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Zhang R, Zhong B, He J, Yang X, He M, Zeng W, Pan J, Fang Z, Jia J, Liu H. Single-cell transcriptomes identifies characteristic features of mouse macrophages in liver Mallory-Denk bodies formation. Exp Mol Pathol 2022; 127:104811. [PMID: 35850229 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2022.104811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs) consist of intracellular aggregates of misfolded proteins in ballooned hepatocytes and serve as important markers of progression in certain liver diseases. Resident hepatic macrophage-mediated inflammation influences the development of chronic liver diseases and cancer. Here, the first systematic study of macrophages heterogeneity in mice was conducted to illustrate the pathogenesis of MDB formation using single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq). Furthermore, we provided transcriptional profiles of macrophages obtained from the fractionation of mouse liver tissues following chronic injury. We equally identified seven discrete macrophage subpopulations, each involved in specific cellular activated pathways such as basal metabolism, immune regulation, angiogenesis, and cell cycle regulation. Among these, a specific macrophage cluster (Cluster4), a subpopulation specifically expressing genes that regulate cell division and the cell cycle, was identified. Interestingly, we found that CCR2 was significantly induced in Cluster2, thereby inducing monocytes to migrate to macrophages to promote MDB pathogenesis. Thus, our study is the first to demonstrate the heterogeneity of macrophages associated with liver MDB formation in mice through single-cell resolution. This serves as the basis for further insights into the pathogenesis of liver MDB formation and molecular mechanisms of chronic liver disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China; Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bei Zhong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiashan He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Menghua He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wuyi Zeng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Pan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixuan Fang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangtao Jia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China; The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
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2
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Mohamad MI, Desoky IA, Ahmed Zaki K, Sadek DR, Kamal Kassim S, Abdel-Wahab Mohamed D. Pterostilbene ameliorates the disrupted Adars expression and improves liver fibrosis in DEN-induced liver injury in Wistar rats: A novel potential effect. Gene 2021; 813:146124. [PMID: 34921950 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of RNA editing modifications and its subsequent proteomic diversity in is still limited and represents only the tip of the iceberg. Adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is the most prevalent in RNA editome with a rising role for ADARgene family as a major regulator of the dynamic landscape of RNA editing. This study aimed at evaluating the potential chemopreventive effects of the epigenetic regulator "pterostilbene" in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-exposedrat model. Consequently, the hepatic Adars expression was investigated as a possible mechanism for mediation of the putative pterostilbene-induced chemopreventive effect. The effects of administration of pterostilbene were investigated on the structural changes, immunohistochemical staining, liver function test, serum alpha feto-protein (AFP), IL-6, and hepatic Adar1 and Adar2 relative gene expression at the beginning and at the 6th week of the study. Pterostilbene attenuated DEN-induced liver injury, improves hepatocyte parrafin-1 (Hep Par-1), decreases heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), improved AFP, serum albumin, transaminases, IL-6 with alleviation of disturbed hepatic Adar1 and Adar2 expression. This study spotlights the role of pterostilbene in attenuation of DEN-induced liver injury which could be mediated, at least partially, through the alleviation of the aberrant expression of Adar enzymes. Yet, more in-depth studies are needed to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of pterostilbene on RNA editing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda I Mohamad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Islam A Desoky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Kamelia Ahmed Zaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Doaa R Sadek
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar Kamal Kassim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia Abdel-Wahab Mohamed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Effects of high rosuvastatin doses on hepatocyte mitochondria of hypercholesterolemic mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15809. [PMID: 34349148 PMCID: PMC8338935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are the cornerstone of therapy for individuals with hyperlipidemia. The aim of this study was to analyze the undesirable effects of mild, moderate and high doses of rosuvastatin in CD-1 male mice who received a cholesterol-rich diet, focusing on the morphological and functional changes on hepatocyte mitochondria. In a mouse model we studied the combined administration of a cholesterol-rich diet along with mild and moderate doses of rosuvastatin (1, 2.5 or 5 mg/kg/day) during several days. After the animals were sacrificed, liver mitochondria were isolated for microscopic studies and to analyze the respiratory function. The respiratory control (state-3/state-4) was evaluated in mice who received high doses of rosuvastatin. Rosuvastatin doses higher than 20 mg/kg/day induced premature death in mice with a hypercholesterolemic diet, but not in mice with a cholesterol-free diet. Doses from 2.5 to 5 mg/kg/day also induced morphological and functional alterations in mitochondria but these hypercholesterolemic animals survived longer. Giving 1 mg/kg/day, which is close to the maximal therapeutic dose for humans, did not affect mitochondrial architecture or respiratory function after two months of treatment. We analyzed the effect of rosuvastatin on hepatic tissue because it is where statins are mainly accumulated and it is the main site of endogenous cholesterol synthesis. Our results contribute to understand the side effects of rosuvastatin in hypercholesterolemic mice, effects that could also affect humans who are intolerant to statins.
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4
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Zhou Y, Yuan G, Zhong F, He S. Roles of the complement system in alcohol-induced liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020; 26:677-685. [PMID: 33053939 PMCID: PMC7641541 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD) is a complex disorder, with a disease spectrum ranging from steatosis to steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the pathogenesis of ALD is incompletely understood and currently no effective drugs are available for ALD, several lines of evidence suggest that complement activation and oxidative stress play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of ALD. Complement activation can regulate the production of ROS and influence oxidative stress in ALD. Precise regulation of the complement system in ALD may be a rational and novel avenue to postpone and even reverse the progression of disease and simultaneously promote the repair of liver injury. In this mini-review, we briefly summarize the recent research progress, especially focusing on the role of complement and oxidative stress-induced transfer RNA-derived fragments, which might help us to better understand the pathogenesis of ALD and provide aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Guandou Yuan
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fudi Zhong
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Songqing He
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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5
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Jia Y, Ji P, French SW. The Role of FAT10 in Alcoholic Hepatitis Pathogenesis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8070189. [PMID: 32630199 PMCID: PMC7399975 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8070189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FAT10 expression is highly up-regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNγ and TNFα in all cell types and tissues. Increased FAT10 expression may induce increasing mitotic non-disjunction and chromosome instability, leading to tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarized others’ and our work on FAT10 expression in liver biopsy samples from patients with alcoholic hepatitis (AH). FAT10 is essential to maintain the function of liver cell protein quality control and Mallory–Denk body (MDB) formation. FAT10 overexpression in AH leads to balloon degeneration and MDB aggregation formation, all of which is prevented in fat10-/- mice. FAT10 causes the proteins’ accumulation, overexpression, and forming MDBs through modulating 26s proteasome’s proteases. The pathway that increases FAT10 expression includes TNFα/IFNγ and the interferon sequence response element (ISRE), followed by NFκB and STAT3, which were all up-regulated in AH. FAT10 was only reported in human and mouse specimens but plays critical role for the development of alcoholic hepatitis. Flavanone derivatives of milk thistle inhibit TNFα/IFNγ, NFκB, and STAT3, then inhibit the expression of FAT10. NFκB is the key nodal hub of the IFNα/TNFα-response genes. Studies on Silibinin and other milk thistle derivatives to treat AH confirms that overexpressed FAT10 is the major key molecule in these networks.
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Shipley LC, Kodali S, Singal AK. Recent updates on alcoholic hepatitis. Dig Liver Dis 2019; 51:761-768. [PMID: 31010745 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is a unique clinical syndrome that affects patients with chronic and active harmful alcohol consumption, and is associated with a high mortality of up to 40% at 1 month from presentation. It is important to assess disease severity and prognosis at time of presentation to identify patients at risk for high mortality and potential candidates for specific therapies. The cornerstone therapy for AH is enteral nutrition and abstinence. Steroids remain the only pharmacological option for severe AH however, adverse effects and lack of long-term benefit limit their routine use. Early liver transplantation is a potential salvage therapy for select severe AH patients. This review article comprehensively covers recent advances on the clinical unmet needs in the field including newer therapies and therapeutic targets, role of liver transplantation, and emerging biomarkers throughout the disease process from diagnosis, assessing prognosis and disease severity, and predicting responsiveness to medical therapies for severe AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey C Shipley
- University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, United States; Avera Transplant Institute, United States
| | - Sudha Kodali
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ashwani K Singal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of South Dakota, Avera McKennan University Health Center and Transplant Institute, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, United States.
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7
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Jia Y, Ji P, French B, Tillman B, French SW. The different expression of tumor suppressors, RASSF1A, RUNX3, and GSTP1, in patients with alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) vs non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 108:156-163. [PMID: 30951700 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the fifth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) causes up to one million deaths annually. Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are becoming the two major risk factors because both may develop liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) if left untreated. However, compared with 3-10% of patients with ASH may progress to HCC annually, about only 0.5% NASH patients may progress to HCC annually. The present study is to clarify the protein expression differences of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) between ASH and NASH. In liver biopsied specimens from NASH and ASH patients, using an immunofluorescence method and morphometrically quantitating the fluorescence intensity, we studied the protein expression within hepatocytes cytoplasm of candidate TSGs including RUNX3, GSTP1, and RASSF1A. Compared with the control group of patients, the expression levels of all three proteins were upregulated in the ASH group of patients (p < .001 in all molecules). While RUNX3 was upregulated, GSTP1 and RASSF1 did not change in the NASH group of patients. The most important finding is that compared with the ASH group of patients, the expression levels of all three TSG proteins, RUNX3, GSTP1, and RASSF1, were significantly lower in the NASH group of patients (p < .001 in all three molecules). These results confirmed our previous finding that there are significant differences of many molecules including TSGs that changed in NASH compared to ASH. Thus, we conclude that there are significantly different TSGs and pathways involved during the pathogenesis of HCC development in NASH compared to ASH that may help to develop different strategies for prevention and treatment of NASH and ASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jia
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90502, United States
| | - Ping Ji
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90502, United States
| | - Barbara French
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90502, United States
| | - Brittany Tillman
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90502, United States
| | - Samuel W French
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90502, United States.
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8
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Jia Y, French B, Tillman B, French S. Different roles of FAT10, FOXO1, and ADRA2A in hepatocellular carcinoma tumorigenesis in patients with alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) vs non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 105:144-149. [PMID: 30009772 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. Among others, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) are the two major risk factors as both of them may develop cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) if left untreated. However, patients with NASH progress to HCC at a rate around 0.5% annually, while 3-10% ASH patients may progress to HCC annually. The present study is to demonstrate the molecular differences in oncogenesis pathway between NASH and ASH. By using immunofluorescence study and quantitating the fluorescence intensity morphometrically in liver biopsied specimens from NASH and ASH patients, the protein expression of candidate molecules within hepatocytes cytoplasm are studied, including two HCC-related molecules FAT10 and FOXO1, and one GPCR pathway related molecule ADRA2A. Compared with the control group patients, the expression levels of all the molecules were upregulated in the ASH group of patients (p < 0.001 in all molecules), while FAT10 and ADRA2A were upregulated, FOXO1 did not change in the NASH group of patients. The most important finding is that compared with the ASH group of patients, the expression levels of all three molecules were significantly lower than in the NASH group of patients (p < 0.001 in all molecules). These results confirmed our previous finding that there are significant differences of molecules change in ASH compared to NASH. Thus, we conclude that there are significantly different molecules and pathways involved during the pathogenesis of HCC development in ASH compared to NASH which could help explain why the tumorigenic rate is different in ASH and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jia
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90502, United States.
| | - Barbara French
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90502, United States
| | - Brittany Tillman
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90502, United States
| | - Samuel French
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90502, United States
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9
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Afifiyan N, Tillman B, French BA, Sweeny O, Masouminia M, Samadzadeh S, French SW. The role of Tec kinase signaling pathways in the development of Mallory Denk Bodies in balloon cells in alcoholic hepatitis. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 103:191-199. [PMID: 28935395 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several research strategies have been used to study the pathogenesis of alcoholic hepatitis (AH). These strategies have shown that various signaling pathways are the target of alcohol in liver cells. However, few have provided specific mechanisms associated with Mallory-Denk Bodies (MDBs) formed in Balloon cells in AH. The formation of MDBs in these hepatocytes is an indication that the mechanisms of protein quality control have failed. The MDB is the result of aggregation and accumulation of proteins in the cytoplasm of balloon degenerated liver cells. To understand the mechanisms that failed to degrade and remove proteins in the hepatocyte from patients suffering from alcoholic hepatitis, we investigated the pathways that showed significant up regulation in the AH liver biopsies compared to normal control livers (Liu et al., 2015). Analysis of genomic profiles of AH liver biopsies and control livers by RNA-seq revealed different pathways that were up regulated significantly. In this study, the focus was on Tec kinase signaling pathways and the genes that significantly interrupt this pathway. Quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence staining results, indicated that several genes and proteins are significantly over expressed in the livers of AH patients that affect the Tec kinase signaling to PI3K which leads to activation of Akt and its downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Afifiyan
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - B Tillman
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - B A French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - O Sweeny
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - M Masouminia
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - S Samadzadeh
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - S W French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States.
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10
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Bissonnette J, Altamirano J, Devue C, Roux O, Payancé A, Lebrec D, Bedossa P, Valla D, Durand F, Ait-Oufella H, Sancho-Bru P, Caballeria J, Ginès P, Boulanger CM, Bataller R, Rautou PE. A prospective study of the utility of plasma biomarkers to diagnose alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology 2017; 66:555-563. [PMID: 28120471 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis (AH) often requires a transjugular liver biopsy (TJLB), a procedure that is not always readily accessible. We analyzed plasma biomarkers to estimate the presence of histological features of AH among patients with clinical suspicion of AH. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we tested M65 and M30 (circulating fragments of cytokeratin-18) and their respective fraction carried by microvesicles (MVs), CCL20 and TREM1. Leukocyte, platelet, and endothelial-derived MVs were quantified by way of flow cytometry. Test and validation cohorts prospectively included patients with clinical features of AH undergoing TJLB. In the test cohort, 46 of 83 (55%) patients showed histological features of AH. Age, bilirubin, INR, and creatinine (ABIC) score was B or C in 83%. Patients with histologically proven AH had higher levels of total and MV-bound M65 and total and MV-bound M30 and CCL20 than those without (P < 0.001 for all tests). Levels of TREM-1 and of subpopulations of MVs were not different between groups. M65 and M30 both had an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.84 to estimate the presence of AH. For M65, a cutoff of 2000 IU/L had a positive predictive value of 91%, whereas a cutoff of 641 IU/L had a negative predictive value of 88%. In the validation cohort, AH was histologically confirmed in 48 of 68 (71%) patients. ABIC score was B or C in 69% of patients. For M65, the above cutoffs had a diagnostic accuracy of 81%. Even better results were obtained in patients with suspicion of severe AH (ABIC B or C) in both cohorts. CONCLUSION Plasma levels of cytokeratin-18 fragments are reliable noninvasive markers of AH. Using the proposed cutoffs for M65, two thirds of TJLB can be avoided, which can be useful in centers where this technique is not readily available. (Hepatology 2017;66:555-563).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bissonnette
- Service d'Hépatologie, DHU Unity, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, France
| | - José Altamirano
- Liver Unit-Internal Medicine Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cécile Devue
- INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Roux
- Service d'Hépatologie, DHU Unity, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, France
| | - Audrey Payancé
- Service d'Hépatologie, DHU Unity, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, France
| | - Didier Lebrec
- Service d'Hépatologie, DHU Unity, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, France.,INSERM, UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bedossa
- INSERM, UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Department of Pathology, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, France.,Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Valla
- Service d'Hépatologie, DHU Unity, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, France.,INSERM, UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - François Durand
- Service d'Hépatologie, DHU Unity, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, France.,INSERM, UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hafid Ait-Oufella
- INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, Paris, France
| | - Pau Sancho-Bru
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Caballeria
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Ginès
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chantal M Boulanger
- INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, Paris, France
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Department of Medicine and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
- Service d'Hépatologie, DHU Unity, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, France.,INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, Paris, France.,Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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11
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Aberrant modulation of the BRCA1 and G1/S cell cycle pathways in alcoholic hepatitis patients with Mallory Denk Bodies revealed by RNA sequencing. Oncotarget 2016; 6:42491-503. [PMID: 26623723 PMCID: PMC4767447 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mallory-Denk Bodies (MDBs) are prevalent in various liver diseases including alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and are formed in mice livers by feeding DDC. Liver injury from alcohol administration causes balloon hepatocytes and MDB formation impeding liver regeneration. By comparing AH livers where MDBs had formed with normal liver transcriptomes obtained by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), there was significant upregulation of BRCA1-mediated signaling and G1/S cell cycle checkpoint pathways. The transcriptional architecture of differentially expressed genes from AH livers reflected step-wise transcriptional changes progressing to AH. Key molecules such as BRCA1, p15 and p21 were significantly upregulated both in AH livers and in the livers of the DDC re-fed mice model where MDBs had formed. The increase of G1/S cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors p15 and p21 results in cell cycle arrest and inhibition of liver regeneration, implying that p15 and p21 could be exploited for the identification of specific targets for the treatment of liver disease. Provided here for the first time is the RNA-Seq data that represents the fully annotated catalogue of the expression of mRNAs. The most prominent alterations observed were the changes in BRCA1-mediated signaling and G1/S cell cycle checkpoint pathways. These new findings expand previous and related knowledge in the search for gene changes that might be critical in the understanding of the underlying progression to the development of AH.
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The ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 in cancer development. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:451-461. [PMID: 27393295 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the last years it has emerged that the ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 is directly involved in cancer development. FAT10 expression is highly up-regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α in all cell types and tissues and it was also found to be up-regulated in many cancer types such as glioma, colorectal, liver or gastric cancer. While pro-inflammatory cytokines within the tumor microenvironment probably contribute to FAT10 overexpression, an increasing body of evidence argues that pro-malignant capacities of FAT10 itself largely underlie its broad and intense overexpression in tumor tissues. FAT10 thereby regulates pathways involved in cancer development such as the NF-κB- or Wnt-signaling. Moreover, FAT10 directly interacts with and influences downstream targets such as MAD2, p53 or β-catenin, leading to enhanced survival, proliferation, invasion and metastasis formation of cancer cells but also of non-malignant cells. In this review we will provide an overview of the regulation of FAT10 expression as well as its function in carcinogenesis.
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Ganesan M, Hindman J, Tillman B, Jaramillo L, Poluektova LI, French BA, Kharbanda KK, French SW, Osna NA. FAT10 suppression stabilizes oxidized proteins in liver cells: Effects of HCV and ethanol. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:506-16. [PMID: 26407761 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
FAT10 belongs to the ubiquitin-like modifier (ULM) family that targets proteins for degradation and is recognized by 26S proteasome. FAT10 is presented on immune cells and under the inflammatory conditions, is synergistically induced by IFNγ and TNFα in the non-immune (liver parenchymal) cells. It is not clear how viral proteins and alcohol regulate FAT10 expression on liver cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether FAT10 expression on liver cells is activated by the innate immunity factor, IFNα and how HCV protein expression in hepatocytes and ethanol-induced oxidative stress affect the level of FAT10 in liver cells. For this study, we used HCV(+) transgenic mice that express structural HCV proteins and their HCV(-) littermates. Mice were fed Lieber De Carli diet (control and ethanol) as specified in the NIH protocol for chronic-acute ethanol feeding. Alcohol exposure enhanced steatosis, induced oxidative stress and decreased proteasome activity in the liversof these mice, with more robust response to ethanol in HCV(+) mice. IFNα induced transcriptional activation of FAT10 in liver cells, which was dysregulated by ethanol feeding. Accordingly, IFNα-activated expression of FAT10 in hepatocytes (measured by indirect immunofluorescent of liver tissue) was also suppressed by ethanol exposure in both HCV(+) and HCV(-) mice. This suppression was accompanied with ethanol-mediated induction of lipid peroxidation marker, 4-HNE. All aforementioned effects of ethanol were attenuated by in vivo feeding of mice with the pro-methylating agent, betaine, which exhibits strong anti-oxidant properties. Based on this study, we hypothesize that FAT10 targets oxidatively modified proteins for proteasomal degradation, and that the reduction in FAT10 levels along with decreased proteasome activity may contribute to stabilization of these altered proteins in hepatocytes. In conclusion, IFNα induced FAT10 expression, which is suppressed by ethanol feeding in both HCV(+) and HCV(-) mice. Betaine treatment reverses HCV-ethanol induced dysregulation of protein methylation and oxidative stress, thereby restoring the FAT10 expression on liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Joseph Hindman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Brittany Tillman
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Lee Jaramillo
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Larisa I Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Barbara A French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Samuel W French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Natalia A Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
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Liu H, French BA, Li J, Tillman B, French SW. Altered regulation of miR-34a and miR-483-3p in alcoholic hepatitis and DDC fed mice. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:552-7. [PMID: 26403328 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression by binding to the untranslated regions of their target mRNAs. Deregulation of miRNAs is shown to play pivotal roles in tumorigenesis and progression. Mallory-Denk Bodies (MDBs) are prevalent in various liver diseases including alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and are formed in mice livers by feeding DDC. By comparing AH livers where MDBs had formed with normal livers, there were significant changes of miR-34a and miR-483-3p by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analyses. Real-time PCR further shows a 3- and 6-fold upregulation (respectively) of miR-34a in the AH livers and in the livers of DDC re-fed mice, while miR-483-3p was significantly downregulated in AH and DDC re-fed mice livers. This indicates that miR-34a and miR-483-3p may be crucial for liver MDB formation. P53 mRNA was found to be significantly downregulated both in the AH livers and in the livers of DDC re-fed mice, indicating that the upregulation of miR-34a is permitted by the decrease of p53 in AH since miR-34a is a main target of p53. Overexpression of miR-34a leads to an increase of p53 targets such as p27, which inhibits the cell cycle leading to cell cycle arrest. Importantly, BRCA1 is a target gene of miR-483-3p by RNA-Seq analyses and the downregulation of miR-483-3p may be the mechanism for liver MDB formation since the BRCA1 signal was markedly upregulated in AH livers. These results constitute a demonstration of the altered regulation of miR-34a and miR-483-3p in the livers of AH and mice fed DDC where MDBs formed, providing further insight into the mechanism of MDB formation mediated by miR-34a and miR-483-3p in AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Barbara A French
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Brittany Tillman
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Samuel W French
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
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Liu H, French BA, Nelson TJ, Li J, Tillman B, French SW. IL-8 signaling is up-regulated in alcoholic hepatitis and DDC fed mice with Mallory Denk Bodies (MDBs) present. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:320-5. [PMID: 26260904 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are involved in oncogenesis and in tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Various chemokines also promote cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis of stressed cells. The chemokine CXCL8, also known as interleukin-8 (IL-8), is a proinflammatory molecule that has functions within the tumor microenvironment. Deregulation of IL-8 signaling is shown to play pivotal roles in tumorigenesis and progression. Mallory-Denk Bodies (MDBs) are prevalent in various liver diseases including alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and are formed in mice livers by feeding DDC. By comparing AH livers where MDBs had formed with normal livers, there were significant changes of IL-8 signaling by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analyses. Real-time PCR analysis of CXCR2 further shows a 6-fold up-regulation in AH livers and a 26-fold up-regulation in the livers of DDC re-fed mice. IL-8 mRNA was also significantly up-regulated in AH livers and DDC re-fed mice livers. This indicates that CXCR2 and IL-8 may be crucial for liver MDB formation. MDB containing balloon hepatocytes in AH livers had increased intensity of staining of the cytoplasm for both CXCR2 and IL-8. Overexpression of IL-8 leads to an increase of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and exacerbates the inflammatory cycle. These observations constitute a demonstration of the altered regulation of IL-8 signaling in the livers of AH and mice fed DDC where MDBs formed, providing further insight into the mechanism of MDB formation mediated by IL-8 signaling in AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Barbara A French
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Tyler J Nelson
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Brittany Tillman
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Samuel W French
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
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Mendoza AS, Dorce J, Peng Y, French BA, Tillman B, Li J, French SW. Levels of metacaspase1 and chaperones related to protein quality control in alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 98:65-72. [PMID: 25526666 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Efficient management of misfolded or aggregated proteins in ASH and NASH is crucial for continued hepatic viability. Cellular protein quality control systems play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of ASH and NASH. In a recent study, elevated Mca1 expression counteracted aggregation and accumulation of misfolded proteins and extended the life span of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Hill et al, 2014). Mca1 may also associate with Ssa1 and Hsp104 in disaggregation and fragmentation of aggregated proteins and their subsequent degradation through the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. If degradation is not available, protection of the cellular environment from a misfolded protein is accomplished by its sequestration into two distinct inclusion bodies (Kaganovich et al., 2008) called the JUNQ (JUxta Nuclear Quality control compartment) and the IPOD (Insoluble Protein Deposit). Mca1, Hsp104, Hsp40, Ydj1, Ssa1, VCP/p97, and p62 all play important roles in protein quality control systems. This study aims to measure the expression of Mca1 and related chaperones involved in protein quality control in alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) compared with normal control liver biopsies. Mca1, Hsp104, Hsp40, Ydj1, Ssa1, VCP/p97, and p62 expressions were measured in three to six formalin-fixed paraffin embedded ASH and NASH liver biopsies and control normal liver specimens by immunofluorescence staining and quantified by immunofluorescence intensity. Mca1, Hsp104, Ydj1 and p62 were significantly upregulated compared to control (p<0.05) in ASH specimens. Hsp40 and VCP/p97 were also uptrending in ASH. In NASH, the only significant difference was the increased expression of Hsp104 compared to control (p<0.05). Ssa1 levels were uptrending in both ASH and NASH specimens. The upregulation of Mca1, Hsp104, Ydj1 and p62 in ASH may be elicited as a response to the chronic exposure of the hepatocytes to the toxicity of alcohol. Recruitment of Mca1, Hsp104, Ydj1 and p62 may indicate that autophagy, the ERAD, JUNQ, and IPOD systems are active in ASH. Whereas in NASH, elevated Hsp104 and uptrending Ssa1 levels may indicate that autophagy and IPOD may be the only active protein quality control systems involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro S Mendoza
- LA Biomed, Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Jacques Dorce
- LA Biomed, Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Yue Peng
- LA Biomed, Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Barbara A French
- LA Biomed, Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Brittany Tillman
- LA Biomed, Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Jun Li
- LA Biomed, Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Samuel W French
- LA Biomed, Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
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Liu H, Gong M, French BA, Li J, Tillman B, French SW. Mallory-Denk Body (MDB) formation modulates Ufmylation expression epigenetically in alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:477-83. [PMID: 25290169 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Promoter CpG island hypermethylation is an important mechanism for inactivating key cellular enzymes that mediate epigenetic processes in hepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (Ufm1) conjugation pathway (Ufmylation) plays an essential role in protein degradation, protein quality control and signal transduction. Previous studies showed that the Ufmylation pathway was downregulated in alcoholic hepatitis (AH), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and in mice fed DDC, resulting in the formation of Mallory-Denk Bodies (MDBs). In this study, we further discovered that betaine, a methyl donor, fed together with DDC significantly prevents the increased expression of Ufmylation in drug-primed mice fed DDC. Betaine significantly prevented transcript silencing of Ufm1, Uba5 and UfSP1 where MDBs developed and also prevented the increased expression of FAT10 and LMP7 caused by DDC re-fed mice. Similar downregulation of Ufmylation was observed in multiple AH and NASH biopsies which had formed MDBs. The DNA methylation levels of Ufm1, Ufc1 and UfSP1 in the promoter CpG region were significantly increased both in AH and NASH patients compared to normal subjects. DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3 beta (DNMT3B) mRNA levels were markedly upregulated in AH and NASH patients, implying that the maintenance of Ufmylation methylation might be mediated by DNMT1 and DNMT3B together. These data show that MDB formation results from Ufmylation expression epigenetically in AH and NASH patients. Promoter CpG methylation may be a major mechanism silencing Ufmylation expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Ming Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Barbara A French
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Brittany Tillman
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Samuel W French
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
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Shen H, French BA, Liu H, Tillman BC, French SW. Increased activity of the complement system in the liver of patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:338-44. [PMID: 25217811 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has been suggested as a mechanism underlying the development of alcoholic hepatitis (AH). The activation of the complement system plays an important role in inflammation. Although it has been shown that ethanol-induced activation of the complement system contributes to the pathophysiology of ethanol-induced liver injury in mice, whether ethanol consumption activates the complement system in the human liver has not been investigated. Using antibodies against C1q, C3, and C5, the immunoreactivity of the complement system in patients with AH was examined by immunohistochemistry and quantified by morphometric image analysis. The immunoreactivity intensity of C1q, C3, and C5 in patients with AH was significantly higher than that seen in normal controls. Further, the gene expression of C1q, C3, and C5 was examined using real-time PCR. There were increases in the levels of C1q and C5, but not C3 mRNA in AH. Moreover, the immunoreactivity of C5a receptor (C5aR) also increased in AH. To explore the functional implication of the activation of the complement system in AH, we examined the colocalization of C5aR in Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs) forming balloon hepatocytes. C5aR was focally overexpressed in the MDB forming cells. Collectively, our study suggests that alcohol consumption increases the activity of the complement system in the liver cells, which contributes to the inflammation-associated pathogenesis of AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
| | - Barbara A French
- LA BioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- LA BioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | | | - Samuel W French
- LA BioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA; Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
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Peng Y, French BA, Tillman B, Morgan TR, French SW. The inflammasome in alcoholic hepatitis: Its relationship with Mallory-Denk body formation. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:305-13. [PMID: 25149528 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that the inflammasome activation plays important roles in the pathogenesis of alcoholic hepatitis (AH). Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) is a key component of the macromolecular complex that is so called the inflammasome that triggers caspase 1-dependent maturation of the precursors of IL-1β and IL-18 cytokines. It is also known that the adaptor proteins including apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) and the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) are necessary for NLRP3-dependent inflammasome function. Steatohepatitis frequently includes Mallory-Denk body (MDB) formation. In the case of alcoholic steatohepatitis, MDB formation occurs in 80% of biopsies (French 1981; French 1981). While previous studies have focused on in vitro cell lines and mouse models, we are the first group to investigate inflammasome activation in AH liver biopsy specimen and correlate it with MDB formation. Expression of NOD1, NLRP3, ASC, NAIP, MAVS, caspase 1, IL-1β, IL-18, and other inflammatory components including IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, STAT3, and p65 was measured in three to eight formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded AH specimens and control normal liver specimens by immunofluorescence staining and quantified by immunofluorescence intensity. The specimens were double stained with ubiquitin to demonstrate the relationship between inflammasome activation and MDB formation. MAVS, caspase1, IL-18, and TNF-α showed increases in expression in AH compared to the controls (p<0.05), and NAIP expression markedly increased in AH compared to the controls (p<0.01). There was a trend that levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase1, IL-18, IL-10, and p65 expression correlated with the number of MDBs found in the same field of measurement (correlation coefficients were between 0.62 and 0.93, p<0.05). Our results demonstrate the activation of the inflammasome in AH and suggest that MDB could be an indicator of the extent of inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Peng
- LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Barbara A French
- LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Brittany Tillman
- LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | | | - Samuel W French
- LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
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Liu H, Li J, Tillman B, Morgan TR, French BA, French SW. TLR3/4 signaling is mediated via the NFκB-CXCR4/7 pathway in human alcoholic hepatitis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis which formed Mallory-Denk bodies. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:234-40. [PMID: 24997224 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling which stimulates inflammatory and proliferative pathways is the key element in the pathogenesis of Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs) in mice fed DDC. However, little is known as to how TLR signaling is regulated in MDB formation during chronic liver disease development. The first systematic study of TLR signaling pathway transcript regulation in human archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) liver biopsies with MDB formation is presented here. When compared to the activation of Toll-like signaling in alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients, striking similarities and obvious differences were observed. Similar TLRs (TLR3 and TLR4, etc.), TLR downstream adaptors (MyD88 and TRIF, etc.) and transcript factors (NFκB and IRF7, etc.) were all upregulated in the patients' livers. MyD88, TLR3 and TLR4 were significantly induced in the livers of AH and NASH compared to normal subjects, while TRIF and IRF7 mRNA were only slightly upregulated in AH patients. This is a different pathway from the induction of the TLR4-MyD88-independent pathway in the AH and NASH patients with MDBs present. Importantly, chemokine receptor 4 and 7 (CXCR4/7) mRNAs were found to be induced in the patients livers in FAT10 positive hepatocytes. The CXCR7 pathway was significantly upregulated in patients with AH and the CXCR4 was markedly upregulated in patients with NASH, indicating that CXCR4/7 is crucial in liver MDB formation. This data constitutes the first demonstration of the upregulation of the MyD88-dependent TLR4/NFκB pathway in AH and NASH where MDBs formed, via the NFκB-CXCR4/7 pathway, and provides further insight into the mechanism of MDB formation in human liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- LA BioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Jun Li
- LA BioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Brittany Tillman
- LA BioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | | | - Barbara A French
- LA BioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Samuel W French
- LA BioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
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Liu H, Li J, Tillman B, French BA, French SW. Ufmylation and FATylation pathways are downregulated in human alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and mice fed DDC, where Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs) form. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:81-8. [PMID: 24893112 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the mechanisms involved in the formation of Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs) in mice fed DDC. To further provide clinical evidence as to how ubiquitin-like protein (Ubls) modification, gene transcript expression in Ufmylation and FATylation were investigated in human archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) liver biopsies and frozen liver sections from DDC re-fed mice were used. Real-time PCR analysis showed that all Ufmylation molecules (Ufm1, Uba5, Ufc1, Ufl1 and UfSPs) were significantly downregulated, both in DDC re-fed mice livers and patients' livers where MDBs had formed, indicating that gene transcript changes were limited to MDB-forming livers where the protein quality control system was downregulated. FAT10 and subunits of the immunoproteasome (LMP2 and LMP7) were both upregulated as previously shown. An approximate 176- and 5-fold upregulation (respectively) of FAT10 was observed in the DDC re-fed mice liver and in the livers of human alcoholic hepatitis with MDBs present, implying that there was an important role played by this gene. The FAT10-specific E1 and E2 enzymes Uba6 and USE1, however, were found to be downregulated both in patients' livers and in the liver of DDC re-fed mice. Interestedly, the downregulation of mRNA levels was proportionate to MDB abundance in the liver tissues. Our results show the first systematic demonstration of transcript regulation of Ufmylation and FATylation in the liver of patients who form MDBs, where protein quality control is downregulated. This was also shown in the livers of DDC re-fed mice where MDBs had formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Liu
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - J Li
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - B Tillman
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - B A French
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - S W French
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
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Strnad P, Nuraldeen R, Guldiken N, Hartmann D, Mahajan V, Denk H, Haybaeck J. Broad Spectrum of Hepatocyte Inclusions in Humans, Animals, and Experimental Models. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:1393-436. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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French SW, Vitocruz E, French BA. Balloon liver cells forming Mallory-Denk-bodies are progenitor cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95:117-20. [PMID: 23773849 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on both human and mice livers showed MDB formation in both drug hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Using the drug hepatitis mouse model of MDB formation, numerous markers for progenitor cells were found in the cells forming MDBs. In current study, using the drug hepatitis mouse model, we found that the MDB forming cells expressed two additional progenitor cell markers. These markers were CD49f and TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
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Epigenetic events in liver cancer resulting from alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Res 2013; 35:57-67. [PMID: 24313165 PMCID: PMC3860418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms play an extensive role in the development of liver cancer (i.e., hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC]) associated with alcoholic liver disease (ALD) as well as in liver disease associated with other conditions. For example, epigenetic mechanisms, such as changes in the methylation and/or acetylation pattern of certain DNA regions or of the histone proteins around which the DNA is wrapped, contribute to the reversion of normal liver cells into progenitor and stem cells that can develop into HCC. Chronic exposure to beverage alcohol (i.e., ethanol) can induce all of these epigenetic changes. Thus, ethanol metabolism results in the formation of compounds that can cause changes in DNA methylation and interfere with other components of the normal processes regulating DNA methylation. Alcohol exposure also can alter histone acetylation/deacetylation and methylation patterns through a variety of mechanisms and signaling pathways. Alcohol also acts indirectly on another molecule called toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) that is a key component in a crucial regulatory pathway in the cells and whose dysregulation is involved in the development of HCC. Finally, alcohol use regulates an epigenetic mechanism involving small molecules called miRNAs that control transcriptional events and the expression of genes important to ALD.
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Abstract
S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet, also known as SAM and SAMe) is the principal biological methyl donor synthesized in all mammalian cells but most abundantly in the liver. Biosynthesis of AdoMet requires the enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT). In mammals, two genes, MAT1A that is largely expressed by normal liver and MAT2A that is expressed by all extrahepatic tissues, encode MAT. Patients with chronic liver disease have reduced MAT activity and AdoMet levels. Mice lacking Mat1a have reduced hepatic AdoMet levels and develop oxidative stress, steatohepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In these mice, several signaling pathways are abnormal that can contribute to HCC formation. However, injury and HCC also occur if hepatic AdoMet level is excessive chronically. This can result from inactive mutation of the enzyme glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT). Children with GNMT mutation have elevated liver transaminases, and Gnmt knockout mice develop liver injury, fibrosis, and HCC. Thus a normal hepatic AdoMet level is necessary to maintain liver health and prevent injury and HCC. AdoMet is effective in cholestasis of pregnancy, and its role in other human liver diseases remains to be better defined. In experimental models, it is effective as a chemopreventive agent in HCC and perhaps other forms of cancer as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly C Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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French SW, Lee J, Zhong J, Morgan TR, Buslon V, Lungo W, French BA. Alcoholic liver disease - Hepatocellular carcinoma transformation. J Gastrointest Oncol 2012; 3:174-81. [PMID: 22943009 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2012.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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The role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of preneoplasia in drug-induced chronic hepatitis based on a mouse model. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 91:653-9. [PMID: 21820428 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity factors such as conversion of the 26S proteasome to form the immunoproteasome and the Toll-like receptor signaling pathways are activated in chronic hepatitis induced by the carcinogenic drug DDC. Over time, preneoplastic hepatocyte phenotypes appear in the liver parenchyma. These changed hepatocytes expand in number because they have a growth advantage over normal hepatocytes when responding to chronic liver injury. The changed hepatocytes can be identified using immunofluorescent antibodies to preneoplastic cells e.g. FAT10/UbD, A2 macroglobulin, glutathione transpeptidase, alpha fetoprotein, glycipan 3, FAS, and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase. The formation of the preneoplastic cells occurs concomitant with activation of the Toll-like receptor signaling pathways and the transformation of the 26S proteasome to form the immunoproteasome. This transformation is in response to interferon stimulating response element on the promoter of the FAT10/UbD gene. NFκB, Erk, p38 and Jnk are also up regulated. Specific inhibitors block these responses in vitro in a mouse tumor cell line exposed to interferon gamma. Mallory-Denk bodies form in these preneoplastic cells, because of the depletion of the 26S proteasome due to formation of the immunoproteasome. Thus, MDB forming cells are also markers of the preneoplastic hepatocytes. The UbD positive preneoplastic cells regress when the liver injury induced chronic hepatitis subsides. When the drug DDC is refed to mice and chronic hepatitis is activated, the preneoplastic cell population expands and Mallory-Denk bodies rapidly reform. This response is remembered by the preneoplastic cells for at least four months indicating that an epigenetic cellular memory has formed in the preneoplastic cells. This proliferative response is prevented by feeding methyl donors such as S-adenosylmethionine or betaine. Drug feeding reduces the methylation of H(3) K4, 9, and 27 and this response is prevented by feeding the methyl donors. After 8 to 15months of drug withdrawal in mice the preneoplastic liver cells persist as single or small clusters of cells in the liver lobules. Multiple liver tumors form, some of which are hepatocellular carcinomas. The tumors immunostain positively for the same preneoplastic markers as the preneoplastic cells. Similar cells are identified in human cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma indicating the relevance of the drug model described here to the preneoplastic changes associated with human chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Oliva J, Bardag-Gorce F, Li J, French BA, French SW. S-adenosylmethionine prevents the up regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling caused by chronic ethanol feeding in rats. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 90:239-43. [PMID: 21276439 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a role in mediating the proinflammatory response, fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in chronic liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic liver disease, hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma. This is true in experimental models of these diseases. For this reason, we investigated the TLR proinflammatory response in the chronic intragastric tube feeding rat model of alcohol liver disease. The methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine was also fed to prevent the gene expression changes induced by ethanol. Ethanol feeding tended to increase the up regulation of the gene expression of TLR2 and TLR4. SAMe feeding prevented this. TLR4 and MyD88 protein levels were significantly increased by ethanol and this was prevented by SAMe. This is the first report where ethanol feeding induced TLR2 and SAMe prevented the induction by ethanol. CD34, FOS, interferon responsive factor 1 (IRF-1), Jun, TLR 1,2,3,4,6 and 7 and Traf-6 were found to be up regulated as seen by microarray analysis where rats were sacrificed at high blood alcohol levels compared to pair fed controls. Il-6, IL-10 and IFNγ were also up regulated by high blood levels of ethanol. The gene expression of CD14, MyD88 and TNFR1SF1 were not up regulated by ethanol but were down regulated by SAMe. The gene expression of IL-1R1 and IRF1 tended to be up regulated by ethanol and this was prevented by feeding SAMe. The results suggest that SAMe, fed chronically prevents the activation of TLR pathways caused by ethanol. In this way the proinflammatory response, fibrogenesis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma formation due to alcohol liver disease could be prevented by SAMe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Oliva
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 W. Carson St., Torrance, CA 90509, USA
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The immunoproteasome in steatohepatitis: its role in Mallory-Denk body formation. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 90:252-6. [PMID: 21256843 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently it has been shown that the expression of the immunoproteasome increased in proportion to the degree of chronic inflammation in both the liver cell cytoplasm and nuclei in liver biopsies from patients who had chronic active hepatitis or cirrhosis. In the present study, biopsies from patients with steatohepatitis, with or without Mallory-Denk body (MDB) formation, were studied by immunofluorescent staining. Normal liver showed colocalization of FAT10, LMP2, LMP7, and MECL-1 at the mitochondria. Only LMP2 and LMP7 were found in the cell nuclei. Liver biopsies from patients with steatohepatitis and MDB formation, and a case of hepatocellular carcinoma forming MDBs in the tumor cells, showed colocalization of FAT10 and ubiquitin with LMP2, LMP7 and MECL-1 within the MDB. This indicates involvement of the immunoproteasome in MDB formation in steatohepatitis cases and in a case of HCC forming MDBs. Prior studies have shown that the immunoproteasome was involved in drug-induced MDB formation using the same immunofluorescent colocalization approach as was used on these human liver biopsies. The increase in the immunoproteasome subunit proteins was made at the expense of the 26S proteasome. This indicates that the shift from the 26S to the immunoproteasome had occurred in the MDB positive hepatocytes.
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Increased expression of FAT10 in colon benign, premalignant and malignant epithelial neoplasms. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 90:51-4. [PMID: 20888811 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The overexpression of FAT10 is characteristic of numerous types of carcinoma including liver, gastric and colon carcinomas. In the case of colon carcinoma it is possible to determine the point in the progression from the benign to the malignant process of colon cancer development by determining which stage in the neoplastic process FAT10 overexpression occurs. This stage was determined by measuring the intensity of fluorescence of immunohistochemically stained normal mucosa, tubular adenomas, hyperplastic polyps, serrated adenomas, villotubular, villous adenomas and invasive adenocarcinoma stages. Using this approach it was found that the overexpression of FAT10 began at the serrated adenoma stage and continued to include the villous and villotubular stages and the invasive adenocarcinoma stage. The FAT10 overexpression by invasive adenocarcinoma was accompanied by the expression of the catalytic subunits of the immunoproteasome which is functionally tied to the overexpression of FAT10, Toll-like receptor activation and the proinflammatory response.
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