02051-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qishun Geng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirui Fan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Yue
- Department of clinical laboratory, The No.7.People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450016, Henan, China
| | - Yunkai Zhai
- Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lifeng Li
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China. .,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China. .,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cheng N, Li P, Cheng H, Zhao X, Dong M, Zhang Y, Zhao P, Chen J, Shao C. Prognostic Value of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated and -Negative Gastric Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:692859. [PMID: 34276684 PMCID: PMC8281029 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.692859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are considered a manifestation of the host immune response against cancer and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) may contribute to lymphocytes recruitment. Both of them have been reported as potential prognostic parameters in some human malignancies. However, the roles of TILs, TLS, and their correlation in Epstein-Barr Virus-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) and EBV-negative gastric carcinoma (EBVnGC) are largely unknown. Methods To observe the correlation among TILs, TLS, and clinicopathological characteristics and their prognostic significance in EBVaGC and EBVnGC, respectively. TILs and TLS were assessed by morphology and/or immunohistochemistry, and accompanied by clinicopathological analysis from 846 gastric cancer patients in multiple institutions. Results Forty-two (5.0%) cases of EBVaGC and 804 cases of EBVnGC were identified by in situ hybridization, respectively. For EBVnGC, higher TILs grade was correlated with TLS-present. EBVnGC patients with high TILs grade and TLS-present exhibited survival benefits. TILs (P = 0.001) and TLS (P = 0.003), especially TILs & TLS (P < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors in EBVnGC. A nomogram was constructed and validated for predicting the probability of overall survival and performed well with a good calibration. No significant prognostic value was detected in EBVaGC. Conclusion TILs and TLS, especially TILs & TLS were promising prognostic indicators for overall survival in EBVnGC. TILs and TLS were highly overlapping in their extent and prognostic abilities, and may be considered as a coindicator of prognosis of gastric cancer. The evaluations of TILs and TLS are simple and can be assessed routinely in pathological diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Cheng
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology of Basic Medical Department, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huanhuan Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peizhen Zhao
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianning Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunkui Shao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Aoyama S, Nakagawa R, Mulé JJ, Mailloux AW. Inducible Tertiary Lymphoid Structures: Promise and Challenges for Translating a New Class of Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:675538. [PMID: 34054863 PMCID: PMC8160316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.675538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopically formed aggregates of organized lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells that occur in solid tissues as part of a chronic inflammation response. Sharing structural and functional characteristics with conventional secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) including discrete T cell zones, B cell zones, marginal zones with antigen presenting cells, reticular stromal networks, and high endothelial venues (HEV), TLS are prominent centers of antigen presentation and adaptive immune activation within the periphery. TLS share many signaling axes and leukocyte recruitment schemes with SLO regarding their formation and function. In cancer, their presence confers positive prognostic value across a wide spectrum of indications, spurring interest in their artificial induction as either a new form of immunotherapy, or as a means to augment other cell or immunotherapies. Here, we review approaches for inducible (iTLS) that utilize chemokines, inflammatory factors, or cellular analogues vital to TLS formation and that often mirror conventional SLO organogenesis. This review also addresses biomaterials that have been or might be suitable for iTLS, and discusses remaining challenges facing iTLS manufacturing approaches for clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Aoyama
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nakagawa
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James J. Mulé
- Immunology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
- Cutaneous Oncology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Adam W. Mailloux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhao Z, Ding H, Lin ZB, Qiu SH, Zhang YR, Guo YG, Chu XD, Sam LI, Pan JH, Pan YL. Relationship between Tertiary Lymphoid Structure and the Prognosis and Clinicopathologic Characteristics in Solid Tumors. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2327-2338. [PMID: 33967609 PMCID: PMC8100653 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.56347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An increasing number of studies had shown that tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) plays an important role in tumor progression. However, the prognostic role of TLS in various tumors remains controversial. This meta-analysis aims to investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic values of TLS in solid tumors. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library undated to November 2, 2020. Odds ratios of clinical parameters, hazard ratio (HR) of overall survival (OS), relapse-free survival (RFS), disease-free survival (DFS) and relapse rate were calculated in order to evaluate the relationship between TLS expression and clinicopathological or prognostic values in different tumors. Result: 27 eligible studies including 6647 patients with different types of tumors were analyzed. High TLS expression was associated with a longer OS (HR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.50 - 0.86, P = 0.002) and RFS (HR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.47 - 0.79, P = 0.0001). Moreover, high TLS levels in tumor were associated with a low risk of recurrence (HR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.32 - 0.57, P < 0.0001). However, there was no relationship between TLS expression and DFS. Meanwhile, high TLS expression was associated with smaller tumor size (P < 0.00001) and higher tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Furthermore, the subgroup analysis showed high TLS expression that may be associated with a lower clinical grading and N stage in breast cancer and colorectal cancer. Conclusion: High TLS expression is associated with the longer OS and RFS in solid tumors, and a lower risk of cancer relapse. Meanwhile, high TLS expression is also associated with a smaller tumor size, higher infiltration of TILs, lower clinical grading and N stage in the tumor. Therefore, high TLS expression in the tumor is a favorable prognostic biomarker for solid tumor patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zheng-bin Lin
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Sheng-hui Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yi-ran Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-guan Guo
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-dong Chu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Loi I Sam
- International School, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing-hua Pan
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yun-long Pan
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kießler M, Plesca I, Sommer U, Wehner R, Wilczkowski F, Müller L, Tunger A, Lai X, Rentsch A, Peuker K, Zeissig S, Seifert AM, Seifert L, Weitz J, Bachmann M, Bornhäuser M, Aust D, Baretton G, Schmitz M. Tumor-infiltrating plasmacytoid dendritic cells are associated with survival in human colon cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001813. [PMID: 33762320 PMCID: PMC7993360 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play a key role in the induction and maintenance of antitumor immunity. Conversely, they can act as tolerogenic DCs by inhibiting tumor-directed immune responses. Therefore, pDCs may profoundly influence tumor progression. To gain novel insights into the role of pDCs in colon cancer, we investigated the frequency and clinical relevance of pDCs in primary tumor tissues from patients with colon cancer with different clinicopathological characteristics. Methods Immunohistochemical stainings were performed to explore the frequency of tumor-infiltrating BDCA-2+ pDCs in patients with colon cancer. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine an association between the pDC density and clinicopathological characteristics of the patients. Furthermore, we used multiplex immunofluorescence stainings to evaluate the localization and phenotype of pDCs in stroma and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) of colon cancer tissues. Results An increased density of infiltrating pDCs was associated with lower Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) stages. Furthermore, a higher pDC frequency was significantly correlated with increased progression-free and overall survival of patients with colon cancer. Moreover, a lower number of coloncancer-infiltrating pDCs was significantly and independently linked to worse prognosis. In addition, we found that a proportion of pDCs shows a nuclear expression of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), which is characteristic for an activated phenotype. In various tumor stroma regions, IRF7+ pDCs were located in the neighborhood of granzyme B-expressing CD8+ T cells. Moreover, pDCs were identified as a novel component of the T cell zone of colon cancer-associated TLS, which are major regulators of adaptive antitumor immunity. A proportion of TLS-associated pDCs displayed a nuclear IRF7 expression and was preferentially located close to CD4+ T cells. Conclusions These results indicate that higher densities of tumor-infiltrating pDCs are associated with prolonged survival of patients with colon cancer. Moreover, colon cancer-infiltrating pDCs may represent a novel prognostic factor. The colocalization of activated pDCs and T cells in tumor stroma and within TLS may contribute to the correlation between higher pDC densities and better prognosis. In addition, our findings may have implications for the design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies that are based on targeting colon cancer-infiltrating pDCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kießler
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ioana Plesca
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sommer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rebekka Wehner
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friederike Wilczkowski
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Luise Müller
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antje Tunger
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xixi Lai
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anke Rentsch
- University Cancer Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kenneth Peuker
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zeissig
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Adrian M Seifert
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lena Seifert
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Weitz
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Bachmann
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,University Cancer Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz Center Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Bornhäuser
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,University Cancer Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniela Aust
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Tumor and normal tissue bank of the University Cancer Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gustavo Baretton
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Tumor and normal tissue bank of the University Cancer Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Schmitz
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany .,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pietrobon V, Cesano A, Marincola F, Kather JN. Next Generation Imaging Techniques to Define Immune Topographies in Solid Tumors. Front Immunol 2021; 11:604967. [PMID: 33584676 PMCID: PMC7873485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cancer immunotherapy experienced remarkable developments and it is nowadays considered a promising therapeutic frontier against many types of cancer, especially hematological malignancies. However, in most types of solid tumors, immunotherapy efficacy is modest, partly because of the limited accessibility of lymphocytes to the tumor core. This immune exclusion is mediated by a variety of physical, functional and dynamic barriers, which play a role in shaping the immune infiltrate in the tumor microenvironment. At present there is no unified and integrated understanding about the role played by different postulated models of immune exclusion in human solid tumors. Systematically mapping immune landscapes or "topographies" in cancers of different histology is of pivotal importance to characterize spatial and temporal distribution of lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment, providing insights into mechanisms of immune exclusion. Spatially mapping immune cells also provides quantitative information, which could be informative in clinical settings, for example for the discovery of new biomarkers that could guide the design of patient-specific immunotherapies. In this review, we aim to summarize current standard and next generation approaches to define Cancer Immune Topographies based on published studies and propose future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jakob Nikolas Kather
- Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Multiplex Immunofluorescence Histology for Immune Cell Infiltrates in Melanoma-Associated Tertiary Lymphoid Structures. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2265:573-587. [PMID: 33704741 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1205-7_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) is correlated with prolonged patient survival in a variety of solid cancers, including melanoma. However, few methods have been described that could enable a more comprehensive understanding of the organization and functionality of TLS in solid cancers. In this chapter, we describe multiplex immunohistochemistry and microscopy approaches for identifying, characterizing, and quantifying TLS and intra-tumoral immune infiltrates in melanoma. The described methods are not limited to melanoma alone and could be used to evaluate tertiary lymphoid structures in a wide variety of human cancers.
Collapse
|
24
|
Zheng L, Ding D, Edil BH, Judkins C, Durham JN, Thomas DL, Bever KM, Mo G, Solt SE, Hoare JA, Bhattacharya R, Zhu Q, Osipov A, Onner B, Purtell KA, Cai H, Parkinson R, Hacker-Prietz A, Herman JM, Le DT, Azad NS, De Jesus-Acosta AMC, Blair AB, Kim V, Soares KC, Manos L, Cameron JL, Makary MA, Weiss MJ, Schulick RD, He J, Wolfgang CL, Thompson ED, Anders RA, Sugar E, Jaffee EM, Laheru DA. Vaccine-Induced Intratumoral Lymphoid Aggregates Correlate with Survival Following Treatment with a Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Vaccine in Patients with Resectable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:1278-1286. [PMID: 33277370 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunotherapy is currently ineffective for nearly all pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC), largely due to its tumor microenvironment (TME) that lacks antigen-experienced T effector cells (Teff). Vaccine-based immunotherapies are known to activate antigen-specific Teffs in the peripheral blood. To evaluate the effect of vaccine therapy on the PDAC TME, we designed a neoadjuvant and adjuvant clinical trial of an irradiated, GM-CSF-secreting, allogeneic PDAC vaccine (GVAX). PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighty-seven eligible patients with resectable PDAC were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive GVAX alone or in combination with two forms of low-dose cyclophosphamide. Resected tumors following neoadjuvant immunotherapy were assessed for the formation of tertiary lymphoid aggregates (TLA) in response to treatment. The clinical endpoints are disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS The neoadjuvant treatment with GVAX either alone or with two forms of low-dose cyclophosphamide is safe and feasible without adversely increasing the surgical complication rate. Patients in Arm A who received neoadjuvant and adjuvant GVAX alone had a trend toward longer median OS (35.0 months) than that (24.8 months) in the historical controls who received adjuvant GVAX alone. However, Arm C, who received low-dose oral cyclophosphamide in addition to GVAX, had a significantly shorter DFS than Arm A. When comparing patients with OS > 24 months to those with OS < 15 months, longer OS was found to be associated with higher density of intratumoral TLA. CONCLUSIONS It is safe and feasible to use a neoadjuvant immunotherapy approach for PDACs to evaluate early biologic responses. In-depth analysis of TLAs is warranted in future neoadjuvant immunotherapy clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ding Ding
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Barish H Edil
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carol Judkins
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer N Durham
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dwayne L Thomas
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Katherine M Bever
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Guanglan Mo
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sara E Solt
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica A Hoare
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Raka Bhattacharya
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qingfeng Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Arsen Osipov
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Beth Onner
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Katrina A Purtell
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hongyan Cai
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rose Parkinson
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy Hacker-Prietz
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph M Herman
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dung T Le
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nilofer S Azad
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ana M C De Jesus-Acosta
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alex B Blair
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Victoria Kim
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kevin C Soares
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lindsey Manos
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John L Cameron
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martin A Makary
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew J Weiss
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard D Schulick
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Surgery and Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jin He
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher L Wolfgang
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth D Thompson
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert A Anders
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth Sugar
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel A Laheru
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bruni D, Angell HK, Galon J. The immune contexture and Immunoscore in cancer prognosis and therapeutic efficacy. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:662-680. [PMID: 32753728 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 806] [Impact Index Per Article: 201.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The international American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system provides the current guidelines for the classification of cancer. However, among patients within the same stage, the clinical outcome can be very different. More recently, a novel definition of cancer has emerged, implicating at all stages a complex and dynamic interaction between tumour cells and the immune system. This has enabled the definition of the immune contexture, representing the pre-existing immune parameters associated with patient survival. Even so, the role of distinct immune cell types in modulating cancer progression is increasingly emerging. An immune-based assay named the 'Immunoscore' was defined to quantify the in situ T cell infiltrate and was demonstrated to be superior to the AJCC/UICC TNM classification for patients with colorectal cancer. This Review provides a broad overview of the main immune parameters positively or negatively shaping cancer development, including the Immunoscore, and their prognostic and predictive value. The importance of the immune system in cancer control is demonstrated by the requirement for a pre-existing intratumour adaptive immune response for effective immunotherapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors. Finally, we discuss how the combination of multiple immune parameters, rather than individual ones, might increase prognostic and/or predictive power.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bruni
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology; Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer; Sorbonne Université; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université de Paris; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Helen K Angell
- Translational Medicine, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology; Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer; Sorbonne Université; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université de Paris; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Selvanesan BC, Meena K, Beck A, Meheus L, Lara O, Rooman I, Gravekamp C. Nicotinamide combined with gemcitabine is an immunomodulatory therapy that restrains pancreatic cancer in mice. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e001250. [PMID: 33154149 PMCID: PMC7646363 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatments for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma are poorly effective, at least partly due to the tumor's immune-suppressive stromal compartment. New evidence of positive effects on immune responses in the tumor microenvironment (TME), compelled us to test the combination of gemcitabine (GEM), a standard chemotherapeutic for pancreatic cancer, with nicotinamide (NAM), the amide form of niacin (vitamin B3), in mice with pancreatic cancer. METHODS Various mouse tumor models of pancreatic cancer, that is, orthotopic Panc-02 and KPC (KrasG12D, p53R172H, Pdx1-Cre) grafts, were treated alternately with NAM and GEM for 2 weeks, and the effects on efficacy, survival, stromal architecture and tumor-infiltrating immune cells was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry, Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT), T cell depletions in vivo, Nanostring analysis and RNAscope. RESULTS A significant reduction in tumor weight and number of metastases was found, as well as a significant improved survival of the NAM+GEM group compared with all control groups. IHC and flow cytometry showed a significant decrease in tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumors of NAM+GEM-treated mice. This correlated with a significant increase in the number of CD4 and CD8 T cells of NAM+GEM-treated tumors, and CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to tumor-associated antigen survivin, most likely through epitope spreading. In vivo depletions of T cells demonstrated the involvement of CD4 T cells in the eradication of the tumor by NAM+GEM treatment. In addition, remodeling of the tumor stroma was observed with decreased collagen I and lower expression of hyaluronic acid binding protein, reorganization of the immune cells into lymph node like structures and CD31 positive vessels. Expression profiling for a panel of immuno-oncology genes revealed significant changes in genes involved in migration and activation of T cells, attraction of dendritic cells and epitope spreading. CONCLUSION This study highlights the potential of NAM+GEM as immunotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kiran Meena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Amanda Beck
- Michael F. Price Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Lydie Meheus
- AntiCancer Fund, Boechoutlaan, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Olaya Lara
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Rooman
- AntiCancer Fund, Boechoutlaan, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claudia Gravekamp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chao X, Liu L, Sun P, Yang X, Li M, Luo R, Huang Y, He J, Yun J. Immune parameters associated with survival in metaplastic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:92. [PMID: 32811533 PMCID: PMC7437173 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) is a rare histological type of breast cancer, which commonly shows resistance to standard therapies and is associated with poor prognosis. The immune microenvironment in MBC and its significance has not been well established due to its low incurrence rate and complex components. We aimed to investigate the diversity of immune parameters including subsets of TILs and PDL1/PD1 expression in MBC, as well as its correlation with prognosis. Methods A total of 60 patients diagnosed with MBC from January 2006 to December 2017 were included in our study. The percentage (%) and quantification (per mm2) of TILs and presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE). The quantification of CD4+, CD8+ TILs (per mm2), and PD-1/PDL1 expression were evaluated through immunohistochemistry and analyzed in relation to clinicopathological characteristics. A ≥ 1% membranous or cytoplasmatic expression of PD1 and PDL1 was considered a positive expression. Results We found squamous cell carcinoma MBC (33/60, 55%) exhibiting most TILs of all the MBC subtypes (p = 0.043). Thirty-three of 60 (50%) of the patients had coexisting invasive ductal carcinoma of no special type (IDC-NST), and the average percentage of TILs in MBC components was lower compared with NST components (p < 0.001). Thirty (50%) patients exhibited positive (≥ 1%) PDL1 expression in their tumor cells, while 36 (60%) had positive (≥ 1%) PDL1 expression in their TILs. Twenty-seven (45%) of all the patients had positive (≥ 1%) PD1 expression in their tumor cells and 33 (55%) had PD1-positive (≥ 1%) stromal TILs. More CD8+ TILs were associated with positive PDL1 expression of tumor cells as well as positive PD1 expression in stromal cells. Greater number of stromal TILS (> 300/mm2, 20%), CD4+ TILs (> 250/mm2), and CD8+ TILs (> 70/mm2) in MBC were found associated with longer disease-free survival. Positive expression of PDL1 in tumor cells (≥ 1%) and PD1 in stromal cells (≥ 1%) were also associated with longer survival. Conclusions The immune characteristics differ in various subtypes as well as components of MBC. Immune parameters are key predictive factors of MBC and provide the clinical significance of applying immune checkpoint therapies in patients with MBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chao
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Sun
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Yang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongzhen Luo
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Huang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiehua He
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingping Yun
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Combes F, Meyer E, Sanders NN. Immune cells as tumor drug delivery vehicles. J Control Release 2020; 327:70-87. [PMID: 32735878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review article describes the use of immune cells as potential candidates to deliver anti-cancer drugs deep within the tumor microenvironment. First, the rationale of using drug carriers to target tumors and potentially decrease drug-related side effects is discussed. We further explain some of the current limitations when using nanoparticles for this purpose. Next, a comprehensive step-by-step description of the migration cascade of immune cells is provided as well as arguments on why immune cells can be used to address some of the limitations associated with nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. We then describe the benefits and drawbacks of using red blood cells, platelets, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, T cells and NK cells for tumor-targeted drug delivery. An additional section discusses the versatility of nanoparticles to load anti-cancer drugs into immune cells. Lastly, we propose increasing the circulatory half-life and development of conditional release strategies as the two main future pillars to improve the efficacy of immune cell-mediated drug delivery to tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Combes
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Niek N Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Tumor immunology is undergoing a renaissance due to the recent profound clinical successes of tumor immunotherapy. These advances have coincided with an exponential growth in the development of -omics technologies. Armed with these technologies and their associated computational and modeling toolsets, systems biologists have turned their attention to tumor immunology in an effort to understand the precise nature and consequences of interactions between tumors and the immune system. Such interactions are inherently multivariate, spanning multiple time and size scales, cell types, and organ systems, rendering systems biology approaches particularly amenable to their interrogation. While in its infancy, the field of 'Cancer Systems Immunology' has already influenced our understanding of tumor immunology and immunotherapy. As the field matures, studies will move beyond descriptive characterizations toward functional investigations of the emergent behavior that govern tumor-immune responses. Thus, Cancer Systems Immunology holds incredible promise to advance our ability to fight this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li Q, Zhang D, He W, Chen T, Yan Z, Gao X, Chen L, Zheng X, Xu B, Lu B, Jiang J. CD8 + T cells located in tertiary lymphoid structures are associated with improved prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:2655-2664. [PMID: 32782582 PMCID: PMC7400769 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) in tumor tissues are of great prognostic significance in several types of human cancer. The present study investigated the density of TILs and TLSs in gastric cancer (GC) tissues and their association with pathological parameters. Moreover, the clinical significance of follicular CD8+ cytotoxic T cells present within the germinal centers of the tumor-associated TLSs was investigated. Immunohistochemistry and H&E staining were used to examine the infiltration and distribution patterns of TILs, TLSs and germinal center (gc) CD8+ TILs in tumor tissues obtained from 63 patients with GC. The number of TILs, TLSs, combination of TILs and TLSs (TILs-TLSs) and gcCD8+ TILs were used to define tumoral immune parameters, and the prognostic value of these parameters was assessed. The analysis revealed that patients with GC with increased levels of TILs, TLSs, or gcCD8+ TILs exhibited improved overall survival. In addition, gcCD8+ TILs levels were significantly associated with patient age, histological grade and pTN stage. Increased levels of TILs-TLSs were positively associated with nerve invasion, tumor thrombus, nodal metastasis and histological grade. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that TILs-TLSs and gcCD8+ TILs were independent prognostic factors. The data obtained in the present study demonstrated that high levels of tumoral immune parameters are important independent prognostic predictors for human GC. The results also suggested a possible role of gcCD8+ TILs in tumor immune surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Dachuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China.,Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Wenting He
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Tongbing Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Zhantao Yan
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Xie Gao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Lujun Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China.,Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China.,Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China.,Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Binfeng Lu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jingting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China.,Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Marinkovic T, Marinkovic D. Biological mechanisms of ectopic lymphoid structure formation and their pathophysiological significance. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 40:255-267. [PMID: 32631119 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1789620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS) or tertiary lymphoid organs are structures with the organization similar to the one of secondary lymphoid organs, formed in non-lymphoid tissues. They are considered to be an important site for the lymphocytic physiological and pathological role in conditions such are chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and allograft rejection. Although similar to the secondary lymphoid tissues, the initiation of ELS formation is not preprogramed and requires chronic inflammation, expression of homeostatic chemokines, and lymphotoxin beta receptor activation. Importantly, while ELS formation may be considered beneficiary in antimicrobial and antitumor immunity, the persistence of these active lymphoid structures within the tissue increase the chance for development of autoimmunity and lymphoma. This paper is providing an overview of biological mechanisms involved in ELS formation, as well as the overview of the pathophysiological role of these structures. In addition, the paper discusses the possibility to therapeutically target ELS formation, bearing in mind their bivalent nature and role in different pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Marinkovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Western Serbia Academy of Applied Sciences, Uzice, Serbia
| | - Dragan Marinkovic
- Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Skeate JG, Otsmaa ME, Prins R, Fernandez DJ, Da Silva DM, Kast WM. TNFSF14: LIGHTing the Way for Effective Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:922. [PMID: 32499782 PMCID: PMC7243824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14 (LIGHT) has been in pre-clinical development for over a decade and shows promise as a modality of enhancing treatment approaches in the field of cancer immunotherapy. To date, LIGHT has been used to combat cancer in multiple tumor models where it can be combined with other immunotherapy modalities to clear established solid tumors as well as treat metastatic events. When LIGHT molecules are delivered to or expressed within tumors they cause significant changes in the tumor microenvironment that are primarily driven through vascular normalization and generation of tertiary lymphoid structures. These changes can synergize with methods that induce or support anti-tumor immune responses, such as checkpoint inhibitors and/or tumor vaccines, to greatly improve immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer. While investigators have utilized multiple vectors to LIGHT-up tumor tissues, there are still improvements needed and components to be found within a human tumor microenvironment that may impede translational efforts. This review addresses the current state of this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Skeate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mikk E Otsmaa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ruben Prins
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel J Fernandez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Diane M Da Silva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - W Martin Kast
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li H, Wang J, Liu H, Lan T, Xu L, Wang G, Yuan K, Wu H. Existence of intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structures is associated with immune cells infiltration and predicts better prognosis in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:3451-3472. [PMID: 32087064 PMCID: PMC7066901 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) play a critical role in the progression of various tumors. However, the dynamics of lymphocyte recruitment during hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) clinical progression have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, tissue microarrays and hematoxylin-eosin staining were used to evaluate the existence and degree of TLS in HCC patients. Nine immune biomarkers in intratumoral tissues were examined by immunohistochemical staining. A total of 462 patients were recruited for the study. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that TLS was inversely correlated with the risk of early tumor recurrence (P=0.014), whereas no association was found between TLS and overall survival. Cox regression analysis identified TLS as an independent prognostic factor for early HCC recurrence (P=0.005). In addition, TLS was associated with increased intratumoral CD3+, CD8+, CD20+, and decreased infiltration of Foxp3+ and CD68+ cells. A lower density of PD1+, TIM3+, and LAG3+ were found in TLS+ cases. Sub-analysis revealed the prognostic value of TLS on early-stage HCC (BCLC 0-A, TNM stage I-II) and HCC with solitary nodule. The validation cohort verified the prognostic value of TLS in early-stage HCC patients. These results suggest that TLS-targeted immune-modulating therapies may be a potential strategy for effective immune-mediated tumor suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinju Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hailing Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Genshu Wang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kefei Yuan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Prokhnevska N, Emerson DA, Kissick HT, Redmond WL. Immunological Complexity of the Prostate Cancer Microenvironment Influences the Response to Immunotherapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1210:121-147. [PMID: 31900908 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men and a leading cause of cancer-related death. Recent advances in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, including the use of more potent and selective inhibitors of the androgen signaling pathway, have provided significant clinical benefit for men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, most patients develop progressive lethal disease, highlighting the need for more effective treatments. One such approach is immunotherapy, which harness the power of the patient's immune system to identify and destroy cancer cells through the activation of cytotoxic CD8 T cells specific for tumor antigens. Although immunotherapy, particularly checkpoint blockade, can induce significant clinical responses in patients with solid tumors or hematological malignancies, minimal efficacy has been observed in men with mCRPC. In the current review, we discuss our current understanding of the immunological complexity of the immunosuppressive prostate cancer microenvironment, preclinical models of prostate cancer, and recent advances in immunotherapy clinical trials to improve outcomes for men with mCRPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana A Emerson
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - William L Redmond
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Galon J, Bruni D. The Role of the Immune Infiltrate in Distinct Cancer Types and Its Clinical Implications : Lymphocytic Infiltration in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2020; 180:197-211. [PMID: 32215871 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38862-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a major public health challenges, with one of the highest incidences worldwide. The two affected anatomical sites in CRC, i.e. the colon and the rectum, share important underlying features, but often differ in terms of therapeutic management. Current guidelines for CRC define its clinical stratification according to classical, tumor cell-based and pathological parameters. Novel ground-breaking findings in the recent years revealed the prominent role of the immune system in shaping CRC development. This chapter provides a detailed overview of the main genomic and immune features driving (or hampering) CRC progression, with a focus on the main immune cells and factors shaping its evolution. Furthermore, we discuss how tumor-infiltrating immunity could be leveraged both for therapeutic and stratification purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Galon
- INSERM Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Daniela Bruni
- INSERM Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mauldin IS, Sheybani ND, Young SJ, Price RJ, Slingluff CL. Deconvolution of the immunological contexture of mouse tumors with multiplexed immunohistochemistry. Methods Enzymol 2020; 635:81-93. [PMID: 32122555 PMCID: PMC7424935 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In a variety of solid tumors, the presence of higher densities of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes or tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are correlated with prolonged patient survival. Murine studies are usually required to define mechanisms that govern immunologic infiltrate in tumors. However, few methods have been described that could enable a more comprehensive understanding of the functionality of intratumoral immune infiltrate and TLS in solid murine cancers. In this chapter, we describe multiplex immunohistochemistry and microscopy approaches for identifying, characterizing, and quantifying intratumoral immune infiltrate and TLS in murine tumor models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard J. Price
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Virginia, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Restucci B, Dipineto L, Martano M, Balestrieri A, Ciccarelli D, Russo TP, Varriale L, Maiolino P. Histopathological and microbiological findings in buffalo chronic mastitis: evidence of tertiary lymphoid structures. J Vet Sci 2019; 20:e28. [PMID: 31161746 PMCID: PMC6538520 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Buffalo mastitis is an important economic problem in southern Italy, causing qualitative/quantitative alterations in milk and resulting in economic losses due to the sub-clinical course and chronic evolution. We investigated 50 udders of slaughtered buffaloes and subjected them to effectual microbiological screening to evaluate macro and microscopic mammary gland changes, immune-characterize the cell infiltrates, and compare the degree of tissue inflammation with somatic cell counts. Numerous Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from all samples, majority of which were environmental mastitis pathogens. Histological features referable to chronic mastitis were observed in 92% udders. Lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages were found to evolve into aggregates in 48% udders, which often organized to form tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). A predominance of interstitial CD8+ over CD4+ lymphocytes and, in TLSs, scattered CD8+ lymphocytes in the mantle cells and CD79+ lymphocytes in germinal centers, were evidenced. Environmental pathogens are known to persist and cause chronic inflammatory changes in buffaloes, where CD8+ lymphocytes play an important role by controlling the local immune response. Moreover, the TLSs evidenced here for the first time in buffalo mastitis, could play a role in maintaining immune responses against persistent antigens, thereby contributing in determining the chronic course of mastitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Manuela Martano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy.
| | - Anna Balestrieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Ciccarelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Tamara Pasqualina Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Lorena Varriale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Maiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lechner A, Schlößer HA, Thelen M, Wennhold K, Rothschild SI, Gilles R, Quaas A, Siefer OG, Huebbers CU, Cukuroglu E, Göke J, Hillmer A, Gathof B, Meyer MF, Klussmann JP, Shimabukuro-Vornhagen A, Theurich S, Beutner D, von Bergwelt-Baildon M. Tumor-associated B cells and humoral immune response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1535293. [PMID: 30723574 PMCID: PMC6350680 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1535293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes are important players in immune responses to cancer. However, their composition and function in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has not been well described. Here, we analyzed B cell subsets in HNSCC (n = 38), non-cancerous mucosa (n = 14) and peripheral blood from HNSCC patients (n = 38) and healthy controls (n = 20) by flow cytometry. Intratumoral B cells contained high percentages of activated (CD86+), antigen-presenting (CD86+/CD21-) and memory B cells (IgD-/CD27+). T follicular helper cells (CD4+/CXCR5+/CD45RA-/CCR7-) as key components of tertiary lymphoid structures and plasma cells made up high percentages of the lymphocyte infiltrate. Percentages of regulatory B cell varied depending on the regulatory phenotype. Analysis of humoral immune responses against 23 tumor-associated antigens (TAA) showed reactivity against at least one antigen in 56% of HNSCC patients. Reactivity was less frequent in human papillomavirus associated (HPV+) patients and healthy controls compared to HPV negative (HPV-) HNSCC. Likewise, patients with early stage HNSCC or MHC-I loss on tumor cells had low TAA responses. Patients with TAA responses showed CD4+ dominated T cell infiltration compared to mainly CD8+ T cells in tumors without detected TAA response. To summarize, our data demonstrates different immune infiltration patterns in relation to serological TAA response detection and the presence of B cell subpopulations in HNSCC that can engage in tumor promoting and antitumor activity. In view of increasing use of immunotherapeutic approaches, it will be important to include B cells into comprehensive phenotypic and functional analyses of tumor-associated lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Lechner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans A. Schlößer
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Thelen
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wennhold
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sacha I. Rothschild
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ramona Gilles
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Quaas
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver G. Siefer
- Jean-Uhrmacher-Institute for Clinical ENT Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian U. Huebbers
- Jean-Uhrmacher-Institute for Clinical ENT Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Engin Cukuroglu
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Göke
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Axel Hillmer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Gathof
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Moritz F. Meyer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens P. Klussmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Shimabukuro-Vornhagen
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Theurich
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cancer- and Immunometabolism Research Group, Dept. I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Beutner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Cologne Interventional Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
- Partner Site, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jansen CS, Prokhnevska N, Kissick HT. The requirement for immune infiltration and organization in the tumor microenvironment for successful immunotherapy in prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2018; 37:543-555. [PMID: 30446449 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy-particularly immune checkpoint blockade-has seen great success in many tumor types. However, checkpoint-based therapies have not demonstrated high levels of success in prostate cancer, and there is much to be learned from both the successes and failures of these treatments. Here we review the evidence that composition of infiltrating immune cells in the tumor microenvironment is fundamental to the response to immunotherapy. Additionally, we discuss the emerging idea that the organization of these immune cells may also be crucial to this response. In prostate cancer, the composition and organization of the tumor immune microenvironment are preeminent topics of discussion and areas of important future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haydn T Kissick
- Department of Urology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Faget J, Groeneveld S, Boivin G, Sankar M, Zangger N, Garcia M, Guex N, Zlobec I, Steiner L, Piersigilli A, Xenarios I, Meylan E. Neutrophils and Snail Orchestrate the Establishment of a Pro-tumor Microenvironment in Lung Cancer. Cell Rep 2018; 21:3190-3204. [PMID: 29241546 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the immune compartment of tumors facilitates the development of revolutionary new therapies. We used a Kras(G12D)-driven mouse model of lung cancer to establish an immune signature and identified a contribution of Gr1+ neutrophils to disease progression. Depletion experiments showed that Gr1+ cells (1) favor tumor growth, (2) reduce T cell homing and prevent successful anti-PD1 immunotherapy, and (3) alter angiogenesis, leading to hypoxia and sustained Snail expression in lung cancer cells. In turn, Snail accelerated disease progression and increased intratumoral Cxcl2 secretion and neutrophil infiltration. Cxcl2 was produced mainly by neutrophils themselves in response to a factor secreted by Snail-expressing tumor cells. We therefore propose a vicious cycle encompassing neutrophils and Snail to maintain a deleterious tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Faget
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Groeneveld
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gael Boivin
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martial Sankar
- Vital-IT, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Zangger
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Miguel Garcia
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Guex
- Vital-IT, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Inti Zlobec
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Steiner
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Vital-IT, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Etienne Meylan
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Boivin G, Kalambaden P, Faget J, Rusakiewicz S, Montay-Gruel P, Meylan E, Bourhis J, Lesec G, Vozenin MC. Cellular Composition and Contribution of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures to Tumor Immune Infiltration and Modulation by Radiation Therapy. Front Oncol 2018; 8:256. [PMID: 30038899 PMCID: PMC6046619 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-based anti-cancer strategies combined with radiation therapy (RT) are actively being investigated but many questions remain, such as the ideal treatment scheme and whether a potent immune response can be generated both locally and systemically. In this context, tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) have become a subject of research. While TLS are present in several types of cancer with strong similarities, they are especially relevant in medullary breast carcinoma (MBC). This suggests that MBC patients are ideally suited for investigating this question and may benefit from adapted therapeutic options. As RT is a corner-stone of MBC treatment, investigating interactions between RT and TLS composition is also clinically relevant. We thus first characterized the lymphoid structures associated with MBC in a patient case report and demonstrated that they closely resemble the TLS observed in a genetical mouse model. In this model, we quantitatively and qualitatively investigated the cellular composition of the tumor-associated TLS. Finally, we investigated TLS regulation after hypo-fractionated RT and showed that RT induced their acute and transient depletion, followed by a restoration phase. This study is the first work to bring a comprehensive and timely characterization of tumor-associated TLS in basal conditions and after RT. It highlights cellular targets (i.e., Tregs) that could be selectively modulated in subsequent studies to optimize anti-tumor immune response. The study of TLS modulation is worth further investigation in the context of RT and personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Boivin
- Radio-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pradeep Kalambaden
- Radio-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Faget
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Rusakiewicz
- Center of Experimental Therapies (CTE), Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Montay-Gruel
- Radio-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Etienne Meylan
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean Bourhis
- Radio-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Radio-Oncology Service, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Radio-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Radio-Oncology Service, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Vialatte de Pémille C, Berzero G, Small M, Psimaras D, Giry M, Daniau M, Sanson M, Delattre JY, Honnorat J, Desestret V, Alentorn A. Transcriptomic immune profiling of ovarian cancers in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with anti-Yo antibodies. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:105-113. [PMID: 29899393 PMCID: PMC6035206 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes are rare conditions where an autoimmune reaction against the nervous system appears in patients suffering from a tumour, but not linked to the spreading of the tumour. A break in the immune tolerance is thought to be the trigger. METHODS The transcriptomic profile of 12 ovarian tumours (OT) from patients suffering from paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) linked to anti-Yo antibodies (anti-Yo PCD OT) was compared with 733 ovarian tumours (OT control) from different public databases using linear model analysis. RESULTS A prominent significant transcriptomic over-representation of CD8+ and Treg cells was found in anti-Yo PCD OT, as compared to the OT control. However, the overall degree of immune cell infiltration was similar, according to the ESTIMATE immune score. We also found an under-representation of M2 macrophages in anti-Yo PCD OT. Furthermore, the differentially expressed genes were enriched for AIRE-related genes, a well-known transcription factor associated with a broad range of autoimmune diseases. Finally, we found that the differentially expressed genes were correlated to the transcriptomic profiling of the cerebellar structures. CONCLUSIONS Our data pinpointed the enrichment of acquired immune response, particularly high density of CD8+ lymphocytes, and high-level expression of CDR-related antigens in anti-Yo PCD OT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Vialatte de Pémille
- Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Experimental Neuro-Oncology Department, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Berzero
- Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Experimental Neuro-Oncology Department, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75013, Paris, France
- Neuroscience Consortium, University of Pavia, Monza Policlinico and Pavia Mondino, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mathilde Small
- Institut NeuroMyogène, Equipe Synaptopathies et Autoanticorps (SynatAc), INSERM U1217/UMR CNRS, 5310, Lyon, France
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Dimitri Psimaras
- Department of Neurology 2, Division Mazarin, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 47 Boulevard Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Marine Giry
- Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Experimental Neuro-Oncology Department, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Maïlys Daniau
- Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Experimental Neuro-Oncology Department, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75013, Paris, France
- Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), iGenSeq, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Marc Sanson
- Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Experimental Neuro-Oncology Department, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75013, Paris, France
- Department of Neurology 2, Division Mazarin, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 47 Boulevard Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Delattre
- Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Experimental Neuro-Oncology Department, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75013, Paris, France
- Department of Neurology 2, Division Mazarin, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 47 Boulevard Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- Institut NeuroMyogène, Equipe Synaptopathies et Autoanticorps (SynatAc), INSERM U1217/UMR CNRS, 5310, Lyon, France
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Desestret
- Institut NeuroMyogène, Equipe Synaptopathies et Autoanticorps (SynatAc), INSERM U1217/UMR CNRS, 5310, Lyon, France
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Agusti Alentorn
- Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Experimental Neuro-Oncology Department, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75013, Paris, France.
- Department of Neurology 2, Division Mazarin, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 47 Boulevard Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nerviani A, Pitzalis C. Role of chemokines in ectopic lymphoid structures formation in autoimmunity and cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:333-341. [PMID: 29947426 PMCID: PMC6099300 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0218-062r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic (or tertiary) lymphoid structures (ELS) are organized aggregates of lymphocytes resembling secondary lymphoid organs and developing in chronically inflamed nonlymphoid tissues during persistent infections, graft rejection, autoimmune conditions, and cancer. In this review, we will first depict the mechanisms regulating ELS generation, focusing on the role played by lymphoid chemokines. We will then characterize ELS forming in target organs during autoimmune conditions, here exemplified by rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer, highlighting the relevance of the tissue-specific factors. Finally, we will discuss the clinical significance of ELS and the therapeutic potential of their inhibition and/or enhancement depending on the disease considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Nerviani
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Stowman AM, Hickman AW, Mauldin IS, Mahmutovic A, Gru AA, Slingluff CL. Lymphoid aggregates in desmoplastic melanoma have features of tertiary lymphoid structures. Melanoma Res 2018; 28:237-245. [PMID: 29538091 PMCID: PMC5912978 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Desmoplastic melanomas (DM) have unique and challenging clinical presentations and histomorphology. A characteristic feature is the presence of scattered lymphoid aggregates. However, the nature of these aggregates is not defined. We hypothesized that they may be tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), and may be associated with programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. We searched our tissue database for 'pure' DMs and for scars as control tissues, collected clinical information, and reviewed H&E histology. We performed multispectral imaging after staining for CD8, CD20, PNAd, FoxP3, CD83, and Ki67, and assessed PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry. Pure DM samples were evaluable in 11 patients. All had desmoplastic stroma and lymphoid aggregates on H&E. The lymphoid aggregates of eight of the 11 (72%) DM samples and only three of the 11 scars contained features of TLS, defined as distinct clusters of B cells and CD8 T cells, CD83 dendritic cells in T-cell zones, and PNAd vasculature resembling high endothelial venules. PD-L1 was expressed by at least 1% of melanoma cells in six and by at least 5% of immune cells in 10 of the 11 DM samples. We found that most lymphoid aggregates in DM are organized, classical TLS. PD-L1 expression was detected in most cases and was highest in two cases of DM with TLS. However, low PD-L1 expression in some cases suggests that some DM cells may be unresponsive to interferon-γ. TLS support antigen presentation and T-cell responses in chronic inflammation and cancer. Their presence in DM likely reflects an adaptive immune response, which may be enhanced with immune therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Stowman
- University of Vermont Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | - Ileana S. Mauldin
- University of Virginia Health System, Department of Surgery, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Adela Mahmutovic
- University of Virginia Health System, Department of Surgery, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Alejandro A. Gru
- University of Virginia Health System, Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Craig L. Slingluff
- University of Virginia Health System, Department of Surgery, Charlottesville, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
The heterogeneity of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in metastatic melanoma distorts their quantification: how to manage heterogeneity? Melanoma Res 2018; 27:211-217. [PMID: 28118270 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD8 T-cell infiltration of metastatic melanoma may be a useful biomarker for prediction of prognosis and response to therapy. The heterogeneous distribution of CD8 T cells within a single tumor, and across different tumors within a single patient, may complicate quantification of infiltration. However, the impact of heterogeneity has not been quantified sufficiently. To address this, we have assessed intratumoral heterogeneity of CD8 T-cell counts, as well as intertumoral heterogeneity for synchronous and metachronous metastases. In a tissue microarray containing 189 melanoma metastases from 147 patients, the density of CD8 T cells per sample was determined by immunohistochemistry. The mean density and coefficient of variation were calculated for each tumor and the rates of discordant values were determined. CD8 counts varied widely among different core samples of the same tumors (average coefficient of variation=0.77, 95% confidence interval: 0.70-0.85), with discordance occurring in 40% of tumors. CD8 densities were similar among pairs of simultaneous tumors; however, significant changes in CD8 densities were observed among 35 pairs of metachronous tumors. CD8 T-cell density is not well represented by a single 1 mm diameter sample. Differences in CD8 T-cell counts, observed in clinical trials, from pretreatment to post-treatment specimens may be explained by the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of CD8 distribution, especially if the assessed samples are small (i.e. 1 mm). A sufficiently large biopsy of one of several synchronous tumors may be representative of CD8 T-cell infiltration of a patient's disease.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are transient ectopic lymphoid aggregates that often share structural similarities to conventional secondary lymphoid organs. In a variety of solid cancers, the presence of these structures commonly correlates with high densities of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and prolonged patient survival. These observations suggest that TLS act as sites for the development of beneficial antitumor immune responses. However, few murine tumor models have been described that could enable a more comprehensive understanding of the functionality of TLS in solid cancers. We previously reported that murine B16-F1 melanoma or Lewis lung carcinoma cells transfected to express the model antigen ovalbumin form intratumoral TLS after implantation into the peritoneal cavity of C57BL/6 mice. In this chapter, we describe immunofluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry approaches for identifying and characterizing intratumoral TLS. Additionally, we describe an adoptive transfer method for demonstrating the infiltration of naïve T cells into B16-OVA melanoma tumors via the lymph node-like vasculature, which is an essential functional feature of tumor-associated TLS.
Collapse
|
47
|
Siliņa K, Soltermann A, Attar FM, Casanova R, Uckeley ZM, Thut H, Wandres M, Isajevs S, Cheng P, Curioni-Fontecedro A, Foukas P, Levesque MP, Moch H, Linē A, van den Broek M. Germinal Centers Determine the Prognostic Relevance of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures and Are Impaired by Corticosteroids in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2017; 78:1308-1320. [PMID: 29279354 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In solid tumors, the presence of lymph node-like structures called tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) is associated with improved patient survival. However, little is known about how TLS develop in cancer, how their function affects survival, and whether they are affected by cancer therapy. In this study, we used multispectral microscopy, quantitative pathology, and gene expression profiling to analyze TLS formation in human lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and in an experimental model of lung TLS induction. We identified a niche of CXCL13+ perivascular and CXCL12+LTB+ and PD-L1+ epithelial cells supporting TLS formation. We also characterized sequential stages of TLS maturation in LSCC culminating in the formation of germinal centers (GC). In untreated patients, TLS density was the strongest independent prognostic marker. Furthermore, TLS density correlated with GC formation and expression of adaptive immune response-related genes. In patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, TLS density was similar, but GC formation was impaired and the prognostic value of TLS density was lost. Corticosteroids are coadministered with chemotherapy to manage side effects in LSCC patients, so we evaluated whether they impaired TLS development independently of chemotherapy. TLS density and GC formation were each reduced in chemotherapy-naïve LSCC patients treated with corticosteroids before surgery, compared with untreated patients, a finding that we confirmed in the experimental model of lung TLS induction. Overall, our results highlight the importance of GC formation in TLS during tumor development and treatment.Significance: Corticosteroid treatment during chemotherapy negatively affects the development of tertiary lymphoid structures and abrogates their prognostic value in patients with lung cancer. Cancer Res; 78(5); 1308-20. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karīna Siliņa
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alex Soltermann
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ruben Casanova
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zina M Uckeley
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helen Thut
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Muriel Wandres
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sergejs Isajevs
- Pathology Center, Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Phil Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Periklis Foukas
- Department of Oncology, CHUV-UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Holger Moch
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aija Linē
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Riga, Latvia
| | - Maries van den Broek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Colbeck EJ, Ager A, Gallimore A, Jones GW. Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Cancer: Drivers of Antitumor Immunity, Immunosuppression, or Bystander Sentinels in Disease? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1830. [PMID: 29312327 PMCID: PMC5742143 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs are integral to initiation and execution of adaptive immune responses. These organs provide a setting for interactions between antigen-specific lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells recruited from local infected or inflamed tissues. Secondary lymphoid organs develop as a part of a genetically preprogrammed process during embryogenesis. However, organogenesis of secondary lymphoid tissues can also be recapitulated in adulthood during de novo lymphoid neogenesis of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). These ectopic lymphoid-like structures form in the inflamed tissues afflicted by various pathological conditions, including cancer, autoimmunity, infection, or allograft rejection. Studies are beginning to shed light on the function of such structures in different disease settings, raising important questions regarding their contribution to progression or resolution of disease. Data show an association between the tumor-associated TLSs and a favorable prognosis in various types of human cancer, attracting the speculation that TLSs support effective local antitumor immune responses. However, definitive evidence for the role for TLSs in fostering immune responses in vivo are lacking, with current data remaining largely correlative by nature. In fact, some more recent studies have even demonstrated an immunosuppressive, tumor-promoting role for cancer-associated TLSs. In this review, we will discuss what is known about the development of cancer-associated TLSs and the current understanding of their potential role in the antitumor immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann Ager
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Awen Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Wyn Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kortlever RM, Sodir NM, Wilson CH, Burkhart DL, Pellegrinet L, Brown Swigart L, Littlewood TD, Evan GI. Myc Cooperates with Ras by Programming Inflammation and Immune Suppression. Cell 2017; 171:1301-1315.e14. [PMID: 29195074 PMCID: PMC5720393 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The two oncogenes KRas and Myc cooperate to drive tumorigenesis, but the mechanism underlying this remains unclear. In a mouse lung model of KRasG12D-driven adenomas, we find that co-activation of Myc drives the immediate transition to highly proliferative and invasive adenocarcinomas marked by highly inflammatory, angiogenic, and immune-suppressed stroma. We identify epithelial-derived signaling molecules CCL9 and IL-23 as the principal instructing signals for stromal reprogramming. CCL9 mediates recruitment of macrophages, angiogenesis, and PD-L1-dependent expulsion of T and B cells. IL-23 orchestrates exclusion of adaptive T and B cells and innate immune NK cells. Co-blockade of both CCL9 and IL-23 abrogates Myc-induced tumor progression. Subsequent deactivation of Myc in established adenocarcinomas triggers immediate reversal of all stromal changes and tumor regression, which are independent of CD4+CD8+ T cells but substantially dependent on returning NK cells. We show that Myc extensively programs an immune suppressive stroma that is obligatory for tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roderik M Kortlever
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nicole M Sodir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Catherine H Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Deborah L Burkhart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Luca Pellegrinet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Lamorna Brown Swigart
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Trevor D Littlewood
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Gerard I Evan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Drak Alsibai K, Meseure D. Tumor microenvironment and noncoding RNAs as co-drivers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer metastasis. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:405-431. [PMID: 28691356 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reciprocal interactions between cancer cells and tumor microenvironment (TME) are crucial events in tumor progression and metastasis. Pervasive stromal reprogramming of TME modifies numerous cellular functions, including extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness, inflammation, and immunity. These environmental factors allow selection of more aggressive cells that develop adaptive strategies associating plasticity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), stem-like phenotype, invasion, immunosuppression, and resistance to therapies. EMT is a morphomolecular process that endows epithelial tumor cells with mesenchymal properties, including reduced adhesion and increased motility. Numerous studies have demonstrated involvement of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as miRNAs and lncRNAs, in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. NcRNAs regulate every hallmark of cancer and have now emerged as new players in induction and regulation of EMT. The reciprocal regulatory interactions between ncRNAs, TME components, and cancer cells increase the complexity of gene expression and protein translation in cancer. Thus, deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms controlling EMT will not only shed light on metastatic processes of cancer cells, but enhance development of new therapies targeting metastasis. In this review, we will provide recent findings on the role of known ncRNAs relevant to EMT and cancer metastasis and discuss the role of the interaction between ncRNAs and TME as co-drivers of EMT. Developmental Dynamics 247:405-431, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Didier Meseure
- Platform of Investigative Pathology, Curie Institute, Paris, France.,Department of Pathology, Curie Institute, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|