1
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Burato A, Legname G. Comparing Prion Proteins Across Species: Is Zebrafish a Useful Model? Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04324-z. [PMID: 38918277 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Despite the considerable body of research dedicated to the field of neurodegeneration, the gap in knowledge on the prion protein and its intricate involvement in brain diseases remains substantial. However, in the past decades, many steps forward have been taken toward a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying both the physiological role of the prion protein and the misfolding event converting it into its pathological counterpart, the prion. This review aims to provide an overview of the main findings regarding this protein, highlighting the advantages of many different animal models that share a conserved amino acid sequence and/or structure with the human prion protein. A particular focus will be given to the species Danio rerio, a compelling research organism for the investigation of prion biology, thanks to its conserved orthologs, ease of genetic manipulation, and cost-effectiveness of high-throughput experimentation. We will explore its potential in filling some of the gaps on physiological and pathological aspects of the prion protein, with the aim of directing the future development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Burato
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore Di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore Di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy.
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2
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Kundu S, Jaiswal M, Babu Mullapudi V, Guo J, Kamat M, Basso KB, Guo Z. Investigation of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-Plasma Membrane Interaction in Live Cells and the Influence of GPI Glycan Structure on the Interaction. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303047. [PMID: 37966101 PMCID: PMC10922586 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) need to interact with other components in the cell membrane to transduce transmembrane signals. A bifunctional GPI probe was employed for photoaffinity-based proximity labelling and identification of GPI-interacting proteins in the cell membrane. This probe contained the entire core structure of GPIs and was functionalized with photoreactive diazirine and clickable alkyne to facilitate its crosslinking with proteins and attachment of an affinity tag. It was disclosed that this probe was more selective than our previously reported probe containing only a part structure of the GPI core for cell membrane incorporation and an improved probe for studying GPI-cell membrane interaction. Eighty-eight unique membrane proteins, many of which are related to GPIs/GPI-anchored proteins, were identified utilizing this probe. The proteomics dataset is a valuable resource for further analyses and data mining to find new GPI-related proteins and signalling pathways. A comparison of these results with those of our previous probe provided direct evidence for the profound impact of GPI glycan structure on its interaction with the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Mohit Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Jiatong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Manasi Kamat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kari B Basso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- UF Health Cancer Centre, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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3
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Mlinac-Jerkovic K, Kalanj-Bognar S, Heffer M, Blažetić S. Methodological Pitfalls of Investigating Lipid Rafts in the Brain: What Are We Still Missing? Biomolecules 2024; 14:156. [PMID: 38397393 PMCID: PMC10886647 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to succinctly examine the methodologies used in lipid raft research in the brain and to highlight the drawbacks of some investigative approaches. Lipid rafts are biochemically and biophysically different from the bulk membrane. A specific lipid environment within membrane domains provides a harbor for distinct raftophilic proteins, all of which in concert create a specialized platform orchestrating various cellular processes. Studying lipid rafts has proved to be arduous due to their elusive nature, mobility, and constant dynamic reorganization to meet the cellular needs. Studying neuronal lipid rafts is particularly cumbersome due to the immensely complex regional molecular architecture of the central nervous system. Biochemical fractionation, performed with or without detergents, is still the most widely used method to isolate lipid rafts. However, the differences in solubilization when various detergents are used has exposed a dire need to find more reliable methods to study particular rafts. Biochemical methods need to be complemented with other approaches such as live-cell microscopy, imaging mass spectrometry, and the development of specific non-invasive fluorescent probes to obtain a more complete image of raft dynamics and to study the spatio-temporal expression of rafts in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marija Heffer
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Senka Blažetić
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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4
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Rashaydeh FS, Yildiz MA, Alharthi AS, Al-Baadani HH, Alhidary IA, Meydan H. Novel Prion Protein Gene Polymorphisms in Awassi Sheep in Three Regions of the Fertile Crescent. Vet Sci 2023; 10:597. [PMID: 37888549 PMCID: PMC10611137 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Scrapie is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease that affects sheep and goats, and genetic susceptibility to scrapie in sheep is associated with polymorphisms in the prion protein (PRNP) gene. The aim of this study is to identify PRNP polymorphism in Awassi sheep from Türkiye, the Palestinian Authority, and Saudi Arabia. A total of 150 healthy sheep were genotyped for PRNP, using Sanger sequencing. There were seven alleles and eleven genotypes observed based on codons 136, 154, and 171 of PRNP. The ARQ allele was predominant in all populations. The most resistant allele to scrapie, ARR, was present in all three regions. The VRQ allele, associated with the highest susceptibility to scrapie, was detected only in Türkiye at a low frequency. In this study, twenty-seven amino acid substitutions were found. Eight of them (R40Q, G65E, H88L, S98T, A118P, S138T, V192F and L250I) have not been previously reported. These data indicate that sheep breeds close to the sheep domestication center have maintained high genetic diversity in the PRNP region. Our findings on PRNP will provide valuable insights for sheep breeding programs, aiding in the selection of genotypes resistant to scrapie in Türkiye, the Palestinian Authority, and Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal S. Rashaydeh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Türkiye;
| | - Mehmet A. Yildiz
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Türkiye
| | - Abdulrahman S. Alharthi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani H. Al-Baadani
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A. Alhidary
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan Meydan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Türkiye;
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5
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Tutanov OS, Glass SE, Coffey RJ. Emerging connections between GPI-anchored proteins and their extracellular carriers in colorectal cancer. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AND CIRCULATING NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 4:195-217. [PMID: 37840781 PMCID: PMC10569057 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2023.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Although extracellular vesicles (EVs) were discovered over 40 years ago, there has been a resurgence of interest in secreted vesicles and their attendant cargo as novel modes of intracellular communication. In addition to vesicles, two amembranous nanoparticles, exomeres and supermeres, have been isolated and characterized recently. In this rapidly expanding field, it has been challenging to assign cargo and specific functions to a particular carrier. Refinement of isolation methods, well-controlled studies, and guidelines detailed by Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV) are being employed to "bring order to chaos." In this review, we will briefly summarize three types of extracellular carriers - small EVs (sEVs), exomeres, and supermeres - in the context of colorectal cancer (CRC). We found that a number of GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are overexpressed in CRC, are enriched in exosomes (a distinct subset of sEVs), and can be detected in exomeres and supermeres. This affords the opportunity to elaborate on GPI-AP biogenesis, modifications, and trafficking using DPEP1, a GPI-AP upregulated in CRC, as a prime example. We have cataloged the GPI-anchored proteins secreted in CRC and will highlight features of select CRC-associated GPI-anchored proteins we have detected. Finally, we will discuss the remaining challenges and future opportunities in studying these secreted GPI-APs in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg S. Tutanov
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Sarah E. Glass
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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Alves Conceição C, Assis de Lemos G, Barros CA, Vieira TCRG. What is the role of lipids in prion conversion and disease? Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1032541. [PMID: 36704327 PMCID: PMC9871914 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1032541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular cause of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) involves the conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into its pathogenic form, called prion scrapie (PrPSc), which is prone to the formation of amorphous and amyloid aggregates found in TSE patients. Although the mechanisms of conversion of PrPC into PrPSc are not entirely understood, two key points are currently accepted: (i) PrPSc acts as a seed for the recruitment of native PrPC, inducing the latter's conversion to PrPSc; and (ii) other biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, or lipids, can act as cofactors, mediating the conversion from PrPC to PrPSc. Interestingly, PrPC is anchored by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol molecule in the outer cell membrane. Therefore, interactions with lipid membranes or alterations in the membranes themselves have been widely investigated as possible factors for conversion. Alone or in combination with RNA molecules, lipids can induce the formation of PrP in vitro-produced aggregates capable of infecting animal models. Here, we discuss the role of lipids in prion conversion and infectivity, highlighting the structural and cytotoxic aspects of lipid-prion interactions. Strikingly, disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease also seem to be caused by changes in protein structure and share pathogenic mechanisms with TSEs. Thus, we posit that comprehending the process of PrP conversion is relevant to understanding critical events involved in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders and will contribute to developing future therapeutic strategies for these devastating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyntia Alves Conceição
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Assis de Lemos
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline Augusto Barros
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tuane C. R. G. Vieira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,*Correspondence: Tuane C. R. G. Vieira, ✉
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7
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Yakovlev AA. Neuroprotective Effects of Astrocyte Extracellular Vesicles in Stroke. NEUROCHEM J+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712422020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Kim Y, Kim YC, Jeong BH. Novel Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and Genetic Features of the Prion Protein Gene (PRNP) in Quail (Coturnix japonica). Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:870735. [PMID: 35692300 PMCID: PMC9174905 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.870735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal infectious diseases caused by conformational changes of a prion protein (PrPSc) derived from a normal prion protein (PrPC). Prion diseases have been reported in several mammalian hosts but not in any birds, including the most popular poultry species, of which chickens showed some resistance to experimental prion infection. To identify the genetic polymorphisms in the quail prion protein gene (PRNP), polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing were performed with gene-specific primers in 164 quails. Four in silico programs, including PROVEAN, PANTHER, SIFT, and AMYCO, were used to investigate the effect of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on quail PrP. Furthermore, to investigate the genetic relationship of avian PrPs, phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignments were performed using MEGA X program. Finally, the secondary and tertiary structures of avian PrPs were analyzed by SWISS-MODEL. We identified 33 novel SNPs in the quail PRNP gene, including three non-synonymous SNPs, c.56C>T (T19I), c.60C>T (V21I), and c.61G>A (A22S). Although V21I was predicted to have deleterious effects by SIFT, the substitutions of all three amino acids did not affect the amyloid propensity, 3D structure, or hydrogen bonds of quail PrP. Quail PrP showed a close evolutionary relationship and similar secondary and tertiary structures to chicken PrP compared to duck PrP. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the genetic and structural properties of the quail PRNP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonhee Kim
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Yong-Chan Kim
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Byung-Hoon Jeong
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9
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Roh IS, Kim YC, Won SY, Jeong MJ, Park KJ, Park HC, Lee YR, Kang HE, Sohn HJ, Jeong BH. The first report of a strong association between genetic polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (PRNP) and susceptibility to chronic wasting disease (CWD) in sika deer (Cervus nippon). Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2073-e2083. [PMID: 35349210 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are incurable neurodegenerative disorders caused by proteinase K-resistant prion protein (PrPSc ) derived from normal prion protein (PrPC ) encoded by the prion protein gene (PRNP). Although the cervid PRNP gene plays a pivotal role in the pathological mechanism of chronic wasting disease (CWD), there is no existing association analysis between susceptibility to CWD and genetic polymorphisms of the PRNP gene in sika deer. We investigated genetic polymorphisms of the PRNP gene using amplicon sequencing in sika deer. In addition, to identify a genetic susceptibility factor, we compared genotype, allele and haplotype frequencies of the PRNP gene between CWD-positive and CWD-negative sika deer. Furthermore, to assess the effect of the genetic polymorphisms on sika deer prion protein (PrP), we performed in silico analysis using PolyPhen-2, PROVEAN and AMYCO. Finally, we analyzed the tertiary structure and electrostatic potential of sika deer PrP based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using the SWISS-MODEL and Swiss-PdbViewer programs. We found a total of 24 SNPs of the PRNP gene including 22 novel SNPs (10 synonymous SNPs and 12 non-synonymous SNPs) in sika deer. Among the non-synonymous SNPs, we found a strong association of the susceptibility to CWD with c.56G>A (Ser19Asn). In addition, we found that c.56G>A (Ser19Asn), c.296A>T (His99Leu) and c.560T>A (Val187Asp) were predicted to have damaging effects on sika deer PrP. Furthermore, we observed significant alterations in the electrostatic potential of sika deer PrP by genetic polymorphisms of the 187Asp allele. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first association study between genetic polymorphisms of the PRNP gene and susceptibility to CWD in sika deer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Soon Roh
- Reference Laboratory for CWD, Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chan Kim
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54531, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Young Won
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54531, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54531, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Je Park
- Reference Laboratory for CWD, Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoo-Chang Park
- Reference Laboratory for CWD, Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Ran Lee
- Reference Laboratory for CWD, Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Eun Kang
- Reference Laboratory for CWD, Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Sohn
- Reference Laboratory for CWD, Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54531, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
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10
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Protein Lipidation Types: Current Strategies for Enrichment and Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042365. [PMID: 35216483 PMCID: PMC8880637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications regulate diverse activities of a colossal number of proteins. For example, various types of lipids can be covalently linked to proteins enzymatically or non-enzymatically. Protein lipidation is perhaps not as extensively studied as protein phosphorylation, ubiquitination, or glycosylation although it is no less significant than these modifications. Evidence suggests that proteins can be attached by at least seven types of lipids, including fatty acids, lipoic acids, isoprenoids, sterols, phospholipids, glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, and lipid-derived electrophiles. In this review, we summarize types of protein lipidation and methods used for their detection, with an emphasis on the conjugation of proteins with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). We discuss possible reasons for the scarcity of reports on PUFA-modified proteins, limitations in current methodology, and potential approaches in detecting PUFA modifications.
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11
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Hirata T, Kobayashi A, Furuse T, Yamada I, Tamura M, Tomita H, Tokoro Y, Ninomiya A, Fujihara Y, Ikawa M, Maeda Y, Murakami Y, Kizuka Y, Kinoshita T. Loss of the N-acetylgalactosamine side chain of the GPI-anchor impairs bone formation and brain functions and accelerates the prion disease pathology. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101720. [PMID: 35151686 PMCID: PMC8913354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) is a posttranslational glycolipid modification of proteins that anchors proteins in lipid rafts on the cell surface. Although some GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs), including the prion protein PrPC, have a glycan side chain composed of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)−galactose−sialic acid on the core structure of GPI glycolipid, in vivo functions of this GPI-GalNAc side chain are largely unresolved. Here, we investigated the physiological and pathological roles of the GPI-GalNAc side chain in vivo by knocking out its initiation enzyme, PGAP4, in mice. We show that Pgap4 mRNA is highly expressed in the brain, particularly in neurons, and mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the loss of the GalNAc side chain in PrPC GPI in PGAP4-KO mouse brains. Furthermore, PGAP4-KO mice exhibited various phenotypes, including an elevated blood alkaline phosphatase level, impaired bone formation, decreased locomotor activity, and impaired memory, despite normal expression levels and lipid raft association of various GPI-APs. Thus, we conclude that the GPI-GalNAc side chain is required for in vivo functions of GPI-APs in mammals, especially in bone and the brain. Moreover, PGAP4-KO mice were more vulnerable to prion diseases and died earlier after intracerebral inoculation of the pathogenic prion strains than wildtype mice, highlighting the protective roles of the GalNAc side chain against prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hirata
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tamio Furuse
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ikuko Yamada
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masaru Tamura
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuko Tokoro
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akinori Ninomiya
- Core Instrumentation Facility, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Fujihara
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maeda
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable Disease Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Murakami
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable Disease Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kizuka
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Taroh Kinoshita
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable Disease Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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12
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Hatton SL, Pandey MK. Fat and Protein Combat Triggers Immunological Weapons of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems to Launch Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1089. [PMID: 35163013 PMCID: PMC8835271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease in the world, affecting up to 10 million people. This disease mainly happens due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons accountable for memory and motor function. Partial glucocerebrosidase enzyme deficiency and the resultant excess accumulation of glycosphingolipids and alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation have been linked to predominant risk factors that lead to neurodegeneration and memory and motor defects in PD, with known and unknown causes. An increasing body of evidence uncovers the role of several other lipids and their association with α-syn aggregation, which activates the innate and adaptive immune system and sparks brain inflammation in PD. Here, we review the emerging role of a number of lipids, i.e., triglyceride (TG), diglycerides (DG), glycerophosphoethanolamines (GPE), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), sphingolipids, gangliosides, glycerophospholipids (GPL), and cholesterols, and their connection with α-syn aggregation as well as the induction of innate and adaptive immune reactions that trigger neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Loraine Hatton
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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13
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Delbecq S. Major Surface Antigens in Zoonotic Babesia. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11010099. [PMID: 35056047 PMCID: PMC8780968 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human babesiosis results from a combination of tick tropism for humans, susceptibility of a host to sustain Babesia development, and contact with infected ticks. Climate modifications and increasing diagnostics have led to an expanded number of Babesia species responsible for human babesiosis, although, to date, most cases have been attributed to B. microti and B. divergens. These two species have been extensively studied, and in this review, we mostly focus on the antigens involved in host–parasite interactions. We present features of the major antigens, so-called Bd37 in B. divergens and BmSA1/GPI12 in B. microti, and highlight the roles of these antigens in both host cell invasion and immune response. A comparison of these antigens with the major antigens found in some other Apicomplexa species emphasizes the importance of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in host–parasite relationships. GPI-anchor cleavage, which is a property of such antigens, leads to soluble and membrane-bound forms of these proteins, with potentially differential recognition by the host immune system. This mechanism is discussed as the structural basis for the protein-embedded immune escape mechanism. In conclusion, the potential consequences of such a mechanism on the management of both human and animal babesiosis is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Delbecq
- Centre de Biologie Structurale, Faculté de Pharmacie, University of Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5048, 34090 Montpellier, France
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14
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Bandyopadhyay A, Sannigrahi A, Chattopadhyay K. Membrane composition and lipid to protein ratio modulate amyloid kinetics of yeast prion protein. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:592-605. [PMID: 34458802 PMCID: PMC8341755 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00203h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of prion aggregation in a membrane environment may help to ameliorate neurodegenerative complications caused by the amyloid forms of prions. Here, we investigated the membrane binding-induced aggregation of yeast prion protein Sup35. Using the combination of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) at single molecule resolution and other biophysical studies, we establish that lipid composition and lipid/protein ratio are key modulators of the aggregation kinetics of Sup35. In the presence of a zwitterionic membrane (DMPC), Sup35 exhibited novel biphasic aggregation kinetics at lipid/protein ratios ranging between 20 : 1 and 70 : 1 (termed here as the optimum lipid concentration, OLC). In ratios below (low lipid concentration, LLC) and above (ELC, excess lipid concentration) that range, the aggregation was found to be monophasic. In contrast, in the presence of negatively charged membranes, we did not observe any bi-phasic aggregation kinetics in the entire range of protein to lipid ratios. Our results provide a mechanistic description of the role that membrane concentration/composition-modulated aggregation may play in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Bandyopadhyay
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Achinta Sannigrahi
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 India
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15
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Louka A, Zacco E, Temussi PA, Tartaglia GG, Pastore A. RNA as the stone guest of protein aggregation. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:11880-11889. [PMID: 33068411 PMCID: PMC7708036 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of prions as infectious aggregates dates several decades. From its original formulation, the definition of a prion has progressively changed to the point that many aggregation-prone proteins are now considered bona fide prions. RNA molecules, not included in the original 'protein-only hypothesis', are also being recognized as important factors contributing to the 'prion behaviour', that implies the transmissibility of an aberrant fold. In particular, an association has recently emerged between aggregation and the assembly of prion-like proteins in RNA-rich complexes, associated with both physiological and pathological events. Here, we discuss the historical rising of the concept of prion-like domains, their relation to RNA and their role in protein aggregation. As a paradigmatic example, we present the case study of TDP-43, an RNA-binding prion-like protein associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Through this example, we demonstrate how the current definition of prions has incorporated quite different concepts making the meaning of the term richer and more stimulating. An important message that emerges from our analysis is the dual role of RNA in protein aggregation, making RNA, that has been considered for many years a 'silent presence' or the 'stone guest' of protein aggregation, an important component of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Louka
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the Maurice Wohl Institute of King's College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Elsa Zacco
- Center for Human Technologies, Central RNA laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova 16152, Italy
| | - Piero Andrea Temussi
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the Maurice Wohl Institute of King's College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
- University “Federico II’’ Napoli, via Cynthia, Napoli 80100, Italy
| | - Gian Gaetano Tartaglia
- Center for Human Technologies, Central RNA laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova 16152, Italy
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain and ICREA, 23 Passeig Lluıs Companys, Barcelona 08010, Spain
- Charles Darwin department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the Maurice Wohl Institute of King's College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
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16
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Brenna S, Altmeppen HC, Mohammadi B, Rissiek B, Schlink F, Ludewig P, Krisp C, Schlüter H, Failla AV, Schneider C, Glatzel M, Puig B, Magnus T. Characterization of brain-derived extracellular vesicles reveals changes in cellular origin after stroke and enrichment of the prion protein with a potential role in cellular uptake. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1809065. [PMID: 32944194 PMCID: PMC7480459 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1809065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important means of intercellular communication and a potent tool for regenerative therapy. In ischaemic stroke, transient blockage of a brain artery leads to a lack of glucose and oxygen in the affected brain tissue, provoking neuronal death by necrosis in the core of the ischaemic region. The fate of neurons in the surrounding penumbra region depends on the stimuli, including EVs, received during the following hours. A detailed characterization of such stimuli is crucial not only for understanding stroke pathophysiology but also for new therapeutic interventions. In the present study, we characterize the EVs in mouse brain under physiological conditions and 24 h after induction of transient ischaemia in mice. We show that, in steady-state conditions, microglia are the main source of small EVs (sEVs), whereas after ischaemia the main sEV population originates from astrocytes. Brain sEVs presented high amounts of the prion protein (PrP), which were further increased after stroke. Moreover, EVs were enriched in a proteolytically truncated PrP fragment (PrP-C1). Because of similarities between PrP-C1 and certain viral surface proteins, we studied the cellular uptake of brain-derived sEVs from mice lacking (PrP-KO) or expressing PrP (WT). We show that PrP-KO-sEVs are taken up significantly faster and more efficiently than WT-EVs by primary neurons. Furthermore, microglia and astrocytes engulf PrP-KO-sEVs more readily than WT-sEVs. Our results provide novel information on the relative contribution of brain cell types to the sEV pool in murine brain and indicate that increased release of sEVs by astrocytes together with elevated levels of PrP in sEVs may play a role in intercellular communication at early stages after stroke. In addition, amounts of PrP (and probably PrP-C1) in brain sEVs seem to contribute to regulating their cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santra Brenna
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann C. Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Behnam Mohammadi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florence Schlink
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Ludewig
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Krisp
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Mass Spectrometric Proteomics University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Mass Spectrometric Proteomics University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Virgilio Failla
- UKE Microscopy Imaging Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carola Schneider
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Puig B, Yang D, Brenna S, Altmeppen HC, Magnus T. Show Me Your Friends and I Tell You Who You Are: The Many Facets of Prion Protein in Stroke. Cells 2020; 9:E1609. [PMID: 32630841 PMCID: PMC7407975 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke belongs to the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Although treatments for the acute phase of stroke are available, not all patients are eligible. There is a need to search for therapeutic options to promote neurological recovery after stroke. The cellular prion protein (PrPC) has been consistently linked to a neuroprotective role after ischemic damage: it is upregulated in the penumbra area following stroke in humans, and animal models of stroke have shown that lack of PrPC aggravates the ischemic damage and lessens the functional outcome. Mechanistically, these effects can be linked to numerous functions attributed to PrPC: (1) as a signaling partner of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, (2) as a regulator of glutamate receptors, and (3) promoting stem cell homing mechanisms, leading to angio- and neurogenesis. PrPC can be cleaved at different sites and the proteolytic fragments can account for the manifold functions. Moreover, PrPC is present on extracellular vesicles (EVs), released membrane particles originating from all types of cells that have drawn attention as potential therapeutic tools in stroke and many other diseases. Thus, identification of the many mechanisms underlying PrPC-induced neuroprotection will not only provide further understanding of the physiological functions of PrPC but also new ideas for possible treatment options after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Puig
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.Y.); (S.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Denise Yang
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.Y.); (S.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Santra Brenna
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.Y.); (S.B.); (T.M.)
| | | | - Tim Magnus
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.Y.); (S.B.); (T.M.)
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18
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D'Argenio V, Sarnataro D. Microbiome Influence in the Pathogenesis of Prion and Alzheimer's Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4704. [PMID: 31547531 PMCID: PMC6801937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolded and abnormal β-sheets forms of wild-type proteins, such as cellular prion protein (PrPC) and amyloid beta (Aβ), are believed to be the vectors of neurodegenerative diseases, prion and Alzheimer's disease (AD), respectively. Increasing evidence highlights the "prion-like" seeding of protein aggregates as a mechanism for pathological spread in AD, tauopathy, as well as in other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's. Mutations in both PrPC and Aβ precursor protein (APP), have been associated with the pathogenesis of these fatal disorders with clear evidence for their pathogenic significance. In addition, a critical role for the gut microbiota is emerging; indeed, as a consequence of gut-brain axis alterations, the gut microbiota has been involved in the regulation of Aβ production in AD and, through the microglial inflammation, in the amyloid fibril formation, in prion diseases. Here, we aim to review the role of microbiome ("the other human genome") alterations in AD and prion disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria D'Argenio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Daniela Sarnataro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.
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19
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Lee D, Lee S, Shin Y, Song Y, Kang SW. Thiol-disulfide status regulates quality control of prion protein at the plasma membrane. FASEB J 2019; 33:11567-11578. [PMID: 31331210 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901052r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Rapid endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced export (RESET) is undoubtedly beneficial in that it eliminates misfolded prion protein (PrP) from a stressed ER. Considering that RESET induces rapid endocytosis of misfolded PrP for degradation, it is questionable whether RESET is beneficial when its product amount overwhelms the capacity of subsequent clearance pathways. We require a strategy to monitor the endocytic flux rate of misfolded PrPs. Here, we stabilized misfolded PrPs by inserting red fluorescent protein (RFP) and indirectly determined this rate by monitoring the lysosomal free RFP. We discovered a surveillance mechanism that limits endocytosis of misfolded PrPs through plasma membrane quality control (pmQC). pmQC was regulated by the thiol-disulfide status of misfolded PrPs and consequently accumulates nonpathogenic PrP variants at the plasma membrane. This variant alleviated prion proteotoxicity induced by persistent RESET. Thus, PrP endocytosis is regulated by pmQC to ensure the safety of endolysosomal pathway from persistent internalization of misfolded PrP.-Lee, D., Lee, S., Shin, Y., Song, Y., Kang, S.-W. Thiol-disulfide status regulates quality control of prion protein at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duri Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sohee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yejin Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngsup Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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20
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Saito T, Mihira N, Matsuba Y, Sasaguri H, Hashimoto S, Narasimhan S, Zhang B, Murayama S, Higuchi M, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, Saido TC. Humanization of the entire murine Mapt gene provides a murine model of pathological human tau propagation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12754-12765. [PMID: 31273083 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In cortical regions of brains from individuals with preclinical or clinical Alzheimer's disease (AD), extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition precedes the aggregation of pathological intracellular tau (the product of the gene microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT)). To our knowledge, current mouse models of tauopathy reconstitute tau pathology by overexpressing mutant human tau protein. Here, through a homologous recombination approach that replaced the entire murine Mapt gene with the human ortholog, we developed knock-in mice with humanized Mapt to create an in vivo platform for studying human tauopathy. Of note, the humanized Mapt expressed all six tau isoforms present in humans. We next cross-bred the MAPT knock-in mice with single amyloid precursor protein (App) knock-in mice to investigate the Aβ-tau axis in AD etiology. The double-knock-in mice exhibited higher tau phosphorylation than did single MAPT knock-in mice but initially lacked apparent tauopathy and neurodegeneration, as observed in the single App knock-in mice. We further observed that tau humanization significantly accelerates cell-to-cell propagation of AD brain-derived pathological tau both in the absence and presence of Aβ-amyloidosis. In the presence of Aβ-amyloidosis, tau accumulation was intensified and closely associated with dystrophic neurites, consistently showing that Aβ-amyloidosis affects tau pathology. Our results also indicated that the pathological human tau interacts better with human tau than with murine tau, suggesting species-specific differences between these orthologous pathogenic proteins. We propose that the MAPT knock-in mice will make it feasible to investigate the behaviors and characteristics of human tau in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan .,Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naomi Mihira
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yukio Matsuba
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sasaguri
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shoko Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Sneha Narasimhan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Virginia M Y Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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21
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Araman C, 't Hart BA. Neurodegeneration meets immunology - A chemical biology perspective. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1911-1924. [PMID: 30910473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Araman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and the Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - B A 't Hart
- University of Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, Free University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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GPI-anchor signal sequence influences PrPC sorting, shedding and signalling, and impacts on different pathomechanistic aspects of prion disease in mice. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007520. [PMID: 30608982 PMCID: PMC6334958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a cell surface glycoprotein attached to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor and plays a critical role in transmissible, neurodegenerative and fatal prion diseases. Alterations in membrane attachment influence PrPC-associated signaling, and the development of prion disease, yet our knowledge of the role of the GPI-anchor in localization, processing, and function of PrPCin vivo is limited We exchanged the PrPC GPI-anchor signal sequence of for that of Thy-1 (PrPCGPIThy-1) in cells and mice. We show that this modifies the GPI-anchor composition, which then lacks sialic acid, and that PrPCGPIThy-1 is preferentially localized in axons and is less prone to proteolytic shedding when compared to PrPC. Interestingly, after prion infection, mice expressing PrPCGPIThy-1 show a significant delay to terminal disease, a decrease of microglia/astrocyte activation, and altered MAPK signaling when compared to wild-type mice. Our results are the first to demonstrate in vivo, that the GPI-anchor signal sequence plays a fundamental role in the GPI-anchor composition, dictating the subcellular localization of a given protein and, in the case of PrPC, influencing the development of prion disease. The prion protein (PrPC) is a glycoprotein attached to the neuronal surface via a GPI-anchor. When misfolded to PrPSc, it leads to fatal neurodegenerative diseases which propagates from host to host. PrPSc is the principal component of the infectious agent of prion diseases, the “prion”. Misfolding occurs at the plasma membrane, and when PrPC lacks the GPI-anchor, neuropathology and incubation time of prion disease are strongly modified. Moreover, the composition of the PrPC GPI-anchor impacts on the conversion process. To study the role of the GPI-anchor in the pathophysiology of prion diseases in vivo, we have generated transgenic mice where the PrPC GPI-signal sequence (GPI-SS) is replaced for the one of Thy-1, a neuronal protein with a distinct GPI-anchor and membrane localization. We found that the resulting protein, PrPCGPIThy-1, shows a different GPI-anchor composition, increased axonal localization, and reduced enzymatic shedding. After prion infection, disease progression is significantly delayed, and the neuropathology and cellular signaling are changed. The present work demonstrates that the GPI-SS per se determines the GPI-anchor composition and localization of a given protein and it stresses the importance of PrPC membrane anchorage in prion disease.
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23
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Morris RJ. Thy-1, a Pathfinder Protein for the Post-genomic Era. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:173. [PMID: 30619853 PMCID: PMC6305390 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thy-1 is possibly the smallest of cell surface proteins – 110 amino acids folded into an Immunoglobulin variable domain, tethered to the outer leaflet of the cell surface membrane via just the two saturated fatty acids of its glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Yet Thy-1 is emerging as a key regulator of differentiation in cells of endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal origin, acting as both a ligand (for certain integrins and other receptors), and as a receptor, able to modulate signaling and hence differentiation in the Thy-1-expressing cell. This is an extraordinary diversity of molecular pathways to be controlled by a molecule that does not even cross the cell membrane. Here I review aspects of the cell biology of Thy-1, and studies of its role as deduced from gene knock-out studies, that suggest how this protein can participate in so many different signaling-related functions. While mechanisms differ in molecular detail, it appears overall that Thy-1 dampens down signaling to control function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J Morris
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Sarnataro D. Attempt to Untangle the Prion-Like Misfolding Mechanism for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103081. [PMID: 30304819 PMCID: PMC6213118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The misfolding and aggregation of proteins is the neuropathological hallmark for numerous diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and prion diseases. It is believed that misfolded and abnormal β-sheets forms of wild-type proteins are the vectors of these diseases by acting as seeds for the aggregation of endogenous proteins. Cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchored glycoprotein that is able to misfold to a pathogenic isoform PrPSc, the causative agent of prion diseases which present as sporadic, dominantly inherited and transmissible infectious disorders. Increasing evidence highlights the importance of prion-like seeding as a mechanism for pathological spread in Alzheimer's disease and Tauopathy, as well as other neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we report the latest findings on the mechanisms controlling protein folding, focusing on the ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) quality control of GPI-anchored proteins and describe the "prion-like" properties of amyloid-β and tau assemblies. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of pathogenic assemblies interaction with protein and lipid membrane components and their implications in both prion and Alzheimer's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sarnataro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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25
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Mechanism of aggregation and membrane interactions of mammalian prion protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Muskelin Coordinates PrP C Lysosome versus Exosome Targeting and Impacts Prion Disease Progression. Neuron 2018; 99:1155-1169.e9. [PMID: 30174115 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPC) modulates cell adhesion and signaling in the brain. Conversion to its infectious isoform causes neurodegeneration, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. PrPC undergoes rapid plasma membrane turnover and extracellular release via exosomes. However, the intracellular transport of PrPC and its potential impact on prion disease progression is barely understood. Here we identify critical components of PrPC trafficking that also link intracellular and extracellular PrPC turnover. PrPC associates with muskelin, dynein, and KIF5C at transport vesicles. Notably, muskelin coordinates bidirectional PrPC transport and facilitates lysosomal degradation over exosomal PrPC release. Muskelin gene knockout consequently causes PrPC accumulation at the neuronal surface and on secreted exosomes. Moreover, prion disease onset is accelerated following injection of pathogenic prions into muskelin knockout mice. Our data identify an essential checkpoint in PrPC turnover. They propose a novel connection between neuronal intracellular lysosome targeting and extracellular exosome trafficking, relevant to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative conditions.
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Hnasko R, Lin A, McGarvey J, Stanker L. Enhanced detection of infectious prions by direct ELISA from the brains of asymptomatic animals using DRM2-118 monoclonal antibody and Gdn-HCl. J Immunol Methods 2018; 456:38-43. [PMID: 29462604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this report we describe the use of a novel anti-prion monoclonal antibody (DRM2-118) for the direct detection of infectious prions by ELISA. Epitope mapping using overlapping hamster (SHa) prion peptides indicates DRM2-118 binding occurs between residues 93-100 and at the 310-helix (residues 163-170) between alpha helix-A and -B. This antibody shows broad species binding to endogenous prions from brain homogenates and corresponding recombinant prion proteins. To evaluate the performance of this MAb for the detection of prion proteins we performed an animal time course and evaluated prion detection from both crude brain homogenates and lipid raft fractions (DRM) by direct ELISA. Prion detection was significantly enhanced by the addition of the chaotropic guanidine-HCl (Gdn-HCl) during protein immobilization with detection of PK-resistant prion from asymptomatic animal brains at (45-DPI) and from lipid rafts at (24-DPI). Our data demonstrates enhanced prion detection from brain lipid rafts of asymptomatic animals by a simple direct ELISA using the DRM2-118 MAb combined with Gdn-HCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hnasko
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agriculture Research Service (ARS), Pacific West Area (PWA), Western Regional Research Center (WRRC), Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit (PSM), 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, United States.
| | - Alice Lin
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agriculture Research Service (ARS), Pacific West Area (PWA), Western Regional Research Center (WRRC), Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit (PSM), 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, United States
| | - Jeffery McGarvey
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agriculture Research Service (ARS), Pacific West Area (PWA), Western Regional Research Center (WRRC), Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention (FTDP), 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, United States
| | - Larry Stanker
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agriculture Research Service (ARS), Pacific West Area (PWA), Western Regional Research Center (WRRC), Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention (FTDP), 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, United States
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Interaction of Peptide Aptamers with Prion Protein Central Domain Promotes α-Cleavage of PrP C. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7758-7774. [PMID: 29460268 PMCID: PMC6132731 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases affecting humans and animals. Transmission is possible within and between species with zoonotic potential. Currently, no prophylaxis or treatment exists. Prions are composed of the misfolded isoform PrPSc of the cellular prion protein PrPC. Expression of PrPC is a prerequisite for prion infection, and conformational conversion of PrPC is induced upon its direct interaction with PrPSc. Inhibition of this interaction can abrogate prion propagation, and we have previously established peptide aptamers (PAs) binding to PrPC as new anti-prion compounds. Here, we mapped the interaction site of PA8 in PrP and modeled the complex in silico to design targeted mutations in PA8 which presumably enhance binding properties. Using these PA8 variants, we could improve PA-mediated inhibition of PrPSc replication and de novo infection of neuronal cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that binding of PA8 and its variants increases PrPC α-cleavage and interferes with its internalization. This gives rise to high levels of the membrane-anchored PrP-C1 fragment, a transdominant negative inhibitor of prion replication. PA8 and its variants interact with PrPC at its central and most highly conserved domain, a region which is crucial for prion conversion and facilitates toxic signaling of Aβ oligomers characteristic for Alzheimer's disease. Our strategy allows for the first time to induce α-cleavage, which occurs within this central domain, independent of targeting the responsible protease. Therefore, interaction of PAs with PrPC and enhancement of α-cleavage represent mechanisms that can be beneficial for the treatment of prion and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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29
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Puig B, Altmeppen HC, Glatzel M. Misfolding leads the way to unraveling signaling pathways in the pathophysiology of prion diseases. Prion 2017; 10:434-443. [PMID: 27870599 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1244593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A misfolded version of the prion protein represents an essential component in the pathophysiology of fatal neurodegenerative prion diseases, which affect humans and animals alike. They may be of sporadic origin, acquired through exogenous introduction of infectious misfolded prion protein, or caused by genetic alterations in the prion protein coding gene. We have recently described a novel pathway linking retention of mutant prion protein in the early secretory pathway to activation p38-MAPK and a neurodegenerative phenotype in transgenic mice. Here we review the consequences that mutations in prion protein have on intracellular transport and stress responses focusing on protein quality control. We also discuss the neurotoxic signaling elicited by the accumulation of mutant prion protein in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. Improved knowledge about these processes will help us to better understand complex pathogenesis of prion diseases, a prerequisite for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Puig
- a Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Hermann C Altmeppen
- a Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- a Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
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Ray A, Jatana N, Thukral L. Lipidated proteins: Spotlight on protein-membrane binding interfaces. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 128:74-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Araman C, Thompson RE, Wang S, Hackl S, Payne RJ, Becker CFW. Semisynthetic prion protein (PrP) variants carrying glycan mimics at position 181 and 197 do not form fibrils. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6626-6632. [PMID: 28989689 PMCID: PMC5625290 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02719b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Semisynthesis and characterization of homogeneously mono- and di-PEGylated full length PrP variants to study the impact of PEGylation (as N-glycan mimics) on protein folding and aggregation.
The prion protein (PrP) is an N-glycosylated protein attached to the outer leaflet of eukaryotic cell membranes via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Different prion strains have distinct glycosylation patterns and the extent of glycosylation of potentially pathogenic misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) has a major impact on several prion-related diseases (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, TSEs). Based on these findings it is hypothesized that posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of PrP influence conversion of cellular prion protein (PrPC) into PrPSc and, as such, modified PrP variants are critical tools needed to investigate the impact of PTMs on the pathogenesis of TSEs. Here we report a semisynthetic approach to generate PrP variants modified with monodisperse polyethyleneglycol (PEG) units as mimics of N-glycans. Incorporating PEG at glycosylation sites 181 and 197 in PrP induced only small changes to the secondary structure when compared to unmodified, wildtype PrP. More importantly, in vitro aggregation was abrogated for all PEGylated PrP variants under conditions at which wildtype PrP aggregated. Furthermore, the addition of PEGylated PrP as low as 10 mol% to wildtype PrP completely blocked aggregation. A similar effect was observed for synthetic PEGylated PrP segments comprising amino acids 179–231 alone if these were added to wildtype PrP in aggregation assays. This behavior raises the question if large N-glycans interfere with aggregation in vivo and if PEGylated PrP peptides could serve as potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Araman
- Institute of Biological Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Waehringer Strasse 38 , 1090 , Vienna-AT , Austria .
| | - Robert E Thompson
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Siyao Wang
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Stefanie Hackl
- Institute of Biological Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Waehringer Strasse 38 , 1090 , Vienna-AT , Austria .
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Christian F W Becker
- Institute of Biological Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Waehringer Strasse 38 , 1090 , Vienna-AT , Austria .
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Sikorska N, Lemus L, Aguilera-Romero A, Manzano-Lopez J, Riezman H, Muñiz M, Goder V. Limited ER quality control for GPI-anchored proteins. J Cell Biol 2017; 213:693-704. [PMID: 27325793 PMCID: PMC4915193 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201602010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sikorska et al. find that remodeling of a GPI anchor after its attachment to proteins inside the ER strongly promotes ER export but occurs independently of protein folding, thereby effectively limiting ER quality control, potentially including ER-associated degradation of all GPI-anchored proteins. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control mechanisms target terminally misfolded proteins for ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Misfolded glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are, however, generally poor ERAD substrates and are targeted mainly to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation, leading to predictions that a GPI anchor sterically obstructs ERAD. Here we analyzed the degradation of the misfolded GPI-AP Gas1* in yeast. We could efficiently route Gas1* to Hrd1-dependent ERAD and provide evidence that it contains a GPI anchor, ruling out that a GPI anchor obstructs ERAD. Instead, we show that the normally decreased susceptibility of Gas1* to ERAD is caused by canonical remodeling of its GPI anchor, which occurs in all GPI-APs and provides a protein-independent ER export signal. Thus, GPI anchor remodeling is independent of protein folding and leads to efficient ER export of even misfolded species. Our data imply that ER quality control is limited for the entire class of GPI-APs, many of them being clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sikorska
- Department of Genetics, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Leticia Lemus
- Department of Genetics, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Auxiliadora Aguilera-Romero
- National Centre of Competence in Research, Chemical Biology, Sciences II, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland Department of Biochemistry, Sciences II, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Javier Manzano-Lopez
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Howard Riezman
- National Centre of Competence in Research, Chemical Biology, Sciences II, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland Department of Biochemistry, Sciences II, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Muñiz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Veit Goder
- Department of Genetics, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
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Linden R. The Biological Function of the Prion Protein: A Cell Surface Scaffold of Signaling Modules. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:77. [PMID: 28373833 PMCID: PMC5357658 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion glycoprotein (PrPC) is mostly located at the cell surface, tethered to the plasma membrane through a glycosyl-phosphatydil inositol (GPI) anchor. Misfolding of PrPC is associated with the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), whereas its normal conformer serves as a receptor for oligomers of the β-amyloid peptide, which play a major role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). PrPC is highly expressed in both the nervous and immune systems, as well as in other organs, but its functions are controversial. Extensive experimental work disclosed multiple physiological roles of PrPC at the molecular, cellular and systemic levels, affecting the homeostasis of copper, neuroprotection, stem cell renewal and memory mechanisms, among others. Often each such process has been heralded as the bona fide function of PrPC, despite restricted attention paid to a selected phenotypic trait, associated with either modulation of gene expression or to the engagement of PrPC with a single ligand. In contrast, the GPI-anchored prion protein was shown to bind several extracellular and transmembrane ligands, which are required to endow that protein with the ability to play various roles in transmembrane signal transduction. In addition, differing sets of those ligands are available in cell type- and context-dependent scenarios. To account for such properties, we proposed that PrPC serves as a dynamic platform for the assembly of signaling modules at the cell surface, with widespread consequences for both physiology and behavior. The current review advances the hypothesis that the biological function of the prion protein is that of a cell surface scaffold protein, based on the striking similarities of its functional properties with those of scaffold proteins involved in the organization of intracellular signal transduction pathways. Those properties are: the ability to recruit spatially restricted sets of binding molecules involved in specific signaling; mediation of the crosstalk of signaling pathways; reciprocal allosteric regulation with binding partners; compartmentalized responses; dependence of signaling properties upon posttranslational modification; and stoichiometric requirements and/or oligomerization-dependent impact on signaling. The scaffold concept may contribute to novel approaches to the development of effective treatments to hitherto incurable neurodegenerative diseases, through informed modulation of prion protein-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Linden
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis, Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Kovač V, Zupančič B, Ilc G, Plavec J, Čurin Šerbec V. Truncated prion protein PrP226* - A structural view on its role in amyloid disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:45-50. [PMID: 28109886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the brain of patients with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, besides PrPSc aggregates, deposition of truncated PrP molecules was described. Jansen et al. reported two clinical cases with deposition of C-terminally truncated PrP, one of them ending with Tyr226. We have previously described the discovery of monoclonal antibody V5B2 that selectively recognizes this version of the prion protein, which we called PrP226*. Using monoclonal antibody V5B2 we showed that accumulation of PrP226* is characteristic for most types of human and animal TSEs. Its distribution correlates to the distribution of PrPSc aggregates. To gain insight into the structural basis of its presence and distribution in PrP aggregates, we have determined the NMR structure of recombinant PrP226*. The structure of the protein consists of a disordered N-terminal part (residues 90-125) and a structured C-terminal part (residues 126-226). The C-terminal segment consists of four α-helices and a short antiparallel β-sheet. Our model predicts a break in the C-terminal helix and reorganized hydrophobic interactions between helix α3 and β2-α2 loop due to the shorter C-terminus. The structural model gives information on the possible role of the protein in the development of amyloid disease and can serve as a foundation to develop tools for prevention and treatment of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerija Kovač
- Department for the Production of Diagnostic Reagents and Research & R&D Service, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Blaž Zupančič
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Ilc
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Dunajska 156, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Dunajska 156, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladka Čurin Šerbec
- Department for the Production of Diagnostic Reagents and Research & R&D Service, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Mattei V, Martellucci S, Santilli F, Manganelli V, Garofalo T, Candelise N, Caruso A, Sorice M, Scaccianoce S, Misasi R. Morphine Withdrawal Modifies Prion Protein Expression in Rat Hippocampus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169571. [PMID: 28081197 PMCID: PMC5231345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a vulnerable brain structure susceptible to damage during aging and chronic stress. Repeated exposure to opioids may alter the brain so that it functions normally when the drugs are present, thus, a prolonged withdrawal might lead to homeostatic changes headed for the restoration of the physiological state. Abuse of morphine may lead to Reacting Oxygen Species-induced neurodegeneration and apoptosis. It has been proposed that during morphine withdrawal, stress responses might be responsible, at least in part, for long-term changes of hippocampal plasticity. Since prion protein is involved in both, Reacting Oxygen Species mediated stress responses and synaptic plasticity, in this work we investigate the effect of opiate withdrawal in rats after morphine treatment. We hypothesize that stressful stimuli induced by opiate withdrawal, and the subsequent long-term homeostatic changes in hippocampal plasticity, might modulate the Prion protein expression. Our results indicate that abstinence from the opiate induced a time-dependent and region-specific modification in Prion protein content, indeed during morphine withdrawal a selective unbalance of hippocampal Prion Protein is observable. Moreover, Prion protein overexpression in hippocampal tissue seems to generate a dimeric structure of Prion protein and α-cleavage at the hydrophobic domain. Stress factors or toxic insults can induce cytosolic dimerization of Prion Protein through the hydrophobic domain, which in turn, it stimulates the α-cleavage and the production of neuroprotective Prion protein fragments. We speculate that this might be the mechanism by which stressful stimuli induced by opiate withdrawal and the subsequent long-term homeostatic changes in hippocampal plasticity, modulate the expression and the dynamics of Prion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Mattei
- Laboratorio di Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia Ambientale, Polo Universitario di Rieti “Sabina Universitas”, Rieti, Italia
| | - Stefano Martellucci
- Laboratorio di Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia Ambientale, Polo Universitario di Rieti “Sabina Universitas”, Rieti, Italia
| | - Francesca Santilli
- Laboratorio di Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia Ambientale, Polo Universitario di Rieti “Sabina Universitas”, Rieti, Italia
| | - Valeria Manganelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia
| | - Tina Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia
| | - Niccolò Candelise
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia
| | - Alessandra Caruso
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia "Vittorio Erspamer”, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia
| | - Maurizio Sorice
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia
| | - Sergio Scaccianoce
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia "Vittorio Erspamer”, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia
| | - Roberta Misasi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia
- * E-mail:
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Sepulveda M, Rozas P, Hetz C, Medinas DB. ERp57 as a novel cellular factor controlling prion protein biosynthesis: Therapeutic potential of protein disulfide isomerases. Prion 2017; 10:50-6. [PMID: 26864548 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2015.1129485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis is observed in Prion-related disorders (PrDs). The protein disulfide isomerase ERp57 is a stress-responsive ER chaperone up-regulated in the brain of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients. However, the actual role of ERp57 in prion protein (PrP) biogenesis and the ER stress response remained poorly defined. We have recently addressed this question using gain- and loss-of-function approaches in vitro and animal models, observing that ERp57 regulates steady-state levels of PrP. Our results revealed that ERp57 modulates the biosynthesis and maturation of PrP but, surprisingly, does not contribute to the global cellular reaction against ER stress in neurons. Here we discuss the relevance of ERp57 as a possible therapeutic target in PrDs and other protein misfolding disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sepulveda
- a Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,b Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,c Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Pablo Rozas
- a Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,b Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,c Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- a Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,b Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,c Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,d Harvard School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Danilo B Medinas
- a Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,b Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,c Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
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Kovač V, Hafner-Bratkovič I, Čurin Šerbec V. Anchorless forms of prion protein - Impact of truncation on structure destabilization and prion protein conversion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 481:1-6. [PMID: 27836542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by scrapie form of prion protein, PrPSc. Prion protein (PrP) is bound to the cell via glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. The role of GPI anchor in PrPSc replication and propagation remains unclear. It has been shown that anchorless and truncated PrP accelerate the formation and propagation of prions in vivo and further increases the risk for transmission of prion diseases among species. To explain the role of anchorless forms of PrP in the development of prion diseases, we have prepared five C-terminal PrP truncated variants, determined their thermodynamic properties and analyzed the kinetics of conversion into amyloid fibrils. According to our results thermodynamic and kinetic properties are affected both by pH and truncation. We have shown that the shortest variant was the most destabilized and converted faster than other variants in acidic pH. Other variants converted with longer lag time of fibrillization than WT despite comparable or even decreased stability in acidic pH. Our results indicate that even the change in length for 1 amino acid residue can have a profound effect on in vitro conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerija Kovač
- Department for the Production of Diagnostic Reagents and Research & R&D Service, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iva Hafner-Bratkovič
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Trg Osvobodilne fronte 13, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladka Čurin Šerbec
- Department for the Production of Diagnostic Reagents and Research & R&D Service, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Hackl S, Schmid A, Becker CFW. Semisynthesis of Membrane-Attached Proteins Using Split Inteins. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2016; 1495:93-109. [PMID: 27714612 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6451-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The site-selective installation of lipid modifications on proteins is critically important in our understanding of how membrane association influences the biophysical properties of proteins as well as to study certain proteins in their native environment. Here, we describe the use of split inteins for the C-terminal attachment of lipid-modified peptides to virtually any protein of interest (POI) via protein trans-splicing (PTS). To achieve this, the protein of interest is expressed in fusion with the N-terminal split intein segment and the C-terminal split intein segment is prepared by solid phase peptide synthesis. A synthetic peptide carrying two lipid chains is also made chemically to serve as a membrane anchor and subsequently linked to the C-terminal split intein by native chemical ligation. Proteins of interest for our work are the prion protein as well as small GTPases; however, extensions to other POIs are possible. Detailed information for the C-terminal introduction of a lipidated membrane anchor (MA) peptide using split intein systems from Synechocystis spp. and Nostoc punctiforme for the Prion protein (PrP, as a challenging protein of interest) and the enhanced green-fluorescent protein (eGFP, as an easily trackable target protein) are provided here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hackl
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alanca Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian F W Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Katorcha E, Srivastava S, Klimova N, Baskakov IV. Sialylation of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) Anchors of Mammalian Prions Is Regulated in a Host-, Tissue-, and Cell-specific Manner. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17009-19. [PMID: 27317661 PMCID: PMC5016106 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.732040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prions or PrP(Sc) are proteinaceous infectious agents that consist of misfolded, self-replicating states of the prion protein or PrP(C) PrP(C) is posttranslationally modified with N-linked glycans and a sialylated glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Conformational conversion of PrP(C) gives rise to glycosylated and GPI-anchored PrP(Sc) The question of the sialylation status of GPIs within PrP(Sc) has been controversial. Previous studies that examined scrapie brains reported that both sialo- and asialo-GPIs were present in PrP(Sc), with the majority being asialo-GPIs. In contrast, recent work that employed cultured cells claimed that only PrP(C) with sialylo-GPIs could be recruited into PrP(Sc), whereas PrP(C) with asialo-GPIs inhibited conversion. To resolve this controversy, we analyzed the sialylation status of GPIs within PrP(Sc) generated in the brain, spleen, or cultured N2a or C2C12 myotube cells. We found that recruiting PrP(C) with both sialo- and asialo-GPIs is a common feature of PrP(Sc) The mixtures of sialo- and asialo-GPIs were observed in PrP(Sc) universally regardless of prion strain as well as host, tissue, or type of cells that produced PrP(Sc) Remarkably, the proportion of sialo- versus asialo-GPIs was found to be controlled by host, tissue, and cell type but not prion strain. In summary, this study found no strain-specific preferences for selecting PrP(C) with sialo- versus asialo-GPIs. Instead, this work suggests that the sialylation status of GPIs within PrP(Sc) is regulated in a cell-, tissue-, or host-specific manner and is likely to be determined by the specifics of GPI biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Katorcha
- From the Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- From the Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Nina Klimova
- From the Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Ilia V Baskakov
- From the Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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Glatzel M, Linsenmeier L, Dohler F, Krasemann S, Puig B, Altmeppen HC. Shedding light on prion disease. Prion 2016; 9:244-56. [PMID: 26186508 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2015.1065371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic processing regulates key processes in health and disease. The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is subject to at least 3 cleavage events, α-cleavage, β-cleavage and shedding. In contrast to α- and β-cleavage where there is an ongoing controversy on the identity of relevant proteases, the metalloprotease ADAM10 represents the only relevant PrP sheddase. Here we focus on the roles that ADAM10-mediated shedding of PrP(C) and its pathogenic isoform (PrP(Sc)) might play in regulating their physiological and pathogenic functions, respectively. As revealed by our recent study using conditional ADAM10 knockout mice (Altmeppen et al., 2015), shedding of PrP seems to be involved in key processes of prion diseases. These aspects and several open questions arising from them are discussed. Increased knowledge on this topic can shed new light on prion diseases and other neurodegenerative conditions as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Glatzel
- a Institute of Neuropathology; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf ; Hamburg , Germany
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41
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Puig B, Altmeppen HC, Ulbrich S, Linsenmeier L, Krasemann S, Chakroun K, Acevedo-Morantes CY, Wille H, Tatzelt J, Glatzel M. Secretory pathway retention of mutant prion protein induces p38-MAPK activation and lethal disease in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24970. [PMID: 27117504 PMCID: PMC4847012 DOI: 10.1038/srep24970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Misfolding of proteins in the biosynthetic pathway in neurons may cause disturbed protein homeostasis and neurodegeneration. The prion protein (PrPC) is a GPI-anchored protein that resides at the plasma membrane and may be misfolded to PrPSc leading to prion diseases. We show that a deletion in the C-terminal domain of PrPC (PrPΔ214–229) leads to partial retention in the secretory pathway causing a fatal neurodegenerative disease in mice that is partially rescued by co-expression of PrPC. Transgenic (Tg(PrPΔ214–229)) mice show extensive neuronal loss in hippocampus and cerebellum and activation of p38-MAPK. In cell culture under stress conditions, PrPΔ214–229 accumulates in the Golgi apparatus possibly representing transit to the Rapid ER Stress-induced ExporT (RESET) pathway together with p38-MAPK activation. Here we describe a novel pathway linking retention of a GPI-anchored protein in the early secretory pathway to p38-MAPK activation and a neurodegenerative phenotype in transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Puig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Hermann C Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Sarah Ulbrich
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry und Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Luise Linsenmeier
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Karima Chakroun
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Claudia Y Acevedo-Morantes
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases and Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2M8 Alberta, Canada
| | - Holger Wille
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases and Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2M8 Alberta, Canada
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry und Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
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Li Q, Richard CA, Moudjou M, Vidic J. Purification and Refolding to Amyloid Fibrils of (His)6-tagged Recombinant Shadoo Protein Expressed as Inclusion Bodies in E. coli. J Vis Exp 2015:e53432. [PMID: 26709825 DOI: 10.3791/53432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Escherichia coli expression system is a powerful tool for the production of recombinant eukaryotic proteins. We use it to produce Shadoo, a protein belonging to the prion family. A chromatographic method for the purification of (His)6-tagged recombinant Shadoo expressed as inclusion bodies is described. The inclusion bodies are solubilized in 8 M urea and bound to a Ni(2+)-charged column to perform ion affinity chromatography. Bound proteins are eluted by a gradient of imidazole. Fractions containing Shadoo protein are subjected to size exclusion chromatography to obtain a highly purified protein. In the final step purified Shadoo is desalted to remove salts, urea and imidazole. Recombinant Shadoo protein is an important reagent for biophysical and biochemical studies of protein conformation disorders occurring in prion diseases. Many reports demonstrated that prion neurodegenerative diseases originate from the deposition of stable, ordered amyloid fibrils. Sample protocols describing how to fibrillate Shadoo into amyloid fibrils at acidic and neutral/basic pHs are presented. The methods on how to produce and fibrillate Shadoo can facilitate research in laboratories working on prion diseases, since it allows for production of large amounts of protein in a rapid and low cost manner.
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Torres M, Medinas DB, Matamala JM, Woehlbier U, Cornejo VH, Solda T, Andreu C, Rozas P, Matus S, Muñoz N, Vergara C, Cartier L, Soto C, Molinari M, Hetz C. The Protein-disulfide Isomerase ERp57 Regulates the Steady-state Levels of the Prion Protein. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23631-45. [PMID: 26170458 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.635565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the accumulation of a misfolded and protease-resistant form of the prion protein (PrP) is a key event in prion pathogenesis, the cellular factors involved in its folding and quality control are poorly understood. PrP is a glycosylated and disulfide-bonded protein synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER foldase ERp57 (also known as Grp58) is highly expressed in the brain of sporadic and infectious forms of prion-related disorders. ERp57 is a disulfide isomerase involved in the folding of a subset of glycoproteins in the ER as part of the calnexin/calreticulin cycle. Here, we show that levels of ERp57 increase mainly in neurons of Creutzfeldt-Jacob patients. Using gain- and loss-of-function approaches in cell culture, we demonstrate that ERp57 expression controls the maturation and total levels of wild-type PrP and mutant forms associated with human disease. In addition, we found that PrP physically interacts with ERp57, and also with the closest family member PDIA1, but not ERp72. Furthermore, we generated a conditional knock-out mouse for ERp57 in the nervous system and detected a reduction in the steady-state levels of the mono- and nonglycosylated forms of PrP in the brain. In contrast, ERp57 transgenic mice showed increased levels of endogenous PrP. Unexpectedly, ERp57 expression did not affect the susceptibility of cells to ER stress in vitro and in vivo. This study identifies ERp57 as a new modulator of PrP levels and may help with understanding the consequences of ERp57 up-regulation observed in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Torres
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Danilo B Medinas
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - José Manuel Matamala
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Department of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 7500691, Chile
| | - Ute Woehlbier
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Víctor Hugo Cornejo
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Tatiana Solda
- the Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona CH6500, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Andreu
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Pablo Rozas
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Soledad Matus
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Neurounion Biomedical Foundation, CENPAR, Santiago 7630614, Chile
| | - Natalia Muñoz
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Neurounion Biomedical Foundation, CENPAR, Santiago 7630614, Chile
| | - Carmen Vergara
- the Department of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 7500691, Chile
| | - Luis Cartier
- the Department of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 7500691, Chile
| | - Claudio Soto
- the Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- the Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona CH6500, Switzerland, the Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano CH6900, Switzerland, the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, Lausanne CH1015, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Hetz
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Stowell SR, Ju T, Cummings RD. Protein glycosylation in cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:473-510. [PMID: 25621663 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neoplastic transformation results in a wide variety of cellular alterations that impact the growth, survival, and general behavior of affected tissue. Although genetic alterations underpin the development of neoplastic disease, epigenetic changes can exert an equally significant effect on neoplastic transformation. Among neoplasia-associated epigenetic alterations, changes in cellular glycosylation have recently received attention as a key component of neoplastic progression. Alterations in glycosylation appear to not only directly impact cell growth and survival but also facilitate tumor-induced immunomodulation and eventual metastasis. Many of these changes may support neoplastic progression, and unique alterations in tumor-associated glycosylation may also serve as a distinct feature of cancer cells and therefore provide novel diagnostic and even therapeutic targets.
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45
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Race B, Phillips K, Meade-White K, Striebel J, Chesebro B. Increased infectivity of anchorless mouse scrapie prions in transgenic mice overexpressing human prion protein. J Virol 2015; 89:6022-32. [PMID: 25810548 PMCID: PMC4442444 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00362-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prion protein (PrP) is found in all mammals, mostly as a glycoprotein anchored to the plasma membrane by a C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage. Following prion infection, host protease-sensitive prion protein (PrPsen or PrPC) is converted into an abnormal, disease-associated, protease-resistant form (PrPres). Biochemical characteristics, such as the PrP amino acid sequence, and posttranslational modifications, such as glycosylation and GPI anchoring, can affect the transmissibility of prions as well as the biochemical properties of the PrPres generated. Previous in vivo studies on the effects of GPI anchoring on prion infectivity have not examined cross-species transmission. In this study, we tested the effect of lack of GPI anchoring on a species barrier model using mice expressing human PrP. In this model, anchorless 22L prions derived from tg44 mice were more infectious than 22L prions derived from C57BL/10 mice when tested in tg66 transgenic mice, which expressed wild-type anchored human PrP at 8- to 16-fold above normal. Thus, the lack of the GPI anchor on the PrPres from tg44 mice appeared to reduce the effect of the mouse-human PrP species barrier. In contrast, neither source of prions induced disease in tgRM transgenic mice, which expressed human PrP at 2- to 4-fold above normal. IMPORTANCE Prion protein (PrP) is found in all mammals, usually attached to cells by an anchor molecule called GPI. Following prion infection, PrP is converted into a disease-associated form (PrPres). While most prion diseases are species specific, this finding is not consistent, and species barriers differ in strength. The amino acid sequence of PrP varies among species, and this variability affects prion species barriers. However, other PrP modifications, including glycosylation and GPI anchoring, may also influence cross-species infectivity. We studied the effect of PrP GPI anchoring using a mouse-to-human species barrier model. Experiments showed that prions produced by mice expressing only anchorless PrP were more infectious than prions produced in mice expressing anchored PrP. Thus, the lack of the GPI anchor on prions reduced the effect of the mouse-human species barrier. Our results suggest that prion diseases that produce higher levels of anchorless PrP may pose an increased risk for cross-species infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Race
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Katie Phillips
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - James Striebel
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Bruce Chesebro
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
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Molino D, Nola S, Lam SM, Verraes A, Proux-Gillardeaux V, Boncompain G, Perez F, Wenk M, Shui G, Danglot L, Galli T. Role of tetanus neurotoxin insensitive vesicle-associated membrane protein in membrane domains transport and homeostasis. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2015. [PMID: 26196023 PMCID: PMC4501207 DOI: 10.1080/21592799.2015.1025182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes in eukaryotes contain a large variety of proteins and lipids often distributed in domains in plasma membrane and endomembranes. Molecular mechanisms responsible for the transport and the organization of these membrane domains along the secretory pathway still remain elusive. Here we show that vesicular SNARE TI-VAMP/VAMP7 plays a major role in membrane domains composition and transport. We found that the transport of exogenous and endogenous GPI-anchored proteins was altered in fibroblasts isolated from VAMP7-knockout mice. Furthermore, disassembly and reformation of the Golgi apparatus induced by Brefeldin A treatment and washout were impaired in VAMP7-depleted cells, suggesting that loss of VAMP7 expression alters biochemical properties and dynamics of the Golgi apparatus. In addition, lipid profiles from these knockout cells indicated a defect in glycosphingolipids homeostasis. We conclude that VAMP7 is required for effective transport of GPI–anchored proteins to cell surface and that VAMP7-dependent transport contributes to both sphingolipids and Golgi homeostasis.
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Key Words
- BFA, Brefeldin A
- Cer, Ceramide
- ER, Endoplasmic Reticulum
- GM3, ganglioside monosialic acid 3
- GPI, Glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- GSL, Glycosphingolipids
- GlcCer, Glucosylceramide
- Golgi apparatus
- LC, Long Chain
- PI, Phosphatidylinositide
- PM, Plasma Membrane
- SM, Sphingomyelin
- SNARE
- TGN, = Trans-Golgi Network
- TI-VAMP/VAMP7
- TI-VAMP/VAMP7, Tetanus neurotoxin-insensitive vesicle-associated membrane protein / Vesicle associated membrane protein 7
- VLC, very long vhain
- VSVG, Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Glycoprotein
- exocytosis
- sphingolipids
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Molino
- INSERM; U950; Membrane Traffic in Health and Disease ; Paris, France ; Univ Paris Diderot ; Sorbonne Paris Cité; ERL U950 ; Paris, France ; CNRS; UMR 7592; Institut Jacques Monod ; Paris, France ; Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University; Département de Chimie; Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06 ; CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR ; Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Nola
- INSERM; U950; Membrane Traffic in Health and Disease ; Paris, France ; Univ Paris Diderot ; Sorbonne Paris Cité; ERL U950 ; Paris, France ; CNRS; UMR 7592; Institut Jacques Monod ; Paris, France
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Beijing, China
| | - Agathe Verraes
- INSERM; U950; Membrane Traffic in Health and Disease ; Paris, France ; Univ Paris Diderot ; Sorbonne Paris Cité; ERL U950 ; Paris, France ; CNRS; UMR 7592; Institut Jacques Monod ; Paris, France
| | - Véronique Proux-Gillardeaux
- INSERM; U950; Membrane Traffic in Health and Disease ; Paris, France ; Univ Paris Diderot ; Sorbonne Paris Cité; ERL U950 ; Paris, France ; CNRS; UMR 7592; Institut Jacques Monod ; Paris, France
| | | | | | - Markus Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry; National University of Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine ; Singapore
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Beijing, China
| | - Lydia Danglot
- INSERM; U950; Membrane Traffic in Health and Disease ; Paris, France ; Univ Paris Diderot ; Sorbonne Paris Cité; ERL U950 ; Paris, France ; CNRS; UMR 7592; Institut Jacques Monod ; Paris, France
| | - Thierry Galli
- INSERM; U950; Membrane Traffic in Health and Disease ; Paris, France ; Univ Paris Diderot ; Sorbonne Paris Cité; ERL U950 ; Paris, France ; CNRS; UMR 7592; Institut Jacques Monod ; Paris, France
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47
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Tate EW, Kalesh KA, Lanyon-Hogg T, Storck EM, Thinon E. Global profiling of protein lipidation using chemical proteomic technologies. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 24:48-57. [PMID: 25461723 PMCID: PMC4319709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein lipidation is unique amongst post-translational modifications (PTMs) in enabling direct interaction with cell membranes, and is found in every form of life. Lipidation is important in normal function and in disease, but its intricate interplay with disease context presents a challenging for drug development. Global whole-proteome profiling of protein lipidation lies beyond the range of standard methods, but is well-suited to metabolic tagging with small 'clickable' chemical reporters that do not disrupt metabolism and function; chemoselective reactions are then used to add multifunctional labels exclusively to tagged-lipidated proteins. This chemical proteomic technology has opened up the first quantitative whole-proteome studies of the known major classes of protein lipidation, and the first insights into their full scope in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Karunakaran A Kalesh
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Thomas Lanyon-Hogg
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elisabeth M Storck
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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48
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Hirsch TZ, Hernandez-Rapp J, Martin-Lannerée S, Launay JM, Mouillet-Richard S. PrP(C) signalling in neurons: from basics to clinical challenges. Biochimie 2014; 104:2-11. [PMID: 24952348 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein PrP(C) was identified over twenty-five years ago as the normal counterpart of the scrapie prion protein PrP(Sc), itself the main if not the sole component of the infectious agent at the root of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs). PrP(C) is a ubiquitous cell surface protein, abundantly expressed in neurons, which constitute the targets of PrP(Sc)-mediated toxicity. Converging evidence have highlighted that neuronal, GPI-anchored PrP(C) is absolutely required for prion-induced neuropathogenesis, which warrants investigating into the normal function exerted by PrP(C) in a neuronal context. It is now well-established that PrP(C) can serve as a cell signalling molecule, able to mobilize transduction cascades in response to interactions with partners. This function endows PrP(C) with the capacity to participate in multiple neuronal processes, ranging from survival to synaptic plasticity. A diverse array of data have allowed to shed light on how this function is corrupted by PrP(Sc). Recently, amyloid Aβ oligomers, whose accumulation is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), were shown to similarly instigate toxic events by deviating PrP(C)-mediated signalling. Here, we provide an overview of the various signal transduction cascades ascribed to PrP(C) in neurons, summarize how their subversion by PrP(Sc) or Aβ oligomers contributes to TSE or AD neuropathogenesis and discuss the ensuing clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Z Hirsch
- INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Julia Hernandez-Rapp
- INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Sud 11, ED419 Biosigne, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Séverine Martin-Lannerée
- INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- AP-HP Service de Biochimie, Fondation FondaMental, INSERM U942 Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France; Pharma Research Department, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche Ltd., CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Mouillet-Richard
- INSERM UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124, 75006 Paris, France.
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