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Hippocampal Arc Induces Decay of Object Recognition Memory in Male Mice. Neuroscience 2020; 431:193-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Shandilya MCV, Gautam A. The temporal effect of hippocampal Arc in the working memory paradigm during novelty exploration. Brain Res Bull 2020; 158:51-58. [PMID: 32114002 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Arc (activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein) is one of the neuronal Immediate Early Genes (IEG), which is involved in the consolidation of memory and is an essential factor in the induction of Long-term Potentiation (LTP), Long-term Depression (LTD) and homeostatic synaptic plasticity. It has also been implicated in the increased familiarization of novel environments during reference memory paradigms. However, the Arc associated temporal effects in a working memory paradigm during novelty exploration are not well studied. Therefore, in the present study, we used spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) test along with the expression analysis of Arc to study its temporal effects on the working memory paradigms. Using a modified SAB test, we found that the increase in the duration of exposure to a novel environment in the short time-scale (<min) increases the alternations showing that short-term habituation increases the alternation rate. Additionally, during repeated exposure to a novel environment, the alternation rates decrease after shorter inter-session interval. Parallelly, we observed the upregulation of Arc mRNA and protein level 30 min after the SAB test in the cortex and hippocampus of mice, which returns to near-basal level after two hours. The novel experience, associated with the enhanced expression of Arc, helps in the decrease of alternations in subsequent sessions. This change in alternations was absent if the environment was familiar. Further, the role of Arc during these SAB test was confirmed by the inhibition of hippocampal Arc protein through the stereotaxic infusion of Arc antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. We observed that the Arc is involved in the temporal decrease of spontaneous alternations during a series of exposures to a novel environment. Finally, the significance of these results has been discussed in the light of Wagner's Sometimes Opponent Processes model, where we suggest that Arc reduces the ability for short-term habituation during repeated exposures in the working memory paradigm, and the loss of this ability is more prominent when subjected to a novel environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Vishnu Shandilya
- Molecular Neurobiology Lab, Centre for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Akash Gautam
- Molecular Neurobiology Lab, Centre for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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Gallo FT, Katche C, Morici JF, Medina JH, Weisstaub NV. Immediate Early Genes, Memory and Psychiatric Disorders: Focus on c-Fos, Egr1 and Arc. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:79. [PMID: 29755331 PMCID: PMC5932360 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many psychiatric disorders, despite their specific characteristics, share deficits in the cognitive domain including executive functions, emotional control and memory. However, memory deficits have been in many cases undervalued compared with other characteristics. The expression of Immediate Early Genes (IEGs) such as, c-fos, Egr1 and arc are selectively and promptly upregulated in learning and memory among neuronal subpopulations in regions associated with these processes. Changes in expression in these genes have been observed in recognition, working and fear related memories across the brain. Despite the enormous amount of data supporting changes in their expression during learning and memory and the importance of those cognitive processes in psychiatric conditions, there are very few studies analyzing the direct implication of the IEGs in mental illnesses. In this review, we discuss the role of some of the most relevant IEGs in relation with memory processes affected in psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco T Gallo
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cynthia Katche
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN) Dr. Eduardo de Robertis, Facultad de Medicina, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan F Morici
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge H Medina
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN) Dr. Eduardo de Robertis, Facultad de Medicina, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noelia V Weisstaub
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Subbanna S, Nagre NN, Shivakumar M, Joshi V, Psychoyos D, Kutlar A, Umapathy NS, Basavarajappa BS. CB1R-Mediated Activation of Caspase-3 Causes Epigenetic and Neurobehavioral Abnormalities in Postnatal Ethanol-Exposed Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:45. [PMID: 29515368 PMCID: PMC5826222 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol exposure can affect brain development, leading to long-lasting behavioral problems, including cognitive impairment, which together is defined as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). However, the fundamental mechanisms through which this occurs are largely unknown. In this study, we report that the exposure of postnatal day 7 (P7) mice to ethanol activates caspase-3 via cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1R) in neonatal mice and causes a reduction in methylated DNA binding protein (MeCP2) levels. The developmental expression of MeCP2 in mice is closely correlated with synaptogenesis and neuronal maturation. It was shown that ethanol treatment of P7 mice enhanced Mecp2 mRNA levels but reduced protein levels. The genetic deletion of CB1R prevented, and administration of a CB1R antagonist before ethanol treatment of P7 mice inhibited caspase-3 activation. Additionally, it reversed the loss of MeCP2 protein, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) activation, and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) expression. The inhibition of caspase-3 activity prior to ethanol administration prevented ethanol-induced loss of MeCP2, CREB activation, epigenetic regulation of Arc expression, long-term potentiation (LTP), spatial memory deficits and activity-dependent impairment of several signaling molecules, including MeCP2, in adult mice. Collectively, these results reveal that the ethanol-induced CB1R-mediated activation of caspase-3 degrades the MeCP2 protein in the P7 mouse brain and causes long-lasting neurobehavioral deficits in adult mice. This CB1R-mediated instability of MeCP2 during active synaptic maturation may disrupt synaptic circuit maturation and lead to neurobehavioral abnormalities, as observed in this animal model of FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivakumar Subbanna
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nagaraja N. Nagre
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, United States
| | - Madhu Shivakumar
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vikram Joshi
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, United States
| | - Delphine Psychoyos
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Abdullah Kutlar
- Center for Blood Disorders, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | | | - Balapal S. Basavarajappa
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, United States
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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Okuno H, Minatohara K, Bito H. Inverse synaptic tagging: An inactive synapse-specific mechanism to capture activity-induced Arc/arg3.1 and to locally regulate spatial distribution of synaptic weights. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 77:43-50. [PMID: 28939038 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-lasting forms of synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are fundamental cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory. The synaptic tagging and capture (STC) hypothesis has provided a theoretical framework on how products of activity-dependent genes may interact with potentiated synapses to facilitate and maintain such long-lasting synaptic plasticity. Although Arc/arg3.1 was initially assumed to participate in STC processes during LTP, accumulating evidence indicated that Arc/arg3.1 might rather contribute in weakening of synaptic weights than in their strengthening. In particular, analyses of Arc/Arg3.1 protein dynamics and function in the dendrites after plasticity-inducing stimuli have revealed a new type of inactivity-dependent redistribution of synaptic weights, termed "inverse synaptic tagging". The original synaptic tagging and inverse synaptic tagging likely co-exist and are mutually non-exclusive mechanisms, which together may help orchestrate the redistribution of synaptic weights and promote the enhancement and maintenance of their contrast between potentiated and non-potentiated synapses during the late phase of long-term synaptic plasticity. In this review, we describe the inverse synaptic tagging mechanism that controls synaptic dynamics of Arc/Arg3.1, an immediate early gene product which is captured and preferentially targeted to non-potentiated synapses, and discuss its impact on neuronal circuit refinement and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okuno
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Keiichiro Minatohara
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Minatohara K, Akiyoshi M, Okuno H. Role of Immediate-Early Genes in Synaptic Plasticity and Neuronal Ensembles Underlying the Memory Trace. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 8:78. [PMID: 26778955 PMCID: PMC4700275 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, neuronal gene expression is dynamically changed in response to neuronal activity. In particular, the expression of immediate-early genes (IEGs) such as egr-1, c-fos, and Arc is rapidly and selectively upregulated in subsets of neurons in specific brain regions associated with learning and memory formation. IEG expression has therefore been widely used as a molecular marker for neuronal populations that undergo plastic changes underlying formation of long-term memory. In recent years, optogenetic and pharmacogenetic studies of neurons expressing c-fos or Arc have revealed that, during learning, IEG-positive neurons encode and store information that is required for memory recall, suggesting that they may be involved in formation of the memory trace. However, despite accumulating evidence for the role of IEGs in synaptic plasticity, the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with this process remain unclear. In this review, we first summarize recent literature concerning the role of IEG-expressing neuronal ensembles in organizing the memory trace. We then focus on the physiological significance of IEGs, especially Arc, in synaptic plasticity, and describe our hypotheses about the importance of Arc expression in various types of input-specific circuit reorganization. Finally, we offer perspectives on Arc function that would unveil the role of IEG-expressing neurons in the formation of memory traces in the hippocampus and other brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Minatohara
- Medical Innovation Center/SK Project, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mika Akiyoshi
- Medical Innovation Center/SK Project, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okuno
- Medical Innovation Center/SK Project, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
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