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Mahdifar M, Boostani R, Taylor GP, Rezaee SA, Rafatpanah H. Comprehensive Insight into the Functional Roles of NK and NKT Cells in HTLV-1-Associated Diseases and Asymptomatic Carriers. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03999-8. [PMID: 38436833 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the first human oncogenic retrovirus to be discovered and causes two major diseases: a progressive neuro-inflammatory disease, termed HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), and an aggressive malignancy of T lymphocytes known as adult T cell leukemia (ATL). Innate and acquired immune responses play pivotal roles in controlling the status of HTLV-1-infected cells and such, the outcome of HTLV-1 infection. Natural killer cells (NKCs) are the effector cells of the innate immune system and are involved in controlling viral infections and several types of cancers. The ability of NKCs to trigger cytotoxicity to provide surveillance against viruses and cancer depends on the balance between the inhibitory and activating signals. In this review, we will discuss NKC function and the alterations in the frequency of these cells in HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mahdifar
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Boostani
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Graham P Taylor
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Pise-Masison CA, Franchini G. Hijacking Host Immunity by the Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type-1: Implications for Therapeutic and Preventive Vaccines. Viruses 2022; 14:2084. [PMID: 36298639 PMCID: PMC9609126 DOI: 10.3390/v14102084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell Leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and other inflammatory diseases. High viral DNA burden (VL) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is a documented risk factor for ATLL and HAM/TSP, and patients with HAM/TSP have a higher VL in cerebrospinal fluid than in peripheral blood. VL alone is not sufficient to differentiate symptomatic patients from healthy carriers, suggesting the importance of other factors, including host immune response. HTLV-1 infection is life-long; CD4+-infected cells are not eradicated by the immune response because HTLV-1 inhibits the function of dendritic cells, monocytes, Natural Killer cells, and adaptive cytotoxic CD8+ responses. Although the majority of infected CD4+ T-cells adopt a resting phenotype, antigen stimulation may result in bursts of viral expression. The antigen-dependent "on-off" viral expression creates "conditional latency" that when combined with ineffective host responses precludes virus eradication. Epidemiological and clinical data suggest that the continuous attempt of the host immunity to eliminate infected cells results in chronic immune activation that can be further exacerbated by co-morbidities, resulting in the development of severe disease. We review cell and animal model studies that uncovered mechanisms used by HTLV-1 to usurp and/or counteract host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A. Pise-Masison
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Mulherkar TH, Gómez DJ, Sandel G, Jain P. Co-Infection and Cancer: Host–Pathogen Interaction between Dendritic Cells and HIV-1, HTLV-1, and Other Oncogenic Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092037. [PMID: 36146843 PMCID: PMC9503663 DOI: 10.3390/v14092037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) function as a link between innate and adaptive immune responses. Retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1 modulate DCs to their advantage and utilize them to propagate infection. Coinfection of HTLV-1 and HIV-1 has implications for cancer malignancies. Both viruses initially infect DCs and propagate the infection to CD4+ T cells through cell-to-cell transmission using mechanisms including the formation of virologic synapses, viral biofilms, and conduits. These retroviruses are both neurotrophic with neurovirulence determinants. The neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 results in neurodegenerative diseases such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Infected DCs are known to traffic to the brain (CNS) and periphery (PNS, lymphatics) to induce neurodegeneration in HAND and HAM/TSP patients. Elevated levels of neuroinflammation have been correlated with cognitive decline and impairment of motor control performance. Current vaccinations and therapeutics for HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are assessed and can be applied to patients with HIV-1-associated cancers and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). These diseases caused by co-infections can result in both neurodegeneration and cancer. There are associations with cancer malignancies and HIV-1 and HTLV-1 as well as other human oncogenic viruses (EBV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HPV). This review contains current knowledge on DC sensing of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 including DC-SIGN, Tat, Tax, and current viral therapies. An overview of DC interaction with oncogenic viruses including EBV, Hepatitis viruses, and HPV is also provided. Vaccines and therapeutics targeting host–pathogen interactions can provide a solution to co-infections, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania H. Mulherkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Daniel Joseph Gómez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, 25800 Carlos Bee Blvd, Hayward, CA 94542, USA
| | - Grace Sandel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
- Correspondence:
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Moles R, Sarkis S, Galli V, Omsland M, Artesi M, Bissa M, McKinnon K, Brown S, Hahaut V, Washington-Parks R, Welsh J, Venzon DJ, Gutowska A, Doster MN, Breed MW, Killoran KE, Kramer J, Jones J, Moniuszko M, Van den Broeke A, Pise-Masison CA, Franchini G. NK cells and monocytes modulate primary HTLV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010416. [PMID: 35377924 PMCID: PMC9022856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the impact of monocytes, NK cells, and CD8+ T-cells in primary HTLV-1 infection by depleting cell subsets and exposing macaques to either HTLV-1 wild type (HTLV-1WT) or to the HTLV-1p12KO mutant unable to infect replete animals due to a single point mutation in orf-I that inhibits its expression. The orf-I encoded p8/p12 proteins counteract cytotoxic NK and CD8+ T-cells and favor viral DNA persistence in monocytes. Double NK and CD8+ T-cells or CD8 depletion alone accelerated seroconversion in all animals exposed to HTLV-1WT. In contrast, HTLV-1p12KO infectivity was fully restored only when NK cells were also depleted, demonstrating a critical role of NK cells in primary infection. Monocyte/macrophage depletion resulted in accelerated seroconversion in all animals exposed to HTLV-1WT, but antibody titers to the virus were low and not sustained. Seroconversion did not occur in most animals exposed to HTLV-1p12KO.In vitro experiments in human primary monocytes or THP-1 cells comparing HTLV-1WT and HTLV-1p12KO demonstrated that orf-I expression is associated with inhibition of inflammasome activation in primary cells, with increased CD47 “don’t-eat-me” signal surface expression in virus infected cells and decreased monocyte engulfment of infected cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate a critical role for innate NK cells in primary infection and suggest a dual role of monocytes in primary infection. On one hand, orf-I expression increases the chances of viral transmission by sparing infected cells from efferocytosis, and on the other may protect the engulfed infected cells by modulating inflammasome activation. These data also suggest that, once infection is established, the stoichiometry of orf-I expression may contribute to the chronic inflammation observed in HTLV-1 infection by modulating monocyte efferocytosis. The immune cells that inhibit or favor HTLV-1 infection are still unknown and their identification is critical for understanding viral pathogenesis and for the development of an effective HTLV-1 vaccine. Neutralizing antibodies are produced in natural HTLV-1 infection, but their impact is likely hampered by the virus’s ability to be transmitted from cell to cell via the virological synapse, cellular conduits, and biofilms. By depleting specific immune cell subsets in blood, we found that NK cells play a critical role in the containment of early HTLV-1 infection. Moreover, transient depletion of monocytes/macrophages results in early, but not sustained seroconversion, suggesting that early engagement of monocytes may be necessary for long-term productive infection. The engulfment of apoptotic T-cells infected by HTLV-1 may represent a viral strategy to persist in the host since the viral proteins encoded by orf-I and orf-II affect the function of receptors and proteins involved in efferocytosis. These results suggest that effective HTLV-1 vaccines must also elicit durable innate responses able to promptly clear virus invasion of monocytes through engulfment of infected T-cells to avoid the establishment of a vicious cycle that leads to chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Moles
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarkis Sarkis
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Veronica Galli
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria Omsland
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria Artesi
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katherine McKinnon
- Vaccine Branch Flow Cytometry Core, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sophia Brown
- Vaccine Branch Flow Cytometry Core, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vincent Hahaut
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Robyn Washington-Parks
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David J. Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anna Gutowska
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melvin N. Doster
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Breed
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristin E. Killoran
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua Kramer
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anne Van den Broeke
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cynthia A. Pise-Masison
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rocamonde B, Futsch N, Orii N, Allatif O, Penalva de Oliveira AC, Mahieux R, Casseb J, Dutartre H. Immunoprofiling of fresh HAM/TSP blood samples shows altered innate cell responsiveness. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009940. [PMID: 34767551 PMCID: PMC8631667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 (HTLV-1)-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease with no effective treatment, which affects an increasing number of people in Brazil. Immune cells from the adaptive compartment are involved in disease manifestation but whether innate cell functions participate in disease occurrence has not been evaluated. In this study, we analyzed innate cell responses at steady state and after blood cell stimulation using an agonist of the toll-like receptor (TLR)7/8-signaling pathway in blood samples from HTLV-1-infected volunteers, including asymptomatic carriers and HAM/TSP patients. We observed a lower response of IFNα+ DCs and monocytes in HAM/TSP compared to asymptomatic carriers, as a potential consequence of corticosteroid treatments. In contrast, a higher frequency of monocytes producing MIP-1α and pDC producing IL-12 was detected in HAM/TSP blood samples, together with higher IFNγ responsiveness of NK cells, suggesting an increased sensitivity to inflammatory response in HAM/TSP patients compared to asymptomatic carriers. This sustained inflammatory responsiveness could be linked or be at the origin of the neuroinflammatory status in HAM/TSP patients. Therefore, the mechanism underlying this dysregulations could shed light onto the origins of HAM/TSP disease. The infection by the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 (HTLV-1) is quite frequent in Brazil. Between 1–5% of infected individuals develop a devastating neurodegenerative disease (HAM/TSP) as a result of a sustained inflammation in the central nervous system, with no effective treatment. So far, inflammation has been linked to the deregulated activation of T-cells, but the role of innate cells has not been investigated yet. In this work, we aimed to characterize the responsiveness of innate cells, as this immune population is cornerstone of efficient immune response, but also might participate in disease exacerbation found in chronic infection. Our findings suggest an impaired antiviral response and increased inflammatory responsiveness by dendritic cells and monocytes in HAM/TSP patients compared to asymptomatic carriers. This sustained inflammatory responsiveness upon innate cell activation could participate in the establishment of the HAM/TSP disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Rocamonde
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111—Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France, Equipe labelisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect
| | - Nicolas Futsch
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111—Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France, Equipe labelisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect
| | - Noemia Orii
- Faculdade de Medicina/Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo/Universidade da São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Omran Allatif
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, service BIBS, INSERM U1111—Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111—Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France, Equipe labelisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Faculdade de Medicina/Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo/Universidade da São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111—Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France, Equipe labelisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect
- * E-mail:
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Kumar V, Dhanjal JK, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R, Sundar D. Withanone and caffeic acid phenethyl ester are predicted to interact with main protease (M pro) of SARS-CoV-2 and inhibit its activity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:3842-3854. [PMID: 32431217 PMCID: PMC7284143 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1772108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The recent novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2/2019-nCoV) has caused a large number of deaths around the globe. There is an urgent need to understand this new virus and develop prophylactic and therapeutic drugs. Since drug development is an expensive, intense and time-consuming path, timely repurposing of the existing drugs is often explored wherein the research avenues including genomics, bioinformatics, molecular modeling approaches offer valuable strengths. Here, we have examined the binding potential of Withaferin-A (Wi-A), Withanone (Wi-N) (active withanolides of Ashwagandha) and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE, bioactive ingredient of propolis) to a highly conserved protein, Mpro of SARS-CoV-2. We found that Wi-N and CAPE, but not Wi-A, bind to the substrate-binding pocket of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro with efficacy and binding energies equivalent to an already claimed N3 protease inhibitor. Similar to N3 inhibitor, Wi-N and CAPE were interacting with the highly conserved residues of the proteases of coronaviruses. The binding stability of these molecules was further analyzed using molecular dynamics simulations. The binding free energies calculated using MM/GBSA for N3 inhibitor, CAPE and Wi-N were also comparable. Data presented here predicted that these natural compounds may possess the potential to inhibit the functional activity of SARS-CoV-2 protease (an essential protein for virus survival), and hence (i) may connect to save time and cost required for designing/development, and initial screening for anti-COVID drugs, (ii) may offer some therapeutic value for the management of novel fatal coronavirus disease, (iii) warrants prioritized further validation in the laboratory and clinical tests. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Kumar
- DAILAB, Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Jaspreet Kaur Dhanjal
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational & Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sunil C Kaul
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational & Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational & Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Durai Sundar
- DAILAB, Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Queiroz GAN, Mascarenhas REM, Vieillard V, Andrade RL, Galvão-Castro B, Grassi MFR. Functional capacity of natural killer cells in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:433. [PMID: 31101076 PMCID: PMC6525417 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system and provide surveillance against viruses and cancers. The ability of NK cells to kill virus-infected cells depends on the balance between the effects of inhibitory and activating NK cell receptors. This study aimed to investigate the phenotypic profile and the functional capacity of NK cells in the context of HTLV-1 infection. Methods This cross-sectional study sequentially recruited HTLV-1 infected individuals with HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and asymptomatic HTLV-1 (AS) from the Integrated and Multidisciplinary HTLV Center in Salvador, Brazil. Blood samples from healthy blood donors served as controls. NK cell surface receptors (NKG2D, KIR2DL2/KIR2DL3, NKp30, NKG2A, NKp46, TIM-3 and PD-1), intracellular cytolytic (Granzyme B, perforin) and functional markers (CD107a for degranulation, IFN-γ) were assayed by flow cytometry in the presence or absence of standard K562 target cells. In addition, cytotoxicity assays were performed in the presence or absence of anti-NKp30. Results The frequency of NKp30+ NK cells was significantly decreased in HAM/TSP patients [58%, Interquartile Range (IQR) 30–61] compared to controls (73%, IQR 54–79, p = 0.04). The production of cytolytic (perforin, granzyme B) and functional markers (CD107a and IFN-γ) was higher in unstimulated NK cells from HAM/TSP and AS patients compared to controls. By contrast, stimulation with K562 target cells did not alter the frequency of CD107a+ NK cells in HAM/TSP subjects compared to the other groups. Blockage of the NKp30 receptor was shown to decrease cytotoxic activity (CD107a) and IFN-γ expression only in asymptomatic HTLV-1-infected individuals. Conclusions NK cells from individuals with a diagnosis of HAM/TSP present decreased expression of the activating receptor NKp30, in addition to elevated degranulation activity that remained unaffected after blocking the NKp30 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Andrade Nonato Queiroz
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Muniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rita Elizabeth Moreira Mascarenhas
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Muniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Muniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. .,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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The Role of NK Cells in the Control of Viral Infection in HTLV-1 Carriers. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:6574828. [PMID: 30944834 PMCID: PMC6421729 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6574828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic activities of CD8+ T cells have been considered the main defense mechanism against the human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). As with CD8+ T cells, NK cells can perform cytotoxic degranulation with production of cytotoxic mediators, such as perforins and granzymes. NK cells are also responsible for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against infected cells, but few studies have evaluated the role of NK cells in HTLV-1 infection. The aim of this study was to characterize the subsets and measure the frequency of NK cells in HTLV-1 carriers (HC) and in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and correlate these findings with the proviral load and development of HAM/TSP. The diagnosis of HTLV-1 infection was performed with a detection antibody against viral antigens by ELISA and confirmed by Western blot. Phenotypic characterization of NK cells was performed by flow cytometry. The frequencies of CD56+, CD56+CD3−, CD56+CD16+, and CD56dim cells were decreased in HAM/TSP patients. The frequency of CD56+CD3− cells was inversely correlated with proviral load in HC but not in HAM/TSP patients. HAM/TSP patients showed decreased frequency of CD56+ and CD56dim cells expressing CD16, the main receptor for ADCC. These data indicate that NK cells may play a key role in the control of HTLV-1 infection by preventing the progression of HC to HAM/TSP.
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Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 and Zika virus: tale of two reemerging viruses with neuropathological sequelae of public health concern. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:289-300. [PMID: 30693421 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00720-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and Zika virus (ZIKV) have been considered neglected viruses of low public health concern until recently when incidences of HTLV-1 and ZIKV were observed to be linked to serious immune-related disease and neurological complications. This review will discuss the epidemiology, genomic evolution, virus-host interactions, virulence factors, neuropathological sequelae, and current perspectives of these reemerging viruses. There are no FDA-approved therapeutics or vaccines against these viruses, and as such, it is important for clinical trials to focus on developing vaccines that can induce cell-mediated immune response to confer long-term protective immunity. Furthermore, attention should be paid to reducing the transmission of these viruses through unprotected sex, infected blood during sharing of contaminated needles, donated blood and organs, and vertical transmission from mother to baby via breastfeeding. There is an urgent need to re-evaluate repurposing current antiviral therapies as well as developing novel antiviral agents with enhanced efficacy due to the high morbidity rate associated with these two reemerging chronic viral diseases.
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Khouri R, Silva-Santos G, Dierckx T, Menezes SM, Decanine D, Theys K, Silva AC, Farré L, Bittencourt A, Mangino M, Roederer M, Vandamme AM, Van Weyenbergh J. A genetic IFN/STAT1/FAS axis determines CD4 T stem cell memory levels and apoptosis in healthy controls and Adult T-cell Leukemia patients. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1426423. [PMID: 29721391 PMCID: PMC5927537 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1426423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive, chemotherapy-resistant CD4+CD25+ leukemia caused by HTLV-1 infection, which usually develops in a minority of patients several decades after infection. IFN + AZT combination therapy has shown clinical benefit in ATL, although its mechanism of action remains unclear. We have previously shown that an IFN-responsive FAS promoter polymorphism in a STAT1 binding site (rs1800682) is associated to ATL susceptibility and survival. Recently, CD4 T stem cell memory (TSCM) Fashi cells have been identified as the hierarchical cellular apex of ATL, but a possible link between FAS, apoptosis, proliferation and IFN response in ATL has not been studied. In this study, we found significant ex vivo antiproliferative, antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of IFN-α treatment in short-term culture of primary mononuclear cells from ATL patients (n = 25). Bayesian Network analysis allowed us to integrate ex vivo IFN-α response with clinical, genetic and immunological data from ATL patients, thereby revealing a central role for FAS -670 polymorphism and apoptosis in the coordinated mechanism of action of IFN-α. FAS genotype-dependence of IFN-induced apoptosis was experimentally validated in an independent cohort of healthy controls (n = 20). The same FAS -670 polymorphism also determined CD4 TSCM levels in a genome-wide twin study (p = 7 × 10-11, n = 460), confirming a genetic link between apoptosis and TSCM levels. Transcriptomic analysis and cell type deconvolution confirmed the FAS genotype/TSCM link and IFN-α-induced downregulation of CD4 TSCM-specific genes in ATL patient cells. In conclusion, ex vivo IFN-α treatment exerts a pleiotropic effect on primary ATL cells, with a genetic IFN/STAT1/Fas axis determining apoptosis vs. proliferation and underscoring the CD4 TSCM model of ATL leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Khouri
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Tim Dierckx
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Soraya Maria Menezes
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniele Decanine
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Kristof Theys
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aline Clara Silva
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lourdes Farré
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Achiléa Bittencourt
- Department of Pathology, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College, London, UK
| | - Mario Roederer
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda-MD, USA
| | - Anne-Mieke Vandamme
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Unidade de Microbiologia, Instituto de Highne e Medicina Tropical, Universidade, Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
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Polymorphisms in HLA-C and KIR alleles are not associated with HAM/TSP risk in HTLV-1-infected subjects. Virus Res 2018; 244:71-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mozhgani SH, Jaberi N, Rezaee SA, Bustani R, Jazayeri SM, Akbarin MM, Milani S, Tarokhian H, Norouzi M. Evaluation of HTLV-1 HBZ and proviral load, together with host IFN λ3, in pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1102-1107. [PMID: 27787900 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with two progressive diseases: HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Although HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) has been introduced as a risk factor for these diseases' progression, it is not sufficient on its own to yield an accurate estimation of the outcome of the infection. In the present study, PVL and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) expression level as viral factors, and IFN λ3 as a host factor, were evaluated in HAM/TSP patients and HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (ACs). During 2014-2015, 12 HAM/TSP patients and 18 ACs who had been referred to the HTLV-1 Clinic, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran, were enrolled in this study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and the DNA and mRNA were extracted for quantification of HBZ, IFN λ3 expression, and PVL using real-time PCR (TaqMan method). Although the PVL was higher in the HAM/TSP group, with a 94% confidence interval, there were no considerable differences in terms of HBZ mRNA and PVL between ACs and HAM patients. IFN λ3 expression in the HAM/TSP group was significantly higher than in the ACs (P = 0.02). To the best of our knowledge, no study has evaluated the expression level of IFN λ3 in HTLV-1 positive patients. The immune response against HTLV-1 viral antigens and virulent factors will therefore further refine our knowledge of interactions between the virus and host in the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-related disorders. The virus PVL and the host IFN λ3 can be used as pathogenic factors of HTLV-1 infected patients at risk of HAM/TSP manifestation. J. Med. Virol. 89:1102-1107, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmeh Jaberi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Bustani
- Department of Neurology and HTLV-1 Foundation, Ghaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Jazayeri
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Akbarin
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeideh Milani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid-Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Tarokhian
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Norouzi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chávez-Blanco A, Chacón-Salinas R, Dominguez-Gomez G, Gonzalez-Fierro A, Perez-Cardenas E, Taja-Chayeb L, Trejo-Becerril C, Duenas-Gonzalez A. Viral inhibitors of NKG2D ligands for tumor surveillance. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1375-1387. [PMID: 27322108 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2016.1202928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural Killer cells (NK) are key for the innate immune response against tumors and viral infections. Several viral proteins evade host immune response and target the NK cell receptor NKG2D and its ligands. Areas covered: This review aimed to describe the viruses and their proteins that interfere with the NKG2D receptor and their ligands, and how these interactions lead to immune evasion, host protection, and tissue damage from acute and chronic viral infections. Expert opinion: The study of viral proteins has already impacted the field of oncology. A prime example is the HBV vaccine and the development of antiviral drugs for HIV, Hepatitis C, and the family of Herpesviridae viruses. The NKG2D system seems to be a rational therapeutic target. Nevertheless, an effective cytotoxic response by NK cells is mediated by a network of activating and inhibitory receptors, the integration of which determines if the NK cell becomes cytotoxic or permissive. Immunotherapeutic agents that increase the antitumor lytic activity of NK cells through modulating activation and inhibitory signaling of NK cells are being developed. Nevertheless, more research is needed to dissect the integrative mechanism of NK cells function to fully exploit their antitumor and antiviral effector mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Chávez-Blanco
- a Division of Basic Research , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Rommel Chacón-Salinas
- b Departamento de Inmunología , Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN , Mexico City , México
| | | | - Aurora Gonzalez-Fierro
- a Division of Basic Research , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Enrique Perez-Cardenas
- a Division of Basic Research , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Lucia Taja-Chayeb
- a Division of Basic Research , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City , Mexico
| | | | - Alfonso Duenas-Gonzalez
- c Unidad de Investigacion Biomedica en Cancer , Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City , Mexico.,d Unidad de Investigacion Basica Aplicada , ISSEMyM Cancer Center , Toluca , Mexico
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14
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Physalin F, a seco-steroid from Physalis angulata L., has immunosuppressive activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with HTLV1-associated myelopathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 79:129-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Erdemli HK, Akyol S, Armutcu F, Akyol O. Antiviral properties of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and its potential application. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2015; 4:344-7. [PMID: 26649239 PMCID: PMC4665029 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20151012013034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is found in a variety of plants and well-known the active ingredient of the honeybee propolis. CAPE showed anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antimitogenic, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties in several studies. The beneficial effects of CAPE on different health issues attracted scientists to make more studies on CAPE. Specifically, the anti-viral effects of CAPE and its molecular mechanisms may reveal the important properties of virus-induced diseases. CAPE and its targets may have important roles to design new therapeutics and understand the molecular mechanisms of virus-related diseases. In this mini-review, we summarize the antiviral effects of CAPE under the light of medical and chemical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacı Kemal Erdemli
- Department of Biochemistry Laboratory, Corum Training and Research Hospital, Corum, Turkey
| | - Sumeyya Akyol
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ferah Armutcu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Akyol
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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16
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Oo Z, Barrios CS, Castillo L, Beilke MA. High levels of CC-chemokine expression and downregulated levels of CCR5 during HIV-1/HTLV-1 and HIV-1/HTLV-2 coinfections. J Med Virol 2015; 87:790-7. [PMID: 25678365 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 are common copathogens among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals. HTLV-2 may confer a survival benefit among patients with HIV-1/HTLV-2 coinfections, along with lower plasma HIV-1 levels and delayed rates of CD4(+) T-cell decline. These effects have been attributed to the ability of the HTLV-2 viral transactivating Tax2 protein to induce the production of high levels of antiviral CC-chemokines and to downregulate expression of the CCR5 receptor, resulting in impaired entry of HIV-1 into CD4(+) T-cells. This study investigated the innate immunity of coinfected HIV/HTLV individuals by testing the ability of patient PBMCs to produce CC-chemokines in association CCR5 receptor modulation. The cellular proliferative responses of HIV/HTLV coinfected versus HIV monoinfected individuals were also evaluated. Higher levels of MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES (P < 0.05) were found in HIV-1/HTLV-2 coinfected group compared to HIV-1 monoinfected population. Upregulated levels of RANTES were shown in HIV-1/HTLV-1 after 1 and 3 days of culture (P < 0.05). Lymphocytes from HIV-1/HTLV-2 coinfected individuals showed significant CCR5 downregulation after 1 and 3 days of culture compared to lymphocytes from HIV-1 and uninfected groups (P < 0.05). Lower percentages of CCR5-positive cells were found in HIV-1/HTLV-1 coinfected after 3 days of incubation (P < 0.05). Levels of proliferation were significantly higher in the HIV-1/HTLV-1 group compared to HIV-1 alone (P < 0.05). HTLV-2 and HTLV-1 infections may induce the involvement of innate immunity against HIV-1 via stimulation of CC-chemokines and receptors, potentially modifying CCR5/HIV-1 binding and HIV-1 progression in coinfected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Oo
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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17
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Expansion of natural killer cells in peripheral blood in a Japanese elderly with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-related skin lesions. Case Rep Dermatol Med 2014; 2014:937513. [PMID: 25431695 PMCID: PMC4241692 DOI: 10.1155/2014/937513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells were proposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1- (HTLV-1-) associated neurologic disease. Our patient was a 77-year-old Japanese man, who had been treated for infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1 for nearly 10 years. When referred to us, he had facial eczema/edema as well as extensive dermatitis at the neck/upper chest and nuchal area/upper back regions. Dermal lesions had CD3+CD4+ cells, but no NK cells. Flow cytometry of his peripheral blood showed a phenotype of CD2+ (97%), CD3+ (17%), CD4+ (12%), CD7+ (94%), CD8+ (6%), CD11c+ (70%), CD16+ (82%), CD19+ (0%), CD20+ (0%), CD56+ (67%), HLA-DR+ (68%), and NKp46+ (36%). Absolute numbers of CD56+NK cells in the peripheral blood were in a range of 986/μL–1,270/μL. The expanded NK cells in the peripheral blood are considered to be reactive, to maintain the confinement of the HTLV-1-positive CD4+ cells in the skin, and to prevent the progression of the disease.
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18
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Coutinho R, Grassi MFR, Korngold AB, Olavarria VN, Galvão-Castro B, Mascarenhas RE. Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proviral load induces activation of T-lymphocytes in asymptomatic carriers. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:453. [PMID: 25148903 PMCID: PMC4148537 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) is mainly found in infected individuals with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). However one third of asymptomatic carriers may have high PVL. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of PVL in the activation of T lymphocytes of asymptomatic individuals infected with HTLV-1. Methods Membrane activation markers (CD25+, CD28+, CD45RO+, CD69+, CD62L+, HLA-DR+), FoxP3+ and intracellular IFN-γ expression were evaluated on both CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes from asymptomatic carriers with PVL ≥ and < 1% of infected cells, using flow cytometry. HTLV-1 proviral load was determined using real-time PCR. Results Asymptomatic carriers with PVL ≥ 1% presented a higher frequency of CD4+CD25+CD45RO+ (13.2% vs. 4%, p = 0.02), CD4+HLA-DR+ (18% vs. 8.3%, p = 0.01) and CD4+IFN-γ+ (4.5%; 1%, p = 0.01) T-cells, than healthy donors. HTLV-1 PVL was directly correlated with the proportion of CD4+CD25+CD45RO+ T-cells (R = 0.7, p = 0.003). Moreover, a significant increase in the proportion of CD4 + FoxP3+ T-cells was observed in HTLV-1-infected individuals, compared to healthy donors. Conclusion HTLV-1 PVL is associated with activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in asymptomatic individuals. Prospective studies should be conducted to evaluate whether asymptomatic individuals with higher PVL and high immune activation are more prone to developing HTLV-1-associated diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-453) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi
- Advanced Laboratory of Public Health/CPQGM - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rua Waldemar Falcão, no 121, Candeal, Salvador, Bahia CEP 40296-710, Brazil.
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Jaworski E, Narayanan A, Van Duyne R, Shabbeer-Meyering S, Iordanskiy S, Saifuddin M, Das R, Afonso PV, Sampey GC, Chung M, Popratiloff A, Shrestha B, Sehgal M, Jain P, Vertes A, Mahieux R, Kashanchi F. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-infected cells secrete exosomes that contain Tax protein. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22284-305. [PMID: 24939845 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.549659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. The HTLV-1 transactivator protein Tax controls many critical cellular pathways, including host cell DNA damage response mechanisms, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. Extracellular vesicles called exosomes play critical roles during pathogenic viral infections as delivery vehicles for host and viral components, including proteins, mRNA, and microRNA. We hypothesized that exosomes derived from HTLV-1-infected cells contain unique host and viral proteins that may contribute to HTLV-1-induced pathogenesis. We found exosomes derived from infected cells to contain Tax protein and proinflammatory mediators as well as viral mRNA transcripts, including Tax, HBZ, and Env. Furthermore, we observed that exosomes released from HTLV-1-infected Tax-expressing cells contributed to enhanced survival of exosome-recipient cells when treated with Fas antibody. This survival was cFLIP-dependent, with Tax showing induction of NF-κB in exosome-recipient cells. Finally, IL-2-dependent CTLL-2 cells that received Tax-containing exosomes were protected from apoptosis through activation of AKT. Similar experiments with primary cultures showed protection and survival of peripheral blood mononuclear cells even in the absence of phytohemagglutinin/IL-2. Surviving cells contained more phosphorylated Rb, consistent with the role of Tax in regulation of the cell cycle. Collectively, these results suggest that exosomes may play an important role in extracellular delivery of functional HTLV-1 proteins and mRNA to recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Jaworski
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Aarthi Narayanan
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Rachel Van Duyne
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine and
| | - Shabana Shabbeer-Meyering
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Sergey Iordanskiy
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine and
| | - Mohammed Saifuddin
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Ravi Das
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Philippe V Afonso
- the Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France, CNRS, UMR3569, F-75015 Paris, France, and
| | - Gavin C Sampey
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Myung Chung
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110
| | - Anastas Popratiloff
- the Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, D. C. 20037
| | - Bindesh Shrestha
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20037
| | - Mohit Sehgal
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902
| | - Pooja Jain
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902
| | - Akos Vertes
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20037
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- the Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe labelisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer," International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111-CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69364 Cedex 07, France
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- From the School of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110,
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Menezes SM, Decanine D, Brassat D, Khouri R, Schnitman SV, Kruschewsky R, López G, Alvarez C, Talledo M, Gotuzzo E, Vandamme AM, Galvão-Castro B, Liblau R, Weyenbergh JV. CD80+ and CD86+ B cells as biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:18. [PMID: 24472094 PMCID: PMC3922160 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of the incapacitating, neuroinflammatory disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Currently, there are no disease-modifying therapies with long-term clinical benefits or validated biomarkers for clinical follow-up in HAM/TSP. Although CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules play prominent roles in immune regulation and reflect disease status in multiple sclerosis (MS), data in HAM/TSP are lacking. Methods Using flow cytometry, we quantified ex vivo and in vitro expression of CD80 and CD86 in PBMCs of healthy controls, HTLV-1-infected individuals with and without HAM/TSP, and MS patients. We hypothesized ex vivo CD80 and CD86 expressions and their in vitro regulation by interferon (IFN)-α/β mirror similarities between HAM/TSP and MS and hence might reveal clinically useful biomarkers in HAM/TSP. Results Ex vivo expression of CD80 and CD86 in T and B cells increased in all HTLV-1 infected individuals, but with a selective defect for B cell CD86 upregulation in HAM/TSP. Despite decreased total B cells with increasing disease duration (p = 0.0003, r = −0.72), CD80+ B cells positively correlated with disease severity (p = 0.0017, r = 0.69) in HAM/TSP. B cell CD80 expression was higher in women with HAM/TSP, underscoring that immune markers can reflect the female predominance observed in most autoimmune diseases. In contrast to MS patients, CD80+ (p = 0.0001) and CD86+ (p = 0.0054) lymphocytes expanded upon in vitro culture in HAM/TSP patients. The expansion of CD80+ and CD86+ T cells but not B cells was associated with increased proliferation in HTLV-1 infection. In vitro treatment with IFN-β but not IFN-α resulted in a pronounced increase of B cell CD86 expression in healthy controls, as well as in patients with neuroinflammatory disease (HAM/TSP and MS), similar to in vivo treatment in MS. Conclusions We propose two novel biomarkers, ex vivo CD80+ B cells positively correlating to disease severity and CD86+ B cells preferentially induced by IFN-β, which restores defective upregulation in HAM/TSP. This study suggests a role for B cells in HAM/TSP pathogenesis and opens avenues to B cell targeting (with proven clinical benefit in MS) in HAM/TSP but also CD80-directed immunotherapy, unprecedented in both HAM/TSP and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R McKendall
- Departments of Neurology and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch,Galveston,TX,USA.
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Pilotti E, Bianchi MV, De Maria A, Bozzano F, Romanelli MG, Bertazzoni U, Casoli C. HTLV-1/-2 and HIV-1 co-infections: retroviral interference on host immune status. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:372. [PMID: 24391628 PMCID: PMC3870298 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1/HTLV-2 share similar routes of transmission but cause significantly different diseases. In this review we have outlined the immune mediated mechanisms by which HTLVs affect HIV-1 disease in co-infected hosts. During co-infection with HIV-1, HTLV-2 modulates the cellular microenvironment favoring its own viability and inhibiting HIV-1 progression. This is achieved when the HTLV-2 proviral load is higher than that of HIV-1, and thanks to the ability of HTLV-2 to: (i) up-regulate viral suppressive CCL3L1 chemokine expression; (ii) overcome HIV-1 capacity to activate the JAK/STAT pathway; (iii) reduce the activation of T and NK cells; (iv) modulate the host miRNA profiles. These alterations of immune functions have been mainly attributed to the effects of the HTLV-2 regulatory protein Tax and suggest that HTLV-2 exerts a protective role against HIV-1 infection. Contrary to HIV-1/HTLV-2, the effect of HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infection on immunological and pathological conditions is still controversial. There is evidence that indicates a worsening of HIV-1 infection, while other evidence does not show clinically relevant effects in HIV-positive people. Possible differences on innate immune mechanisms and a particularly impact on NK cells are becoming evident. The differences between the two HIV-1/HTLV-1 and HIV-1/HTLV-2 co-infections are highlighted and further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Pilotti
- GEMIB Laboratory, Center for Medical Research and Molecular Diagnostics Parma, Italy
| | - Maria V Bianchi
- GEMIB Laboratory, Center for Medical Research and Molecular Diagnostics Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea De Maria
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Bozzano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Maria G Romanelli
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Umberto Bertazzoni
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Casoli
- GEMIB Laboratory, Center for Medical Research and Molecular Diagnostics Parma, Italy
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23
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Rafatpanah H, Farid Hosseini R, Pourseyed SH. The Impact of Immune Response on HTLV-I in HTLV-I-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP). IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 16:235-41. [PMID: 24470869 PMCID: PMC3881240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is a retrovirus which is associated with adult T cells leukaemia (ATL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in a minority of HTLV-I-infected individuals. It is not clear why a minority of HTLV-I-infected individuals develop HAM/TSP and majority remains lifelong carriers. It seems that the interaction between the virus and the immune response plays an important role in HTLV-I-associated diseases. Although the role of the immune response in HTLV-I pathogenesis is not fully understood, however it seems that the efficacy of the immune response which is involved in controlling or limiting of viral persistence determines the outcome of HTLV-I-associated diseases. Here we discuss the role of innate and adaptive immune response and also the risk factors contribute to the observed differences between HAM/TSP patients and asymptomatic HTLV-I carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houshang Rafatpanah
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Farid Hosseini
- Allergy Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Pourseyed
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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24
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Levin MC, Lee S, Gardner LA, Shin Y, Douglas JN, Groover CJ. Pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegeneration based on the phenotypic expression of progressive forms of immune-mediated neurologic disease. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2012; 2:175-187. [PMID: 30890887 PMCID: PMC6065584 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s38353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering there are no treatments for progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS), a comprehensive understanding of the role of neurodegeneration in the pathogenesis of MS should lead to novel therapeutic strategies to treat it. Many studies have implicated viral triggers as a cause of MS, yet no single virus has been exclusively shown to cause MS. Given this, human and animal viral models of MS are used to study its pathogenesis. One example is human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Importantly, HAM/TSP is similar clinically, pathologically, and immunologically to progressive MS. Interestingly, both MS and HAM/TSP patients were found to make antibodies to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1, an RNA-binding protein overexpressed in neurons. Anti-hnRNP A1 antibodies reduced neuronal firing and caused neurodegeneration in neuronal cell lines, suggesting the autoantibodies are pathogenic. Further, microarray analyses of neurons exposed to anti-hnRNP A1 antibodies revealed novel pathways of neurodegeneration related to alterations of RNA levels of the spinal paraplegia genes (SPGs). Mutations in SPGs cause hereditary spastic paraparesis, genetic disorders clinically indistinguishable from progressive MS and HAM/TSP. Thus, there is a strong association between involvement of SPGs in neurodegeneration and the clinical phenotype of progressive MS and HAM/TSP patients, who commonly develop spastic paraparesis. Taken together, these data begin to clarify mechanisms of neurodegeneration related to the clinical presentation of patients with chronic immune-mediated neurological disease of the central nervous system, which will give insights into the design of novel therapies to treat these neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Levin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
- Departments of Neurology,
- Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
- Departments of Neurology,
| | - Lidia A Gardner
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
- Departments of Neurology,
| | - Yoojin Shin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
- Departments of Neurology,
| | - Joshua N Douglas
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
- Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
| | - Chassidy J Groover
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
- Departments of Neurology,
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25
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Immunopathogenesis of human T-cell leukemia virus type-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: recent perspectives. LEUKEMIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2012. [PMID: 23198155 PMCID: PMC3505925 DOI: 10.1155/2012/259045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is a replication-competent human retrovirus associated with two distinct types of disease only in a minority of infected individuals: the malignancy known as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and a chronic inflammatory central nervous system disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HAM/TSP is a chronic progressive myelopathy characterized by spastic paraparesis, sphincter dysfunction, and mild sensory disturbance in the lower extremities. Although the factors that cause these different manifestations of HTLV-1 infection are not fully understood, accumulating evidence from host population genetics, viral genetics, DNA expression microarrays, and assays of lymphocyte function suggests that complex virus-host interactions and the host immune response play an important role in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. Especially, the efficiency of an individual's cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response to HTLV-1 limits the HTLV-1 proviral load and the risk of HAM/TSP. This paper focuses on the recent advances in HAM/TSP research with the aim to identify the precise mechanisms of disease, in order to develop effective treatment and prevention.
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26
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Journo C, Mahieux R. HTLV-1 and innate immunity. Viruses 2011; 3:1374-94. [PMID: 21994785 PMCID: PMC3185810 DOI: 10.3390/v3081374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity plays a critical role in the host response to a viral infection. The innate response has two main functions. First, it triggers effector mechanisms that restrict the infection. Second, it primes development of the adaptive response, which completes the elimination of the pathogen or of infected cells. In vivo, HTLV-1 infects T lymphocytes that participate in adaptive immunity but also monocytes and dendritic cells that are major players in innate immunity. Herein, we will review the interplay between HTLV-1 and innate immunity. Particular emphasis is put on HTLV-1-induced alteration of type-I interferon (IFN-I) function. In vitro, the viral Tax protein plays a significant role in the alteration of IFN synthesis and signaling. Despite this, IFN-I/AZT treatment of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) patients leads to complete remission. We will discuss a model in which exogenous IFN-I could act both on the microenvironment of the T-cells to protect them from infection, and also on infected cells when combined with other drugs that lead to Tax down-regulation/degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Journo
- Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM-U758 Human Virology, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
- IFR 128 Biosciences Lyon-Gerland, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM-U758 Human Virology, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
- IFR 128 Biosciences Lyon-Gerland, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
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27
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Shvarzbeyn J, Huleihel M. Effect of propolis and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on NFκB activation by HTLV-1 Tax. Antiviral Res 2011; 90:108-15. [PMID: 21439329 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.03.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
HTLV-1 is the etiological agent of aggressive malignancy of the CD4(+) T-cells, adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), and other severe clinical disorders. The viral Tax protein is a key factor in HTLV-1 pathogenicity. A major part of Tax oncogenic potential is accounted for by its capacity of inducing the transcriptional activity of the NFκB factors, which regulate the expression of numerous cellular genes. Propolis (PE), a natural product produced by honeybees, has been used for a long time in folk medicine. One of PE active components, caffeic acid phenylethyl ester (CAPE), was well characterized and found to be a potent inhibitor of NFκB activation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to pursue the possibility of blocking Tax oncogenic effects by treatment with these natural products. Human T-cell lines were used in this study since these cells are the main targets of HTLV-1 infections. We tried to determine which step of Tax-induced NFκB activation is blocked by these products. Our results showed that both tested products substantially inhibited the activation of NFκB-dependent promoter by Tax. However, only PE could efficiently inhibit also the Tax-induced activation of SRF- and CREB-dependent promoters. Our results showed also that PE and CAPE strongly prevented both Tax binding to IκBα and its induced degradation by Tax. However, both products did not interfere in the nuclear transport of Tax or NFκB proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Shvarzbeyn
- Department of Virology and Developmental Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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28
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Jacobson S. The NK cell as a new player in the pathogenesis of HTLV-I associated neurologic disease. Virulence 2011; 1:8-9. [PMID: 21178408 DOI: 10.4161/viru.1.1.10327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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