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Wolf MTF, Bonsib SM, Larsen CP, Hildebrandt F. Nephronophthisis: a pathological and genetic perspective. Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:1977-2000. [PMID: 37930417 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease and is one of the most frequent genetic causes for kidney failure (KF) in children and adolescents. Over 20 genes cause NPHP and over 90 genes contribute to renal ciliopathies often involving multiple organs. About 15-20% of NPHP patients have additional extrarenal symptoms affecting other organs than the kidneys. The involvement of additional organ systems in syndromic forms of NPHP is explained by shared expression of most NPHP gene products in centrosomes and primary cilia, a sensory organelle present in most mammalian cells. This finding resulted in the classification of NPHP as a ciliopathy. If extrarenal symptoms are present in addition to NPHP, these disorders are defined as NPHP-related ciliopathies (NPHP-RC) and can involve the retina (e.g., with Senior-Løken syndrome), CNS (central nervous system) (e.g., with Joubert syndrome), liver (e.g., Boichis and Arima syndromes), or bone (e.g., Mainzer-Saldino and Sensenbrenner syndromes). This review focuses on the pathological findings and the recent genetic advances in NPHP and NPHP-RC. Different mechanisms and signaling pathways are involved in NPHP ranging from planar cell polarity, sonic hedgehog signaling (Shh), DNA damage response pathway, Hippo, mTOR, and cAMP signaling. A number of therapeutic interventions appear to be promising, ranging from vasopressin receptor 2 antagonists such as tolvaptan, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors such as roscovitine, Hh agonists such as purmorphamine, and mTOR inhibitors such as rapamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias T F Wolf
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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2
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Díaz de Cerio M, Oliván S, Ochoa I, García-Sanmartín J, Martínez A. Cold-shock proteins accumulate in centrosomes and their expression and primary cilium morphology are regulated by hypothermia and shear stress. Histol Histopathol 2024; 39:447-462. [PMID: 37694837 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia act as cellular sensors for multiple extracellular stimuli and regulate many intracellular signaling pathways in response. Here we investigate whether the cold-shock proteins (CSPs), CIRP and RBM3, are present in the primary cilia and the physiological consequences of such a relationship. R28, an immortalized retinal precursor cell line, was stained with antibodies against CIRP, RBM3, and ciliary markers. Both CSPs were found in intimate contact with the basal body of the cilium during all stages of the cell cycle, including migrating with the centrosome during mitosis. In addition, the morphological and physiological manifestations of exposing the cells to hypothermia and shear stress were investigated. Exposure to moderately cold (32°C) temperatures, the hypothermia mimetic small molecule zr17-2, or to shear stress resulted in a significant reduction in the number and length of primary cilia. In addition, shear stress induced expression of CIRP and RBM3 in a complex pattern depending on the specific protein, flow intensity, and type of flow (laminar versus oscillatory). Flow-mediated CSP overexpression was detected by qRT-PCR and confirmed by Western blot, at least for CIRP. Furthermore, analysis of public RNA Seq databases on flow experiments confirmed an increase of CIRP and RBM3 expression following exposure to shear stress in renal cell lines. In conclusion, we found that CSPs are integral components of the centrosome and that they participate in cold and shear stress sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Díaz de Cerio
- Angiogenesis Unit, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Sara Oliván
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TMELab), University of Zaragoza, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ochoa
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TMELab), University of Zaragoza, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Josune García-Sanmartín
- Angiogenesis Unit, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Angiogenesis Unit, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain.
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Kim NH, Lee AY. Oxidative Stress Induces Skin Pigmentation in Melasma by Inhibiting Hedgehog Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1969. [PMID: 38001823 PMCID: PMC10669456 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that oxidative stress plays a role in melasma and disrupts primary cilia formation. Additionally, primary cilia have been suggested to have an inhibitory role in melanogenesis. This study examined the potential link between oxidative stress, skin hyperpigmentation, and primary cilia. We compared the expression levels of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), intraflagellar transport 88 (IFT88), and glioma-associated oncogene homologs (GLIs) in skin samples from patients with melasma, both in affected and unaffected areas. We also explored the roles of NRF2, IFT88, and GLIs in ciliogenesis and pigmentation using cultured adult human keratinocytes, with or without melanocytes. Our findings revealed decreased levels of NRF2, heme oxygenase-1, IFT88, and GLIs in lesional skin from melasma patients. The knockdown of NRF2 resulted in reduced expressions of IFT88 and GLI1, along with fewer ciliated cells. Furthermore, NRF2, IFT88, or GLI1 knockdown led to increased expressions in protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), K10, involucrin, tyrosinase, and/or melanin. These effects were reversed by the smoothened agonist 1.1. Calcium also upregulated these proteins, but not NRF2. The upregulation of involucrin and PAR2 after NRF2 knockdown was mitigated with a calcium chelator. In summary, our study suggests that oxidative stress in NRF2-downregulated melasma keratinocytes impedes ciliogenesis and related molecular processes. This inhibition stimulates keratinocyte differentiation, resulting in melanin synthesis and melanosome transfer, ultimately leading to skin hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 410-773, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Heterozygous variants in the DVL2 interaction region of DACT1 cause CAKUT and features of Townes-Brocks syndrome 2. Hum Genet 2023; 142:73-88. [PMID: 36066768 PMCID: PMC9839807 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Most patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) remain genetically unexplained. In search of novel genes associated with CAKUT in humans, we applied whole-exome sequencing in a patient with kidney, anorectal, spinal, and brain anomalies, and identified a rare heterozygous missense variant in the DACT1 (dishevelled binding antagonist of beta catenin 1) gene encoding a cytoplasmic WNT signaling mediator. Our patient's features overlapped Townes-Brocks syndrome 2 (TBS2) previously described in a family carrying a DACT1 nonsense variant as well as those of Dact1-deficient mice. Therefore, we assessed the role of DACT1 in CAKUT pathogenesis. Taken together, very rare (minor allele frequency ≤ 0.0005) non-silent DACT1 variants were detected in eight of 209 (3.8%) CAKUT families, significantly more frequently than in controls (1.7%). All seven different DACT1 missense variants, predominantly likely pathogenic and exclusively maternally inherited, were located in the interaction region with DVL2 (dishevelled segment polarity protein 2), and biochemical characterization revealed reduced binding of mutant DACT1 to DVL2. Patients carrying DACT1 variants presented with kidney agenesis, duplex or (multi)cystic (hypo)dysplastic kidneys with hydronephrosis and TBS2 features. During murine development, Dact1 was expressed in organs affected by anomalies in patients with DACT1 variants, including the kidney, anal canal, vertebrae, and brain. In a branching morphogenesis assay, tubule formation was impaired in CRISPR/Cas9-induced Dact1-/- murine inner medullary collecting duct cells. In summary, we provide evidence that heterozygous hypomorphic DACT1 variants cause CAKUT and other features of TBS2, including anomalies of the skeleton, brain, distal digestive and genital tract.
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Zhao X, Sui A, Cui L, Liu Z, Zhang R, Han Y, Shao L. A novel
WDR60
variant contributes to a late diagnosis of Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy in a Chinese patient: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e6561. [PMID: 36381051 PMCID: PMC9653168 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.6561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a Chinese patient with JATD presenting a mild skeletal phenotype and with renal insufficiency as the initial symptom of the disease. A novel homozygous c.2789C>T (p.S930L) variant in the WDR60 gene was identified. Our report will help to improve awareness and diagnosability for this disease. A late diagnosis of Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy in a Chinese patient. The patient presented mild skeletal phenotype, and with renal insufficiency as the initial symptom of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhong Zhao
- Medical Research Center The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Aihua Sui
- Medical Research Center The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Nephrology The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiying Liu
- Medical Research Center The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao China
- Department of Nephrology The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Ruixiao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Yue Han
- Department of Nephrology The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Leping Shao
- Department of Nephrology The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao China
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Miller B, Sewell-Loftin MK. Mechanoregulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 in Angiogenesis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:804934. [PMID: 35087885 PMCID: PMC8787114 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.804934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial cells that compose the vascular system in the body display a wide range of mechanotransductive behaviors and responses to biomechanical stimuli, which act in concert to control overall blood vessel structure and function. Such mechanosensitive activities allow blood vessels to constrict, dilate, grow, or remodel as needed during development as well as normal physiological functions, and the same processes can be dysregulated in various disease states. Mechanotransduction represents cellular responses to mechanical forces, translating such factors into chemical or electrical signals which alter the activation of various cell signaling pathways. Understanding how biomechanical forces drive vascular growth in healthy and diseased tissues could create new therapeutic strategies that would either enhance or halt these processes to assist with treatments of different diseases. In the cardiovascular system, new blood vessel formation from preexisting vasculature, in a process known as angiogenesis, is driven by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding to VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) which promotes blood vessel development. However, physical forces such as shear stress, matrix stiffness, and interstitial flow are also major drivers and effectors of angiogenesis, and new research suggests that mechanical forces may regulate VEGFR-2 phosphorylation. In fact, VEGFR-2 activation has been linked to known mechanobiological agents including ERK/MAPK, c-Src, Rho/ROCK, and YAP/TAZ. In vascular disease states, endothelial cells can be subjected to altered mechanical stimuli which affect the pathways that control angiogenesis. Both normalizing and arresting angiogenesis associated with tumor growth have been strategies for anti-cancer treatments. In the field of regenerative medicine, harnessing biomechanical regulation of angiogenesis could enhance vascularization strategies for treating a variety of cardiovascular diseases, including ischemia or permit development of novel tissue engineering scaffolds. This review will focus on the impact of VEGFR-2 mechanosignaling in endothelial cells (ECs) and its interaction with other mechanotransductive pathways, as well as presenting a discussion on the relationship between VEGFR-2 activation and biomechanical forces in the extracellular matrix (ECM) that can help treat diseases with dysfunctional vascular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronte Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mary Kathryn Sewell-Loftin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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7
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Shea CA, Murphy P. The Primary Cilium on Cells of Developing Skeletal Rudiments; Distribution, Characteristics and Response to Mechanical Stimulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:725018. [PMID: 34490272 PMCID: PMC8418538 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.725018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryo movement is important for tissue differentiation and the formation of functional skeletal elements during embryonic development: reduced mechanical stimulation results in fused joints and misshapen skeletal rudiments with concomitant changes in the signaling environment and gene expression profiles in both mouse and chick immobile embryos. Despite the clear relationship between movement and skeletogenesis, the precise mechanisms by which mechanical stimuli influence gene regulatory processes are not clear. The primary cilium enables cells to sense mechanical stimuli in the cellular environment, playing a crucial mechanosensory role during kidney development and in articular cartilage and bone but little is known about cilia on developing skeletal tissues. Here, we examine the occurrence, length, position, and orientation of primary cilia across developing skeletal rudiments in mouse embryos during a period of pronounced mechanosensitivity and we report differences and similarities between wildtype and muscle-less mutant (Pax3Spd/Spd) rudiments. Strikingly, joint regions tend to have cilia positioned and oriented away from the joint, while there was a less obvious, but still significant, preferred position on the posterior aspect of cells within the proliferative and hypertrophic zones. Regions of the developing rudiments have characteristic proportions of ciliated cells, with more cilia in the resting and joint zones. Comparing wildtype to muscle-less mutant embryos, cilia are shorter in the mutant with no significant difference in the proportion of ciliated cells. Cilia at the mutant joint were also oriented away from the joint line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Shea
- Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula Murphy
- Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Srivastava SP, Zhou H, Setia O, Dardik A, Fernandez‐Hernando C, Goodwin J. Podocyte Glucocorticoid Receptors Are Essential for Glomerular Endothelial Cell Homeostasis in Diabetes Mellitus. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019437. [PMID: 34308664 PMCID: PMC8475689 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Proteinuria and glomerular segmental fibrosis are inevitable complications of diabetic nephropathy though their mechanisms are poorly understood. Understanding the clinical characteristics and pathogenesis of proteinuria and glomerular segmental fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy is, therefore, urgently needed for patient management of this severe disease. Methods and Results Diabetes mellitus was induced in podocyte-specific glucocorticoid receptor knockout (GRPKO) mice and control littermates by administration of streptozotocin. Primary podocytes were isolated and subjected to analysis of Wnt signaling and fatty acid metabolism. Conditioned media from primary podocytes was transferred to glomerular endothelial cells. Histologic analysis of kidneys from diabetic GRPKO mice showed worsened fibrosis, increased collagen deposition, and glomerulomegaly indicating severe glomerular fibrosis. Higher expression of transforming growth factor-βR1 and β-catenin and suppressed expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A in nephrin-positive cells were found in the kidneys of diabetic GRPKO mice. Podocytes isolated from diabetic GRPKO mice demonstrated significantly higher profibrotic gene expression and suppressed fatty acid oxidation compared with controls. Administration of a Wnt inhibitor significantly improved the fibrotic features in GRPKO mice. The glomerular endothelium of diabetic GRPKO mice demonstrated the features of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, endothelial cells treated with conditioned media from podocytes lacking GR showed increased expression of α-smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor-βR1 and β-catenin levels. Conclusions These data demonstrate that loss of podocyte GR leads to upregulation of Wnt signaling and disruption in fatty acid metabolism. Podocyte-endothelial cell crosstalk, mediated through GR, is important for glomerular homeostasis, and its disruption likely contributes to diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayam Prakash Srivastava
- Department of PediatricsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics ProgramYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT
| | - Han Zhou
- Department of PediatricsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics ProgramYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT
| | - Ocean Setia
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics ProgramYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT
- Department of SurgeryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT
| | - Alan Dardik
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics ProgramYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT
- Department of SurgeryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT
- Department of SurgeryVA Connecticut Healthcare SystemsWest HavenCT
| | - Carlos Fernandez‐Hernando
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics ProgramYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT
- Department of Comparative MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism (ICSNM)Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT
- Department of PathologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT
| | - Julie Goodwin
- Department of PediatricsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics ProgramYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT
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Cyst Reduction by Melatonin in a Novel Drosophila Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225477. [PMID: 33238462 PMCID: PMC7700119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) causes progressive cystic degeneration of the renal tubules, the nephrons, eventually severely compromising kidney function. ADPKD is incurable, with half of the patients eventually needing renal replacement. Treatments for ADPKD patients are limited and new effective therapeutics are needed. Melatonin, a central metabolic regulator conserved across all life kingdoms, exhibits oncostatic and oncoprotective activity and no detected toxicity. Here, we used the Bicaudal C (BicC) Drosophila model of polycystic kidney disease to test the cyst-reducing potential of melatonin. Significant cyst reduction was found in the renal (Malpighian) tubules upon melatonin administration and suggest mechanistic sophistication. Similar to vertebrate PKD, the BicC fly PKD model responds to the antiproliferative drugs rapamycin and mimics of the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac). Melatonin appears to be a new cyst-reducing molecule with attractive properties as a potential candidate for PKD treatment.
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10
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The Role of Wnt Signalling in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050496. [PMID: 32365994 PMCID: PMC7290783 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) encompasses a group of diverse diseases that are associated with accumulating kidney damage and a decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). These conditions can be of an acquired or genetic nature and, in many cases, interactions between genetics and the environment also play a role in disease manifestation and severity. In this review, we focus on genetically inherited chronic kidney diseases and dissect the links between canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling, and this umbrella of conditions that result in kidney damage. Most of the current evidence on the role of Wnt signalling in CKD is gathered from studies in polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and nephronophthisis (NPHP) and reveals the involvement of β-catenin. Nevertheless, recent findings have also linked planar cell polarity (PCP) signalling to CKD, with further studies being required to fully understand the links and molecular mechanisms.
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11
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Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β regulates Wnt signaling through genome-wide competition with β-catenin/lymphoid enhancer binding factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24133-24142. [PMID: 31712448 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909452116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β (HNF-1β) is a tissue-specific transcription factor that is essential for normal kidney development and renal tubular function. Mutations of HNF-1β produce cystic kidney disease, a phenotype associated with deregulation of canonical (β-catenin-dependent) Wnt signaling. Here, we show that ablation of HNF-1β in mIMCD3 renal epithelial cells produces hyperresponsiveness to Wnt ligands and increases expression of Wnt target genes, including Axin2, Ccdc80, and Rnf43 Levels of β-catenin and expression of Wnt target genes are also increased in HNF-1β mutant mouse kidneys. Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) in wild-type and mutant cells showed that ablation of HNF-1β increases by 6-fold the number of sites on chromatin that are occupied by β-catenin. Remarkably, 50% of the sites that are occupied by β-catenin in HNF-1β mutant cells colocalize with HNF-1β-occupied sites in wild-type cells, indicating widespread reciprocal binding. We found that the Wnt target genes Ccdc80 and Rnf43 contain a composite DNA element comprising a β-catenin/lymphoid enhancer binding factor (LEF) site overlapping with an HNF-1β half-site. HNF-1β and β-catenin/LEF compete for binding to this element, and thereby HNF-1β inhibits β-catenin-dependent transcription. Collectively, these studies reveal a mechanism whereby a transcription factor constrains canonical Wnt signaling through direct inhibition of β-catenin/LEF chromatin binding.
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12
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Hakanen J, Ruiz-Reig N, Tissir F. Linking Cell Polarity to Cortical Development and Malformations. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:244. [PMID: 31213986 PMCID: PMC6558068 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity refers to the asymmetric distribution of signaling molecules, cellular organelles, and cytoskeleton in a cell. Neural progenitors and neurons are highly polarized cells in which the cell membrane and cytoplasmic components are compartmentalized into distinct functional domains in response to internal and external cues that coordinate polarity and behavior during development and disease. In neural progenitor cells, polarity has a prominent impact on cell shape and coordinate several processes such as adhesion, division, and fate determination. Polarity also accompanies a neuron from the beginning until the end of its life. It is essential for development and later functionality of neuronal circuitries. During development, polarity governs transitions between multipolar and bipolar during migration of postmitotic neurons, and directs the specification and directional growth of axons. Once reaching final positions in cortical layers, neurons form dendrites which become compartmentalized to ensure proper establishment of neuronal connections and signaling. Changes in neuronal polarity induce signaling cascades that regulate cytoskeletal changes, as well as mRNA, protein, and vesicle trafficking, required for synapses to form and function. Hence, defects in establishing and maintaining cell polarity are associated with several neural disorders such as microcephaly, lissencephaly, schizophrenia, autism, and epilepsy. In this review we summarize the role of polarity genes in cortical development and emphasize the relationship between polarity dysfunctions and cortical malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Hakanen
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nuria Ruiz-Reig
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Richards T, Modarage K, Dean C, McCarthy-Boxer A, Hilton H, Esapa C, Norman J, Wilson P, Goggolidou P. Atmin modulates Pkhd1 expression and may mediate Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD) through altered non-canonical Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) signalling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:378-390. [PMID: 30414501 PMCID: PMC6335440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD) is a genetic disorder with an incidence of ~1:20,000 that manifests in a wide range of renal and liver disease severity in human patients and can lead to perinatal mortality. ARPKD is caused by mutations in PKHD1, which encodes the large membrane protein, Fibrocystin, required for normal branching morphogenesis of the ureteric bud during embryonic renal development. The variation in ARPKD phenotype suggests that in addition to PKHD1 mutations, other genes may play a role, acting as modifiers of disease severity. One such pathway involves non-canonical Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) signalling that has been associated with other cystic kidney diseases, but has not been investigated in ARPKD. Analysis of the AtminGpg6 mouse showed kidney, liver and lung abnormalities, suggesting it as a novel mouse tool for the study of ARPKD. Further, modulation of Atmin affected Pkhd1 mRNA levels, altered non-canonical Wnt/PCP signalling and impacted cellular proliferation and adhesion, although Atmin does not bind directly to the C-terminus of Fibrocystin. Differences in ATMIN and VANGL2 expression were observed between normal human paediatric kidneys and age-matched ARPKD kidneys. Significant increases in ATMIN, WNT5A, VANGL2 and SCRIBBLE were seen in human ARPKD versus normal kidneys; no substantial differences were seen in DAAM2 or NPHP2. A striking increase in E-cadherin was also detected in ARPKD kidneys. This work indicates a novel role for non-canonical Wnt/PCP signalling in ARPKD and suggests ATMIN as a modulator of PKHD1.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Apoptosis
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Line
- Cell Polarity
- Cell Proliferation
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Kidney Tubules, Collecting
- Phenotype
- Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive/genetics
- Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Wnt Signaling Pathway
- beta Catenin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Richards
- School of Biomedical Science and Physiology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Kavindiya Modarage
- School of Biomedical Science and Physiology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Charlotte Dean
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK; MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Aidan McCarthy-Boxer
- Centre for Nephrology, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Helen Hilton
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Chris Esapa
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Jill Norman
- Centre for Nephrology, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Patricia Wilson
- Centre for Nephrology, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Paraskevi Goggolidou
- School of Biomedical Science and Physiology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK; MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK; Centre for Nephrology, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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14
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Zhang P, Hu C, Li Y, Wang Y, Gao L, Lu K, Chang G, Li Y, Qin S, Zhang D. Vangl2 is essential for myocardial remodeling activated by Wnt/JNK signaling. Exp Cell Res 2018; 365:33-45. [PMID: 29454802 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt/JNK pathway, responsible for tissue polarity in cardiogenesis in vertebrates, has been shown to play numerous roles during differentiation and development of cardiac myocytes. Van Gogh-like-2 (Vangl2) is a core component that regulates the induction of polarized cellular and tissue morphology during animal development. However, little is known about Wnt/JNK signaling pathway in the process of myocardial remodeling. In present study, we found that activation of Wnt/JNK signaling by Wnt5a stimulates enlargement of cardiomyocyte surface area. The hypertrophic features were inhibited in Vangl2 depleted cells. Meanwhile, Wnt/JNK activation induced cytoskeleton rearrangement but failed to activate these effects in cells lacking Vangl2. Moreover, Wnt/JNK activation significantly increased the cell apoptosis by mediating the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) dysfunction, whereas knockdown of Vangl2 partly reversed these effects. These results suggest that activation of Wnt/JNK signaling stimulates myocardial remodeling (cell morphological changes, apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction), in which Vangl2 may play an essential role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Chunxiao Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yongyong Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Kai Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Guanglei Chang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yong Li
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Shu Qin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Dongying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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15
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Renal Tubule Repair: Is Wnt/β-Catenin a Friend or Foe? Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9020058. [PMID: 29364168 PMCID: PMC5852554 DOI: 10.3390/genes9020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling is extremely important for proper kidney development. This pathway is also upregulated in injured renal tubular epithelia, both in acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. The renal tubular epithelium is an important target of kidney injury, and its response (repair versus persistent injury) is critical for determining whether tubulointerstitial fibrosis, the hallmark of chronic kidney disease, develops. This review discusses how Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the injured tubular epithelia promotes either repair or fibrosis after kidney injury. There is data suggesting that epithelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling is beneficial in acute kidney injury and important in tubular progenitors responsible for epithelial repair. The role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in chronically injured epithelia is less clear. There is convincing data that Wnt/β-catenin signaling in interstitial fibroblasts and pericytes contributes to the extracellular matrix accumulation that defines fibrosis. However, some recent studies question whether Wnt/β-catenin signaling in chronically injured epithelia actually promotes fibrosis or repair.
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16
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Wang Y, Zhou CJ, Liu Y. Wnt Signaling in Kidney Development and Disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 153:181-207. [PMID: 29389516 PMCID: PMC6008255 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signal cascade is an evolutionarily conserved, developmental pathway that regulates embryogenesis, injury repair, and pathogenesis of human diseases. It is well established that Wnt ligands transmit their signal via canonical, β-catenin-dependent and noncanonical, β-catenin-independent mechanisms. Mounting evidence has revealed that Wnt signaling plays a key role in controlling early nephrogenesis and is implicated in the development of various kidney disorders. Dysregulations of Wnt expression cause a variety of developmental abnormalities and human diseases, such as congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, cystic kidney, and renal carcinoma. Multiple Wnt ligands, their receptors, and transcriptional targets are upregulated during nephron formation, which is crucial for mediating the reciprocal interaction between primordial tissues of ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme. Renal cysts are also associated with disrupted Wnt signaling. In addition, Wnt components are important players in renal tumorigenesis. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin is instrumental for tubular repair and regeneration after acute kidney injury. However, sustained activation of this signal cascade is linked to chronic kidney diseases and renal fibrosis in patients and experimental animal models. Mechanistically, Wnt signaling controls a diverse array of biologic processes, such as cell cycle progression, cell polarity and migration, cilia biology, and activation of renin-angiotensin system. In this chapter, we have reviewed recent findings that implicate Wnt signaling in kidney development and diseases. Targeting this signaling may hold promise for future treatment of kidney disorders in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Wang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Youhua Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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17
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Worst TS, Daskalova K, Steidler A, Berner-Leischner K, Röth R, Niesler B, Kriegmair MC, Erben P, Pfalzgraf D. Impact of Altered WNT2B Expression on Bladder Wall Fibroblasts: Implications for Apoptosis Regulation in the Stroma of the Lower Urinary Tract. Urol Int 2017; 99:476-483. [PMID: 29131138 DOI: 10.1159/000481440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the role of WNT signalling in pathological processes involving the urinary tract stroma. Here the impact of WNT signalling on bladder wall fibroblasts (BWFs) was studied using integrated expression profiling. MATERIAL AND METHODS WNT ligand and downstream WNT pathway component expression was profiled in human BWFs using qRT-PCR. Highly expressed WNT2B was knocked down using siRNA in BWFs. The expression of 730 mRNAs and 800 miRNAs was analyzed on the nCounter MAX platform in #WNT2B and control transfected BWFs. qRT-PCR was used for validation in vitro and in matched scar and healthy bladder wall tissue samples of 12 patients with vesico-urethral anastomotic stricture (VUAS). RESULTS Thirteen genes and 9 miRNAs showed differential expression in #WNT2B cells. Among these were TNFSF10, a key apoptosis inductor, (0.22fold, p = 0.011) and miR-1246 (36.2fold, p = 0.031). miRNA target prediction indicated TNFSF10 to be regulated by miR-1246. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed differential expression of miR-1246 and TNFSF10 in #WNT2B BWFs. Furthermore, TNFSF10 was significantly underexpressed in VUAS tissue (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION Perturbation of WNT signalling results in an altered expression of the apoptosis inductor TNFSF10. Similar changes are observed in VUAS. Further studies investigating the crosslink between WNT signalling and apoptosis regulation in the urinary tract stroma are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stefan Worst
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kristina Daskalova
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Annette Steidler
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karin Berner-Leischner
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ralph Röth
- nCounter Core Facility, Institute for Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Beate Niesler
- nCounter Core Facility, Institute for Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maximilian C Kriegmair
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philipp Erben
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Pfalzgraf
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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18
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Molinari E, Sayer JA. Emerging treatments and personalised medicine for ciliopathies associated with cystic kidney disease. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1372282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Molinari
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John A. Sayer
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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19
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Novel biomarkers in kidney disease: roles for cilia, Wnt signalling and ATMIN in polycystic kidney disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1745-1751. [PMID: 27913685 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers, the measurable indicators of biological conditions, are fast becoming a popular approach in providing information to track disease processes that could lead to novel therapeutic interventions for chronic conditions. Inherited, chronic kidney disease affects millions of people worldwide and although pharmacological treatments exist for some conditions, there are still patients whose only option is kidney dialysis and kidney transplantation. In the past 10 years, certain chronic kidney diseases have been reclassified as ciliopathies. Cilia in the kidney are antenna-like, sensory organelles that are required for signal transduction. One of the signalling pathways that requires the primary cilium in the kidney is Wnt signalling and it has three components such as canonical Wnt, non-canonical Wnt/planar cell olarity (PCP) and non-canonical Wnt/Ca2+ signalling. Identification of the novel role of ATM INteractor (ATMIN) as an effector molecule in the non-canonical Wnt/PCP pathway has intrigued us to investigate its potential role in chronic kidney disease. ATMIN could thus be an important biomarker in disease prognosis and treatment that might lighten the burden of chronic kidney disease and also affect on its progression.
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20
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Walz G. Role of primary cilia in non-dividing and post-mitotic cells. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:11-25. [PMID: 28361305 PMCID: PMC5487853 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The essential role of primary (non-motile) cilia during the development of multi-cellular tissues and organs is well established and is underlined by severe disease manifestations caused by mutations in cilia-associated molecules that are collectively termed ciliopathies. However, the role of primary cilia in non-dividing and terminally differentiated, post-mitotic cells is less well understood. Although the prevention of cells from re-entering the cell cycle may represent a major chore, primary cilia have recently been linked to DNA damage responses, autophagy and mitochondria. Given this connectivity, primary cilia in non-dividing cells are well positioned to form a signaling hub outside of the nucleus. Such a center could integrate information to initiate responses and to maintain cellular homeostasis if cell survival is jeopardized. These more discrete functions may remain undetected until differentiated cells are confronted with emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Walz
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Freiburg Medical Center, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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21
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Mitchison HM, Valente EM. Motile and non-motile cilia in human pathology: from function to phenotypes. J Pathol 2017; 241:294-309. [PMID: 27859258 DOI: 10.1002/path.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are inherited human disorders caused by both motile and non-motile cilia dysfunction that form an important and rapidly expanding disease category. Ciliopathies are complex conditions to diagnose, being multisystem disorders characterized by extensive genetic heterogeneity and clinical variability with high levels of lethality. There is marked phenotypic overlap among distinct ciliopathy syndromes that presents a major challenge for their recognition, diagnosis, and clinical management, in addition to posing an on-going task to develop the most appropriate family counselling. The impact of next-generation sequencing and high-throughput technologies in the last decade has significantly improved our understanding of the biological basis of ciliopathy disorders, enhancing our ability to determine the possible reasons for the extensive overlap in their symptoms and genetic aetiologies. Here, we review the diverse functions of cilia in human health and disease and discuss a growing shift away from the classical clinical definitions of ciliopathy syndromes to a more functional categorization. This approach arises from our improved understanding of this unique organelle, revealed through new genetic and cell biological insights into the discrete functioning of subcompartments of the cilium (basal body, transition zone, intraflagellar transport, motility). Mutations affecting these distinct ciliary protein modules can confer different genetic diseases and new clinical classifications are possible to define, according to the nature and extent of organ involvement. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Mitchison
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, University College London, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.,Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 00143, Rome, Italy
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22
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Planar Cell Polarity Effector Fritz Interacts with Dishevelled and Has Multiple Functions in Regulating PCP. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:1323-1337. [PMID: 28258110 PMCID: PMC5386880 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.038695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Planar cell Polarity Effector (PPE) genes inturned, fuzzy, and fritz are downstream components in the frizzled/starry night signaling pathway, and their function is instructed by upstream Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) core genes such as frizzled and dishevelled. PPE proteins accumulate asymmetrically in wing cells and function in a protein complex mediated by direct interactions between In and Frtz and In and Fy. How the PCP proteins instruct the accumulation of PPE protein is unknown. We found a likely direct interaction between Dishevelled and Fritz and Dishevelled and Fuzzy that could play a role in this. We previously found that mild overexpression of frtz rescued a weak in allele. To determine if this was due to extra Frtz stabilizing mutant In or due to Frtz being able to bypass the need for In we generate a precise deletion of the inturned gene (inPD). We found that mild overexpression of Fritz partially rescued inPD, indicating that fritz has In independent activity in PCP. Previous studies of PPE proteins used fixed tissues, and did not provide any insights into the dynamic properties of PPE proteins. We used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology to edit the fritz gene to add a green fluorescent protein tag. fritzmNeonGreen provides complete rescue activity and works well for in vivo imaging. Our data showed that Fritz is very dynamic in epidermal cells and preferentially distributed to discrete membrane subdomains (“puncta”). Surprisingly, we found it in stripes in developing bristles.
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23
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Srivastava S, Molinari E, Raman S, Sayer JA. Many Genes-One Disease? Genetics of Nephronophthisis (NPHP) and NPHP-Associated Disorders. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:287. [PMID: 29379777 PMCID: PMC5770800 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is a renal ciliopathy and an autosomal recessive cause of cystic kidney disease, renal fibrosis, and end-stage renal failure, affecting children and young adults. Molecular genetic studies have identified more than 20 genes underlying this disorder, whose protein products are all related to cilia, centrosome, or mitotic spindle function. In around 15% of cases, there are additional features of a ciliopathy syndrome, including retinal defects, liver fibrosis, skeletal abnormalities, and brain developmental disorders. Alongside, gene identification has arisen molecular mechanistic insights into the disease pathogenesis. The genetic causes of NPHP are discussed in terms of how they help us to define treatable disease pathways including the cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway, the mTOR pathway, Hedgehog signaling pathways, and DNA damage response pathways. While the underlying pathology of the many types of NPHP remains similar, the defined disease mechanisms are diverse, and a personalized medicine approach for therapy in NPHP patients is likely to be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalabh Srivastava
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Renal Unit, City Hospitals Sunderland and South Tyneside NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Molinari
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Shreya Raman
- Department of Histopathology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John A Sayer
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Renal Services, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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24
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Planar cell polarity signaling in the uterus directs appropriate positioning of the crypt for embryo implantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8079-E8088. [PMID: 27911818 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614946113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Blastocyst implantation is a complex process requiring coordination of a dynamic sequence of embryo-uterine interactions. Blood vessels enter the uterus from the mesometrium, demarcating the uterus into mesometrial (M) and antimesometrial (AM) domains. Implantation occurs along the uterine longitudinal axis within specialized implantation chambers (crypts) that originate within the evaginations directed from the primary lumen toward the AM domain. The morphological orientation of crypts in rodent uteri was recognized more than a century ago, but the mechanism remained unknown. Here we provide evidence that planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling orchestrates directed epithelial evaginations to form crypts for implantation in mice. Uterine deletion of Vang-like protein 2, but not Vang-like protein 1, conferred aberrant PCP signaling, misdirected epithelial evaginations, defective crypt formation, and blastocyst attachment, leading to severely compromised pregnancy outcomes. The study reveals a previously unrecognized role for PCP in executing spatial cues for crypt formation and implantation. Because PCP is an evolutionarily conserved phenomenon, our study is likely to inspire implantation studies of this signaling pathway in humans and other species.
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25
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Chen H, Cheng CY. Planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins and spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 59:99-109. [PMID: 27108805 PMCID: PMC5071175 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In adult mammalian testes, spermatogenesis is comprised of several discrete cellular events that work in tandem to support the transformation and differentiation of diploid spermatogonia to haploid spermatids in the seminiferous epithelium during the seminiferous epithelial cycle. These include: self-renewal of spermatogonial stem cells via mitosis and their transformation into differentiated spermatogonia, meiosis I/II, spermiogenesis and the release of sperms at spermiation. Studies have shown that these cellular events are under precise and coordinated controls of multiple proteins and signaling pathways. These events are also regulated by polarity proteins that are known to confer classical apico-basal (A/B) polarity in other epithelia. Furthermore, spermatid development is likely supported by planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins since polarized spermatids are aligned across the plane of seminiferous epithelium in an orderly fashion, analogous to hair cells in the cochlea of the inner ear. Thus, the maximal number of spermatids can be packed and supported by a fixed population of differentiated Sertoli cells in the limited space of the seminiferous epithelium in adult testes. In this review, we briefly summarize recent findings regarding the role of PCP proteins in the testis. This information should be helpful in future studies to better understand the role of PCP proteins in spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Chen
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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26
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Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a signalopathy of renal tubular epithelial cells caused by naturally occurring mutations in two distinct genes, polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1) and 2 (PKD2). Genetic variants in PKD1, which encodes the polycystin-1 (PC-1) protein, remain the predominant factor associated with the pathogenesis of nearly two-thirds of all patients diagnosed with PKD. Although the relationship between defective PC-1 with renal cystic disease initiation and progression remains to be fully elucidated, there are numerous clinical studies that have focused upon the control of effector systems involving heterotrimeric G protein regulation. A major regulator in the activation state of heterotrimeric G proteins are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are defined by their seven transmembrane-spanning regions. PC-1 has been considered to function as an unconventional GPCR, but the mechanisms by which PC-1 controls signal processing, magnitude, or trafficking through heterotrimeric G proteins remains to be fully known. The diversity of heterotrimeric G protein signaling in PKD is further complicated by the presence of non-GPCR proteins in the membrane or cytoplasm that also modulate the functional state of heterotrimeric G proteins within the cell. Moreover, PC-1 abnormalities promote changes in hormonal systems that ultimately interact with distinct GPCRs in the kidney to potentially amplify or antagonize signaling output from PC-1. This review will focus upon the canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways that have been described in PKD with specific emphasis on which heterotrimeric G proteins are involved in the pathological reorganization of the tubular epithelial cell architecture to exacerbate renal cystogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketsugu Hama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Frank Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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27
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Kadir R, Harel T, Markus B, Perez Y, Bakhrat A, Cohen I, Volodarsky M, Feintsein-Linial M, Chervinski E, Zlotogora J, Sivan S, Birnbaum RY, Abdu U, Shalev S, Birk OS. ALFY-Controlled DVL3 Autophagy Regulates Wnt Signaling, Determining Human Brain Size. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005919. [PMID: 27008544 PMCID: PMC4805177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary microcephaly is a congenital neurodevelopmental disorder of reduced head circumference and brain volume, with fewer neurons in the cortex of the developing brain due to premature transition between symmetrical and asymmetrical cellular division of the neuronal stem cell layer during neurogenesis. We now show through linkage analysis and whole exome sequencing, that a dominant mutation in ALFY, encoding an autophagy scaffold protein, causes human primary microcephaly. We demonstrate the dominant effect of the mutation in drosophila: transgenic flies harboring the human mutant allele display small brain volume, recapitulating the disease phenotype. Moreover, eye-specific expression of human mutant ALFY causes rough eye phenotype. In molecular terms, we demonstrate that normally ALFY attenuates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway via autophagy-dependent removal specifically of aggregates of DVL3 and not of Dvl1 or Dvl2. Thus, autophagic attenuation of Wnt signaling through removal of Dvl3 aggregates by ALFY acts in determining human brain size. One of the major events in human evolution is the significant increase in brain volume in the transition from primates to humans. The molecular pathways determining the larger size of the human brain are not fully understood. Hereditary primary microcephaly, a neurodevelopmental disorder in which infants are born with small head circumference and reduced brain volume with intellectual disability, offers insights to the embryonic molecular pathways determining human brain size. Previous studies have shown that human microcephaly can be caused by mutations in genes affecting cell division processes, such as cell cycle regulation, DNA replication, primary cilia formation and centriole and centrosome duplication. We now show a novel molecular pathway determining human brain size: human primary microcephaly can be caused by a mutation in ALFY, a gene that encodes an autophagy scaffold protein. In fact, transgenic flies over expressing the mutant form of human ALFY recapitulate the human disease phenotype of microcephaly. We show the molecular pathway through which ALFY regulates cell division and differentiation: we demonstrate that ALFY normally controls removal of aggregate of DVL3, and through this regulates Wnt signaling, a major molecular pathway in embryogenesis. Thus, Wnt signaling, controlled by ALFY-mediated aggregate removal of DVL3, determines human brain size and human microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Kadir
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Tamar Harel
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Barak Markus
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yonatan Perez
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Anna Bakhrat
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Idan Cohen
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael Volodarsky
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Miora Feintsein-Linial
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Joel Zlotogora
- Department of Community Genetics, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sara Sivan
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ramon Y Birnbaum
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Uri Abdu
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Stavit Shalev
- Genetics Institute, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Ohad S Birk
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Genetics Institute, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Seeger-Nukpezah T, Geynisman DM, Nikonova AS, Benzing T, Golemis EA. The hallmarks of cancer: relevance to the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11:515-34. [PMID: 25870008 PMCID: PMC5902186 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2015.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a progressive inherited disorder in which renal tissue is gradually replaced with fluid-filled cysts, giving rise to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and progressive loss of renal function. ADPKD is also associated with liver ductal cysts, hypertension, chronic pain and extra-renal problems such as cerebral aneurysms. Intriguingly, improved understanding of the signalling and pathological derangements characteristic of ADPKD has revealed marked similarities to those of solid tumours, even though the gross presentation of tumours and the greater morbidity and mortality associated with tumour invasion and metastasis would initially suggest entirely different disease processes. The commonalities between ADPKD and cancer are provocative, particularly in the context of recent preclinical and clinical studies of ADPKD that have shown promise with drugs that were originally developed for cancer. The potential therapeutic benefit of such repurposing has led us to review in detail the pathological features of ADPKD through the lens of the defined, classic hallmarks of cancer. In addition, we have evaluated features typical of ADPKD, and determined whether evidence supports the presence of such features in cancer cells. This analysis, which places pathological processes in the context of defined signalling pathways and approved signalling inhibitors, highlights potential avenues for further research and therapeutic exploitation in both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamina Seeger-Nukpezah
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Centre for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstrasse 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel M Geynisman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Anna S Nikonova
- Department of Developmental Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstrasse 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Department of Developmental Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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Warburton-Pitt SRF, Silva M, Nguyen KCQ, Hall DH, Barr MM. The nphp-2 and arl-13 genetic modules interact to regulate ciliogenesis and ciliary microtubule patterning in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004866. [PMID: 25501555 PMCID: PMC4263411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based cellular organelles that mediate signal transduction. Cilia are organized into several structurally and functionally distinct compartments: the basal body, the transition zone (TZ), and the cilia shaft. In vertebrates, the cystoprotein Inversin localizes to a portion of the cilia shaft adjacent to the TZ, a region termed the "Inversin compartment" (InvC). The mechanisms that establish and maintain the InvC are unknown. In the roundworm C. elegans, the cilia shafts of amphid channel and phasmid sensory cilia are subdivided into two regions defined by different microtubule ultrastructure: a proximal doublet-based region adjacent to the TZ, and a distal singlet-based region. It has been suggested that C. elegans cilia also possess an InvC, similarly to mammalian primary cilia. Here we explored the biogenesis, structure, and composition of the C. elegans ciliary doublet region and InvC. We show that the InvC is conserved and distinct from the doublet region. nphp-2 (the C. elegans Inversin homolog) and the doublet region genes arl-13, klp-11, and unc-119 are redundantly required for ciliogenesis. InvC and doublet region genes can be sorted into two modules-nphp-2+klp-11 and arl-13+unc-119-which are both antagonized by the hdac-6 deacetylase. The genes of this network modulate the sizes of the NPHP-2 InvC and ARL-13 doublet region. Glutamylation, a tubulin post-translational modification, is not required for ciliary targeting of InvC and doublet region components; rather, glutamylation is modulated by nphp-2, arl-13, and unc-119. The ciliary targeting and restricted localization of NPHP-2, ARL-13, and UNC-119 does not require TZ-, doublet region, and InvC-associated genes. NPHP-2 does require its calcium binding EF hand domain for targeting to the InvC. We conclude that the C. elegans InvC is distinct from the doublet region, and that components in these two regions interact to regulate ciliogenesis via cilia placement, ciliary microtubule ultrastructure, and protein localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R. F. Warburton-Pitt
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Malan Silva
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ken C. Q. Nguyen
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David H. Hall
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maureen M. Barr
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Hatakeyama J, Wald JH, Printsev I, Ho HYH, Carraway KL. Vangl1 and Vangl2: planar cell polarity components with a developing role in cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R345-56. [PMID: 24981109 PMCID: PMC4332879 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancers commonly reactivate embryonic developmental pathways to promote the aggressive behavior of their cells, resulting in metastasis and poor patient outcome. While developmental pathways such as canonical Wnt signaling and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition have received much attention, our understanding of the role of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway in tumor progression remains rudimentary. Protein components of PCP, including a subset that overlaps with the canonical Wnt pathway, partition in polarized epithelial cells along the planar axis and are required for the establishment and maintenance of lateral epithelial polarity. Significant insight into PCP regulation of developmental and cellular processes has come from analysis of the functions of the core PCP scaffolding proteins Vangl1 and Vangl2. In particular, studies on zebrafish and with Looptail (Lp) mice, which harbor point mutations in Vangl2 that alter its trafficking and localization, point to roles for the PCP pathway in maintaining cell polarization along both the apical-basal and planar axes as well as in collective cell motility and invasiveness. Recent findings have suggested that the Vangls can promote similar processes in tumor cells. Initial data-mining efforts suggest that VANGL1 and VANGL2 are dysregulated in human cancers, and estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer patients whose tumors exhibit elevated VANGL1 expression suffer from shortened overall survival. Overall, evidence is beginning to accumulate that the heightened cellular motility and invasiveness associated with PCP reactivation may contribute to the malignancy of some cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Hatakeyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Research Building III, Room 1100B, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, California 95817, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jessica H Wald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Research Building III, Room 1100B, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, California 95817, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Ignat Printsev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Research Building III, Room 1100B, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, California 95817, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Hsin-Yi Henry Ho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Research Building III, Room 1100B, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, California 95817, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Kermit L Carraway
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Research Building III, Room 1100B, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, California 95817, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA
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31
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Kurschat CE, Müller RU, Franke M, Maintz D, Schermer B, Benzing T. An approach to cystic kidney diseases: the clinician's view. Nat Rev Nephrol 2014; 10:687-99. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Molnar AO, Yuen DA, Tangri N, Jensen VL. Bridging the gap: a Canadian perspective on translational kidney research. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2014; 1:18. [PMID: 25780610 PMCID: PMC4349779 DOI: 10.1186/s40697-014-0018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic kidney disease affects approximately 3 million Canadians. Ongoing investment in high quality kidney research is needed to improve the care of patients with kidney disease. The barriers to translating such research are discussed in this review. SOURCES OF INFORMATION Personal knowledge, research funding body websites, and published reports. FINDINGS In this review, we discuss the meaning of the term translational research and present some of the programs aimed at ensuring efficient translation of scientific discoveries with a discussion of the barriers to translation. We highlight some successes and barriers to kidney research translation using recent examples of research in Canadian nephrology. We present the following examples of kidney research: (1) research aimed at identifying the causative genes for inherited kidney diseases; (2) recent discoveries in cell-based therapies for kidney disease; (3) an examination of the impact of acute kidney injury in renal transplant patients; and (4) the development of a kidney failure risk equation to improve prognosis accuracy. LIMITATIONS This review focuses on research conducted by the authors. IMPLICATIONS The process of research translation is prolonged and challenging and therefore requires resources, patience, and careful planning. With increased awareness and understanding of the barriers to research translation, researchers and funding bodies can work together to increase the rate at which important research findings reach clinical practice and improve the care of patients with kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber O Molnar
- />Kidney Research Centre - Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- />Division of Nephrology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Darren A Yuen
- />Division of Nephrology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- />Keenan Research Centre of Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Navdeep Tangri
- />Section of Nephrology, Seven Oaks General Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Victor L Jensen
- />Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC Canada
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Wang Y, Yan J, Lee H, Lu Q, Adler PN. The proteins encoded by the Drosophila Planar Polarity Effector genes inturned, fuzzy and fritz interact physically and can re-pattern the accumulation of "upstream" Planar Cell Polarity proteins. Dev Biol 2014; 394:156-69. [PMID: 25072625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The frizzled/starry night pathway regulates planar cell polarity in a wide variety of tissues in many types of animals. It was discovered and has been most intensively studied in the Drosophila wing where it controls the formation of the array of distally pointing hairs that cover the wing. The pathway does this by restricting the activation of the cytoskeleton to the distal edge of wing cells. This results in hairs initiating at the distal edge and growing in the distal direction. All of the proteins encoded by genes in the pathway accumulate asymmetrically in wing cells. The pathway is a hierarchy with the Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) genes (aka the core genes) functioning as a group upstream of the Planar Polarity Effector (PPE) genes which in turn function as a group upstream of multiple wing hairs. Upstream proteins, such as Frizzled accumulate on either the distal and/or proximal edges of wing cells. Downstream PPE proteins accumulate on the proximal edge under the instruction of the upstream proteins. A variety of types of data support this hierarchy, however, we have found that when over expressed the PPE proteins can alter both the subcellular location and level of accumulation of the upstream proteins. Thus, the epistatic relationship is context dependent. We further show that the PPE proteins interact physically and can modulate the accumulation of each other in wing cells. We also find that over expression of Frtz results in a marked delay in hair initiation suggesting that it has a separate role/activity in regulating the cytoskeleton that is not shared by other members of the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Biology Department and Cell Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Jie Yan
- Biology Department and Cell Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Haeryun Lee
- Biology Department and Cell Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Qiuheng Lu
- Biology Department and Cell Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Paul N Adler
- Biology Department and Cell Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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Goggolidou P, Hadjirin NF, Bak A, Papakrivopoulou E, Hilton H, Norris DP, Dean CH. Atmin mediates kidney morphogenesis by modulating Wnt signaling. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5303-16. [PMID: 24852369 PMCID: PMC4168818 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage protein and transcription factor Atmin (Asciz) is required for both lung tubulogenesis and ciliogenesis. Like the lungs, kidneys contain a tubular network that is critical for their function and in addition, renal ciliary dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cystic kidney disease. Using the Atmin mouse mutant Gasping6 (Gpg6), we investigated kidney development and found it severely disrupted with reduced branching morphogenesis, resulting in fewer epithelial structures being formed. Unexpectedly, transcriptional levels of key cilia associated genes were not altered in AtminGpg6/Gpg6 kidneys. Instead, Gpg6 homozygous kidneys exhibited altered cytoskeletal organization and modulation of Wnt signaling pathway molecules, including β-catenin and non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway factors, such as Daam2 and Vangl2. Wnt signaling is important for kidney development and perturbation of Wnt signaling pathways can result in cystic, and other, renal abnormalities. In common with other PCP pathway mutants, AtminGpg6/Gpg6 mice displayed a shortened rostral-caudal axis and mis-oriented cell division. Moreover, intercrosses between AtminGpg6/+ and Vangl2Lp/+ mice revealed a genetic interaction between Atmin and Vangl2. Thus we show for the first time that Atmin is critical for normal kidney development and we present evidence that mechanistically, Atmin modifies Wnt signaling pathways, specifically placing it as a novel effector molecule in the non-canonical Wnt/PCP pathway. The identification of a novel modulator of Wnt signaling has important implications for understanding the pathobiology of renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Goggolidou
- Leukocyte Biology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Nazreen F Hadjirin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Aggie Bak
- College of Nursing, Midwifery & Healthcare, University of West London, Middlesex TW8 9GB, UK
| | | | - Helen Hilton
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, UK
| | | | - Charlotte H Dean
- Leukocyte Biology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, UK
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Abstract
The primary cilium is an antenna-like organelle that plays a vital role in organ generation and maintenance. It protrudes from the cell surface where it receives signals from the surrounding environment and relays them into the cell. These signals are then integrated to give the required outputs in terms of proliferation, differentiation, migration and polarization that ultimately lead to organ development and homeostasis. Defects in cilia function underlie a wide range of diverse but related human developmental or degenerative diseases. Collectively known as ciliopathies, these disorders present with varying severity and multiple organ involvement. The appreciation of the medical importance of the primary cilium has stimulated a huge effort into studies of the underlying cellular mechanisms. These in turn have revealed that ciliopathies result not only from defective assembly or organization of the primary cilium, but also from impaired ciliary signaling. This special edition of Organogenesis contains a set of review articles that highlight the role of the primary cilium in organ development and homeostasis, much of which has been learnt from studies of the associated human diseases. Here, we provide an introductory overview of our current understanding of the structure and function of the cilium, with a focus on the signaling pathways that are coordinated by primary cilia to ensure proper organ generation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Fry
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Leicester; Leicester, UK
| | | | - Richard Bayliss
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Leicester; Leicester, UK
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36
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Blacque OE, Sanders AAWM. Compartments within a compartment: what C. elegans can tell us about ciliary subdomain composition, biogenesis, function, and disease. Organogenesis 2014; 10:126-37. [PMID: 24732235 DOI: 10.4161/org.28830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium has emerged as a hotbed of sensory and developmental signaling, serving as a privileged domain to concentrate the functions of a wide number of channels, receptors and downstream signal transducers. This realization has provided important insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the ciliopathies, an ever expanding spectrum of multi-symptomatic disorders affecting the development and maintenance of multiple tissues and organs. One emerging research focus is the subcompartmentalised nature of the organelle, consisting of discrete structural and functional subdomains such as the periciliary membrane/basal body compartment, the transition zone, the Inv compartment and the distal segment/ciliary tip region. Numerous ciliopathy, transport-related and signaling molecules localize at these compartments, indicating specific roles at these subciliary sites. Here, by focusing predominantly on research from the genetically tractable nematode C. elegans, we review ciliary subcompartments in terms of their structure, function, composition, biogenesis and relationship to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver E Blacque
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science; University College Dublin; Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anna A W M Sanders
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science; University College Dublin; Dublin, Ireland
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