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Roszkowski L, Ciechomska M. Tuning Monocytes and Macrophages for Personalized Therapy and Diagnostic Challenge in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081860. [PMID: 34440629 PMCID: PMC8392289 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages play a central role in chronic inflammatory disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Activation of these cells results in the production of various mediators responsible for inflammation and RA pathogenesis. On the other hand, the depletion of macrophages using specific antibodies or chemical agents can prevent their synovial tissue infiltration and subsequently attenuates inflammation. Their plasticity is a major feature that helps the switch from a pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1) to an anti-inflammatory state (M2). Therefore, understanding the precise strategy targeting pro-inflammatory monocytes/macrophages should be a powerful way of inhibiting chronic inflammation and bone erosion. In this review, we demonstrate potential consequences of different epigenetic regulations on inflammatory cytokines production by monocytes. In addition, we present unique profiles of monocytes/macrophages contributing to identification of new biomarkers of disease activity or predicting treatment response in RA. We also outline novel approaches of tuning monocytes/macrophages by biologic drugs, small molecules or by other therapeutic modalities to reduce arthritis. Finally, the importance of cellular heterogeneity of monocytes/macrophages is highlighted by single-cell technologies, which leads to the design of cell-specific therapeutic protocols for personalized medicine in RA in the future.
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Bakker W, Dingenouts CKE, Lodder K, Wiesmeijer KC, de Jong A, Kurakula K, Mager HJJ, Smits AM, de Vries MR, Quax PHA, Goumans MJTH. BMP Receptor Inhibition Enhances Tissue Repair in Endoglin Heterozygous Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2010. [PMID: 33670533 PMCID: PMC7922601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 (HHT1) is a severe vascular disorder caused by mutations in the TGFβ/BMP co-receptor endoglin. Endoglin haploinsufficiency results in vascular malformations and impaired neoangiogenesis. Furthermore, HHT1 patients display an impaired immune response. To date it is not fully understood how endoglin haploinsufficient immune cells contribute to HHT1 pathology. Therefore, we investigated the immune response during tissue repair in Eng+/- mice, a model for HHT1. Eng+/- mice exhibited prolonged infiltration of macrophages after experimentally induced myocardial infarction. Moreover, there was an increased number of inflammatory M1-like macrophages (Ly6Chigh/CD206-) at the expense of reparative M2-like macrophages (Ly6Clow/CD206+). Interestingly, HHT1 patients also showed an increased number of inflammatory macrophages. In vitro analysis revealed that TGFβ-induced differentiation of Eng+/- monocytes into M2-like macrophages was blunted. Inhibiting BMP signaling by treating monocytes with LDN-193189 normalized their differentiation. Finally, LDN treatment improved heart function after MI and enhanced vascularization in both wild type and Eng+/- mice. The beneficial effect of LDN was also observed in the hind limb ischemia model. While blood flow recovery was hampered in vehicle-treated animals, LDN treatment improved tissue perfusion recovery in Eng+/- mice. In conclusion, BMPR kinase inhibition restored HHT1 macrophage imbalance in vitro and improved tissue repair after ischemic injury in Eng+/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wineke Bakker
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands; (W.B.); (C.K.E.D.); (K.L.); (K.C.W.); (K.K.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Calinda K. E. Dingenouts
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands; (W.B.); (C.K.E.D.); (K.L.); (K.C.W.); (K.K.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Kirsten Lodder
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands; (W.B.); (C.K.E.D.); (K.L.); (K.C.W.); (K.K.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Karien C. Wiesmeijer
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands; (W.B.); (C.K.E.D.); (K.L.); (K.C.W.); (K.K.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Alwin de Jong
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.d.J.); (M.R.d.V.); (P.H.A.Q.)
| | - Kondababu Kurakula
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands; (W.B.); (C.K.E.D.); (K.L.); (K.C.W.); (K.K.); (A.M.S.)
| | | | - Anke M. Smits
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands; (W.B.); (C.K.E.D.); (K.L.); (K.C.W.); (K.K.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Margreet R. de Vries
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.d.J.); (M.R.d.V.); (P.H.A.Q.)
| | - Paul H. A. Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.d.J.); (M.R.d.V.); (P.H.A.Q.)
| | - Marie José T. H. Goumans
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands; (W.B.); (C.K.E.D.); (K.L.); (K.C.W.); (K.K.); (A.M.S.)
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3
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Zhang X, Feng T, Zhou X, Sullivan PM, Hu F, Lou Y, Yu J, Feng J, Liu H, Chen Y. Inactivation of TMEM106A promotes lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 203:125-136. [PMID: 33006758 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), play an important role in the host defense against invading microbial pathogens. Their activation must be precisely regulated, as inappropriate activation or overactivation of TLR signaling pathways may result in inflammatory disorders, such as septic shock or autoimmune diseases. TMEM106A is a type II transmembrane protein constitutively expressed in macrophages. Our current study demonstrated that TMEM106A levels were increased in macrophages upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, as well as in the peripheral monocytes of patients with sepsis. Tmem106a knockout mice were more sensitive to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic shock than wild-type mice. Further experiments indicated that Tmem106a ablation enhanced the expression of CD80, CD86 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II in mouse macrophages upon LPS stimulation, accompanied with up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)-β and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), indicating the activation of macrophages and polarization towards the M1 inflammatory phenotype. Moreover, elevated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling were found to be involved in the LPS-induced inflammatory response in Tmem106a-/- macrophages. However, this effect was largely abrogated by macrophage deletion in Tmem106a-/- mice. Therefore, deficiency of Tmem106a in macrophages may enhance the M1 polarization in mice, resulting in inflammation. This suggests that TMEM106A plays an important regulatory role in maintaining macrophage homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - T Feng
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - X Zhou
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - P M Sullivan
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - F Hu
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Y Lou
- Medical and Healthy Analytical Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - J Yu
- Department of Immunology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - J Feng
- Department of Immunology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - H Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Immunology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
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4
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He J, Yin P, Xu K. Effect and Molecular Mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Tumor Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:907-919. [PMID: 32184560 PMCID: PMC7053810 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s223646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used as a significant cancer treatment method for many years in China. It has been demonstrated that TCM could assist in inhibiting the growth of tumors and prolonging the survival rates of cancer patients. Although the mechanism of TCM are still not clear, accumulating evidence has shown that they may be related to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a significant role in TME and are polarized to two phenotypes, M1 (classically activated) and M2 (alternatively activated) TAMs. The two different phenotypes of TAMs play converse roles in the TME and M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (M2-TAMs) always lead to poor prognosis in cancer patients compared to M1-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (M1-TAMs). In this review, the potential correlation between TCM and TAMs (especially the M2 phenotype) in tumor progression and promising TCM strategies targeting TAMs in cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peihao Yin
- Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Putuo Central School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medicine University, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Xu
- Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Putuo Central School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medicine University, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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5
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Negreiros-Lima GL, Lima KM, Moreira IZ, Jardim BLO, Vago JP, Galvão I, Teixeira LCR, Pinho V, Teixeira MM, Sugimoto MA, Sousa LP. Cyclic AMP Regulates Key Features of Macrophages via PKA: Recruitment, Reprogramming and Efferocytosis. Cells 2020; 9:E128. [PMID: 31935860 PMCID: PMC7017228 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are central to inflammation resolution, an active process aimed at restoring tissue homeostasis following an inflammatory response. Here, the effects of db-cAMP on macrophage phenotype and function were investigated. Injection of db-cAMP into the pleural cavity of mice induced monocytes recruitment in a manner dependent on PKA and CCR2/CCL2 pathways. Furthermore, db-cAMP promoted reprogramming of bone-marrow-derived macrophages to a M2 phenotype as seen by increased Arg-1/CD206/Ym-1 expression and IL-10 levels (M2 markers). Db-cAMP also showed a synergistic effect with IL-4 in inducing STAT-3 phosphorylation and Arg-1 expression. Importantly, db-cAMP prevented IFN-γ/LPS-induced macrophage polarization to M1-like as shown by increased Arg-1 associated to lower levels of M1 cytokines (TNF-α/IL-6) and p-STAT1. In vivo, db-cAMP reduced the number of M1 macrophages induced by LPS injection without changes in M2 and Mres numbers. Moreover, db-cAMP enhanced efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils in a PKA-dependent manner and increased the expression of Annexin A1 and CD36, two molecules associated with efferocytosis. Finally, inhibition of endogenous PKA during LPS-induced pleurisy impaired the physiological resolution of inflammation. Taken together, the results suggest that cAMP is involved in the major functions of macrophages, such as nonphlogistic recruitment, reprogramming and efferocytosis, all key processes for inflammation resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziele L. Negreiros-Lima
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (G.L.N.-L.); (I.Z.M.); (B.L.O.J.); (L.C.R.T.)
| | - Kátia M. Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Isabella Z. Moreira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (G.L.N.-L.); (I.Z.M.); (B.L.O.J.); (L.C.R.T.)
| | - Bruna Lorrayne O. Jardim
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (G.L.N.-L.); (I.Z.M.); (B.L.O.J.); (L.C.R.T.)
| | - Juliana P. Vago
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (J.P.V.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Izabela Galvão
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (I.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Lívia Cristina R. Teixeira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (G.L.N.-L.); (I.Z.M.); (B.L.O.J.); (L.C.R.T.)
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (I.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Mauro M. Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (J.P.V.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Michelle A. Sugimoto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Medicina Tropical, Escola de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Brazil;
| | - Lirlândia P. Sousa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (G.L.N.-L.); (I.Z.M.); (B.L.O.J.); (L.C.R.T.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
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6
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Ardura JA, Rackov G, Izquierdo E, Alonso V, Gortazar AR, Escribese MM. Targeting Macrophages: Friends or Foes in Disease? Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1255. [PMID: 31708781 PMCID: PMC6819424 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages occupy a prominent position during immune responses. They are considered the final effectors of any given immune response since they can be activated by a wide range of surface ligands and cytokines to acquire a continuum of functional states. Macrophages are involved in tissue homeostasis and in the promotion or resolution of inflammatory responses, causing tissue damage or helping in tissue repair. Knowledge in macrophage polarization has significantly increased in the last decade. Biomarkers, functions, and metabolic states associated with macrophage polarization status have been defined both in murine and human models. Moreover, a large body of evidence demonstrated that macrophage status is a dynamic process that can be modified. Macrophages orchestrate virtually all major diseases—sepsis, infection, chronic inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis), neurodegenerative disease, and cancer—and thus they represent attractive therapeutic targets. In fact, the possibility to “reprogram” macrophage status is considered as a promising strategy for designing novel therapies. Here, we will review the role of different tissue macrophage populations in the instauration and progression of inflammatory and non-inflammatory pathologies, as exemplified by rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, glioblastoma, and tumor metastasis. We will analyze: 1) the potential as therapeutic targets of recently described macrophage populations, such as osteomacs, reported to play an important role in bone formation and homeostasis or metastasis-associated macrophages (MAMs), key players in the generation of premetastatic niche; 2) the current and potential future approaches to target monocytes/macrophages and their inflammation-causing products in rheumatoid arthritis; and 3) the development of novel intervention strategies using oncolytic viruses, immunomodulatory agents, and checkpoint inhibitors aiming to boost M1-associated anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we will focus on the potential of macrophages as therapeutic targets and discuss their involvement in state-of-the-art strategies to modulate prevalent pathologies of aging societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Ardura
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, San Pablo CEU University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gorjana Rackov
- IMDEA Nanoscience Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Izquierdo
- Department I for Internal Medicine and CECAD, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Veronica Alonso
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, San Pablo CEU University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha R Gortazar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, San Pablo CEU University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria M Escribese
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, San Pablo CEU University, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Hilt ZT, Pariser DN, Ture SK, Mohan A, Quijada P, Asante AA, Cameron SJ, Sterling JA, Merkel AR, Johanson AL, Jenkins JL, Small EM, McGrath KE, Palis J, Elliott MR, Morrell CN. Platelet-derived β2M regulates monocyte inflammatory responses. JCI Insight 2019; 4:122943. [PMID: 30702442 PMCID: PMC6483513 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β-2 Microglobulin (β2M) is a molecular chaperone for the major histocompatibility class I (MHC I) complex, hemochromatosis factor protein (HFE), and the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), but β2M may also have less understood chaperone-independent functions. Elevated plasma β2M has a direct role in neurocognitive decline and is a risk factor for adverse cardiovascular events. β2M mRNA is present in platelets at very high levels, and β2M is part of the activated platelet releasate. In addition to their more well-studied thrombotic functions, platelets are important immune regulatory cells that release inflammatory molecules and contribute to leukocyte trafficking, activation, and differentiation. We have now found that platelet-derived β2M is a mediator of monocyte proinflammatory differentiation through noncanonical TGFβ receptor signaling. Circulating monocytes from mice lacking β2M only in platelets (Plt-β2M-/-) had a more proreparative monocyte phenotype, in part dependent on increased platelet-derived TGFβ signaling in the absence of β2M. Using a mouse myocardial infarction (MI) model, Plt-β2M-/- mice had limited post-MI proinflammatory monocyte responses and, instead, demonstrated early proreparative monocyte differentiation, profibrotic myofibroblast responses, and a rapid decline in heart function compared with WT mice. These data demonstrate a potentially novel chaperone-independent, monocyte phenotype-regulatory function for platelet β2M and that platelet-derived 2M and TGFβ have opposing roles in monocyte differentiation that may be important in tissue injury responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amy Mohan
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute
| | | | - Akua A. Asante
- Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Julie A. Sterling
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Bone Biology Center, and Biomedical Engineering, and
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alyssa R. Merkel
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Bone Biology Center, and Biomedical Engineering, and
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kathleen E. McGrath
- Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - James Palis
- Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Michael R. Elliott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Craig N. Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
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8
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Han J, Zhu K, Zhang X, Harris RA. Enforced microglial depletion and repopulation as a promising strategy for the treatment of neurological disorders. Glia 2018; 67:217-231. [PMID: 30378163 PMCID: PMC6635749 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are prominent immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and are critical players in both neurological development and homeostasis, and in neurological diseases when dysfunctional. Our previous understanding of the phenotypes and functions of microglia has been greatly extended by a dearth of recent investigations. Distinct genetically defined subsets of microglia are now recognized to perform their own independent functions in specific conditions. The molecular profiling of single microglial cells indicates extensively heterogeneous reactions in different neurological disorders, resulting in multiple potentials for crosstalk with other kinds of CNS cells such as astrocytes and neurons. In settings of neurological diseases it could thus be prudent to establish effective cell‐based therapies by targeting entire microglial networks. Notably, activated microglial depletion through genetic targeting or pharmacological therapies within a suitable time window can stimulate replenishment of the CNS niche with new microglia. Additionally, enforced repopulation through provision of replacement cells also represents a potential means of exchanging dysfunctional with functional microglia. In each setting the newly repopulated microglia might have the potential to resolve ongoing neuroinflammation. In this review, we aim to summarize the most recent knowledge of microglia and to highlight microglial depletion and subsequent repopulation as a promising cell replacement therapy. Although glial cell replacement therapy is still in its infancy and future translational studies are still required, the approach is scientifically sound and provides new optimism for managing the neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation induced by activated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Han
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at SolnaStockholmSweden
| | - Keying Zhu
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at SolnaStockholmSweden
| | - Xing‐Mei Zhang
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at SolnaStockholmSweden
| | - Robert A. Harris
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at SolnaStockholmSweden
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9
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Coates BM, Staricha KL, Koch CM, Cheng Y, Shumaker DK, Budinger GRS, Perlman H, Misharin AV, Ridge KM. Inflammatory Monocytes Drive Influenza A Virus-Mediated Lung Injury in Juvenile Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2391-2404. [PMID: 29445006 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Healthy children are more likely to die of influenza A virus (IAV) infection than healthy adults. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the impact of young age on the development of life-threatening IAV infection. We report increased mortality in juvenile mice compared with adult mice at each infectious dose of IAV. Juvenile mice had sustained elevation of type I IFNs and persistent NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the lungs, both of which were independent of viral titer. Juvenile mice, but not adult mice, had increased MCP-1 levels that remained high even after viral clearance. Importantly, continued production of MCP-1 was associated with persistent recruitment of monocytes to the lungs and prolonged elevation of inflammatory cytokines. Transcriptional signatures of recruited monocytes to the juvenile and adult IAV-infected lungs were assessed by RNA-seq. Genes associated with a proinflammatory signature were upregulated in the juvenile monocytes compared with adult monocytes. Depletion of monocytes with anti-CCR2 Ab decreased type I IFN secretion, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and lung injury in juvenile mice. This suggests an exaggerated inflammatory response mediated by increased recruitment of monocytes to the lung, and not an inability to control viral replication, is responsible for severe IAV infection in juvenile mice. This study provides insight into severe IAV infection in juveniles and identifies key inflammatory monocytes that may be central to pediatric acute lung injury secondary to IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bria M Coates
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; .,Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Kelly L Staricha
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Clarissa M Koch
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Dale K Shumaker
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - G R Scott Budinger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Harris Perlman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Alexander V Misharin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Karen M Ridge
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
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10
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Bazzi S, El-Darzi E, McDowell T, Modjtahedi H, Mudan S, Achkar M, Akle C, Kadara H, Bahr GM. Defining Genome-Wide Expression and Phenotypic Contextual Cues in Macrophages Generated by Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, and Heat-Killed Mycobacteria. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1253. [PMID: 29046677 PMCID: PMC5632758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-killed (HK) Mycobacterium obuense (NCTC13365) is currently being evaluated in the clinic as an immunotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment. Yet, the molecular underpinnings underlying immunomodulatory properties of HK M. obuense are still largely undefined. To fill this void, we sought to perform immunophenotyping, chemokine/cytokine release analysis and genome-wide characterization of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) in which monocytes were originally isolated from healthy donors and differentiated by HK M. obuense (Mob-MDM) relative to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-MDM) and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-MDM). Immunophenotyping and cytokine release analysis revealed downregulated surface expression of CD36, decreased spontaneous release of CCL2 and increased spontaneous secretion of CCL5, CXCL8/IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α in Mob-MDM relative to M-MDM and GM-MDM. Analysis of cytostatic activity showed that Mob-MDM exhibited similar growth inhibitory effects on immortalized and malignant epithelial cells compared with GM-MDM but at an elevated rate relative to M-MDM. To understand global cues in Mob-MDM, we performed comparative RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of Mob-MDM relative to GM-MDM and M-MDM (n = 4 donors). Clustering analysis underscored expression profiles (n = 256) that were significantly modulated in Mob-MDM versus both M-MDM and GM-MDM including, among others, chemokines/cytokines and their receptors, enzymes and transcriptions factors. Topological functional analysis of these profiles identified pathways and gene sets linked to Mob-MDM phenotype including nitric oxide production, acute phase response signaling and microbe recognition pathways as well as signaling cues mediated by the proinflammatory cytokine, interferon-gamma, and the intracellular pattern recognition receptor, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2. Taken together, our study highlights molecular immune phenotypes and global signaling cues in Mob-MDM that may underlie immunomodulatory properties of HK M. obuense. Such properties could be of valuable use in immunotherapy approaches such as adoptive cell therapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Bazzi
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Balamand, Al Kurah, Lebanon
| | - Emale El-Darzi
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Al Kurah, Lebanon
| | - Tina McDowell
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Helmout Modjtahedi
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Satvinder Mudan
- St George's University of London, Imperial College, London and The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Achkar
- Clinical Laboratory, Nini Hospital, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Charles Akle
- Immodulon Therapeutics Ltd., Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Humam Kadara
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges M Bahr
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Al Kurah, Lebanon
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11
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Gibbings SL, Thomas SM, Atif SM, McCubbrey AL, Desch AN, Danhorn T, Leach SM, Bratton DL, Henson PM, Janssen WJ, Jakubzick CV. Three Unique Interstitial Macrophages in the Murine Lung at Steady State. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:66-76. [PMID: 28257233 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0361oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current paradigm in macrophage biology is that some tissues mainly contain macrophages from embryonic origin, such as microglia in the brain, whereas other tissues contain postnatal-derived macrophages, such as the gut. However, in the lung and in other organs, such as the skin, there are both embryonic and postnatal-derived macrophages. In this study, we demonstrate in the steady-state lung that the mononuclear phagocyte system is comprised of three newly identified interstitial macrophages (IMs), alveolar macrophages, dendritic cells, and few extravascular monocytes. We focused on similarities and differences between the three IM subtypes, specifically, their phenotype, location, transcriptional signature, phagocytic capacity, turnover, and lack of survival dependency on fractalkine receptor, CX3CR1. Pulmonary IMs were located in the bronchial interstitium but not the alveolar interstitium. At the transcriptional level, all three IMs displayed a macrophage signature and phenotype. All IMs expressed MER proto-oncogene, tyrosine kinase, CD64, CD11b, and CX3CR1, and were further distinguished by differences in cell surface protein expression of CD206, Lyve-1, CD11c, CCR2, and MHC class II, along with the absence of Ly6C, Ly6G, and Siglec F. Most intriguingly, in addition to the lung, similar phenotypic populations of IMs were observed in other nonlymphoid organs, perhaps highlighting conserved functions throughout the body. These findings promote future research to track four distinct pulmonary macrophages and decipher the division of labor that exists between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Gibbings
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Stacey M Thomas
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Shaikh M Atif
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | | | - A Nicole Desch
- 3 Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - Thomas Danhorn
- 4 Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and
| | - Sonia M Leach
- 4 Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and
| | - Donna L Bratton
- 3 Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - Peter M Henson
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,3 Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - William J Janssen
- 2 Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,5 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Claudia V Jakubzick
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,3 Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Campus, Denver, Colorado
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12
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Abstract
Microglia are the principal resident immune cells in the central nervous system and are believed to be versatile players in both inflammatory and physiological contexts. On the one hand, in order to safeguard the microenvironment microglia can be rapidly activated by contact with microbial products or cell debris, thereby exerting the functions of innate immunity via phagocytosis and secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Conversely, microglia can also assist in brain development, synaptic plasticity and neural repair through the production of neurotrophic factors and clearance of myelin debris. It is now well accepted that the dysfunction of microglia and microglia-induced neuroinflammation are implicated in the occurrence and progression of many neurological diseases. Although the past decade has witnessed major progress in understanding of multi-tasking microglia, what remains largely enigmatic is the relative importance of microglia at different disease stages and how microglia should be targeted for optimal therapeutic efficacy. Notably, microglia depletion through genetic targeting or pharmacological therapies can be viewed as effective tools to stimulate new microglia to repopulate the central nervous system. Microglia depletion and subsequent repopulation at defined stages in various experimental animal model disorders allow us to extend our knowledge of molecular mechanisms, thus holding promise for designing strategies to resolve neuroinflammation and promote recovery. Herein we highlight the highly plastic and diverse phenotypes of microglia and outline the lessons learned from microglia depletion approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Han
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, CMM L8:04, Karolinska Sjukhuset, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert A Harris
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, CMM L8:04, Karolinska Sjukhuset, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xing-Mei Zhang
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, CMM L8:04, Karolinska Sjukhuset, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Geeraerts X, Bolli E, Fendt SM, Van Ginderachter JA. Macrophage Metabolism As Therapeutic Target for Cancer, Atherosclerosis, and Obesity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:289. [PMID: 28360914 PMCID: PMC5350105 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are not only essential components of innate immunity that contribute to host defense against infections, but also tumor growth and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. An important feature of macrophages is their plasticity and ability to adopt diverse activation states in response to their microenvironment and in line with their functional requirements. Recent immunometabolism studies have shown that alterations in the metabolic profile of macrophages shape their activation state and function. For instance, to fulfill their respective functions lipopolysaccharides-induced pro-inflammatory macrophages and interleukin-4 activated anti-inflammatory macrophages adopt a different metabolism. Thus, metabolic reprogramming of macrophages could become a therapeutic approach to treat diseases that have a high macrophage involvement, such as cancer. In the first part of this review, we will focus on the metabolic pathways altered in differentially activated macrophages and link their metabolic aspects to their pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotype. In the second part, we will discuss how macrophage metabolism is a promising target for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Geeraerts
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Evangelia Bolli
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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The Fate of the Tumor in the Hands of Microenvironment: Role of TAMs and mTOR Pathway. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8910520. [PMID: 28074082 PMCID: PMC5198177 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8910520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2000, written with elegance and accuracy, Hanahan and Weinberg have proposed six major hallmarks of cancer and, together, they provide great advances to the understanding of tumoral biology. Our knowledge about tumor behavior has improved and the investigators have now recognized that inflammatory microenvironment may be a new feature for the tumor entities. Macrophages are considered as an important component of tumoral microenvironment. Biologically, two forms of activated macrophages can be observed: classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternative activated macrophages (M2). Despite the canonical pathways that control this puzzle of macrophages polarization, recently, mTOR signaling pathway has been implicated as an important piece in determining the metabolic and functional differentiation of M1 and M2 profiles. Currently, it is believed that macrophages related to tumoral microenvironment present an “M2-like” feature promoting an immunosuppressive microenvironment enhancing tumoral angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis. In the present review we discuss the role of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment and the role of mTOR pathway in M1 and M2 differentiation. We also discuss the recent findings in M1 and M2 polarization as a possible target in the cancer therapy.
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