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Leiva-Mora M, Capdesuñer Y, Villalobos-Olivera A, Moya-Jiménez R, Saa LR, Martínez-Montero ME. Uncovering the Mechanisms: The Role of Biotrophic Fungi in Activating or Suppressing Plant Defense Responses. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:635. [PMID: 39330396 PMCID: PMC11433257 DOI: 10.3390/jof10090635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses the mechanisms by which fungi manipulate plant physiology and suppress plant defense responses by producing effectors that can target various host proteins. Effector-triggered immunity and effector-triggered susceptibility are pivotal elements in the complex molecular dialogue underlying plant-pathogen interactions. Pathogen-produced effector molecules possess the ability to mimic pathogen-associated molecular patterns or hinder the binding of pattern recognition receptors. Effectors can directly target nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat receptors, or manipulate downstream signaling components to suppress plant defense. Interactions between these effectors and receptor-like kinases in host plants are critical in this process. Biotrophic fungi adeptly exploit the signaling networks of key plant hormones, including salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and ethylene, to establish a compatible interaction with their plant hosts. Overall, the paper highlights the importance of understanding the complex interplay between plant defense mechanisms and fungal effectors to develop effective strategies for plant disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Leiva-Mora
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica de Ambato (UTA-DIDE), Cantón Cevallos Vía a Quero, Sector El Tambo-La Universidad, Cevallos 1801334, Ecuador
| | - Yanelis Capdesuñer
- Natural Products Department, Centro de Bioplantas, Universidad de Ciego de Ávila Máximo Gómez Báez, Ciego de Ávila 65200, Cuba;
| | - Ariel Villalobos-Olivera
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Ciego de Ávila Máximo Gómez Báez, Ciego de Ávila 65200, Cuba;
| | - Roberto Moya-Jiménez
- Facultad de Diseño y Arquitectura, Universidad Técnica de Ambato (UTA-DIDE), Huachi 180207, Ecuador;
| | - Luis Rodrigo Saa
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), San Cayetano Alto, Calle París s/n, Loja 1101608, Ecuador;
| | - Marcos Edel Martínez-Montero
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Ciego de Ávila Máximo Gómez Báez, Ciego de Ávila 65200, Cuba;
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Zhao Q, Bao J, Li H, Hu W, Kong Y, Zhong Y, Fu Q, Xu G, Liu F, Jiao X, Jin J, Ming Z. Structural and biochemical basis of FLS2-mediated signal activation and transduction in rice. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100785. [PMID: 38158656 PMCID: PMC10943584 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The receptor-like kinase FLAGELLIN-SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2) functions as a bacterial flagellin receptor localized on the cell membrane of plants. In Arabidopsis, the co-receptor BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (BAK1) cooperates with FLS2 to detect the flagellin epitope flg22, resulting in formation of a signaling complex that triggers plant defense responses. However, the co-receptor responsible for recognizing and signaling the flg22 epitope in rice remains to be determined, and the precise structural mechanism underlying FLS2-mediated signal activation and transduction has not been clarified. This study presents the structural characterization of a kinase-dead mutant of the intracellular kinase domain of OsFLS2 (OsFLS2-KDD1013A) in complex with ATP or ADP, resolved at resolutions of 1.98 Å and 2.09 Å, respectively. Structural analysis revealed that OsFLS2 can adopt an active conformation in the absence of phosphorylation, although it exhibits only weak basal catalytic activity for autophosphorylation. Subsequent investigations demonstrated that OsSERK2 effectively phosphorylates OsFLS2, which reciprocally phosphorylates OsSERK2, leading to complete activation of OsSERK2 and rapid phosphorylation of the downstream substrate receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases OsRLCK176 and OsRLCK185. Through mass spectrometry experiments, we successfully identified critical autophosphorylation sites on OsSERK2, as well as sites transphosphorylated by OsFLS2. Furthermore, we demonstrated the interaction between OsSERK2 and OsFLS2, which is enhanced in the presence of flg22. Genetic evidence suggests that OsRLCK176 and OsRLCK185 may function downstream of the OsFLS2-mediated signaling pathway. Our study reveals the molecular mechanism by which OsFLS2 mediates signal transduction pathways in rice and provides a valuable example for understanding RLK-mediated signaling pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Jinlin Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Huailong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Yanqiong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Yifeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Guolyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Fenmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Xi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Jian Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China.
| | - Zhenhua Ming
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China.
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3
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Kumari M, Kapoor R, Devanna BN, Varshney S, Kamboj R, Rai AK, Sharma TR. iTRAQ based proteomic analysis of rice lines having single or stacked blast resistance genes: Pi54/ Pi54rh during incompatible interaction with Magnaporthe oryzae. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:871-887. [PMID: 37520805 PMCID: PMC10382468 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Deployment of single or multiple blast resistance (R) genes in rice plant is considered to be the most promising approach to enhance resistance against blast disease caused by fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. At the proteome level, relatively little information about R gene mediated defence mechanisms for single and stacking resistance characteristics is available. The overall objective of this study is to look at the proteomics of rice plants that have R genes; Pi54, Pi54rh and stacked Pi54 + Pi54rh in response to rice blast infection. In this study 'isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification' (iTRAQ)-based proteomics analysis was performed in rice plants at 72-h post inoculation with Magnaporthe oryzae and various differentially expressed proteins were identified in these three transgenic lines in comparison to wild type during resistance response to blast pathogen. Through STRING analysis, the observed proteins were further examined to anticipate their linked partners, and it was shown that several defense-related proteins were co-expressed. These proteins can be employed as targets in future rice resistance breeding against Magnaporthe oryzae. The current study is the first to report a proteomics investigation of rice lines that express single blast R gene Pi54, Pi54rh and stacked (Pi54 + Pi54rh) during incompatible interaction with Magnaporthe oryzae. The differentially expressed proteins indicated that secondary metabolites, reactive oxygen species-related proteins, phenylpropanoid, phytohormones and pathogenesis-related proteins have a substantial relationship with the defense response against Magnaporthe oryzae. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01327-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kumari
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali, Rajasthan India
| | - Ritu Kapoor
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab India
| | - B. N. Devanna
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha India
| | - Swati Varshney
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, Delhi India
| | - Richa Kamboj
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali, Rajasthan India
| | - Amit Kumar Rai
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - T. R. Sharma
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Division of Crop Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, India
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Zhang C, Dong Y, Ren Y, Wang S, Yang M. Conjoint Analysis of Genome-Wide lncRNA and mRNA Expression during the Salicylic Acid Response in Populus × euramericana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1377. [PMID: 36987064 PMCID: PMC10058947 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in a wide range of biological processes, but lncRNAs in plants remain largely unknown; in particular, we lack a systematic identification of plant lncRNAs involved in hormone responses. To explore the molecular mechanism of the response of poplar to salicylic acid (SA), the changes in protective enzymes, which are closely related to plant resistance induced by exogenous SA, were studied, and the expression of mRNA and lncRNA were determined by high-throughput RNA sequencing. The results showed that the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), in the leaves of Populus × euramericana, were significantly increased by exogenous SA application. High-throughput RNA sequencing showed that 26,366 genes and 5690 lncRNAs were detected under the different treatment conditions: SA and H2O application. Among these, 606 genes and 49 lncRNAs were differentially expressed. According to target prediction, lncRNAs and target genes involved in light response, stress response, plant disease resistance, and growth and development, were differentially expressed in SA-treated leaves. Interaction analysis showed that lncRNA-mRNA interactions, following exogenous SA, were involved in the response of poplar leaves to the external environment. Our study provides a comprehensive view of Populus × euramericana lncRNAs and offers insights into the potential functions and regulatory interactions of SA-responsive lncRNAs, thus forming the foundation for future functional analysis of SA-responsive lncRNAs in Populus × euramericana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Forest Department, Forestry College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Tree Genetic Resources and Forest Protection, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Forest Department, Forestry College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Tree Genetic Resources and Forest Protection, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yachao Ren
- Forest Department, Forestry College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Tree Genetic Resources and Forest Protection, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- Forest Department, Forestry College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Tree Genetic Resources and Forest Protection, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Minsheng Yang
- Forest Department, Forestry College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Tree Genetic Resources and Forest Protection, Baoding 071000, China
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5
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Immune priming in plants: from the onset to transgenerational maintenance. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:635-646. [PMID: 35822618 PMCID: PMC9528079 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing plant resistance against pests and diseases by priming plant immunity is an attractive concept for crop protection because it provides long-lasting broad-spectrum protection against pests and diseases. This review provides a selected overview of the latest advances in research on the molecular, biochemical and epigenetic drivers of plant immune priming. We review recent findings about the perception and signalling mechanisms controlling the onset of priming by the plant stress metabolite β-aminobutyric acid. In addition, we review the evidence for epigenetic regulation of long-term maintenance of priming and discuss how stress-induced reductions in DNA hypomethylation at transposable elements can prime defence genes. Finally, we examine how priming can be exploited in crop protection and articulate the opportunities and challenges of translating research results from the Arabidopsis model system to crops.
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Nounurai P, Afifah A, Kittisenachai S, Roytrakul S. Phosphorylation of CAD1, PLDdelta, NDT1, RPM1 Proteins Induce Resistance in Tomatoes Infected by Ralstonia solanacearum. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11060726. [PMID: 35336608 PMCID: PMC8954572 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacaerum is one of the most devastating bacteria causing bacterial wilt disease in more than 200 species of plants, especially those belonging to the family Solanaceae. To cope with this pathogen, plants have evolved different resistance mechanisms depending on signal transduction after perception. Phosphorylation is the central regulatory component of the signal transduction pathway. We investigated a comparative phosphoproteomics analysis of the stems of resistant and susceptible tomatoes at 15 min and 30 min after inoculation with Ralstonia solanacearum to determine the phosphorylated proteins involved in induced resistance. Phosphoprotein profiling analyses led to the identification of 969 phosphoproteins classified into 10 functional categories. Among these, six phosphoproteins were uniquely identified in resistant plants including cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (CAD1), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 18 (MAPKKK18), phospholipase D delta (PLDDELTA), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide transporter 1 (NDT1), B3 domain-containing transcription factor VRN1, and disease resistance protein RPM1 (RPM1). These proteins are typically involved in defense mechanisms across different plant species. qRT-PCR analyses were performed to evaluate the level of expression of these genes in resistant and susceptible tomatoes. This study provides useful data, leading to an understanding of the early defense mechanisms of tomatoes against R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachumporn Nounurai
- Innovative Plant Biotechnology and Precision Agriculture Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Correspondence: (P.N.); (S.R.); Tel.: +66-25646700 (P.N. & S.R.)
| | - Anis Afifah
- Molecular and Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Diponegoro University, Jawa Tengah 50275, Indonesia;
| | - Suthathip Kittisenachai
- Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
- Correspondence: (P.N.); (S.R.); Tel.: +66-25646700 (P.N. & S.R.)
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7
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Small RNAs Participate in Plant-Virus Interaction and Their Application in Plant Viral Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020696. [PMID: 35054880 PMCID: PMC8775341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs are significant regulators of gene expression, which play multiple roles in plant development, growth, reproductive and stress response. It is generally believed that the regulation of plants’ endogenous genes by small RNAs has evolved from a cellular defense mechanism for RNA viruses and transposons. Most small RNAs have well-established roles in the defense response, such as viral response. During viral infection, plant endogenous small RNAs can direct virus resistance by regulating the gene expression in the host defense pathway, while the small RNAs derived from viruses are the core of the conserved and effective RNAi resistance mechanism. As a counter strategy, viruses evolve suppressors of the RNAi pathway to disrupt host plant silencing against viruses. Currently, several studies have been published elucidating the mechanisms by which small RNAs regulate viral defense in different crops. This paper reviews the distinct pathways of small RNAs biogenesis and the molecular mechanisms of small RNAs mediating antiviral immunity in plants, as well as summarizes the coping strategies used by viruses to override this immune response. Finally, we discuss the current development state of the new applications in virus defense based on small RNA silencing.
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Lemcke R, Sjökvist E, Visentin S, Kamble M, James EK, Hjørtshøj R, Wright KM, Avrova A, Newton AC, Havis ND, Radutoiu S, Lyngkjær MF. Deciphering Molecular Host-Pathogen Interactions During Ramularia Collo-Cygni Infection on Barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:747661. [PMID: 34745181 PMCID: PMC8570322 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.747661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ramularia collo-cygni is the causal agent of Ramularia leaf spot disease (RLS) on barley and became, during the recent decades, an increasing threat for farmers across the world. Here, we analyze morphological, transcriptional, and metabolic responses of two barley cultivars having contrasting tolerance to RLS, when infected by an aggressive or mild R. collo-cygni isolate. We found that fungal biomass in leaves of the two cultivars does not correlate with their tolerance to RLS, and both cultivars displayed cell wall reinforcement at the point of contact with the fungal hyphae. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified that the largest transcriptional differences between cultivars are at the early stages of fungal colonization with differential expression of kinases, calmodulins, and defense proteins. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified modules of co-expressed genes, and hub genes important for cultivar responses to the two R. collo-cygni isolates. Metabolite analyses of the same leaves identified defense compounds such as p-CHDA and serotonin, correlating with responses observed at transcriptome and morphological level. Together these all-round responses of barley to R. collo-cygni provide molecular tools for further development of genetic and physiological markers that may be tested for improving tolerance of barley to this fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Lemcke
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Elisabet Sjökvist
- Crop and Soils Systems, Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Visentin
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, United Kingdom
| | - Manoj Kamble
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Euan K. James
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kathryn M. Wright
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Avrova
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C. Newton
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, United Kingdom
| | - Neil D. Havis
- Crop and Soils Systems, Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael F. Lyngkjær
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Rehman HM, Cheung WL, Wong KS, Xie M, Luk CY, Wong FL, Li MW, Tsai SN, To WT, Chan LY, Lam HM. High-Throughput Mass Spectrometric Analysis of the Whole Proteome and Secretome From Sinorhizobium fredii Strains CCBAU25509 and CCBAU45436. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2569. [PMID: 31798547 PMCID: PMC6865838 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sinorhizobium fredii is a dominant rhizobium on alkaline-saline land that can induce nitrogen-fixing symbiotic root nodules in soybean. Two S. fredii strains, CCBAU25509 and CCBAU45436, were used in this study to facilitate in-depth analyses of this species and its interactions with soybean. We have previously completed the full assembly of the genomes and detailed transcriptomic analyses for these two S. fredii strains, CCBAU25509 and CCBAU45436, that exhibit differential compatibility toward some soybean hosts. In this work, we performed high-throughput Orbitrap analyses of the whole proteomes and secretomes of CCBAU25509 and CCBAU45436 at different growth stages. Our proteomic data cover coding sequences in the chromosome, chromid, symbiotic plasmid, and other accessory plasmids. In general, we found higher levels of protein expression by genes in the chromosomal genome, whereas proteins encoded by the symbiotic plasmid were differentially accumulated in bacteroids. We identified secreted proteins from the extracellular medium, including seven and eight Nodulation Outer Proteins (Nops) encoded by the symbiotic plasmid of CCBAU25509 and CCBAU45436, respectively. Differential host restriction of CCBAU25509 and CCBAU45436 is regulated by the allelic type of the soybean Rj2(Rfg1) protein. Using sequencing data from this work and available in public databases, our analysis confirmed that the soybean Rj2(Rfg1) protein has three major allelic types (Rj2/rfg1, rj2/Rfg1, rj2/rfg1) that determine the host restriction of some Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens and S. fredii strains. A mutant defective in the type 3 protein secretion system (T3SS) in CCBAU25509 allowed this strain to nodulate otherwise-incompatible soybeans carrying the rj2/Rfg1 allelic type, probably by disrupting Nops secretion. The allelic forms of NopP and NopI in S. fredii might be associated with the restriction imposed by Rfg1. By swapping the NopP between CCBAU25509 and CCBAU45436, we found that only the strains carrying NopP from CCBAU45436 could nodulate soybeans carrying the rj2/Rfg1 allelic type. However, no direct interaction between either forms of NopP and Rfg1 could be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Mamoon Rehman
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Wai-Lun Cheung
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kwong-Sen Wong
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Min Xie
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ching-Yee Luk
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Fuk-Ling Wong
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Man-Wah Li
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Sau-Na Tsai
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Wing-Ting To
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Lok-Yi Chan
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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10
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Solanki S, Richards J, Ameen G, Wang X, Khan A, Ali H, Stangel A, Tamang P, Gross T, Gross P, Fetch TG, Brueggeman RS. Characterization of genes required for both Rpg1 and rpg4-mediated wheat stem rust resistance in barley. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:495. [PMID: 31200635 PMCID: PMC6570958 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) race TTKSK and its lineage pose a threat to barley production world-wide justifying the extensive efforts to identify, clone, and characterize the rpg4-mediated resistance locus (RMRL), the only effective resistance to virulent Pgt races in the TTKSK lineage. The RMRL contains two nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) resistance genes, Rpg5 and HvRga1, which are required for resistance. The two NLRs have head-to-head genome architecture with one NLR, Rpg5, containing an integrated C-terminal protein kinase domain, characteristic of an "integrated sensory domain" resistance mechanism. Fast neutron mutagenesis of line Q21861 was utilized in a forward genetics approach to identify genetic components that function in the RMRL or Rpg1 resistance mechanisms, as Q21861 contains both genes. A mutant was identified that compromises both RMRL and Rpg1-mediated resistances and had stunted seedling roots, designated required for P. graminis resistance 9 (rpr9). RESULTS The rpr9 mutant generated in the Q21861 background was crossed with the Swiss landrace Hv584, which carries RMRL but contains polymorphism across the genome compared to Q21861. To map Rpr9, a Hv584 x rpr9 F6:7 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was developed. The RIL population was phenotyped with Pgt race QCCJB. The Hv584 x rpr9 RIL population was genotyped with the 9 k Illumina Infinium iSelect marker panel, producing 2701 polymorphic markers. A robust genetic map consisting of 563 noncosegregating markers was generated and used to map Rpr9 to an ~ 3.4 cM region on barley chromosome 3H. The NimbleGen barley exome capture array was utilized to capture rpr9 and wild type Q21861 exons, followed by Illumina sequencing. Comparative analysis, resulting in the identification of a 1.05 Mbp deletion at the chromosome 3H rpr9 locus. The identified deletion contains ten high confidence annotated genes with the best rpr9 candidates encoding a SKP1-like 9 protein and a F-box family protein. CONCLUSION Genetic mapping and exome capture rapidly identified candidate gene/s that function in RMRL and Rpg1 mediated resistance pathway/s. One or more of the identified candidate rpr9 genes are essential in the only two known effective stem rust resistance mechanisms, present in domesticated barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Solanki
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Jonathan Richards
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Gazala Ameen
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Atiya Khan
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Harris Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Alex Stangel
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Prabin Tamang
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Thomas Gross
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Patrick Gross
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Thomas G. Fetch
- Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5 Canada
| | - Robert S. Brueggeman
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050 USA
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11
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Sjokvist E, Lemcke R, Kamble M, Turner F, Blaxter M, Havis NHD, Lyngkjær MF, Radutoiu S. Dissection of Ramularia Leaf Spot Disease by Integrated Analysis of Barley and Ramularia collo-cygni Transcriptome Responses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:176-193. [PMID: 30681911 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-18-0113-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ramularia leaf spot disease (RLS), caused by the ascomycete fungus Ramularia collo-cygni, has emerged as a major economic disease of barley. No substantial resistance has been identified, so far, among barley genotypes and, based on the epidemiology of the disease, a quantitative genetic determinacy of RLS has been suggested. The relative contributions of barley and R. collo-cygni genetics to disease infection and epidemiology are practically unknown. Here, we present an integrated genome-wide analysis of host and pathogen transcriptome landscapes identified in a sensitive barley cultivar following infection by an aggressive R. collo-cygni isolate. We compared transcriptional responses in the infected and noninfected leaf samples in order to identify which molecular events are associated with RLS symptom development. We found a large proportion of R. collo-cygni genes to be expressed in planta and that many were also closely associated with the infection stage. The transition from surface to apoplastic colonization was associated with downregulation of cell wall-degrading genes and upregulation of nutrient uptake and resistance to oxidative stresses. Interestingly, the production of secondary metabolites was dynamically regulated within the fungus, indicating that R. collo-cygni produces a diverse panel of toxic compounds according to the infection stage. A defense response against R. collo-cygni was identified in barley at the early, asymptomatic infection and colonization stages. We found activation of ethylene signaling, jasmonic acid signaling, and phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways to be highly induced, indicative of a classical response to necrotrophic pathogens. Disease development was found to be associated with gene expression patterns similar to those found at the onset of leaf senescence, when nutrients, possibly, are used by the infecting fungus. These analyses, combining both barley and R. collo-cygni transcript profiles, demonstrate the activation of complex transcriptional programs in both organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Sjokvist
- 1 Scotlands Rural College, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Scotland, U.K
- 2 Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, U.K
| | - Rene Lemcke
- 3 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Manoj Kamble
- 4 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 10, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Frances Turner
- 5 Edinburgh Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh; Scotland, U.K
| | - Mark Blaxter
- 2 Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, U.K
| | - Neil H D Havis
- 1 Scotlands Rural College, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Scotland, U.K
| | - Michael F Lyngkjær
- 3 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- 4 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 10, Aarhus, Denmark; and
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12
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Khan M, Youn JY, Gingras AC, Subramaniam R, Desveaux D. In planta proximity dependent biotin identification (BioID). Sci Rep 2018; 8:9212. [PMID: 29907827 PMCID: PMC6004002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proximity dependent biotin identification (BioID) has emerged as a powerful tool for studies of proteome architecture, including insoluble or membrane-associated proteins. The technique has been well established in mammalian cells but has yet to be applied to whole plant systems. Here we demonstrate the application of BioID on leaf tissues of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, thereby expanding the versatility of this important technique and providing a powerful proteomics tool for plant biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Khan
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada.,Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Ji-Young Youn
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rajagopal Subramaniam
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada. .,Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada.
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13
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Islam W, Qasim M, Noman A, Adnan M, Tayyab M, Farooq TH, Wei H, Wang L. Plant microRNAs: Front line players against invading pathogens. Microb Pathog 2018. [PMID: 29524548 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plants are attacked by a large number of pathogens. To defend against these pathogens, plants activate or repress a vast array of genes. For genetic expression and reprogramming, host endogenous small RNAs (sRNAs) are the key factors. Among these sRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) mediate gene regulation through RNA silencing at the post-transcriptional level and play an essential role in the defense responses to biotic and abiotic stress. In the recent years, high-throughput sequencing has enabled the researchers to uncover the role of plant miRNAs during pathogen invasion. So here we have reviewed the recent research findings illustrating the plant miRNAs active involvement in various defense processes during fungal, bacterial, viral and nematode infections. However, rapid validation of direct targets of miRNAs is the dire need of time, which can be very helpful in improving the plant resistance against various pathogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Islam
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Govt. of Punjab, Agriculture Department, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ali Noman
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Department of Botany, Govt. College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Taimoor Hassan Farooq
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huang Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Liande Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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14
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Dessaux Y, Grandclément C, Faure D. Engineering the Rhizosphere. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:266-278. [PMID: 26818718 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
All components of the rhizosphere can be engineered to promote plant health and growth, two features that strongly depend upon the interactions of living organisms with their environment. This review describes the progress in plant and microbial molecular genetics and ecology that has led to a wealth of potential applications. Recent efforts especially deal with the plant defense machinery that is instrumental in engineering plant resistance to biotic stresses. Another approach involves microbial population engineering rather than single strain engineering. More generally, the plants (and the associated microbes) are no longer seen as 'individual' but rather as a holobiont, in other words a unit of selection in evolution, a concept that holds great promise for future plant breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Dessaux
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France.
| | - Catherine Grandclément
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Denis Faure
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
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15
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Sanchez-Lucas R, Mehta A, Valledor L, Cabello-Hurtado F, Romero-Rodrıguez MC, Simova-Stoilova L, Demir S, Rodriguez-de-Francisco LE, Maldonado-Alconada AM, Jorrin-Prieto AL, Jorrín-Novo JV. A year (2014-2015) of plants in Proteomics journal. Progress in wet and dry methodologies, moving from protein catalogs, and the view of classic plant biochemists. Proteomics 2016; 16:866-76. [PMID: 26621614 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present review is an update of the previous one published in Proteomics 2015 Reviews special issue [Jorrin-Novo, J. V. et al., Proteomics 2015, 15, 1089-1112] covering the July 2014-2015 period. It has been written on the bases of the publications that appeared in Proteomics journal during that period and the most relevant ones that have been published in other high-impact journals. Methodological advances and the contribution of the field to the knowledge of plant biology processes and its translation to agroforestry and environmental sectors will be discussed. This review has been organized in four blocks, with a starting general introduction (literature survey) followed by sections focusing on the methodology (in vitro, in vivo, wet, and dry), proteomics integration with other approaches (systems biology and proteogenomics), biological information, and knowledge (cell communication, receptors, and signaling), ending with a brief mention of some other biological and translational topics to which proteomics has made some contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Sanchez-Lucas
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba-CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Angela Mehta
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (CENARGEN), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Luis Valledor
- Department of Biology of Organisms and Systems (BOS), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - M Cristina Romero-Rodrıguez
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, and Departamento de Fitoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Lyudmila Simova-Stoilova
- Plant Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sekvan Demir
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba-CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luis E Rodriguez-de-Francisco
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba-CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain.,INTEC-Sto. Domingo, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana
| | - Ana M Maldonado-Alconada
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba-CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana L Jorrin-Prieto
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba-CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jesus V Jorrín-Novo
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba-CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain
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16
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Bhattarai K, Louws FJ, Williamson JD, Panthee DR. Differential response of tomato genotypes to Xanthomonas-specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns and correlation with bacterial spot (Xanthomonas perforans) resistance. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2016; 3:16035. [PMID: 27555919 PMCID: PMC4978809 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2016.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants depend on innate immune responses to retard the initial spread of pathogens entering through stomata, hydathodes or injuries. These responses are triggered by conserved patterns in pathogen-encoded molecules known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the first responses, and the resulting 'oxidative burst' is considered to be a first line of defense. In this study, we conducted association analyses between ROS production and bacterial spot (BS; Xanthomonas spp.) resistance in 63 genotypes of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). A luminol-based assay was performed on leaf tissues that had been treated with a flagellin 22 (flg22), flagellin 28 and a Xanthomonas-specific flg22 (flg22-Xac) peptide, to measure PAMP-induced ROS production in each genotype. These genotypes were also assessed for BS disease response by inoculation with Xanthomonas perforans, race T4. Although there was no consistent relationship between peptides used and host response to the BS, there was a significant negative correlation (r=-0.25, P<0.05) between foliar disease severity and ROS production, when flg22-Xac was used. This response could potentially be used to identify the Xanthomonas-specific PRR allele in tomato, and eventually PAMP-triggered immunity loci could be mapped in a segregating population. This has potential significance in tomato improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Bhattarai
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, Mills River, NC 28759, USA
| | - Frank J Louws
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - John D Williamson
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Dilip R Panthee
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, Mills River, NC 28759, USA
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17
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Govindan JA, Ruvkun G. Pathogens. Virulence 2014; 5:695-6. [PMID: 25513769 PMCID: PMC4189874 DOI: 10.4161/viru.36667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Amaranath Govindan
- Department of Molecular Biology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA USA
- Department of Genetics; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | - Gary Ruvkun
- Department of Molecular Biology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA USA
- Department of Genetics; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
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