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Raza A, Charagh S, Abbas S, Hassan MU, Saeed F, Haider S, Sharif R, Anand A, Corpas FJ, Jin W, Varshney RK. Assessment of proline function in higher plants under extreme temperatures. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:379-395. [PMID: 36748909 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and abiotic stress factors are key players in crop losses worldwide. Among which, extreme temperatures (heat and cold) disturb plant growth and development, reduce productivity and, in severe cases, lead to plant death. Plants have developed numerous strategies to mitigate the detrimental impact of temperature stress. Exposure to stress leads to the accumulation of various metabolites, e.g. sugars, sugar alcohols, organic acids and amino acids. Plants accumulate the amino acid 'proline' in response to several abiotic stresses, including temperature stress. Proline abundance may result from de novo synthesis, hydrolysis of proteins, reduced utilization or degradation. Proline also leads to stress tolerance by maintaining the osmotic balance (still controversial), cell turgidity and indirectly modulating metabolism of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, the crosstalk of proline with other osmoprotectants and signalling molecules, e.g. glycine betaine, abscisic acid, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, soluble sugars, helps to strengthen protective mechanisms in stressful environments. Development of less temperature-responsive cultivars can be achieved by manipulating the biosynthesis of proline through genetic engineering. This review presents an overview of plant responses to extreme temperatures and an outline of proline metabolism under such temperatures. The exogenous application of proline as a protective molecule under extreme temperatures is also presented. Proline crosstalk and interaction with other molecules is also discussed. Finally, the potential of genetic engineering of proline-related genes is explained to develop 'temperature-smart' plants. In short, exogenous application of proline and genetic engineering of proline genes promise ways forward for developing 'temperature-smart' future crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raza
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, China
| | - S Charagh
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Hangzhou, China
| | - S Abbas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M U Hassan
- Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - F Saeed
- Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
| | - S Haider
- Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - R Sharif
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - A Anand
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, India
| | - F J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - W Jin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - R K Varshney
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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Dubrovna OV, Mykhalska SI, Komisarenko AG. Using Proline Metabolism Genes in Plant Genetic Engineering. CYTOL GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s009545272204003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kavi Kishor PB, Suravajhala P, Rathnagiri P, Sreenivasulu N. Intriguing Role of Proline in Redox Potential Conferring High Temperature Stress Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:867531. [PMID: 35795343 PMCID: PMC9252438 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.867531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Proline is a proteinogenic amino acid synthesized from glutamate and ornithine. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase are the two key enzymes involved in proline synthesis from glutamate. On the other hand, ornithine-δ-aminotransferase converts ornithine to pyrroline 5-carboxylate (P5C), an intermediate in the synthesis of proline as well as glutamate. Both proline dehydrogenase and P5C dehydrogenase convert proline back to glutamate. Proline accumulation is widespread in response to environmental challenges such as high temperatures, and it is known to defend plants against unpropitious situations promoting plant growth and flowering. While proline accumulation is positively correlated with heat stress tolerance in some crops, it has detrimental consequences in others. Although it has been established that proline is a key osmolyte, its exact physiological function during heat stress and plant ontogeny remains unknown. Emerging evidence pointed out its role as an overriding molecule in alleviating high temperature stress (HTS) by quenching singlet oxygen and superoxide radicals. Proline cycle acts as a shuttle and the redox couple (NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH) appears to be highly crucial for energy transfer among different cellular compartments during plant development, exposure to HTS conditions and also during the recovery of stress. In this review, the progress made in recent years regarding its involvement in heat stress tolerance is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. B. Kavi Kishor
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to Be University), Guntur, India
| | - Prashanth Suravajhala
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Kerala, India
| | - P. Rathnagiri
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to Be University), Guntur, India
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Consumer-Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Research Unit, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
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Kang Y, Talukder S, An Z, Torres‐Jerez I, Krom N, Huhman D, Udvardi M, Saha MC. Dissection of physiological, transcriptional, and metabolic traits in two tall fescue genotypes with contrasting drought tolerance. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 2:277-289. [PMID: 37284176 PMCID: PMC10168078 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is an important cool-season perennial forage grass that forms mutualistic symbioses with fungal endophytes. Physiological, biochemical and transcriptional comparisons were made between two tall fescue genotypes with contrasting drought tolerance (tolerant, T400, and sensitive, S279), either with or without endophyte (Epichloë coenophiala). Drought stress was applied by withholding watering until plants reached mild, moderate and severe stresses. Physiological characterization showed that T400 had narrower, thicker leaves, and lower leaf conductance under well-watered conditions, compared to S279. After severe drought and recovery, endophytic T400 had greater shoot and root biomass than other plant types. Under drought, leaf osmotic pressure increased much more in T400 than S279, consistent with accumulation of metabolites/osmolytes, especially proline. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis indicated that T400 had more active organic acid metabolism than S279 under drought, and implicated the role of endophyte in stimulating protein metabolism in both genotypes. Overall T400 and S279 responded to endophyte differently in aspects of physiology, gene transcription and metabolites, indicating plant genotype-specific reactions to endophyte infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kang
- Noble Research Institute, LLCArdmoreOklahomaUSA
- Institue for Agricultural BiosciencesOklahoma State UniversityArdmoreOklahomaUSA
| | | | - Zewei An
- State Center for Rubber Breeding and Rubber Research InstituteDanzhouHainanChina
| | - Ivone Torres‐Jerez
- Noble Research Institute, LLCArdmoreOklahomaUSA
- Institue for Agricultural BiosciencesOklahoma State UniversityArdmoreOklahomaUSA
| | - Nick Krom
- Noble Research Institute, LLCArdmoreOklahomaUSA
| | - David Huhman
- Noble Research Institute, LLCArdmoreOklahomaUSA
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
| | - Michael Udvardi
- Noble Research Institute, LLCArdmoreOklahomaUSA
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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Meena M, Divyanshu K, Kumar S, Swapnil P, Zehra A, Shukla V, Yadav M, Upadhyay RS. Regulation of L-proline biosynthesis, signal transduction, transport, accumulation and its vital role in plants during variable environmental conditions. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02952. [PMID: 31872123 PMCID: PMC6909094 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In response to various environmental stresses, many plant species synthesize L-proline in the cytosol and accumulates in the chloroplasts. L-Proline accumulation in plants is a well-recognized physiological reaction to osmotic stress prompted by salinity, drought and other abiotic stresses. L-Proline plays several protective functions such as osmoprotectant, stabilizing cellular structures, enzymes, and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), and keeps up redox balance in adverse situations. In addition, ample-studied osmoprotective capacity, L-proline has been also ensnared in the regulation of plant improvement, including flowering, pollen, embryo, and leaf enlargement. Scope and conclusions Albeit, ample is now well-known about L-proline metabolism, but certain characteristics of its biological roles are still indistinct. In the present review, we discuss the L-proline accumulation, metabolism, signaling, transport and regulation in the plants. We also discuss the effects of exogenous L-proline during different environmental conditions. L-Proline biosynthesis and catabolism are controlled by several cellular mechanisms, of which we identify only very fewer mechanisms. So, in the future, there is a requirement to identify such types of cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Meena
- Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India.,Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Kumari Divyanshu
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Prashant Swapnil
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Andleeb Zehra
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vaishali Shukla
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Mukesh Yadav
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - R S Upadhyay
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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Per TS, Khan NA, Reddy PS, Masood A, Hasanuzzaman M, Khan MIR, Anjum NA. Approaches in modulating proline metabolism in plants for salt and drought stress tolerance: Phytohormones, mineral nutrients and transgenics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 115:126-140. [PMID: 28364709 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Major abiotic stress factors such as salt and drought adversely affect important physiological processes and biochemical mechanisms and cause severe loss in crop productivity worldwide. Plants develop various strategies to stand healthy against these stress factors. The accumulation of proline (Pro) is one of the striking metabolic responses of plants to salt and drought stress. Pro biosynthesis and signalling contribute to the redox balance of cell under normal and stressful conditions. However, literature is meager on the sustainable strategies potentially fit for modulating Pro biosynthesis and production in stressed plants. Considering the recent literature, this paper in its first part overviews Pro biosynthesis and transport in plants and also briefly highlights the significance of Pro in plant responses to salt and drought stress. Secondly, this paper discusses mechanisms underlying the regulation of Pro metabolism in salt and drought-exposed plant via phytohormones, mineral nutrients and transgenic approaches. The outcome of the studies may give new opportunities in modulating Pro metabolism for improving plant tolerance to salt and drought stress and benefit sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasir S Per
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
| | - Palakolanu Sudhakar Reddy
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Group, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad 502 324, Telangana, India
| | - Asim Masood
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - M Iqbal R Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; Crop and Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, 4030 Los Banos, Philippines.
| | - Naser A Anjum
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental & Marine Studies and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-19 Aveiro, Portugal
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Isolation and characterization of a Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (NtP5CS) from Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. and functional comparison with its Arabidopsis homologue. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 41:563-72. [PMID: 24338163 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Several functional and regulatory proteins play important roles in controlling plant stress tolerance. Proline (Pro) is one of the most accumulated osmolytes correlated with tolerance to stresses. Δ(1)-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) is a rate-limiting enzyme in Pro biosynthesis. In the present study, we isolated the cDNA for a P5CS gene (NtP5CS) from the halophyte Nitraria tangutorum. Phylogenetic analysis and subcellular localization analysis of NtP5CS-GFP protein in onion cells showed that NtP5CS was a new P5CS gene and was involved in Pro synthesis in N. tangutorum. Expression of the NtP5CS gene was induced by salt stress, dehydration, and high and low temperatures. Escherichia coli overexpressing AtP5CS or NtP5CS exhibited better growth in all treatments, including high salinity, high alkalinity, dehydration, osmotic, heat and cold stresses. Additionally, NtP5CS recombinant E. coli cells grew better than did AtP5CS recombinant cells in response to abiotic stresses. Our data demonstrate that the P5CS from a halophytic species functions more efficiently than its homologue from a glycophytic species in improving the stress tolerance of E. coli.
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Woo SH, Kamal AHM, Park SM, Kwon SO, Park SU, Roy SK, Lee JY, Choi JS. Relative distribution of free amino acids in buckwheat. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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de Carvalho K, de Campos MKF, Domingues DS, Pereira LFP, Vieira LGE. The accumulation of endogenous proline induces changes in gene expression of several antioxidant enzymes in leaves of transgenic Swingle citrumelo. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:3269-79. [PMID: 23292076 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant exposure to abiotic stresses leads to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species with the concomitant increase in antioxidant defense mechanisms. Previous studies showed that exogenous application of proline mitigate the deleterious effects caused by oxidative stress due to its ability to increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes. However, there are no reports of the effects of high endogenous accumulation of proline in the transcriptional pattern of antioxidant enzymes genes under normal conditions of water supply or in response to water deficit. Here, we show that isoforms of four antioxidant enzymes genes (Ascorbate peroxidase-APX, Catalase-CAT, Superoxide dismutase-SOD and Glutathione reductase-GR) were differentially regulated in leaves of Swingle citrumelo transgenic plants with high endogenous proline accumulation submitted to water deficits and also under normal water supply condition. Proline per se caused a two-fold change in the transcription activity of APX1, APXcl, CAT2 and Cu/ZnSOD2, while during water deficit proline influenced mRNAs levels in APXs and Cu/ZnSODs isoforms, MnSODmit and GRcl. This study adds new information on the role of proline during drought conditions and, more important, without the potential confounding effects imposed by water deficiency. We showed that, in addition to its known effects on diverse plant physiological and biochemical processes, high endogenous proline can also acts as a regulatory/signalling molecule capable of altering the transcript levels of stress-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia de Carvalho
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, CP 481, Londrina, PR 86047-902, Brazil
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Lawlor DW. Genetic engineering to improve plant performance under drought: physiological evaluation of achievements, limitations, and possibilities. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:83-108. [PMID: 23162116 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fully drought-resistant crop plants would be beneficial, but selection breeding has not produced them. Genetic modification of species by introduction of very many genes is claimed, predominantly, to have given drought resistance. This review analyses the physiological responses of genetically modified (GM) plants to water deficits, the mechanisms, and the consequences. The GM literature neglects physiology and is unspecific in definitions, which are considered here, together with methods of assessment and the type of drought resistance resulting. Experiments in soil with cessation of watering demonstrate drought resistance in GM plants as later stress development than in wild-type (WT) plants. This is caused by slower total water loss from the GM plants which have (or may have-morphology is often poorly defined) smaller total leaf area (LA) and/or decreased stomatal conductance (g (s)), associated with thicker laminae (denser mesophyll and smaller cells). Non-linear soil water characteristics result in extreme stress symptoms in WT before GM plants. Then, WT and GM plants are rewatered: faster and better recovery of GM plants is taken to show their greater drought resistance. Mechanisms targeted in genetic modification are then, incorrectly, considered responsible for the drought resistance. However, this is not valid as the initial conditions in WT and GM plants are not comparable. GM plants exhibit a form of 'drought resistance' for which the term 'delayed stress onset' is introduced. Claims that specific alterations to metabolism give drought resistance [for which the term 'constitutive metabolic dehydration tolerance' (CMDT) is suggested] are not critically demonstrated, and experimental tests are suggested. Small LA and g (s) may not decrease productivity in well-watered plants under laboratory conditions but may in the field. Optimization of GM traits to environment has not been analysed critically and is required in field trials, for example of recently released oilseed rape and maize which show 'drought resistance', probably due to delayed stress onset. Current evidence is that GM plants may not be better able to cope with drought than selection-bred cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Lawlor
- Plant Biology & Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2AJ, UK.
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