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Genome-Wide Identification of WRKY Family Genes and the Expression Profiles in Response to Nitrogen Deficiency in Poplar. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122324. [PMID: 36553591 PMCID: PMC9777946 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fast-growing arbor poplar is widely distributed across the world and is susceptible to nitrogen availability. The WRKY transcription factor is an important regulatory node of stress tolerance as well as nutrient utilization. However, the potential response mechanism of WRKY genes toward nitrogen is poorly understood. Therefore, the identification of WRKY genes on the Populus trichocarpa genome was performed, and 98 PtWRKYs (i.e., PtWRKY1 to PtWRKY98) were identified. Phylogenetic analysis and the promoter cis-acting element detection revealed that PtWRKYs have multiple functions, including phosphorus and nitrogen homeostasis. By constructing multilayer-hierarchical gene regulatory networks (ML-hGRNs), it was predicted that many WRKY transcription factors were involved in the nitrogen response, such as PtWRKY33 and PtWRKY95. They mainly regulated the expression of primary nitrogen-responsive genes (NRGs), such as PtNRT2.5A, PtNR2 and PtGLT2. The integrative analysis of transcriptome and RT-qPCR results show that the expression levels of 6 and 15 PtWRKYs were regulated by nitrogen availability in roots and leaves, respectively, and those were also found in ML-hGRN. Our study demonstrates that PtWRKYs respond to nitrogen by regulating NRGs, which enriches the nitrate-responsive transcription factor network and helps to uncover the hub of nitrate and its related signaling regulation.
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Zhang Y, Du P, Xiong F, Zhang X, Song H. WRKY Genes Improve Drought Tolerance in Arachis duranensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:910408. [PMID: 35720609 PMCID: PMC9199494 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.910408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factor participates in plant growth and development and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Arachis duranensis, a turfgrass, has high drought tolerance, yet little is known about AdWRKYs response to drought stress in A. duranensis. In this study, RNA-seq identified five AdWRKYs, including AdWRKY18, AdWRKY40, AdWRKY42, AdWRKY56, and AdWRKY64, which were upregulated under drought stress. Orthologous relationships between AdWRKYs and Arabidopsis WRKY were determined to predict the regulatory networks of the five AdWRKYs based on AtWRKYs. Additionally, protein-protein interactions were predicted using differentially expressed proteins from RNA-seq. The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that AdWRKY40 was upregulated, while AdWRKY42, AdWRKY56, and AdWRKY64 were downregulated at different time-points under drought stress. The predicted regulatory networks showed that AdWRKY40 activates COR47, RD21, and RD29A expression under drought stress. Besides, AdWRKY56 regulated CesA8 under drought stress. Aradu.YIQ80 (NAC019) interacted with AdWRKY40, AdWRKY42, AdWRKY56, and AdWRKY64, while Aradu.Z5H58 (NAC055) interacted with AdWRKY42 and AdWRKY64 under drought stress. This study used Arabidopsis to assess AdWRKYs function and regulatory networks, providing a basis for understanding drought tolerance in A. duranensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Zhang
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Pei Du
- Industrial Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crops Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Faqian Xiong
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Song
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Zhang T, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Yang G, Song H. Dissection of valine-glutamine genes and their responses to drought stress in Arachis hypogaea cv. Tifrunner. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:491-501. [PMID: 35366145 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Valine-glutamine sequences (VQs) interact with WRKY transcription factors (TFs), forming VQ-WRKY protein complexes crucial for plant development and response to environmental changes. Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is a tetraploid from A. duranensis and A. ipaensis cross. The Arachis spp. WRKY TFs have been identified, but Arachis VQs are largely unknown. This study identified VQs in A. duranensis, A. ipaensis, A. monticola, A. hypogaea cv. Fuhuasheng, A. hypogaea cv. Shitouqi, and A. hypogaea cv. Tifrunner. The study analyzed the homologous relationships between VQs in these Arachis spp. The VQ drought-tolerant genes were detected and VQ-WRKY interactions were determined in A. hypogaea cv. Tifrunner. The results showed that tetraploid Arachis spp. retained duplicated VQs, but lost ancestral VQs after allopolyploidization. The number of VQs in A. monticola, A. hypogaea cv. Fuhuasheng, and A. hypogaea cv. Shitouqi increased relative to their diploid ancestors. RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR experiments confirmed that three AhTVQs tolerate drought stress in A. hypogaea cv. Tifrunner. However, evidence of VQ-WRKY interaction for drought stress response is lacking in A. hypogaea cv. Tifrunner. Nevertheless, this study identified VQ-WRKY interactions, which possibly have multiple functions in A. hypogaea cv. Tifrunner. Altogether, this study dissected Arachis VQs, providing insights into Arachis VQ evolution and drought function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- Grassland Agri-husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Grassland Agri-husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- Grassland Agri-husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guofeng Yang
- Grassland Agri-husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Song
- Grassland Agri-husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
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Meng D, Dong B, Niu L, Song Z, Wang L, Amin R, Cao H, Li H, Yang Q, Fu Y. The pigeon pea CcCIPK14-CcCBL1 pair positively modulates drought tolerance by enhancing flavonoid biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1278-1297. [PMID: 33733535 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin B-like (CBL)-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) play a central role in Ca2+ signalling and promote drought tolerance in plants. The CIPK gene family in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.), a major food crop affected by drought, has not previously been characterised. Here, we identified 28 CIPK genes in the pigeon pea genome. Five CcCIPK genes were strongly upregulated in roots upon drought treatment and were selected for further characterisation. Overexpression of CcCIPK13 and CcCIPK14 increased survival rates by two- to three-fold relative to controls after 14 days of drought. Furthermore, the three major flavonoids, genistin, genistein and apigenin, were significantly upregulated in the same transgenic plants. Using CcCIPK14 as bait, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen and identified six interactors, including CcCBL1. CcCIPK14 exhibited autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of CcCBL1 in vitro. CcCBL1-overexpressed plants displayed higher survival rates upon drought stress as well as higher expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes and flavonoid content. CcCIPK14-overexpressed plants in which CcCBL1 transcript levels were reduced by RNA interference had lower survival rates, which indicated CcCBL1 in the same pathway as CcCIPK14. Together, our results demonstrate a role for the CcCIPK14-CcCBL1 complex in drought stress tolerance through the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in pigeon pea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Bejing, China
| | - Biying Dong
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Bejing, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Bejing, China
| | - Zhihua Song
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Bejing, China
| | - Litao Wang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Bejing, China
| | - Rohul Amin
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Bejing, China
| | - Hongyan Cao
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Bejing, China
| | - Hanghang Li
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Bejing, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Bejing, China
| | - Yujie Fu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Bejing, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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Toups HS, Cochetel N, Gray D, Cramer GR. VviERF6Ls: an expanded clade in Vitis responds transcriptionally to abiotic and biotic stresses and berry development. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:472. [PMID: 32646368 PMCID: PMC7350745 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background VviERF6Ls are an uncharacterized gene clade in Vitis with only distant Arabidopsis orthologs. Preliminary data indicated these transcription factors may play a role in berry development and extreme abiotic stress responses. To better understand this highly duplicated, conserved clade, additional members of the clade were identified in four Vitis genotypes. A meta-data analysis was performed on publicly available microarray and RNA-Seq data (confirmed and expanded with RT-qPCR), and Vitis VviERF6L1 overexpression lines were established and characterized with phenotyping and RNA-Seq. Results A total of 18 PN40024 VviERF6Ls were identified; additional VviERF6Ls were identified in Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, and Carménère. The amino acid sequences of VviERF6Ls were found to be highly conserved. VviERF6L transcripts were detected in numerous plant organs and were differentially expressed in response to numerous abiotic stresses including water deficit, salinity, and cold as well as biotic stresses such as red blotch virus, N. parvum, and E. necator. VviERF6Ls were differentially expressed across stages of berry development, peaking in the pre-veraison/veraison stage and retaining conserved expression patterns across different vineyards, years, and Vitis cultivars. Co-expression network analysis identified a scarecrow-like transcription factor and a calmodulin-like gene with highly similar expression profiles to the VviERF6L clade. Overexpression of VviERF6L1 in a Seyval Blanc background did not result in detectable morphological phenotypes. Genes differentially expressed in response to VviERF6L1 overexpression were associated with abiotic and biotic stress responses. Conclusions VviERF6Ls represent a large and distinct clade of ERF transcription factors in grapevine. The high conservation of protein sequence between these 18 transcription factors may indicate these genes originate from a duplication event in Vitis. Despite high sequence similarity and similar expression patterns, VviERF6Ls demonstrate unique levels of expression supported by similar but heterogeneous promoter sequences. VviERF6L gene expression differed between Vitis species, cultivars and organs including roots, leaves and berries. These genes respond to berry development and abiotic and biotic stresses. VviERF6L1 overexpression in Vitis vinifera results in differential expression of genes related to phytohormone and immune system signaling. Further investigation of this interesting gene family is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley S Toups
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Noé Cochetel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Dennis Gray
- Precision Bred LLC, 16676 Sparrow Hawk Lane, Sonora, CA, 95370, USA
| | - Grant R Cramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
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Sun Y, Li Y, Huang G, Wu Q, Wang L. Application of the yeast one-hybrid technique to plant functional genomics studies. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2017.1378595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Sun
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yao Li
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Guoqing Huang
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, PR China
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Singh D, Singh CK, Taunk J, Tomar RSS, Chaturvedi AK, Gaikwad K, Pal M. Transcriptome analysis of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) in response to seedling drought stress. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:206. [PMID: 28241862 PMCID: PMC5327544 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought stress is one of the most harmful abiotic stresses in crop plants. As a moderately drought tolerant crop, lentil is a major crop in rainfed areas and a suitable candidate for drought stress tolerance research work. Screening for drought tolerance stress under hydroponic conditions at seedling stage with air exposure is an efficient technique to select genotypes with contrasting traits. Transcriptome analysis provides valuable resources, especially for lentil, as here the information on complete genome sequence is not available. Hence, the present studies were carried out. RESULTS This study was undertaken to understand the biochemical mechanisms and transcriptome changes involved in imparting adaptation to drought stress at seedling stage in drought-tolerant (PDL-2) and drought-sensitive (JL-3) cultivars. Among different physiological and biochemical parameters, a significant increase was recorded in proline, glycine betaine contents and activities of SOD, APX and GPX in PDL-2 compared to JL-3while chlorophyll, RWC and catalase activity decreased significantly in JL-3. Transcriptome changes between the PDL-2 and JL-3 under drought stress were evaluated using Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. Total number of bases ranged from 5.1 to 6.7 Gb. Sequence analysis of control and drought treated cDNA libraries of PDL-2 and JL-3 produced 74032, 75500, 78328 and 81523 contigs, respectively with respective N50 value of 2011, 2008, 2000 and 1991. Differential gene expression of drought treated genotypes along with their controls revealed a total of 11,435 upregulated and 6,934 downregulated transcripts. For functional classification of DEGs, KEGG pathway annotation analysis extracted a total of 413 GO annotation terms where 176 were within molecular process, 128 in cellular and 109 in biological process groups. CONCLUSION The transcriptional profiles provide a foundation for deciphering the underlying mechanism for drought tolerance in lentil. Transcriptional regulation, signal transduction and secondary metabolism in two genotypes revealed significant differences at seedling stage under severe drought. Our finding suggests role of candidate genes for improving drought tolerance in lentil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Singh
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Chandan Kumar Singh
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Jyoti Taunk
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | | | - Ashish Kumar Chaturvedi
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Kishor Gaikwad
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, ICAR, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Madan Pal
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
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Schluttenhofer C, Yuan L. Regulation of specialized metabolism by WRKY transcription factors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:295-306. [PMID: 25501946 PMCID: PMC4326757 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.251769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are well known for regulating plant abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. However, much less is known about how WRKY TFs affect plant-specialized metabolism. Analysis of WRKY TFs regulating the production of specialized metabolites emphasizes the values of the family outside of traditionally accepted roles in stress tolerance. WRKYs with conserved roles across plant species seem to be essential in regulating specialized metabolism. Overall, the WRKY family plays an essential role in regulating the biosynthesis of important pharmaceutical, aromatherapy, biofuel, and industrial components, warranting considerable attention in the forthcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Schluttenhofer
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546
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Magalhães AP, Verde N, Reis F, Martins I, Costa D, Lino-Neto T, Castro PH, Tavares RM, Azevedo H. RNA-Seq and Gene Network Analysis Uncover Activation of an ABA-Dependent Signalosome During the Cork Oak Root Response to Drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1195. [PMID: 26793200 PMCID: PMC4707443 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Quercus suber (cork oak) is a West Mediterranean species of key economic interest, being extensively explored for its ability to generate cork. Like other Mediterranean plants, Q. suber is significantly threatened by climatic changes, imposing the need to quickly understand its physiological and molecular adaptability to drought stress imposition. In the present report, we uncovered the differential transcriptome of Q. suber roots exposed to long-term drought, using an RNA-Seq approach. 454-sequencing reads were used to de novo assemble a reference transcriptome, and mapping of reads allowed the identification of 546 differentially expressed unigenes. These were enriched in both effector genes (e.g., LEA, chaperones, transporters) as well as regulatory genes, including transcription factors (TFs) belonging to various different classes, and genes associated with protein turnover. To further extend functional characterization, we identified the orthologs of differentially expressed unigenes in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, which then allowed us to perform in silico functional inference, including gene network analysis for protein function, protein subcellular localization and gene co-expression, and in silico enrichment analysis for TFs and cis-elements. Results indicated the existence of extensive transcriptional regulatory events, including activation of ABA-responsive genes and ABF-dependent signaling. We were then able to establish that a core ABA-signaling pathway involving PP2C-SnRK2-ABF components was induced in stressed Q. suber roots, identifying a key mechanism in this species' response to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P Magalhães
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Verde
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Francisca Reis
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Inês Martins
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Daniela Costa
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Teresa Lino-Neto
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro H Castro
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui M Tavares
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Herlânder Azevedo
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto Vairão, Portugal
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Sanhueza D, Vizoso P, Balic I, Campos-Vargas R, Meneses C. Transcriptomic analysis of fruit stored under cold conditions using controlled atmosphere in Prunus persica cv. "Red Pearl". FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:788. [PMID: 26483806 PMCID: PMC4586424 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cold storage (CS) can induce a physiological disorder known as chilling injury (CI) in nectarine fruits. The main symptom is mealiness that is perceived as non-juicy fruit by consumers. Postharvest treatments such as controlled atmosphere (CA; a high CO2 concentration and low O2) have been used under cold conditions to avoid this disorder. With the objective of exploring the mechanisms involved in the CA effect on mealiness prevention, we analyzed transcriptomic changes under six conditions of "Red Pearl" nectarines by RNA-Seq. Our analysis included just harvested nectarines, juicy non-stored fruits, fruits affected for CI after CS and fruits stored in a combination of CA plus CS without CI phenotype. Nectarines stored in cold conditions combined with CA treatment resulted in less mealiness; we obtained 21.6% of juice content compared with just CS fruits (7.7%; mealy flesh). RNA-Seq data analyses were carried out to study the gene expression for different conditions assayed. During ripening, we detected that nectarines exposed to CA treatment expressed a similar number of genes compared with fruits that were not exposed to cold conditions. Firm fruits have more differentially expressed genes than soft fruits, which suggest that most important changes occur during CS. On the other hand, gene ontology analysis revealed enrichment mainly in metabolic and cellular processes. Differentially expressed genes analysis showed that low O2 concentrations combined with cold conditions slows the metabolic processes more than just the cold storage, resulting mainly in the suppression of primary metabolism and cold stress response. This is a significant step toward unraveling the molecular mechanism that explains the effectiveness of CA as a tool to prevent CI development on fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Sanhueza
- Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andres BelloSantiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome RegulationSantiago, Chile
| | - Paula Vizoso
- Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andres BelloSantiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome RegulationSantiago, Chile
| | - Iván Balic
- Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andres BelloSantiago, Chile
| | - Reinaldo Campos-Vargas
- Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andres BelloSantiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andres BelloSantiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Claudio Meneses, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 217, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
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