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Sirati N, Shen Z, Olrichs NK, Popova B, Verhoek IC, Lagerwaard IM, Braus GH, Kaloyanova DV, Helms JB. GAPR-1 Interferes with Condensate Formation of Beclin 1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167935. [PMID: 36586462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Golgi-Associated plant Pathogenesis Related protein 1 (GAPR-1) acts as a negative regulator of autophagy by interacting with Beclin 1 at Golgi membranes in mammalian cells. The molecular mechanism of this interaction is largely unknown. We recently showed that human GAPR-1 (hGAPR-1) has amyloidogenic properties resulting in the formation of protein condensates upon overexpression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we show that human Beclin 1 (hBeclin 1) has several predicted amyloidogenic regions and that overexpression of hBeclin 1-mCherry in yeast also results in the formation of fluorescent protein condensates. Surprisingly, co-expression of hGAPR-1-GFP and hBeclin 1-mCherry results in a strong reduction of hBeclin 1 condensates. Mutations of the known interaction site on the hGAPR-1 and hBeclin 1 surface abolished the effect on condensate formation during co-expression without affecting the condensate formation properties of the individual proteins. Similarly, a hBeclin 1-derived B18 peptide that is known to bind hGAPR-1 and to interfere with the interaction between hGAPR-1 and hBeclin 1, abolished the reduction of hBeclin 1 condensates by co-expression of hGAPR-1. These results indicate that the same type of protein-protein interactions interfere with condensate formation during co-expression of hGAPR-1 and hBeclin 1 as previously described for their interaction at Golgi membranes. The amyloidogenic properties of the B18 peptide were, however, important for the interaction with hGAPR-1, as mutant peptides with reduced amyloidogenic properties also showed reduced interaction with hGAPR-1 and reduced interference with hGAPR-1/hBeclin 1 condensate formation. We propose that amyloidogenic interactions take place between hGAPR-1 and hBeclin 1 prior to condensate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Sirati
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ziying Shen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nick K Olrichs
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Blagovesta Popova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Iris C Verhoek
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse M Lagerwaard
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dora V Kaloyanova
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Bernd Helms
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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2
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Podvin S, Mosier C, Poon W, Wei E, Rossitto LA, Hook V. Dysregulation of Human Juvenile Huntington's Disease Brain Proteomes in Cortex and Putamen Involves Mitochondrial and Neuropeptide Systems. J Huntingtons Dis 2023; 12:315-333. [PMID: 38108356 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-230577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disease caused by trinucleotide repeat CAG expansions in the human HTT gene. Early onset juvenile HD (JHD) in children is the most severe form of the disease caused by high CAG repeat numbers of the HTT gene. OBJECTIVE To gain understanding of human HD mechanisms hypothesized to involve dysregulated proteomes of brain regions that regulate motor and cognitive functions, this study analyzed the proteomes of human JHD cortex and putamen brain regions compared to age-matched controls. METHODS JHD and age-matched control brain tissues were assessed for CAG repeat numbers of HTT by PCR. Human brain JHD brain cortex regions of BA4 and BA6 with the putamen region (n = 5) were analyzed by global proteomics, compared to age-matched controls (n = 7). Protein interaction pathways were assessed by gene ontology (GO), STRING-db, and KEGG bioinformatics. RESULTS JHD brain tissues were heterozygous for one mutant HTT allele containing 60 to 120 CAG repeats, and one normal HTT allele with 10 to 19 CAG repeats. Proteomics data for JHD brain regions showed dysregulated mitochondrial energy pathways and changes in synaptic systems including peptide neurotransmitters. JHD compared to control proteomes of cortex and putamen displayed (a) proteins present only in JHD, (b) proteins absent in JHD, and (c) proteins that were downregulated or upregulated. CONCLUSIONS Human JHD brain cortex and putamen regions display significant dysregulation of proteomes representing deficits in mitochondrial and synaptic neurotransmission functions. These findings advance understanding of JHD brain molecular mechanisms associated with HD disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Charles Mosier
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William Poon
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Enlin Wei
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leigh-Ana Rossitto
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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3
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Rzepnikowska W, Kaminska J, Kochański A. Validation of the Pathogenic Effect of IGHMBP2 Gene Mutations Based on Yeast S. cerevisiae Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179913. [PMID: 36077311 PMCID: PMC9456350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1) is a heritable neurodegenerative disease characterized by rapid respiratory failure within the first months of life and progressive muscle weakness and wasting. Although the causative gene, IGHMBP2, is well defined, information on IGHMBP2 mutations is not always sufficient to diagnose particular patients, as the gene is highly polymorphic and the pathogenicity of many gene variants is unknown. In this study, we generated a simple yeast model to establish the significance of IGHMBP2 variants for disease development, especially those that are missense mutations. We have shown that cDNA of the human gene encodes protein which is functional in yeast cells and different pathogenic mutations affect this functionality. Furthermore, there is a correlation between the phenotype estimated in in vitro studies and our results, indicating that our model may be used to quickly and simply distinguish between pathogenic and non-pathogenic mutations identified in IGHMBP2 in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Rzepnikowska
- Neuromuscular Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kaminska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrzej Kochański
- Neuromuscular Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Karwacka M, Olejniczak M. Advances in Modeling Polyglutamine Diseases Using Genome Editing Tools. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030517. [PMID: 35159326 PMCID: PMC8834129 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, including Huntington’s disease, are a group of late-onset progressive neurological disorders caused by CAG repeat expansions. Although recently, many studies have investigated the pathological features and development of polyQ diseases, many questions remain unanswered. The advancement of new gene-editing technologies, especially the CRISPR-Cas9 technique, has undeniable value for the generation of relevant polyQ models, which substantially support the research process. Here, we review how these tools have been used to correct disease-causing mutations or create isogenic cell lines with different numbers of CAG repeats. We characterize various cellular models such as HEK 293 cells, patient-derived fibroblasts, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and animal models generated with the use of genome-editing technology.
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5
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Klemm C, Wood H, Thomas GH, Ólafsson G, Torres MT, Thorpe PH. Forced association of SARS-CoV-2 proteins with the yeast proteome perturb vesicle trafficking. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2021; 8:280-296. [PMID: 34909432 PMCID: PMC8642885 DOI: 10.15698/mic2021.12.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the highly infectious coronavirus disease COVID-19. Extensive research has been performed in recent months to better understand how SARS-CoV-2 infects and manipulates its host to identify potential drug targets and support patient recovery from COVID-19. However, the function of many SARS-CoV-2 proteins remains uncharacterised. Here we used the Synthetic Physical Interactions (SPI) method to recruit SARS-CoV-2 proteins to most of the budding yeast proteome to identify conserved pathways which are affected by SARS-CoV-2 proteins. The set of yeast proteins that result in growth defects when associated with the viral proteins have homologous functions that overlap those identified in studies performed in mammalian cells. Specifically, we were able to show that recruiting the SARS-CoV-2 NSP1 protein to HOPS, a vesicle-docking complex, is sufficient to perturb membrane trafficking in yeast consistent with the hijacking of the endoplasmic-reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment trafficking pathway during viral infection of mammalian cells. These data demonstrate that the yeast SPI method is a rapid way to identify potential functions of ectopic viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Klemm
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Henry Wood
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Grace Heredge Thomas
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Guðjón Ólafsson
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS, UK
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mara Teixeira Torres
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Peter H. Thorpe
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS, UK
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6
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Wayne NJ, Dembny KE, Pease T, Saba F, Zhao X, Masison DC, Greene LE. Huntingtin Polyglutamine Fragments Are a Substrate for Hsp104 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:e0012221. [PMID: 34424055 PMCID: PMC8547424 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00122-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of huntingtin fragments with expanded polyglutamine repeat regions (HttpolyQ) that cause Huntington's disease depends on the presence of a prion with an amyloid conformation in yeast. As a result of this relationship, HttpolyQ aggregation indirectly depends on Hsp104 due to its essential role in prion propagation. We find that HttQ103 aggregation is directly affected by Hsp104 with and without the presence of [RNQ+] and [PSI+] prions. When we inactivate Hsp104 in the presence of prion, yeast cells have only one or a few large HttQ103 aggregates rather than numerous smaller aggregates. When we inactivate Hsp104 in the absence of prion, there is no significant aggregation of HttQ103, whereas with active Hsp104, HttQ103 aggregates accumulate slowly due to the severing of spontaneously nucleated aggregates by Hsp104. We do not observe either effect with HttQ103P, which has a polyproline-rich region downstream of the polyglutamine region, because HttQ103P does not spontaneously nucleate and Hsp104 does not efficiently sever the prion-nucleated HttQ103P aggregates. Therefore, the only role of Hsp104 in HttQ103P aggregation is to propagate yeast prion. In conclusion, because Hsp104 efficiently severs the HttQ103 aggregates but not HttQ103P aggregates, it has a marked effect on the aggregation of HttQ103 but not HttQ103P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J. Wayne
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine E. Dembny
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tyler Pease
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Farrin Saba
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel C. Masison
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lois E. Greene
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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7
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Groth B, Venkatakrishnan P, Lin SJ. NAD + Metabolism, Metabolic Stress, and Infection. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:686412. [PMID: 34095234 PMCID: PMC8171187 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.686412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential metabolite with wide-ranging and significant roles in the cell. Defects in NAD+ metabolism have been associated with many human disorders; it is therefore an emerging therapeutic target. Moreover, NAD+ metabolism is perturbed during colonization by a variety of pathogens, either due to the molecular mechanisms employed by these infectious agents or by the host immune response they trigger. Three main biosynthetic pathways, including the de novo and salvage pathways, contribute to the production of NAD+ with a high degree of conservation from bacteria to humans. De novo biosynthesis, which begins with l-tryptophan in eukaryotes, is also known as the kynurenine pathway. Intermediates of this pathway have various beneficial and deleterious effects on cellular health in different contexts. For example, dysregulation of this pathway is linked to neurotoxicity and oxidative stress. Activation of the de novo pathway is also implicated in various infections and inflammatory signaling. Given the dynamic flexibility and multiple roles of NAD+ intermediates, it is important to understand the interconnections and cross-regulations of NAD+ precursors and associated signaling pathways to understand how cells regulate NAD+ homeostasis in response to various growth conditions. Although regulation of NAD+ homeostasis remains incompletely understood, studies in the genetically tractable budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae may help provide some molecular basis for how NAD+ homeostasis factors contribute to the maintenance and regulation of cellular function and how they are regulated by various nutritional and stress signals. Here we present a brief overview of recent insights and discoveries made with respect to the relationship between NAD+ metabolism and selected human disorders and infections, with a particular focus on the de novo pathway. We also discuss how studies in budding yeast may help elucidate the regulation of NAD+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Groth
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Padmaja Venkatakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Su-Ju Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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8
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Aladdin A, Yao Y, Yang C, Kahlert G, Ghani M, Király N, Boratkó A, Uray K, Dittmar G, Tar K. The Proteasome Activators Blm10/PA200 Enhance the Proteasomal Degradation of N-Terminal Huntingtin. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111581. [PMID: 33233776 PMCID: PMC7699873 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Blm10/PA200 family of proteasome activators modulates the peptidase activity of the core particle (20S CP). They participate in opening the 20S CP gate, thus facilitating the degradation of unstructured proteins such as tau and Dnm1 in a ubiquitin- and ATP-independent manner. Furthermore, PA200 also participates in the degradation of acetylated histones. In our study, we use a combination of yeast and human cell systems to investigate the role of Blm10/PA200 in the degradation of N-terminal Huntingtin fragments (N-Htt). We demonstrate that the human PA200 binds to N-Htt. The loss of Blm10 in yeast or PA200 in human cells results in increased mutant N-Htt aggregate formation and elevated cellular toxicity. Furthermore, Blm10 in vitro accelerates the proteasomal degradation of soluble N-Htt. Collectively, our data suggest N-Htt as a new substrate for Blm10/PA200-proteasomes and point to new approaches in Huntington's disease (HD) research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzam Aladdin
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.A.); (M.G.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (K.U.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Yanhua Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10460, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (G.D.); (K.T.); Tel.: +86-21-6384-6590 (Y.Y.); +352-26970-944 (G.D.); +36-52-412-345 (K.T.)
| | - Ciyu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10460, USA;
- Departments of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Marvi Ghani
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.A.); (M.G.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (K.U.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Király
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.A.); (M.G.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (K.U.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anita Boratkó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.A.); (M.G.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (K.U.)
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.A.); (M.G.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (K.U.)
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Proteomics of Cellular Signalling, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
- Department of Life Science and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (G.D.); (K.T.); Tel.: +86-21-6384-6590 (Y.Y.); +352-26970-944 (G.D.); +36-52-412-345 (K.T.)
| | - Krisztina Tar
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.A.); (M.G.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (K.U.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10460, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (G.D.); (K.T.); Tel.: +86-21-6384-6590 (Y.Y.); +352-26970-944 (G.D.); +36-52-412-345 (K.T.)
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9
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Khan A, Jahan S, Imtiyaz Z, Alshahrani S, Antar Makeen H, Mohammed Alshehri B, Kumar A, Arafah A, Rehman MU. Neuroprotection: Targeting Multiple Pathways by Naturally Occurring Phytochemicals. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E284. [PMID: 32806490 PMCID: PMC7459826 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increase in the expectancy of the life span of humans, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have imposed a considerable burden on the family, society, and nation. In defiance of the breakthroughs in the knowledge of the pathogenesis and underlying mechanisms of various NDs, very little success has been achieved in developing effective therapies. This review draws a bead on the availability of the nutraceuticals to date for various NDs (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, vascular cognitive impairment, Prion disease, Spinocerebellar ataxia, Spinal muscular atrophy, Frontotemporal dementia, and Pick's disease) focusing on their various mechanisms of action in various in vivo and in vitro models of NDs. This review is distinctive in its compilation to critically review preclinical and clinical studies of the maximum phytochemicals in amelioration and prevention of almost all kinds of neurodegenerative diseases and address their possible mechanism of action. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library searches were used for preclinical studies, while ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed were searched for clinical updates. The results from preclinical studies demonstrate the efficacious effects of the phytochemicals in various NDs while clinical reports showing mixed results with promise for phytochemical use as an adjunct to the conventional treatment in various NDs. These studies together suggest that phytochemicals can significantly act upon different mechanisms of disease such as oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptotic pathways, and gene regulation. However, further clinical studies are needed that should include the appropriate biomarkers of NDs and the effect of phytochemicals on them as well as targeting the appropriate population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sadaf Jahan
- Medical Laboratories Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 15341, Saudi Arabia; (S.J.); (B.M.A.)
| | - Zuha Imtiyaz
- Clinical Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hafiz Antar Makeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Bader Mohammed Alshehri
- Medical Laboratories Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 15341, Saudi Arabia; (S.J.); (B.M.A.)
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali 160062, India;
| | - Azher Arafah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.U.R.)
| | - Muneeb U. Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.U.R.)
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10
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Aktar F, Burudpakdee C, Polanco M, Pei S, Swayne TC, Lipke PN, Emtage L. The huntingtin inclusion is a dynamic phase-separated compartment. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/5/e201900489. [PMID: 31527136 PMCID: PMC6749095 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusions of disordered protein are a characteristic feature of most neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease. Huntington's disease is caused by expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin protein; mutant huntingtin protein (mHtt) is unstable and accumulates in large intracellular inclusions both in affected individuals and when expressed in eukaryotic cells. Using mHtt-GFP expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we find that mHtt-GFP inclusions are dynamic, mobile, gel-like structures that concentrate mHtt together with the disaggregase Hsp104. Although inclusions may associate with the vacuolar membrane, the association is reversible and we find that inclusions of mHtt in S. cerevisiae are not taken up by the vacuole or other organelles. Instead, a pulse-chase study using photoconverted mHtt-mEos2 revealed that mHtt is directly and continuously removed from the inclusion body. In addition to mobile inclusions, we also imaged and tracked the movements of small particles of mHtt-GFP and determine that they move randomly. These observations suggest that inclusions may grow through the collision and coalescence of small aggregative particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida Aktar
- Biology Department, City University of New York, York College, Queens, NY, USA
| | | | - Mercedes Polanco
- Biology Department, City University of New York, York College, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Sen Pei
- Biology Department, City University of New York, York College, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Theresa C Swayne
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter N Lipke
- Biology Department, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lesley Emtage
- Biology Department, City University of New York, York College, Queens, NY, USA .,Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Manganese-induced cellular disturbance in the baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae with putative implications in neuronal dysfunction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6563. [PMID: 31024033 PMCID: PMC6484083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential element, but in humans, chronic and/or acute exposure to this metal can lead to neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinsonism and Parkinson’s Disease by unclear mechanisms. To better understand the effects that exposure to Mn2+ exert on eukaryotic cell biology, we exposed a non-essential deletion library of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to a sub-inhibitory concentration of Mn2+ followed by targeted functional analyses of the positive hits. This screen produced a set of 43 sensitive deletion mutants that were enriched for genes associated with protein biosynthesis. Our follow-up investigations demonstrated that Mn reduced total rRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner and decreased expression of a β-galactosidase reporter gene. This was subsequently supported by analysis of ribosome profiles that suggested Mn-induced toxicity was associated with a reduction in formation of active ribosomes on the mRNAs. Altogether, these findings contribute to the current understanding of the mechanism of Mn-triggered cytotoxicity. Lastly, using the Comparative Toxicogenomic Database, we revealed that Mn shared certain similarities in toxicological mechanisms with neurodegenerative disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases.
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12
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Bhadoriya P, Jain M, Kaicker G, Saidullah B, Saran S. Deletion of Htt cause alterations in cAMP signaling and spatial patterning in Dictyostelium discoideum. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18858-18871. [PMID: 30916411 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have analyzed in detail the functions of Htt during growth and development of the protist, Dictyostelium discoideum by creating mutants (both overexpressor and knockout). The mRNA was present at all stages of growth and development. Overexpression of htt did not show any major anomaly, while deletion resulted in delayed aggregation territory formation and showed asynchronous development especially after slug stage. The slugs formed by htt - cells showed aberration in anterior-posterior boundary, showing increased prestalk region. DdHtt regulates STAT transcription factors in the tip organizer region that help maintain patterning and culmination. In chimeras with the wild-type, htt - cells preferentially localized to the tip of the slug and basal disc regions of the fruiting body showing prestalk/stalk bias, while the overexpressing cells majorly populated the prespore/spore region showing spore bias. These differences could be attributed to protein kinase A (PKA)-regulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Bhadoriya
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,School of Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mukul Jain
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,School of Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India
| | - Geeta Kaicker
- School of Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India
| | - Bano Saidullah
- School of Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shweta Saran
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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13
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Zheng J, Winderickx J, Franssens V, Liu B. A Mitochondria-Associated Oxidative Stress Perspective on Huntington's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:329. [PMID: 30283298 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00329/xml/nlm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is genetically caused by mutation of the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. At present, the mechanisms underlying the defect of HTT and the development of HD remain largely unclear. However, increasing evidence shows the presence of enhanced oxidative stress in HD patients. In this review article, we focus on the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of HD and discuss mediators and potential mechanisms involved in mutant HTT-mediated oxidative stress generation and progression. Furthermore, we emphasize the role of the unicellular organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae in investigating mutant HTT-induced oxidative stress. Overall, this review article provides an overview of the latest findings regarding oxidative stress in HD and potential therapeutic targets for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Zheng
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biology, Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joris Winderickx
- Department of Biology, Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Franssens
- Department of Biology, Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Beidong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Large-scale Cell-based Screening, Faculty of Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Zheng J, Winderickx J, Franssens V, Liu B. A Mitochondria-Associated Oxidative Stress Perspective on Huntington's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:329. [PMID: 30283298 PMCID: PMC6156126 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is genetically caused by mutation of the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. At present, the mechanisms underlying the defect of HTT and the development of HD remain largely unclear. However, increasing evidence shows the presence of enhanced oxidative stress in HD patients. In this review article, we focus on the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of HD and discuss mediators and potential mechanisms involved in mutant HTT-mediated oxidative stress generation and progression. Furthermore, we emphasize the role of the unicellular organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae in investigating mutant HTT-induced oxidative stress. Overall, this review article provides an overview of the latest findings regarding oxidative stress in HD and potential therapeutic targets for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Zheng
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biology, Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joris Winderickx
- Department of Biology, Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Franssens
- Department of Biology, Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Beidong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Large-scale Cell-based Screening, Faculty of Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Hofer S, Kainz K, Zimmermann A, Bauer MA, Pendl T, Poglitsch M, Madeo F, Carmona-Gutierrez D. Studying Huntington's Disease in Yeast: From Mechanisms to Pharmacological Approaches. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:318. [PMID: 30233317 PMCID: PMC6131589 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that leads to progressive neuronal loss, provoking impaired motor control, cognitive decline, and dementia. So far, HD remains incurable, and available drugs are effective only for symptomatic management. HD is caused by a mutant form of the huntingtin protein, which harbors an elongated polyglutamine domain and is highly prone to aggregation. However, many aspects underlying the cytotoxicity of mutant huntingtin (mHTT) remain elusive, hindering the efficient development of applicable interventions to counteract HD. An important strategy to obtain molecular insights into human disorders in general is the use of eukaryotic model organisms, which are easy to genetically manipulate and display a high degree of conservation regarding disease-relevant cellular processes. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a long-standing and successful history in modeling a plethora of human maladies and has recently emerged as an effective tool to study neurodegenerative disorders, including HD. Here, we summarize some of the most important contributions of yeast to HD research, specifically concerning the elucidation of mechanistic features of mHTT cytotoxicity and the potential of yeast as a platform to screen for pharmacological agents against HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Kainz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria A. Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Pendl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Poglitsch
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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16
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Albakri MB, Jiang Y, Genereaux J, Lajoie P. Polyglutamine toxicity assays highlight the advantages of mScarlet for imaging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. F1000Res 2018; 7:1242. [PMID: 30631438 PMCID: PMC6290977 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15829.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of fluorescent proteins (FPs) enabled researchers to visualize protein localization and trafficking in living cells and organisms. The extended palette of available FPs allows simultaneous detection of multiple fluorescent fusion proteins. Importantly, FPs are originally derived from different organisms from jelly fish to corals and each FP displays its own biophysical properties. Among these properties, the tendency of FPs to oligomerize inherently affects the behavior of its fusion partner. Here we employed the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to determine the impact of the latest generation of red FPs on their binding partner. We used a yeast assay based on the aggregation and toxicity of misfolded polyQ expansion proteins linked to Huntington's disease. Since polyQ aggregation and toxicity are highly dependent on the sequences flanking the polyQ region, polyQ expansions provide an ideal tool to assess the impact of FPs on their fusion partners. We found that unlike what is observed for green FP variants, yemRFP and yFusionRed-tagged polyQ expansions show reduced toxicity. However, polyQ expansions tagged with the bright synthetically engineered ymScarlet displayed severe polyQ toxicity. Our data indicate that ymScarlet might have significant advantages over the previous generation of red FPs for use in fluorescent fusions in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram B. Albakri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Yuwei Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Julie Genereaux
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Patrick Lajoie
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada
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17
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Albakri MB, Jiang Y, Genereaux J, Lajoie P. Polyglutamine toxicity assays highlight the advantages of mScarlet for imaging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. F1000Res 2018; 7:1242. [PMID: 30631438 PMCID: PMC6290977 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15829.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of fluorescent proteins (FPs) enabled researchers to visualize protein localization and trafficking in living cells and organisms. The extended palette of available FPs allows simultaneous detection of multiples fluorescent fusion proteins. Importantly, FPs are originally derived from different organisms from jelly fish to corals and each FP display its own biophysical properties. Among these properties, the tendency of FPs to oligomerize inherently affects the behavior of its fusion partner. Here we employed the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to determine the impact of the latest generation of red FPs on their binding partner. We used a yeast assay based on the aggregation and toxicity of misfolded polyQ expansion proteins linked to Huntington's disease. Since polyQ aggregation and toxicity are highly dependent on the sequences flanking the polyQ region, polyQ expansions provide an ideal tool to assess the impact of FPs on their fusion partners. We found that unlike yemRFP and yFusionRed, the synthetically engineered ymScarlet displayed severe polyQ toxicity and aggregation similar to what is observed for green FP variants. Our data indicate that ymScarlet might have significant advantages over the previous generation of red FPs for use in fluorescent fusions in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram B. Albakri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Yuwei Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Julie Genereaux
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Patrick Lajoie
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada
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18
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Zhao Y, Zurawel AA, Jenkins NP, Duennwald ML, Cheng C, Kettenbach AN, Supattapone S. Comparative Analysis of Mutant Huntingtin Binding Partners in Yeast Species. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9554. [PMID: 29934597 PMCID: PMC6015068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27900-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is caused by the pathological expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) stretch in Huntingtin (Htt), but the molecular mechanisms by which polyQ expansion in Htt causes toxicity in selective neuronal populations remain poorly understood. Interestingly, heterologous expression of expanded polyQ Htt is toxic in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, but has no effect in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a related yeast species possessing very few endogenous polyQ or Q/N-rich proteins. Here, we used a comprehensive and unbiased mass spectrometric approach to identify proteins that bind Htt in a length-dependent manner in both species. Analysis of the expanded polyQ-associated proteins reveals marked enrichment of proteins that are localized to and play functional roles in nucleoli and mitochondria in S. cerevisiae, but not in S. pombe. Moreover, expanded polyQ Htt appears to interact preferentially with endogenous polyQ and Q/N-rich proteins, which are rare in S. pombe, as well as proteins containing coiled-coil motifs in S. cerevisiae. Taken together, these results suggest that polyQ expansion of Htt may cause cellular toxicity in S. cerevisiae by sequestering endogenous polyQ and Q/N-rich proteins, particularly within nucleoli and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanding Zhao
- Departments of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, United States
| | - Ashley A Zurawel
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, United States
| | - Nicole P Jenkins
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, United States
| | - Martin L Duennwald
- Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Chao Cheng
- Departments of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, United States
- Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, United States
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, United States
| | - Surachai Supattapone
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, United States.
- Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, United States.
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19
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Di Gregorio SE, Duennwald ML. Yeast as a model to study protein misfolding in aged cells. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 18:4996350. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja E Di Gregorio
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Martin L Duennwald
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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20
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A Liquid to Solid Phase Transition Underlying Pathological Huntingtin Exon1 Aggregation. Mol Cell 2018; 70:588-601.e6. [PMID: 29754822 PMCID: PMC5971205 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Huntington’s disease is caused by an abnormally long polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin protein. This leads to the generation and deposition of N-terminal exon1 fragments of the protein in intracellular aggregates. We combined electron tomography and quantitative fluorescence microscopy to analyze the structural and material properties of huntingtin exon1 assemblies in mammalian cells, in yeast, and in vitro. We found that huntingtin exon1 proteins can form reversible liquid-like assemblies, a process driven by huntingtin’s polyQ tract and proline-rich region. In cells and in vitro, the liquid-like assemblies converted to solid-like assemblies with a fibrillar structure. Intracellular phase transitions of polyglutamine proteins could play a role in initiating irreversible pathological aggregation. Aggregates of huntingtin exon1 exist in distinct liquid-like and solid-like forms Liquid-like assembly formation is driven by polyQ and proline-rich regions of exon1 The liquid-like assemblies convert into solid-like assemblies in vitro and in cells Electron tomography reveals liquid and solid assemblies have distinct structures
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21
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RNA Aptamers Rescue Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a Yeast Model of Huntington's Disease. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 12:45-56. [PMID: 30195782 PMCID: PMC6023792 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is associated with the misfolding and aggregation of mutant huntingtin harboring an elongated polyglutamine stretch at its N terminus. A distinguishing pathological hallmark of HD is mitochondrial dysfunction. Any strategy that can restore the integrity of the mitochondrial environment should have beneficial consequences for the disease. Specific RNA aptamers were selected that were able to inhibit aggregation of elongated polyglutamine stretch containing mutant huntingtin fragment (103Q-htt). They were successful in reducing the calcium overload, which leads to mitochondrial membrane depolarization in case of HD. In one case, the level of Ca2+ was restored to the level of cells not expressing 103Q-htt, suggesting complete recovery. The presence of aptamers was able to increase mitochondrial mass in cells expressing 103Q-htt, along with rescuing loss of mitochondrial genome. The oxidative damage to the proteome was prevented, which led to increased viability of cells, as monitored by flow cytometry. Thus, the presence of aptamers was able to inhibit aggregation of mutant huntingtin fragment and restore mitochondrial dysfunction in the HD cell model, confirming the advantage of the strategy in a disease-relevant parameter.
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22
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Chongtham A, Barbaro B, Filip T, Syed A, Huang W, Smith MR, Marsh JL. Nonmammalian Models of Huntington's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1780:75-96. [PMID: 29856015 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7825-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flies, worms, yeast and more recently zebra fish have all been engineered to express expanded polyglutamine repeat versions of Huntingtin with various resulting pathologies including early death, neurodegeneration, and loss of motor function. Each of these models present particular features that make it useful in studying the mechanisms of polyglutamine pathology. However, one particular unbiased readout of mHTT pathology is functional loss of motor control. Loss of motor control is prominent in patients, but it remains unresolved whether pathogenic symptoms in patients result from overt degeneration and loss of neurons or from malfunctioning of surviving neurons as the pathogenic insult builds up. This is why a functional assay such as motor control can be uniquely powerful in revealing early as well as late neurological deficits and does not rely on assumptions such as that the level of inclusions or the degree of neuronal loss can be equated with the level of pathology. Drosophila is well suited for such assays because it contains a functioning nervous system with many parallels to the human condition. In addition, the ability to readily express mHTT transgenes in different tissues and subsets of neurons allows one the possibility of isolating a particular effect to a subset of neurons where one can correlate subcellular events in response to mHTT challenge with pathology at both the cellular and organismal levels. Here we describe methods to monitor the degree of motor function disruption in Drosophila models of HD and we include a brief summary of other nonmammalian models of HD and discussion of their unique strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjalika Chongtham
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA
| | - Brett Barbaro
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA.,The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tomas Filip
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA.,Biology Centre Czech Acad. Sci., Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Adeela Syed
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA
| | - Weijian Huang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA
| | - Marianne R Smith
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA.,University Advancement, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - J Lawrence Marsh
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA.
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23
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Schaffrath R, Klassen R. Combined tRNA modification defects impair protein homeostasis and synthesis of the yeast prion protein Rnq1. Prion 2017; 11:48-53. [PMID: 28281930 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2017.1284734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified nucleosides in tRNA anticodon loops such as 5-methoxy-carbonyl-methyl-2-thiouridine (mcm5s2U) and pseuduridine (Ψ) are thought to be required for an efficient decoding process. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the simultaneous presence of mcm5s2U and Ψ38 in tRNAGlnUUG was shown to mediate efficient synthesis of the Q/N rich [PIN+] prion forming protein Rnq1. 1 In the absence of these two tRNA modifications, higher than normal levels of hypomodified tRNAGlnUUG, but not its isoacceptor tRNAGlnCUG can restore Rnq1 synthesis. Moroever, tRNA overexpression rescues pleiotropic phenotypes that associate with loss of mcm5s2U and Ψ38 formation. Notably, combined absence of different tRNA modifications are shown to induce the formation of protein aggregates which likely mediate severe cytological abnormalities, including cytokinesis and nuclear segregation defects. In support of this, overexpression of the aggregating polyQ protein Htt103Q, but not its non-aggregating variant Htt25Q phenocopies these cytological abnormalities, most pronouncedly in deg1 single mutants lacking Ψ38 alone. It is concluded that slow decoding of particular codons induces defects in protein homeostasis that interfere with key steps in cytokinesis and nuclear segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Schaffrath
- a Institut für Biologie, Fachgebiet Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel , Kassel , Germany
| | - Roland Klassen
- a Institut für Biologie, Fachgebiet Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel , Kassel , Germany
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24
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Marquez-Lona EM, Torres-Machorro AL, Gonzales FR, Pillus L, Patrick GN. Phosphorylation of the 19S regulatory particle ATPase subunit, Rpt6, modifies susceptibility to proteotoxic stress and protein aggregation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179893. [PMID: 28662109 PMCID: PMC5491056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is a highly conserved and tightly regulated biochemical pathway that degrades the majority of proteins in eukaryotic cells. Importantly, the UPS is responsible for counteracting altered protein homeostasis induced by a variety of proteotoxic stresses. We previously reported that Rpt6, the ATPase subunit of the 19S regulatory particle (RP) of the 26S proteasome, is phosphorylated in mammalian neurons at serine 120 in response to neuronal activity. Furthermore, we found that Rpt6 S120 phosphorylation, which regulates the activity and distribution of proteasomes in neurons, is relevant for proteasome-dependent synaptic remodeling and function. To better understand the role of proteasome phosphorylation, we have constructed models of altered Rpt6 phosphorylation in S. cerevisiae by introducing chromosomal point mutations that prevent or mimic phosphorylation at the conserved serine (S119). We find that mutants which prevent Rpt6 phosphorylation at this site (rpt6-S119A), had increased susceptibility to proteotoxic stress, displayed abnormal morphology and had reduced proteasome activity. Since impaired proteasome function has been linked to the aggregation of toxic proteins including the Huntington's disease (HD) related huntingtin (Htt) protein with expanded polyglutamine repeats, we evaluated the extent of Htt aggregation in our phospho-dead (rpt6-S119A) and phospho-mimetic (rpt6-S119D) mutants. We showed Htt103Q aggregate size to be significantly larger in rpt6-S119A mutants compared to wild-type or rpt6-S119D strains. Furthermore, we observed that phosphorylation of endogenous Rpt6 at S119 is increased in response to various stress conditions. Together, these data suggest that Rpt6 phosphorylation at S119 may play an important function in proteasome-dependent relief of proteotoxic stress that can be critical in protein aggregation pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Magdalena Marquez-Lona
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ana Lilia Torres-Machorro
- Section of Molecular Biology and UCSD Moores Cancer Center, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Frankie R. Gonzales
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lorraine Pillus
- Section of Molecular Biology and UCSD Moores Cancer Center, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gentry N. Patrick
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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25
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Fruhmann G, Seynnaeve D, Zheng J, Ven K, Molenberghs S, Wilms T, Liu B, Winderickx J, Franssens V. Yeast buddies helping to unravel the complexity of neurodegenerative disorders. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 161:288-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Jiang Y, Di Gregorio SE, Duennwald ML, Lajoie P. Polyglutamine toxicity in yeast uncovers phenotypic variations between different fluorescent protein fusions. Traffic 2016; 18:58-70. [PMID: 27734565 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The palette of fluorescent proteins (FPs) available for live-cell imaging contains proteins that strongly differ in their biophysical properties. FPs cannot be assumed to be equivalent and in certain cases could significantly perturb the behavior of fluorescent reporters. We employed Saccharomyces cerevisiae to comprehensively study the impact of FPs on the toxicity of polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion proteins associated with Huntington's disease. The toxicity of polyQ fusion constructs is highly dependent on the sequences flanking the polyQ repeats. Thus, they represent a powerful tool to study the impact of fluorescent fusion partners. We observed significant differences on polyQ aggregation and toxicity between commonly used FPs. We generated a novel series of vectors with latest yeast-optimized FPs for investigation of Htt toxicity, including a newly optimized blue FP for expression in yeast. Our study highlights the importance of carefully choosing the optimal FPs when designing tagging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Sonja E Di Gregorio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Martin L Duennwald
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Patrick Lajoie
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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27
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Klassen R, Ciftci A, Funk J, Bruch A, Butter F, Schaffrath R. tRNA anticodon loop modifications ensure protein homeostasis and cell morphogenesis in yeast. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:10946-10959. [PMID: 27496282 PMCID: PMC5159529 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Using budding yeast, we investigated a negative interaction network among genes for tRNA modifications previously implicated in anticodon-codon interaction: 5-methoxy-carbonyl-methyl-2-thio-uridine (mcm5s2U34: ELP3, URM1), pseudouridine (Ψ38/39: DEG1) and cyclic N6-threonyl-carbamoyl-adenosine (ct6A37: TCD1). In line with functional cross talk between these modifications, we find that combined removal of either ct6A37 or Ψ38/39 and mcm5U34 or s2U34 results in morphologically altered cells with synthetic growth defects. Phenotypic suppression by tRNA overexpression suggests that these defects are caused by malfunction of tRNALysUUU or tRNAGlnUUG, respectively. Indeed, mRNA translation and synthesis of the Gln-rich prion Rnq1 are severely impaired in the absence of Ψ38/39 and mcm5U34 or s2U34, and this defect can be rescued by overexpression of tRNAGlnUUG. Surprisingly, we find that combined modification defects in the anticodon loops of different tRNAs induce similar cell polarity- and nuclear segregation defects that are accompanied by increased aggregation of cellular proteins. Since conditional expression of an artificial aggregation-prone protein triggered similar cytological aberrancies, protein aggregation is likely responsible for loss of morphogenesis and cytokinesis control in mutants with inappropriate tRNA anticodon loop modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Klassen
- Institut für Biologie, Fachgebiet Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Akif Ciftci
- Institut für Biologie, Fachgebiet Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Johanna Funk
- Institut für Biologie, Fachgebiet Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Alexander Bruch
- Institut für Biologie, Fachgebiet Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Institut für Molekulare Biologie, Ackermannweg 4, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Raffael Schaffrath
- Institut für Biologie, Fachgebiet Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
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28
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Jiang Y, Chadwick SR, Lajoie P. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: The cause and solution to Huntington's disease? Brain Res 2016; 1648:650-657. [PMID: 27040914 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded proteins is a hallmark of many human diseases, including several incurable neurological disorders, such as Huntington's disease (HD). In HD, expansion of a polyglutamine stretch within the first exon of the Huntingtin protein (Htt) leads to Htt misfolding, aberrant protein aggregation, and progressive appearance of disease symptoms. Several studies in various organisms (from yeast to humans) have identified the accumulation of misfolded secretory proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress) as a crucial determinant of cellular toxicity in HD. In this review, we highlight the recent research linking HD to ER stress. We also discuss how the modulation of signaling pathways responsible for coping with misfolded protein accumulation in the ER may constitute attractive methods to reduce toxicity and identify new therapeutic targets for treatment of HD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Sarah R Chadwick
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Patrick Lajoie
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5C1.
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29
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Moosavi B, Mousavi B, Yang GF. Actin, Membrane Trafficking and the Control of Prion Induction, Propagation and Transmission in Yeast. Traffic 2015; 17:5-20. [PMID: 26503767 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The model eukaryotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proven a useful model system in which prion biogenesis and elimination are studied. Several yeast prions exist in budding yeast and a number of studies now suggest that these alternate protein conformations may play important roles in the cell. During the last few years cellular factors affecting prion induction, propagation and elimination have been identified. Amongst these, proteins involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and dynamic membrane processes such as endocytosis have been found to play a critical role not only in facilitating de novo prion formation but also in prion propagation. Here we briefly review prion formation and maintenance with special attention given to the cellular processes that require the functionality of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Moosavi
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Bibimaryam Mousavi
- Laboratory of Organometallics, Catalysis and Ordered Materials, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
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30
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Braun RJ. Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis in yeast cells expressing neurotoxic proteins. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:8. [PMID: 25814926 PMCID: PMC4357299 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Critically impaired protein degradation is discussed to contribute to neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, and motor neuron diseases. Misfolded, aggregated, or surplus proteins are efficiently degraded via distinct protein degradation pathways, including the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy, and vesicular trafficking. These pathways are regulated by covalent modification of target proteins with the small protein ubiquitin and are evolutionary highly conserved from humans to yeast. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an established model for deciphering mechanisms of protein degradation, and for the elucidation of pathways underlying programmed cell death. The expression of human neurotoxic proteins triggers cell death in yeast, with neurotoxic protein-specific differences. Therefore, yeast cell death models are suitable for analyzing the role of protein degradation pathways in modulating cell death upon expression of disease-causing proteins. This review summarizes which protein degradation pathways are affected in these yeast models, and how they are involved in the execution of cell death. I will discuss to which extent this mimics the situation in other neurotoxic models, and how this may contribute to a better understanding of human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf J Braun
- Institut für Zellbiologie, Universität Bayreuth Bayreuth, Germany
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31
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Mason RP, Breda C, Kooner GS, Mallucci GR, Kyriacou CP, Giorgini F. Modeling Huntington Disease in Yeast and Invertebrates. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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32
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Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) is a well-established eukaryotic model organism, which has significantly contributed to our understanding of mechanisms that drive numerous core cellular processes in higher eukaryotes. Moreover, this has led to a greater understanding of the underlying pathobiology associated with disease in humans. This tractable model offers an abundance of analytical capabilities, including a vast array of global genetics and molecular resources that allow genome-wide screening to be carried out relatively simply and cheaply. A prime example of the versatility and potential for applying yeast technologies to explore a mammalian disease is in the development of yeast models for amyloid diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's. The present chapter provides a broad overview of high profile human neurodegenerative diseases that have been modelled in yeast. We focus on some of the most recent findings that have been developed through genetic and drug screening studies using yeast genomic resources. Although this relatively simple unicellular eukaryote seems far removed from relatively complex multicellular organisms such as mammals, the conserved mechanisms for how amyloid exhibits toxicity clearly underscore the value of carrying out such studies in yeast.
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33
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Kantcheva RB, Mason R, Giorgini F. Aggregation-prone proteins modulate huntingtin inclusion body formation in yeast. PLOS CURRENTS 2014; 6. [PMID: 24804153 PMCID: PMC4006944 DOI: 10.1371/currents.hd.501008f3051342c9a5c0cd0f3a5bf3a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the huntingtin (HTT) protein. The expression of mutant HTT in the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae recapitulates many of the cellular phenotypes observed in mammalian HD models. Mutant HTT aggregation and toxicity in yeast is influenced by the presence of the Rnq1p and Sup35p prions, as well as other glutamine/asparagine-rich aggregation-prone proteins. Here we investigated the ability of a subset of these proteins to modulate mutant HTT aggregation and to substitute for the prion form of Rnq1p. We find that overexpression of either the putative prion Ybr016wp or the Sup35p prion restores aggregation of mutant HTT in yeast cells lacking the Rnq1p prion. These results indicate that an interchangeable suite of aggregation-prone proteins regulates mutant HTT aggregation dynamics in yeast, which may have implications for mutant HTT aggregation in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Mason
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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34
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Rubel AA, Ryzhova TA, Antonets KS, Chernoff YO, Galkin A. Identification of PrP sequences essential for the interaction between the PrP polymers and Aβ peptide in a yeast-based assay. Prion 2013; 7:469-76. [PMID: 24152606 DOI: 10.4161/pri.26867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is associated with the accumulation of oligomeric amyloid β peptide (Aβ), accompanied by synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death. Polymeric form of prion protein (PrP), PrP(Sc), is implicated in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Recently, it was shown that the monomeric cellular form of PrP (PrP(C)), located on the neuron surface, binds Aβ oligomers (and possibly other β-rich conformers) via the PrP(23-27) and PrP(90-110) segments, acting as Aβ receptor. On the other hand, PrP(Sc) polymers efficiently bind to Aβ monomers and accelerate their oligomerization. To identify specific PrP sequences that are essential for the interaction between PrP polymers and Aβ peptide, we have co-expressed Aβ and PrP (or its shortened derivatives), fused to different fluorophores, in the yeast cell. Our data show that the 90-110 and 28-89 regions of PrP control the binding of proteinase-resistant PrP polymers to the Aβ peptide, whereas the 23-27 segment of PrP is dispensable for this interaction. This indicates that the set of PrP fragments involved in the interaction with Aβ depends on PrP conformational state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr A Rubel
- St. Petersburg Branch of Vavilov Institute of Genetics (Russian Academy of Science); Universitetskaya nab. 7/9; St. Petersburg, Russia; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; St. Petersburg State University; Universitetskaya nab. 7/9; St. Petersburg, Russia
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35
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Tenreiro S, Munder MC, Alberti S, Outeiro TF. Harnessing the power of yeast to unravel the molecular basis of neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 2013; 127:438-52. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tenreiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Matthias C. Munder
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics; Dresden Germany
| | - Simon Alberti
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics; Dresden Germany
| | - Tiago F. Outeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
- Instituto de Fisiologia; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
- Department of NeuroDegeneration and Restorative Research; University Medizin Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
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36
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Braun RJ. Mitochondrion-mediated cell death: dissecting yeast apoptosis for a better understanding of neurodegeneration. Front Oncol 2012; 2:182. [PMID: 23226681 PMCID: PMC3508457 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial damage and dysfunction are common hallmarks for neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington diseases, and the motor neuron disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Damaged mitochondria pivotally contribute to neurotoxicity and neuronal cell death in these disorders, e.g., due to their inability to provide the high energy requirements for neurons, their generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and their induction of mitochondrion-mediated cell death pathways. Therefore, in-depth analyses of the underlying molecular pathways, including cellular mechanisms controlling the maintenance of mitochondrial function, is a prerequisite for a better understanding of neurodegenerative disorders. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an established model for deciphering mitochondrial quality control mechanisms and the distinct mitochondrial roles during apoptosis and programmed cell death. Cell death upon expression of various human neurotoxic proteins has been characterized in yeast, revealing neurotoxic protein-specific differences. This review summarizes how mitochondria are affected in these neurotoxic yeast models, and how they are involved in the execution and prevention of cell death. I will discuss to which extent this mimics the situation in other neurotoxic model systems, and how this may contribute to a better understanding of the mitochondrial roles in the human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf J Braun
- Institut für Zellbiologie, Universität Bayreuth Bayreuth, Germany
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37
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Abstract
The concept of a prion as an infectious self-propagating protein isoform was initially proposed to explain certain mammalian diseases. It is now clear that yeast also has heritable elements transmitted via protein. Indeed, the "protein only" model of prion transmission was first proven using a yeast prion. Typically, known prions are ordered cross-β aggregates (amyloids). Recently, there has been an explosion in the number of recognized prions in yeast. Yeast continues to lead the way in understanding cellular control of prion propagation, prion structure, mechanisms of de novo prion formation, specificity of prion transmission, and the biological roles of prions. This review summarizes what has been learned from yeast prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan W Liebman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA.
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38
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Gong H, Romanova NV, Allen KD, Chandramowlishwaran P, Gokhale K, Newnam GP, Mieczkowski P, Sherman MY, Chernoff YO. Polyglutamine toxicity is controlled by prion composition and gene dosage in yeast. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002634. [PMID: 22536159 PMCID: PMC3334884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine expansion causes diseases in humans and other mammals. One example is Huntington's disease. Fragments of human huntingtin protein having an expanded polyglutamine stretch form aggregates and cause cytotoxicity in yeast cells bearing endogenous QN-rich proteins in the aggregated (prion) form. Attachment of the proline(P)-rich region targets polyglutamines to the large perinuclear deposit (aggresome). Aggresome formation ameliorates polyglutamine cytotoxicity in cells containing only the prion form of Rnq1 protein. Here we show that expanded polyglutamines both with (poly-QP) or without (poly-Q) a P-rich stretch remain toxic in the presence of the prion form of translation termination (release) factor Sup35 (eRF3). A Sup35 derivative that lacks the QN-rich domain and is unable to be incorporated into aggregates counteracts cytotoxicity, suggesting that toxicity is due to Sup35 sequestration. Increase in the levels of another release factor, Sup45 (eRF1), due to either disomy by chromosome II containing the SUP45 gene or to introduction of the SUP45-bearing plasmid counteracts poly-Q or poly-QP toxicity in the presence of the Sup35 prion. Protein analysis confirms that polyglutamines alter aggregation patterns of Sup35 and promote aggregation of Sup45, while excess Sup45 counteracts these effects. Our data show that one and the same mode of polyglutamine aggregation could be cytoprotective or cytotoxic, depending on the composition of other aggregates in a eukaryotic cell, and demonstrate that other aggregates expand the range of proteins that are susceptible to sequestration by polyglutamines. Polyglutamine diseases, including Huntington disease, are associated with expansions of polyglutamine tracts, resulting in aggregation of respective proteins. The severity of Huntington disease is controlled by both DNA and non–DNA factors. Mechanisms of such a control are poorly understood. Polyglutamine may sequester other cellular proteins; however, different experimental models have pointed to different sequestered proteins. By using a yeast model, we demonstrate that the mechanism of polyglutamine toxicity is driven by the composition of other (endogenous) aggregates (for example, yeast prions) present in a eukaryotic cell. Although these aggregates do not necessarily cause significant toxicity on their own, they serve as mediators in protein sequestration and therefore determine which specific proteins are to be sequestered by polyglutamines. We also show that polyglutamine deposition into an aggresome, a perinuclear compartment thought to be cytoprotective, fails to ameliorate cytotoxicity in cells with certain compositions of pre-existing aggregates. Finally, we demonstrate that an increase in the dosage of a sequestered protein due to aneuploidy by a chromosome carrying a respective gene may rescue cytotoxicity. Our data shed light on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms modulating polyglutamine cytotoxicity and establish a new approach for identifying potential therapeutic targets through characterization of the endogenous aggregated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Gong
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nina V. Romanova
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kim D. Allen
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Kavita Gokhale
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gary P. Newnam
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Piotr Mieczkowski
- School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael Y. Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yury O. Chernoff
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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