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Cho HC, Kim Y, Cho YI, Park J, Choi KS. Evaluation of bovine coronavirus in Korean native calves challenged through different inoculation routes. Vet Res 2024; 55:74. [PMID: 38863015 PMCID: PMC11165853 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a pneumoenteric virus that can infect the digestive and respiratory tracts of cattle, resulting in economic losses. Despite its significance, information regarding BCoV pathogenesis is limited. Hence, we investigated clinical signs, patterns of viral shedding, changes in antibody abundance, and cytokine/chemokine production in calves inoculated with BCoV via intranasal and oral. Six clinically healthy Korean native calves (< 30 days old), initially negative for BCoV, were divided into intranasal and oral groups and monitored for 15 days post-infection (dpi). BCoV-infected calves exhibited clinical signs such as nasal discharge and diarrhea, starting at 3 dpi and recovering by 12 dpi, with nasal discharge being the most common symptoms. Viral RNA was detected in nasal and fecal samples from all infected calves. Nasal shedding occurred before fecal shedding regardless of the inoculation route; however, fecal shedding persisted longer. Although the number of partitions was very few, viral RNA was identified in the blood of two calves in the oral group at 7 dpi and 9 dpi using digital RT-PCR analysis. The effectiveness of maternal antibodies in preventing viral replication and shedding appeared limited. Our results showed interleukin (IL)-8 as the most common and highly induced chemokine. During BCoV infection, the levels of IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β were significantly affected, suggesting that these emerge as potential and reliable biomarkers for predicting BCoV infection. This study underscores the importance of BCoV as a major pathogen causing diarrhea and respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Chul Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Hospital, Hanwoo (Korean indigenous cattle) Genetic Improvement Center, National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, Seosan, 31948, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Il Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bio-Industry Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea.
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Singh RK, Tiwari A, Satone PD, Priya T, Meshram RJ. Updates in the Management of Dengue Shock Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e46713. [PMID: 38021722 PMCID: PMC10631559 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a very serious public health problem that can manifest a wide range of symptoms from asymptomatic to fatal conditions, such as dengue shock syndrome (DSS). It is a life-threatening mosquito-borne viral infection widely spread in tropical areas. Dengue virus transmission occurs from an infected Aedes mosquito to humans. Various factors are responsible for the occurrence of the disease, such as viral load, age of the host, immune status of the host, and genetic variability. Dengue infection occurs in three phases: febrile, critical, and recovery. The febrile phase lasts for seven days and manifests symptoms such as high-grade fever, headache, arthralgia, and backache, and in some cases, the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract are also involved. Severe dengue is characterized by endothelial dysfunction that causes vascular permeability and plasma leakage. The fundamental mechanisms of these immune pathologies are not yet known. Dengue manifests various complications such as dengue encephalopathy, encephalitis, stroke, ocular involvement, acute transverse myelitis, myalgia, and cerebellar syndrome, but the most commonly seen is liver involvement. Dengue is managed supportively because there are no proven curative treatments. The cornerstone of care during the critical period of dengue is prudent fluid resuscitation. The first fluid of preference is a crystalloid. Prophylactic transfusion of platelets is not advised. The occurrence of four antigenically different dengue virus serotypes, each able to elicit a cross-reactive and disease-enhancing antibody response against the other three serotypes, has made the creation of the dengue vaccine a difficult undertaking. The development of a dengue vaccine has faced significant challenges due to a lack of the best animal models and a variety of immunological conditions in people, particularly in endemic locations. Dengvaxia is a live attenuated vaccine, which was developed by Sanofi. It is made up of four chimeric vaccine viruses produced by Vero cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshit K Singh
- Department of Paediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Aakriti Tiwari
- Department of Paediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Prasiddhi D Satone
- Department of Paediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Tannu Priya
- Department of Paediatrics, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Shirdi, IND
| | - Revat J Meshram
- Department of Paediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Zohra T, Saeed F, Ikram A, Khan T, Alam S, Adil M, Gul A, Almawash S, Ayaz M. Nanomedicine as a potential novel therapeutic approach against the dengue virus. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:1567-1584. [PMID: 37753727 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is an arbovirus infection which is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Its prompt detection and effective treatment is a global health challenge. Various nanoparticle-based vaccines have been formulated to present immunogen (antigens) to instigate an immune response or prevent virus spread, but no specific treatment has been devised. This review explores the role of nanomedicine-based therapeutic agents against dengue virus, taking into consideration the applicable dengue virus assays that are sensitive, specific, have a short turnaround time and are inexpensive. Various kinds of metallic, polymeric and lipid nanoparticles with safe and effective profiles present an alternative strategy that could provide a better remedy for eradicating the dengue virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzeel Zohra
- Public Health Laboratories Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | - Faryal Saeed
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ikram
- Public Health Laboratories Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18800 Dir (L), KP, Pakistan
| | - Siyab Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18800 Dir (L), KP, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adil
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18800 Dir (L), KP, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Gul
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, H3T IJ4, Canada
| | - Saud Almawash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra, 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18800 Dir (L), KP, Pakistan
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Jeyachandran AV, Irudayam JI, Dubey S, Chakravarty N, Konda B, Shah A, Su B, Wang C, Cui Q, Williams KJ, Srikanth S, Shi Y, Deb A, Damoiseaux R, Stripp BR, Ramaiah A, Arumugaswami V. Comparative Analysis of Molecular Pathogenic Mechanisms and Antiviral Development Targeting Old and New World Hantaviruses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.04.552083. [PMID: 37577539 PMCID: PMC10418258 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.04.552083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Hantaviruses - dichotomized into New World (i.e. Andes virus, ANDV; Sin Nombre virus, SNV) and Old-World viruses (i.e. Hantaan virus, HTNV) - are zoonotic viruses transmitted from rodents to humans. Currently, no FDA-approved vaccines against hantaviruses exist. Given the recent breakthrough to human-human transmission by the ANDV, an essential step is to establish an effective pandemic preparedness infrastructure to rapidly identify cell tropism, infective potential, and effective therapeutic agents through systematic investigation. Methods We established human cell model systems in lung (airway and distal lung epithelial cells), heart (pluripotent stem cell-derived (PSC-) cardiomyocytes), and brain (PSC-astrocytes) cell types and subsequently evaluated ANDV, HTNV and SNV tropisms. Transcriptomic, lipidomic and bioinformatic data analyses were performed to identify the molecular pathogenic mechanisms of viruses in different cell types. This cell-based infection system was utilized to establish a drug testing platform and pharmacogenomic comparisons. Results ANDV showed broad tropism for all cell types assessed. HTNV replication was predominantly observed in heart and brain cells. ANDV efficiently replicated in human and mouse 3D distal lung organoids. Transcriptomic analysis showed that ANDV infection resulted in pronounced inflammatory response and downregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis pathway in lung cells. Lipidomic profiling revealed that ANDV-infected cells showed reduced level of cholesterol esters and triglycerides. Further analysis of pathway-based molecular signatures showed that, compared to SNV and HTNV, ANDV infection caused drastic lung cell injury responses. A selective drug screening identified STING agonists, nucleoside analogues and plant-derived compounds that inhibited ANDV viral infection and rescued cellular metabolism. In line with experimental results, transcriptome data shows that the least number of total and unique differentially expressed genes were identified in urolithin B- and favipiravir-treated cells, confirming the higher efficiency of these two drugs in inhibiting ANDV, resulting in host cell ability to balance gene expression to establish proper cell functioning. Conclusions Overall, our study describes advanced human PSC-derived model systems and systems-level transcriptomics and lipidomic data to better understand Old and New World hantaviral tropism, as well as drug candidates that can be further assessed for potential rapid deployment in the event of a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjit Vijey Jeyachandran
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Ignatius Irudayam
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Swati Dubey
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nikhil Chakravarty
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bindu Konda
- Department of Medicine, Lung and Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aayushi Shah
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Baolong Su
- Dept. of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- UCLA Lipidomics Lab, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, CA, USA
| | - Qi Cui
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, CA, USA
| | - Kevin J. Williams
- Dept. of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- UCLA Lipidomics Lab, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sonal Srikanth
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, CA, USA
| | - Arjun Deb
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Barry R. Stripp
- Department of Medicine, Lung and Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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5
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Wang K, Zou S, Chen H, Higazy D, Gao X, Zhang Y, Cao S, Cui M. Zika virus replication on endothelial cells and invasion into the central nervous system by inhibiting interferon β translation. Virology 2023; 582:23-34. [PMID: 36996689 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the tightest physical barriers to prevent pathogens from invading the central nervous system (CNS). However, the mechanism by which Zika virus (ZIKV) crossing the BBB remains unresolved. We found ZIKV induced high morbidity and mortality in newborn mice, accompanied by inflammatory injury on CNS. ZIKV was found to replicate primarily in the cortex and hippocampus in neonatal mouse brains. An in vitro model revealed that ZIKV had no impact on hBMECs permeability but led to endothelial activation, as shown by the enhancement of adhesion molecules expression and F-actin redistribution. ZIKV replication in hBMECs might be associated with the suppression of IFN-β translation via inhibiting RPS6 phosphorylation. On the other hand, ZIKV infection induced IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and promoted chemokine secretion. This study provides an understanding of virus replication and transmigration across the BBB during ZIKV infection.
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Abstract
The endothelium is a dynamic, semipermeable layer lining all blood vessels, regulating blood vessel formation and barrier function. Proper composition and function of the endothelial barrier are required for fluid homeostasis, and clinical conditions characterized by barrier disruption are associated with severe morbidity and high mortality rates. Endothelial barrier properties are regulated by cell-cell junctions and intracellular signaling pathways governing the cytoskeleton, but recent insights indicate an increasingly important role for integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesion and signaling in endothelial barrier regulation. Here, we discuss diseases characterized by endothelial barrier disruption, and provide an overview of the composition of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion complexes and associated signaling pathways, their crosstalk with cell-cell junctions, and with other receptors. We further present recent insights into the role of cell-matrix adhesions in the developing and mature/adult endothelium of various vascular beds, and discuss how the dynamic regulation and turnover of cell-matrix adhesions regulates endothelial barrier function in (patho)physiological conditions like angiogenesis, inflammation and in response to hemodynamic stress. Finally, as clinical conditions associated with vascular leak still lack direct treatment, we focus on how understanding of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion may provide novel targets for treatment, and discuss current translational challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurjan Aman
- Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, the Netherlands (J.A.)
| | - Coert Margadant
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, the NetherlandsInstitute of Biology, Leiden University, the Netherlands (C.M.)
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Blockade of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) attenuates vascular dyshomeostasis and liver dysfunction induced by dengue virus infection. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Mukherjee S, Saha B, Tripathi A. Clinical significance of differential serum-signatures for early prediction of severe dengue among Eastern Indian patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 208:72-82. [PMID: 35348620 PMCID: PMC9113256 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue infection can result in simple dengue fever or life-threatening severe dengue. Early identification of severe patients is needed for proper disease management. Dengue infection was screened among 168 symptomatic patients by qRT-PCR, anti-dengue IgM, and IgG ELISA. Dengue patients were categorized according to WHO classification. Viral load and dengue serotypes were determined by qRT-PCR. Levels of acute-phase-proteins (SAP, SAA2; CRP and ApoA1), endothelial (Ang2, VEGF), coagulation (fibrinogen) markers were determined by sandwich ELISA/immunoturbidimetry/western-blotting. Hepatic (ALT, AST, ALP) and other blood biochemical parameters were studied by autoanalyzer and haematology cell counter. Statistical analysis and protein-protein-interaction network were performed by GraphPad-Prism and STRINGS database, respectively. Among 87 dengue patients, significantly higher levels of Ang2, VEGF, CRP, SAA2, ApoA1, AST, ALT, and AST/ALT ratio and low level of fibrinogen were detected in severe-dengue cases compared to dengue without warning-signs, with seven of them severely altered during febrile-phase. Higher fold-change of Ang2 and VEGF as well as decreased fibrinogen were observed among patients with haemorrhagic-manifestation, clinical-fluid accumulation and thrombocytopenia. Functional network analysis predicted Ang2, VEGF, and CRP to be functionally and physically connected and SAA2 and ApoA1 to be functioning together. Correlation analyses also validated this connectivity by a strong positive correlation between Ang2, VEGF, and CRP. PCA analysis followed by hierarchical clustering heatmap analysis segregated severe-dengue patients from the rest, with VEGF, Ang2, ApoA1, AST, and ALT clearly distinguishing the severe-dengue group. Thus, serum levels of VEGF, Ang2, ApoA1, AST, and ALT might act as potential biomarkers for predicting dengue severity during the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bibhuti Saha
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anusri Tripathi
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Chien YW, Chuang HN, Wang YP, Perng GC, Chi CY, Shih HI. Short-term, medium-term, and long-term risks of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding after dengue virus infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010039. [PMID: 35045094 PMCID: PMC8769317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue patients have an increased risk of acute gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. However, whether dengue virus (DENV) infection can cause an increased long-term risk of GI bleeding remains unknown, especially among elderly individuals who commonly take antithrombotic drugs. A retrospective population-based cohort study was conducted by analyzing the National Health Insurance Research Databases. Laboratory-confirmed dengue patients from 2002 to 2012 and four matched nondengue controls were identified. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression was used to evaluate the acute (<30 days), medium-term (31–365 days), and long-term (>365 days) risks of nonvariceal upper GI bleeding after DENV infection. Stratified analyses by age group (≤50, 51–64, ≥65 years old) were also performed. In total, 13267 confirmed dengue patients and 53068 nondengue matched controls were included. After adjusting for sex, age, area of residence, comorbidities, and medications, dengue patients had a significantly increased risk of nonvariceal upper GI bleeding within 30 days of disease onset (adjusted HR 55.40; 95% CI: 32.17–95.42). However, DENV infection was not associated with increased medium-term and long-term risks of upper GI bleeding overall or in each age group. Even dengue patients who developed acute GI bleeding did not have increased medium-term (adjusted HR; 0.55, 95% CI 0.05–6.18) and long-term risks of upper GI bleeding (adjusted HR; 1.78, 95% CI 0.89–3.55). DENV infection was associated with a significantly increased risk of nonvariceal upper GI bleeding within 30 days but not thereafter. Recovered dengue patients with acute GI bleeding can resume antithrombotic treatments to minimize the risk of thrombosis. Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Dengue patients can have low platelet counts and might have acute gastrointestinal bleeding (tarry stool, bloody stool or bloody vomiting). Most dengue patients will fully recover and return to their previous health levels. Previous studies have indicated that some dengue patients have persistent low platelet counts and high inflammatory responses. The medium-term and long-term upper gastrointestinal bleeding risks remain unknown. Our study suggested that dengue was significantly associated with an increased risk of nonvariceal upper GI bleeding within 30 days after infection but was not associated with increased medium-term (31–365 days) and long-term risks (>365 days) of upper GI bleeding. Therefore, the risk of acute gastroenterology bleeding returned to baseline levels after 30 days. Recovered dengue patients with acute GI bleeding can resume antiplatelet, antithrombotic, and oral anticoagulation (OAC) treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Chien
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ning Chuang
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Guey Chuen Perng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Chi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-I Shih
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Kell AM. Innate Immunity to Orthohantaviruses: Could Divergent Immune Interactions Explain Host-specific Disease Outcomes? J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167230. [PMID: 34487792 PMCID: PMC8894506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The genus Orthohantavirus (family Hantaviridae, order Bunyavirales) consists of numerous genetic and pathologically distinct viral species found within rodent and mammalian insectivore populations world-wide. Although reservoir hosts experience persistent asymptomatic infection, numerous rodent-borne orthohantaviruses cause severe disease when transmitted to humans, with case-fatality rates up to 40%. The first isolation of an orthohantavirus occurred in 1976 and, since then, the field has made significant progress in understanding the immune correlates of disease, viral interactions with the human innate immune response, and the immune kinetics of reservoir hosts. Much still remains elusive regarding the molecular mechanisms of orthohantavirus recognition by the innate immune response and viral antagonism within the reservoir host, however. This review provides a summary of the last 45 years of research into orthohantavirus interaction with the host innate immune response. This summary includes discussion of current knowledge involving human, non-reservoir rodent, and reservoir innate immune responses to viruses which cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus cardio-pulmonary syndrome. Review of the literature concludes with a brief proposition for the development of novel tools needed to drive forward investigations into the molecular mechanisms of innate immune activation and consequences for disease outcomes in the various hosts for orthohantaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Kell
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, 915 Camino de Salud, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
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11
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Galán-Salinas A, Corral-Ruíz G, Pérez-Vega MJ, Fabila-Castillo L, Silva-García R, Marquina-Castillo B, León-Contreras JC, Barrios-Payán J, Francisco-Cruz A, Montecillo-Aguado M, Huerta-Yepez S, Calderón-Amador J, Flores-Romo L, Hernández-Pando R, Sánchez-Torres LE. Monocyte Locomotion Inhibitory Factor confers neuroprotection and prevents the development of murine cerebral malaria. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 97:107674. [PMID: 34044183 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a neurological complication derived from the Plasmodium falciparum infection in humans. The mechanisms involved in the disease progression are still not fully understood, but both the sequestration of infected red blood cells (iRBC) and leukocytes and an exacerbated host inflammatory immune response are significant factors. In this study, we investigated the effect of Monocyte Locomotion Inhibitory Factor (MLIF), an anti-inflammatory peptide, in a well-characterized murine model of CM. Our data showed that the administration of MLIF increased the survival and avoided the neurological signs of CM in Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infected C57BL/6 mice. MLIF administration down-regulated systemic inflammatory mediators such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL2, and CCL2, as well as the in situ expression of TNF-α in the brain. In the same way, MLIF reduced the expression of CD31, CD36, CD54, and CD106 in the cerebral endothelium of infected animals and prevented the sequestration of iRBC and leucocytes in the brain microvasculature. Furthermore, MLIF inhibited the activation of astrocytes and microglia and preserved the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the administration of MLIF increased survival and conferred neuroprotection by decreasing neuroinflammation in murine CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galán-Salinas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico; Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - G Corral-Ruíz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico; Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - M J Pérez-Vega
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico; Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - L Fabila-Castillo
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico; Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - R Silva-García
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN-Siglo XXI, IMSS, México City, Mexico
| | - B Marquina-Castillo
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - J C León-Contreras
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - J Barrios-Payán
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - A Francisco-Cruz
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Montecillo-Aguado
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, México City, Mexico
| | - S Huerta-Yepez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, México City, Mexico
| | - J Calderón-Amador
- Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico; Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - L Flores-Romo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - R Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico.
| | - L E Sánchez-Torres
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico.
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12
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Stein RA, Young LM. From ACE2 to COVID-19: A multiorgan endothelial disease. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 100:425-430. [PMID: 32896660 PMCID: PMC7832810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Stein
- NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; LaGuardia Community College, Department of Natural Sciences, City University of New York, New York, NY 11101, USA.
| | - Lauren M Young
- University of Chicago, Department of Internal Medicine, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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13
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Mittler E, Dieterle ME, Kleinfelter LM, Slough MM, Chandran K, Jangra RK. Hantavirus entry: Perspectives and recent advances. Adv Virus Res 2019; 104:185-224. [PMID: 31439149 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are important zoonotic pathogens of public health importance that are found on all continents except Antarctica and are associated with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Old World and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the New World. Despite the significant disease burden they cause, no FDA-approved specific therapeutics or vaccines exist against these lethal viruses. The lack of available interventions is largely due to an incomplete understanding of hantavirus pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of virus replication, including cellular entry. Hantavirus Gn/Gc glycoproteins are the only viral proteins exposed on the surface of virions and are necessary and sufficient to orchestrate virus attachment and entry. In vitro studies have implicated integrins (β1-3), DAF/CD55, and gC1qR as candidate receptors that mediate viral attachment for both Old World and New World hantaviruses. Recently, protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) was demonstrated as a requirement for cellular attachment and entry of New World hantaviruses in vitro and lethal HPS in vivo, making it the first clade-specific host factor to be identified. Attachment of hantavirus particles to cellular receptors induces their internalization by clathrin-mediated, dynamin-independent, or macropinocytosis-like mechanisms, followed by particle trafficking to an endosomal compartment where the fusion of viral and endosomal membranes can occur. Following membrane fusion, which requires cholesterol and acid pH, viral nucleocapsids escape into the cytoplasm and launch genome replication. In this review, we discuss the current mechanistic understanding of hantavirus entry, highlight gaps in our existing knowledge, and suggest areas for future inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mittler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Maria Eugenia Dieterle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Lara M Kleinfelter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Megan M Slough
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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14
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Mohd Abd Razak MR, Norahmad NA, Md Jelas NH, Jusoh B, Muhammad A, Mohmad Misnan N, Zainol M, Thayan R, Syed Mohamed AF. Preliminary study on the expression of endothelial cell biology related genes in the liver of dengue virus infected mice treated with Carica papaya leaf juice. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:206. [PMID: 30944031 PMCID: PMC6448258 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to profile and identify the endothelial cell biology related genes that are affected by dengue virus infection in the liver tissue of AG129 mice, with and without Carica papaya leaf juice treatment. Results The dengue fever mouse model was established by intraperitoneal inoculation of dengue virus, New Guinea C strain at 2 × 106 PFU. Daily oral administration of 1000 mg/kg freeze-dried C. papaya leaf juice (FCPLJ) was done starting from day 1 to day 3 post infection. The RNA was extracted from liver tissues harvested on day 4 post infection. The expression levels of 84 genes related to mouse endothelial cell biology were determined by qRT-PCR technique. Dengue virus infection upregulated 15 genes and downregulated two genes in the liver of AG129 mice. The FCPLJ treatment upregulated monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and downregulated intercellular adhesion molecule 1, integrin beta 3 and fibronectin 1 genes during dengue virus infection. The data showed the potential effect of FCPLJ treatment on the expression profile of endothelial cell biology related genes in the liver of dengue virus infected-AG129 mice. Further proteomic studies are needed to determine the functional roles of the genes affected by FCPLJ treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-019-4242-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nor Azrina Norahmad
- Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Hana Md Jelas
- Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bazilah Jusoh
- Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amirrudin Muhammad
- Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Murizal Zainol
- Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ravindran Thayan
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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15
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Lin GL, McGinley JP, Drysdale SB, Pollard AJ. Epidemiology and Immune Pathogenesis of Viral Sepsis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2147. [PMID: 30319615 PMCID: PMC6170629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis can be caused by a broad range of pathogens; however, bacterial infections represent the majority of sepsis cases. Up to 42% of sepsis presentations are culture negative, suggesting a non-bacterial cause. Despite this, diagnosis of viral sepsis remains very rare. Almost any virus can cause sepsis in vulnerable patients (e.g., neonates, infants, and other immunosuppressed groups). The prevalence of viral sepsis is not known, nor is there enough information to make an accurate estimate. The initial standard of care for all cases of sepsis, even those that are subsequently proven to be culture negative, is the immediate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. In the absence of definite diagnostic criteria for viral sepsis, or at least to exclude bacterial sepsis, this inevitably leads to unnecessary antimicrobial use, with associated consequences for antimicrobial resistance, effects on the host microbiome and excess healthcare costs. It is important to understand non-bacterial causes of sepsis so that inappropriate treatment can be minimised, and appropriate treatments can be developed to improve outcomes. In this review, we summarise what is known about viral sepsis, its most common causes, and how the immune responses to severe viral infections can contribute to sepsis. We also discuss strategies to improve our understanding of viral sepsis, and ways we can integrate this new information into effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gu-Lung Lin
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph P McGinley
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon B Drysdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Paediatrics, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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16
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Dengue Virus Induces Increased Activity of the Complement Alternative Pathway in Infected Cells. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00633-18. [PMID: 29743365 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00633-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe dengue virus (DENV) infection is associated with overactivity of the complement alternative pathway (AP) in patient studies. Here, the molecular changes in components of the AP during DENV infection in vitro were investigated. mRNA for factor H (FH), a major negative regulator of the AP, was significantly increased in DENV-infected endothelial cells (EC) and macrophages, but, in contrast, production of extracellular FH protein was not. This discord was not seen for the AP activator factor B (FB), with DENV induction of both FB mRNA and protein, nor was it seen with Toll-like receptor 3 or 4 stimulation of EC and macrophages, which induces both FH and FB mRNA and protein. Surface-bound and intracellular FH protein was, however, induced by DENV, but only in DENV antigen-positive cells, while in two other DENV-susceptible immortalized cell lines (ARPE-19 and human retinal endothelial cells), FH protein was induced both intracellularly and extracellularly by DENV infection. Regardless of the cell type, there was an imbalance in AP components and an increase in markers of complement AP activity associated with DENV-infected cells, with lower FH relative to FB protein, an increased ability to promote AP-mediated lytic activity, and increased deposition of complement component C3b on the surface of DENV-infected cells. For EC in particular, these changes are predicted to result in higher complement activity in the local cellular microenvironment, with the potential to induce functional changes that may result in increased vascular permeability, a hallmark of dengue disease.IMPORTANCE Dengue virus (DENV) is a significant human viral pathogen with a global medical and economic impact. DENV may cause serious and life-threatening disease, with increased vascular permeability and plasma leakage. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying these features remain unclear; however, overactivity of the complement alternative pathway has been suggested to play a role. In this study, we investigate the molecular events that may be responsible for this observed alternative pathway overactivity and provide novel findings of changes in the complement system in response to DENV infection in primary cell types that are a major target for DENV infection (macrophages) and pathogenesis (endothelial cells) in vivo Our results suggest a new dimension of cellular events that may influence endothelial cell barrier function during DENV infection that could expand strategies for developing therapeutics to prevent or control DENV-mediated vascular disease.
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17
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Soe HJ, Khan AM, Manikam R, Samudi Raju C, Vanhoutte P, Sekaran SD. High dengue virus load differentially modulates human microvascular endothelial barrier function during early infection. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2993-3007. [PMID: 29182510 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma leakage is the main pathophysiological feature in severe dengue, resulting from altered vascular barrier function associated with an inappropriate immune response triggered upon infection. The present study investigated functional changes using an electric cell-substrate impedance sensing system in four (brain, dermal, pulmonary and retinal) human microvascular endothelial cell (MEC) lines infected with purified dengue virus, followed by assessment of cytokine profiles and the expression of inter-endothelial junctional proteins. Modelling of changes in electrical impedance suggests that vascular leakage in dengue-infected MECs is mostly due to the modulation of cell-to-cell interactions, while this loss of vascular barrier function observed in the infected MECs varied between cell lines and DENV serotypes. High levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL11, CX3CL1, CCL2 and CCL20) and adhesion molecules (VCAM-1) were differentially produced in the four infected MECs. Further, the tight junctional protein, ZO-1, was down-regulated in both the DENV-1-infected brain and pulmonary MECs, while claudin-1, PECAM-1 and VE-cadherin were differentially expressed in these two MECs after infection. Non-purified virus stock was also studied to investigate the impact of virus stock purity on dengue-specific immune responses, and the results suggest that virus stock propagated through cell culture may include factors that mask or alter the DENV-specific immune responses of the MECs. The findings of the present study show that high DENV load differentially modulates human microvascular endothelial barrier function and disrupts the function of inter-endothelial junctional proteins during early infection with organ-specific cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jen Soe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Asif M Khan
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Data Sciences, Perdana University, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rishya Manikam
- Trauma and Emergency (Academic), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chandramathi Samudi Raju
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Paul Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Shamala Devi Sekaran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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18
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Li XK, Yang ZD, Du J, Xing B, Cui N, Zhang PH, Li H, Zhang XA, Lu QB, Liu W. Endothelial activation and dysfunction in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005746. [PMID: 28806760 PMCID: PMC5581191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pathogenesis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) has not been well described yet. Recent studies indicate that SFTSV could replicate in endothelial cells. Here we performed a case-control study to determine whether endothelial activation/dysfunction occurred in SFTSV infection and to identify the biomarkers reflecting endothelial dysfunction. Methodology/Principal findings In a case-control study of 134 SFTS patients and 68 healthy controls, serum levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, tissue plasminogen activator, P-selectin, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecular, CD40 ligand, E-selectin, vascular endothelial growth factor A, serum amyloid antigen 1 (SAA-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecular 1 were significantly enhanced in the patients than the controls (all P<0.05), indicating the occurrence of endothelial activation/dysfunction in SFTS. The intercellular adhesion molecular 1 (ICAM-1) and SAA-1 at the convalescent phase were also significantly associated with severe patients, after adjusting for the potential confounders. The odds ratio was estimated to be 3.364 (95% CI 1.074–10.534) for ICAM-1, and 1.881 (95% CI 1.166–3.034) for SAA-1, respectively. Cutoff value of 1.1×107 pg/mL SAA-1 or 1.2×106 pg/mL ICAM-1 were found to have moderate power of predicting fatal cases. Conclusions The endothelial dysfunction may be one of the pathogenic mechanism of SFTS. The serum levels of ICAM-1 and SAA-1 might be used to predict adverse outcome. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a tick-borne viral disease and first reported in the rural areas of China. Pathogenesis of the disease has not been well described yet. Recent studies indicated that SFTSV replicated in endothelial cells. So, we performed a case-control study to explore whether endothelial activation/dysfunction occurred in SFTSV infection and to identify biomarkers reflecting endothelial dysfunction. We found that the occurrence of endothelial activation/dysfunction in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and the serum levels of ICAM-1 and SAA-1 might be used to predict adverse outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Dong Yang
- The 154 Hospital, People’s Liberation Army, Xinyang, P. R. China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bo Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ning Cui
- The 154 Hospital, People’s Liberation Army, Xinyang, P. R. China
| | - Pan-He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (WL); (QBL)
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (WL); (QBL)
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19
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Barbosa DDL, Hochhegger B, Souza AS, Zanetti G, Escuissato DL, Meirelles GDSP, Funari MBDG, Marchiori E. High-resolution computed tomography findings in eight patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Radiol Bras 2017; 50:148-153. [PMID: 28670025 PMCID: PMC5487228 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2016.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe the high-resolution computed
tomography (HRCT) findings in patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
(HPS). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed HRCT findings from eight cases of HPS. All
patients were men, aged 19-70 (mean, 41.7) years. Diagnoses were established
by serological test (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in all patients. Two
chest radiologists analyzed the images and reached decisions by
consensus. Results: The predominant HRCT findings were ground-glass opacities (GGOs) and smooth
inter- and intralobular septal thickening, found in all eight cases;
however, the crazy-paving pattern was found in only three cases. Pleural
effusion and peribronchovascular thickening were observed in five patients.
The abnormalities were bilateral in all patients. Conclusion: The predominant HRCT findings in patients with HPS were GGOs and smooth
inter- and intralobular septal thickening, which probably correlate with the
histopathologic findings of pulmonary edema.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arthur Soares Souza
- MD, PhD, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (Famerp) and Ultra X, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gláucia Zanetti
- MD, PhD, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Edson Marchiori
- MD, PhD, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Fedson DS. Treating the host response to emerging virus diseases: lessons learned from sepsis, pneumonia, influenza and Ebola. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:421. [PMID: 27942512 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.11.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing threat of epidemic or pandemic diseases that could be caused by influenza, Ebola or other emerging viruses. It will be difficult and costly to develop new drugs that target each of these viruses. Statins and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have been effective in treating patients with sepsis, pneumonia and influenza, and a statin/ARB combination appeared to dramatically reduce mortality during the recent Ebola outbreak. These drugs target (among other things) the endothelial dysfunction found in all of these diseases. Most scientists work on new drugs that target viruses, and few accept the idea of treating the host response with generic drugs. A great deal of research will be needed to show conclusively that these drugs work, and this will require the support of public agencies and foundations. Investigators in developing countries should take an active role in this research. If the next Public Health Emergency of International Concern is caused by an emerging virus, a "top down" approach to developing specific new drug treatments is unlikely to be effective. However, a "bottom up" approach to treatment that targets the host response to these viruses by using widely available and inexpensive generic drugs could reduce mortality in any country with a basic health care system. In doing so, it would make an immeasurable contribution to global equity and global security.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Fedson
- Formerly, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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21
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Edwards MK, Addoh O, Loprinzi PD. Predictive validity of the ACC/AHA pooled cohort equations in predicting residual-specific mortality in a national prospective cohort study of adults in the United States. Postgrad Med 2016; 128:865-868. [DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2016.1245094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K. Edwards
- Center for Health Behavior Research, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Ovuokerie Addoh
- Center for Health Behavior Research, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Paul D. Loprinzi
- Jackson Heart Study Vanguard Center of Oxford, Center for Health Behavior Research, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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22
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Ermonval M, Baychelier F, Tordo N. What Do We Know about How Hantaviruses Interact with Their Different Hosts? Viruses 2016; 8:v8080223. [PMID: 27529272 PMCID: PMC4997585 DOI: 10.3390/v8080223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses, like other members of the Bunyaviridae family, are emerging viruses that are able to cause hemorrhagic fevers. Occasional transmission to humans is due to inhalation of contaminated aerosolized excreta from infected rodents. Hantaviruses are asymptomatic in their rodent or insectivore natural hosts with which they have co-evolved for millions of years. In contrast, hantaviruses cause different pathologies in humans with varying mortality rates, depending on the hantavirus species and its geographic origin. Cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) have been reported in Europe and Asia, while hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndromes (HCPS) are observed in the Americas. In some cases, diseases caused by Old World hantaviruses exhibit HCPS-like symptoms. Although the etiologic agents of HFRS were identified in the early 1980s, the way hantaviruses interact with their different hosts still remains elusive. What are the entry receptors? How do hantaviruses propagate in the organism and how do they cope with the immune system? This review summarizes recent data documenting interactions established by pathogenic and nonpathogenic hantaviruses with their natural or human hosts that could highlight their different outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Ermonval
- Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Florence Baychelier
- Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Noël Tordo
- Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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Regulators of endothelial integrity as severity predictors in dengue. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2016; 36:148-55. [PMID: 27622804 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v36i0.2878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dengue is currently among the mosquito-borne diseases of greatest global impact. The clinical course of the disease can be unpredictable, so proper handling in its early stages is critical to ensure optimal outcomes. OBJECTIVE To evaluate serum regulators of endothelial integrity (VEGF, sICAM-1, sEndoglina, Ang-1, and Ang-2) as predictive markers of dengue severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a case-control study nested in an appropriate cohort. Endothelial regulator levels were first measured by ELISA, after which analysis was performed using logistic regression of clinical and regulatory variables, with severity as an output variable. A possible severity prediction model, based on the variables of interest and output, was defined using the best area under the ROC curve. RESULTS The median subject age was 24 years. Severe cases were associated with Ang-2 serum levels of ≥1,490 ng/ml (OR=3.1; p=0.015). Serum levels of Ang-2 (≥1,490 ng/ml) contributed to the severity prediction model, as did a 0.73 area under the ROC curve, together with the variables rash, impaired consciousness and abdominal pain, with an OR of 3.2 (CI 95%: 1.16 to 8.9; p=0.024). CONCLUSION The endothelial regulator Ang-2 could be a predictor of severity in dengue.
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Dengue Virus-Induced Inflammation of the Endothelium and the Potential Roles of Sphingosine Kinase-1 and MicroRNAs. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:509306. [PMID: 26609198 PMCID: PMC4644833 DOI: 10.1155/2015/509306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main pathogenic effects of severe dengue virus (DENV) infection is a vascular leak syndrome. There are no available antivirals or specific DENV treatments and without hospital support severe DENV infection can be life-threatening. The cause of the vascular leakage is permeability changes in the endothelial cells lining the vasculature that are brought about by elevated vasoactive cytokine and chemokines induced following DENV infection. The source of these altered cytokine and chemokines is traditionally believed to be from DENV-infected cells such as monocyte/macrophages and dendritic cells. Herein we discuss the evidence for the endothelium as an additional contributor to inflammatory and innate responses during DENV infection which may affect endothelial cell function, in particular the ability to maintain vascular integrity. Furthermore, we hypothesise roles for two factors, sphingosine kinase-1 and microRNAs (miRNAs), with a focus on several candidate miRNAs, which are known to control normal vascular function and inflammatory responses. Both of these factors may be potential therapeutic targets to regulate inflammation of the endothelium during DENV infection.
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Calvert JK, Helbig KJ, Dimasi D, Cockshell M, Beard MR, Pitson SM, Bonder CS, Carr JM. Dengue Virus Infection of Primary Endothelial Cells Induces Innate Immune Responses, Changes in Endothelial Cells Function and Is Restricted by Interferon-Stimulated Responses. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:654-65. [PMID: 25902155 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although endothelial cell (EC) infection is not widespread during dengue virus (DENV) infection in vivo, the endothelium is the site of the pathogenic effects seen in severe DENV disease. In this study, we investigated DENV infection of primary EC and defined factors that influence infection in this cell type. Consistent with in vivo findings where EC infection is infrequent, only 3%-15% of EC became productively DENV-2-infected in vitro. This low level infection could not be attributed to inhibition by heparin, EC donor variation, heterogeneity, or biological source. DENV-infection of EC was associated with induction of innate immune responses, including increased STAT1 protein, STAT1- phosphorylation, interferon (IFN)-β, OAS-1, IFIT-1/ISG56, and viperin mRNA. Antibody blocking of IFN-β inhibited the induction of OAS1, IFIT1/ISG56, and viperin while shRNA knockdown of viperin enhanced DENV-infection in EC. DENV-infection of EC resulted in increased activity of sphingosine kinase 1, a factor important in maintaining vascular integrity, and altered basal and stimulated changes in barrier integrity of DENV-infected EC monolayers. Thus, DENV productively infects only a small percentage of primary EC but this has a major influence on induction of IFN-β driven innate immune responses that can restrict infection while the EC themselves are functionally altered. These changes may have important consequences for the endothelium and are reflective of pathogenic changes associated with vascular leakage, as seen in DENV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Calvert
- 1 Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Flinders University , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Karla J Helbig
- 2 School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - David Dimasi
- 3 Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Michaelia Cockshell
- 3 Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Michael R Beard
- 2 School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia.,3 Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- 3 Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Claudine S Bonder
- 3 Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Jillian M Carr
- 1 Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Flinders University , Adelaide, South Australia
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Campbell CL, Torres-Perez F, Acuna-Retamar M, Schountz T. Transcriptome markers of viral persistence in naturally-infected andes virus (bunyaviridae) seropositive long-tailed pygmy rice rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122935. [PMID: 25856432 PMCID: PMC4391749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-tailed pygmy rice rats (Oligoryzomys longicaudatus) are principal reservoir hosts of Andes virus (ANDV) (Bunyaviridae), which causes most hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome cases in the Americas. To develop tools for the study of the ANDV-host interactions, we used RNA-Seq to generate a de novo transcriptome assembly. Splenic RNA from five rice rats captured in Chile, three of which were ANDV-infected, was used to generate an assembly of 66,173 annotated transcripts, including noncoding RNAs. Phylogenetic analysis of selected predicted proteins showed similarities to those of the North American deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), the principal reservoir of Sin Nombre virus (SNV). One of the infected rice rats had about 50-fold more viral burden than the others, suggesting acute infection, whereas the remaining two had levels consistent with persistence. Differential expression analysis revealed distinct signatures among the infected rodents. The differences could be due to 1) variations in viral load, 2) dimorphic or reproductive differences in splenic homing of immune cells, or 3) factors of unknown etiology. In the two persistently infected rice rats, suppression of the JAK-STAT pathway at Stat5b and Ccnot1, elevation of Casp1, RIG-I pathway factors Ppp1cc and Mff, and increased FC receptor-like transcripts occurred. Caspase-1 and Stat5b activation pathways have been shown to stimulate T helper follicular cell (TFH) development in other species. These data are also consistent with reports suggestive of TFH stimulation in deer mice experimentally infected with hantaviruses. In the remaining acutely infected rice rat, the apoptotic pathway marker Cox6a1 was elevated, and putative anti-viral factors Abcb1a, Fam46c, Spp1, Rxra, Rxrb, Trmp2 and Trim58 were modulated. Transcripts for preproenkephalin (Prenk) were reduced, which may be predictive of an increased T cell activation threshold. Taken together, this transcriptome dataset will permit rigorous examination of rice rat-ANDV interactions and may lead to better understanding of virus ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey L. Campbell
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Fernando Torres-Perez
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | | | - Tony Schountz
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Rodrigues SF, Granger DN. Blood cells and endothelial barrier function. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e978720. [PMID: 25838983 DOI: 10.4161/21688370.2014.978720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The barrier properties of endothelial cells are critical for the maintenance of water and protein balance between the intravascular and extravascular compartments. An impairment of endothelial barrier function has been implicated in the genesis and/or progression of a variety of pathological conditions, including pulmonary edema, ischemic stroke, neurodegenerative disorders, angioedema, sepsis and cancer. The altered barrier function in these conditions is often linked to the release of soluble mediators from resident cells (e.g., mast cells, macrophages) and/or recruited blood cells. The interaction of the mediators with receptors expressed on the surface of endothelial cells diminishes barrier function either by altering the expression of adhesive proteins in the inter-endothelial junctions, by altering the organization of the cytoskeleton, or both. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), proteolytic enzymes (e.g., matrix metalloproteinase, elastase), oncostatin M, and VEGF are part of a long list of mediators that have been implicated in endothelial barrier failure. In this review, we address the role of blood borne cells, including, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and platelets, in the regulation of endothelial barrier function in health and disease. Attention is also devoted to new targets for therapeutic intervention in disease states with morbidity and mortality related to endothelial barrier dysfunction.
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Key Words
- AJ, Adherens junctions
- ANG-1, Angiopoietin 1
- AQP, Aquaporins
- BBB, blood brain barrier
- CNS, Central nervous system
- COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- EAE, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- EPAC1, Exchange protein activated by cyclic AMP
- ERK1/2, Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2
- Endothelial barrier
- FA, Focal adhesions
- FAK, focal adhesion tyrosine kinase
- FoxO1, Forkhead box O1
- GAG, Glycosaminoglycans
- GDNF, Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor
- GJ, Gap junctions
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptors
- GTPase, Guanosine 5'-triphosphatase
- HMGB-1, High mobility group box 1
- HRAS, Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
- ICAM-1, Intercellular adhesion molecule 1
- IL-1β, Interleukin 1 beta
- IP3, Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
- JAM, Junctional adhesion molecules
- MEK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
- MLC, Myosin light chain
- MLCK, Myosin light-chain kinase
- MMP, Matrix metalloproteinases
- NO, Nitric oxide
- OSM, Oncostatin M
- PAF, Platelet activating factor
- PDE, Phosphodiesterase
- PKA, Protein kinase A
- PNA, Platelet-neutrophil aggregates
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- Rac1, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
- Rap1, Ras-related protein 1
- RhoA, Ras homolog gene family, member A
- S1P, Sphingosine-1-phosphate
- SCID, Severe combined immunodeficient
- SOCS-3, Suppressors of cytokine signaling 3
- Shp-2, Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2
- Src, Sarcoma family of protein kinases
- TEER, Transendothelial electrical resistance
- TGF-beta1, Transforming growth factor-beta1
- TJ, Tight junctions
- TNF-, Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- VCAM-1, Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
- VE, Vascular endothelial
- VE-PTP, Vascular endothelial receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
- VVO, Vesiculo-vacuolar organelle
- ZO, Zonula occludens
- cAMP, 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- pSrc, Phosphorylated Src
- platelets
- vascular permeability
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Sao Paulo ; Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - D Neil Granger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center ; Shreveport, LA USA
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Rajendran P, Rengarajan T, Thangavel J, Nishigaki Y, Sakthisekaran D, Sethi G, Nishigaki I. The vascular endothelium and human diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:1057-69. [PMID: 24250251 PMCID: PMC3831119 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 916] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations of endothelial cells and the vasculature play a central role in the pathogenesis of a broad spectrum of the most dreadful of human diseases, as endothelial cells have the key function of participating in the maintenance of patent and functional capillaries. The endothelium is directly involved in peripheral vascular disease, stroke, heart disease, diabetes, insulin resistance, chronic kidney failure, tumor growth, metastasis, venous thrombosis, and severe viral infectious diseases. Dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is thus a hallmark of human diseases. In this review the main endothelial abnormalities found in various human diseases such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and viral infections are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peramaiyan Rajendran
- 1. NPO-International Laboratory of Biochemistry,1-166, Uchide, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya 454-0926, Japan
| | | | - Jayakumar Thangavel
- 2. Department of Pharmacology and Center of Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yutaka Nishigaki
- 1. NPO-International Laboratory of Biochemistry,1-166, Uchide, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya 454-0926, Japan
| | - Dhanapal Sakthisekaran
- 3. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India 600 113
| | - Gautam Sethi
- 4. Department of Pharmacology,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine,National University Health System, 10 Medical Drive, MD11, #05-09, Clinical Research Centre, Singapore 117597
| | - Ikuo Nishigaki
- 1. NPO-International Laboratory of Biochemistry,1-166, Uchide, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya 454-0926, Japan
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