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Manjunatha UH, Lakshminarayana SB, Jumani RS, Chao AT, Young JM, Gable JE, Knapp M, Hanna I, Galarneau JR, Cantwell J, Kulkarni U, Turner M, Lu P, Darrell KH, Watson LC, Chan K, Patra D, Mamo M, Luu C, Cuellar C, Shaul J, Xiao L, Chen YB, Carney SK, Lakshman J, Osborne CS, Zambriski JA, Aziz N, Sarko C, Diagana TT. Cryptosporidium PI(4)K inhibitor EDI048 is a gut-restricted parasiticidal agent to treat paediatric enteric cryptosporidiosis. Nat Microbiol 2024:10.1038/s41564-024-01810-x. [PMID: 39379634 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01810-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
Diarrhoeal disease caused by Cryptosporidium is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young and malnourished children from low- and middle-income countries, with no vaccine or effective treatment. Here we describe the discovery of EDI048, a Cryptosporidium PI(4)K inhibitor, designed to be active at the infection site in the gastrointestinal tract and undergo rapid metabolism in the liver. By using mutational analysis and crystal structure, we show that EDI048 binds to highly conserved amino acid residues in the ATP-binding site. EDI048 is orally efficacious in an immunocompromised mouse model despite negligible circulating concentrations, thus demonstrating that gastrointestinal exposure is necessary and sufficient for efficacy. In neonatal calves, a clinical model of cryptosporidiosis, EDI048 treatment resulted in rapid resolution of diarrhoea and significant reduction in faecal oocyst shedding. Safety and pharmacological studies demonstrated predictable metabolism and low systemic exposure of EDI048, providing a substantial safety margin required for a paediatric indication. EDI048 is a promising clinical candidate for the treatment of life-threatening paediatric cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajiv S Jumani
- Global Health, Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Alexander T Chao
- Global Health, Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | | | - Jonathan E Gable
- Global Health, Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Mark Knapp
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Imad Hanna
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Peichao Lu
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Kristen H Darrell
- Global Health, Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Metagenomi, Inc., Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Lucy C Watson
- Global Health, Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Chan
- Global Health, Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Debjani Patra
- Global Health, Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jacob Shaul
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Absci Corporation, Vancouver, WA, USA
| | - Linda Xiao
- Global Health, Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Ying-Bo Chen
- Global Health, Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Shannon K Carney
- Department of Population Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for One Health Research, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jay Lakshman
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Colin S Osborne
- Global Health, Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Zambriski
- Department of Population Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for One Health Research, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Veterinarians for Global Solutions, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Natasha Aziz
- Global Health, Biomedical Research, Novartis, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Bessegatto JA, Lisbôa JAN, Martins FDC, Freire RL, Facury Filho EJ, Alfieri AA, Costa MC. Development of the Intestinal Microbiota of Dairy Calves and Changes Associated with Cryptosporidium spp. Infection in Brazil. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1744. [PMID: 39338419 PMCID: PMC11434485 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12091744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. is one of the most important pathogens infecting nursing calves worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the intestinal microbiota of dairy calves during the first month of life and the impact of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium on a Brazilian farm. Fecal samples from 30 calves were collected during the first month of life, and fecal scores were recorded. Samples from the second, third, and fourth days of life were analyzed by DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. In addition, samples of sixteen calves positive for Cryptosporidium spp. were retrospectively chosen according to the development of diarrhea: four and two days before diarrhea, at the onset of diarrhea, after four days of diarrhea, at the end of diarrhea, and after six days of diarrhea resolution. Diarrhea was observed in all calves (100%), starting at day 5 of life, and all calves tested positive for Cryptosporidium in at least one sample. The microbiota richness increased with age but was retarded by diarrhea. Compositional changes associated with Cryptosporidium infection included increases in Fusobacterium, Prevotella, and Peptostreptococcus, as well as decreases in Collinsella and Lachnospiraceae. In conclusion, Cryptosporidium infection has the potential to decrease richness and change the composition of the intestinal microbiota of dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antônio Bessegatto
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445) Km 380, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Júlio Augusto Naylor Lisbôa
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445) Km 380, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Felippe Danyel Cardoso Martins
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445) Km 380, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Roberta Lemos Freire
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445) Km 380, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Elias Jorge Facury Filho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445) Km 380, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcio C Costa
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
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3
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Nyirenda JT, Henrion MYR, Nyasulu V, Msakwiza M, Nedi W, Thole H, Phulusa J, Toto N, Jere KC, Winter A, Sawyer LA, Conrad T, Hebert D, Chen C, Van Voorhis WC, Houpt ER, Iroh Tam PY, Operario DJ. Examination of ELISA against PCR for assessing treatment efficacy against Cryptosporidium in a clinical trial context. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289929. [PMID: 37682856 PMCID: PMC10490871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium is a gastrointestinal pathogen that presents a serious opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals including those living with human immunodeficiency syndrome. The CRYPTOFAZ trial, previously published, was conducted in Malawi to evaluate the efficacy of clofazimine in response to an unmet need for drugs to treat cryptosporidiosis in HIV populations. A combination of rapid diagnostic tests, ELISA, qPCR, and conventional sequencing were employed to detect Cryptosporidium in 586 individuals during pre-screening and monitor oocyst shedding and identify enteric co-pathogens in 22 enrolled/randomized participants during the in-patient period and follow-up visits. METHODOLOGY Oocyst shedding as measured by qPCR was used to determine primary trial outcomes, however pathogen was detected even at trial days 41-55 in individuals randomized to either clofazimine or placebo arms of the study. Therefore, in this work we re-examine the trial outcomes and conclusions in light of data from the other diagnostics, particularly ELISA. ELISA data was normalized between experiments prior to comparison to qPCR. The amount of all identified enteric pathogens was examined to determine if co-pathogens other than Cryptosporidium were major causative agents to a participant's diarrhea. CONCLUSION ELISA had higher sample-to-sample variability and proved to be equally or less sensitive than qPCR in detecting Cryptosporidium positive samples. Compared to qPCR, ELISA had equal or greater specificity in detecting Cryptosporidium negative samples. Sequencing identified several Cryptosporidium species including viatorum which has never been identified in Malawi and Southern Africa. In addition to Cryptosporidium, enterotoxigenic E. coli was also identified as a pathogen in diarrheagenic amounts in 4 out of 22 participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Nyirenda
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Marc Y. R. Henrion
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Vita Nyasulu
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Mike Msakwiza
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Wilfred Nedi
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Herbert Thole
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Jacob Phulusa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Neema Toto
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Khuzwayo C. Jere
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Winter
- Emmes Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leigh A. Sawyer
- Emmes Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Conrad
- Emmes Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Donnie Hebert
- Emmes Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Crystal Chen
- Emmes Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Eric R. Houpt
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Pui-Ying Iroh Tam
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Darwin J. Operario
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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Fu Y, Zhang K, Yang M, Li X, Chen Y, Li J, Xu H, Dhakal P, Zhang L. Metagenomic analysis reveals the relationship between intestinal protozoan parasites and the intestinal microecological balance in calves. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:257. [PMID: 37525231 PMCID: PMC10388496 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A close connection between a protozoan parasite and the balance of the other gut microbes of the host has been demonstrated. The calves may be naturally co-infected with many parasites, and the co-effects of parasites on other intestinal microbes of calves remain unclear. This study aims to preliminarily reveal the relationship between intestinal parasites and other intestinal microbes in calves. METHODS Fecal samples were collected from four calves with bloody diarrhea, four calves with watery diarrhea, and seven normal calves, and the microbial flora of the samples were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing. Protozoal parasites were detected in the metagenome sequences and identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, Giardia, Blastocystis, and Entamoeba were detected by metagenomic analysis, and the identified species were Giardia duodenalis assemblage E, Cryptosporidium bovis, Cryptosporidium ryanae, Eimeria bovis, Eimeria subspherica, Entamoeba bovis, and Blastocystis ST2 and ST10. Metagenomic analysis showed that the intestinal microbes of calves with diarrhea were disordered, especially in calves with bloody diarrhea. Furthermore, different parasites show distinct relationships with the intestinal microecology. Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, and Giardia were negatively correlated with various intestinal bacteria but positively correlated with some fungi. However, Blastocystis and Entamoeba were positively associated with other gut microbes. Twenty-seven biomarkers not only were significantly enriched in bloody diarrhea, watery diarrhea, and normal calves but were also associated with Eimeria, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia. Only Eimeria showed a distinct relationship with seven genera of bacteria, which were significantly enriched in the healthy calves. All 18 genera of fungi were positively correlated with Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, and Giardia, which were also significantly enriched in calves with bloody diarrhea. Functional genes related to parasites and diseases were found mainly in fungi. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the relationship between intestinal protozoan parasites and the other calf gut microbiome. Different intestinal protozoan parasites have diametrically opposite effects on other gut microecology, which not only affects bacteria in the gut, but also is significantly related to fungi and archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Kaihui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Mengyao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yuancai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Huiyan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Pitambar Dhakal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Chisala M, Nyangulu W, Nyirenda J, Iroh Tam PY. Respiratory and diarrhoeal pathogens in Malawian children hospitalised with diarrhoea and association with short-term growth: A prospective cohort study. Gates Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.14061.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pneumonia and diarrhoea are the leading causes of childhood mortality and morbidity worldwide. The gut-lung axis is associated with disease, and these common infections, especially the parasite Cryptosporidium, are associated with malnutrition. We sought to evaluate the association of respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) pathogens with short-term growth among children hospitalised with diarrhoeal disease. Methods: In this sub-study, we followed 27 children (two-24 months) who tested positive for Cryptosporidium spp. for eight weeks with two weekly sampling of the respiratory and GI tract. Respiratory and stool pathogens were detected using quantitative molecular methods. Nutritional outcomes were assessed as length-for-age (LAZ), weight-for-length (WLZ) and weight-for-age (WAZ) z-scores. Changes over the study period were compared using repeated analysis of variance and mixed effects model analysis. Results: In this period,104 sputum and stool samples were collected. All stool samples had at least one pathogen detected, with an average of 5.1 (SD 2.1) stool pathogens, compared to 84% of the sputum samples with an average 3.5 (SD 1.8). Diarrhoeagenic E. coli were the most common stool pathogens (89%), followed by Cryptosporidium (57.6%) and Adenovirus pan (41%). In sputum, Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most prevalent pathogen (84%), followed by hinovirus (56%) and Moraxella catarrhalis (50%). There was a significant change in WAZ over the follow-up period. Children who had ≥3 GI pathogens had significantly a lower LAZ mean score at enrolment (-1.8 [SD 1.4]) and across the follow-up period. No relationship between respiratory pathogens and short-term growth was observed. Out of 49 sputum samples that had ≥3 pathogens, 42 (85%) concurrent stool samples had ≥3 GI pathogens. Conclusions: Among young children hospitalised with diarrhoea, multiple GI and respiratory pathogens were prevalent over an eight-week follow-up period. The presence of more GI, but not respiratory, pathogens was significantly associated with reduced short-term growth.
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Pansri P, Svensmark B, Liu G, Thamsborg SM, Kudirkiene E, Nielsen HV, Goecke NB, Olsen JE. Evaluation of a novel multiplex qPCR method for rapid detection and quantification of pathogens associated with calf diarrhoea. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:2516-2527. [PMID: 35858716 PMCID: PMC9796748 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Diarrhoea is a common health problem in calves and a main reason for use of antimicrobials. It is associated with several bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens, most of which are commonly present in healthy animals. Methods, which quantify the causative agents, may therefore improve confidence in associating a pathogen to the disease. This study evaluated a novel commercially available, multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay (Enterit4Calves) for detection and quantification of pathogens associated with calf-diarrhoea. METHODS AND RESULTS Performance of the method was first evaluated under laboratory conditions. Then it was compared with current routine methods for detection of pathogens in faecal samples from 65 calves with diarrhoea and in 30 spiked faecal samples. The qPCR efficiencies were between 84%-103% and detection limits of 100-1000 copies of nucleic acids per sample were observed. Correct identification was obtained on 42 strains of cultured target bacteria, with only one false positive reaction from 135 nontarget bacteria. Kappa values for agreement between the novel assay and current routine methods varied between 0.38 and 0.83. CONCLUSION The novel qPCR method showed good performance under laboratory conditions and a fair to good agreement with current routine methods when used for testing of field samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY In addition to having fair to good detection abilities, the novel qPCR method allowed quantification of pathogens. In the future, use of quantification may improve diagnosis and hence treatment of calf diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gang Liu
- Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Stig Milan Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Egle Kudirkiene
- Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Henrik Vedel Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection ControlStatens Serum InstitutCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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Esmat M, Abdel-Aal AA, Shalaby MA, Badawi M, Elaskary H, Yousif AB, Fahmy MEA. Efficacy of clofazimine and nitazoxanide combination in treating intestinal cryptosporidiosis and enhancing intestinal cellular regeneration in immunocompromised mice. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 27:e00161. [PMID: 35601881 PMCID: PMC9118138 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a widely distributed food and water-borne enteric protozoan that affects a wide range of vertebrates, resulting in life-threatening consequences, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. The lack of effective anti-cryptosporidial drugs may be related to the parasite's unique intestinal location, plus the lack of studies on the process by which the protozoan is able to impair intestinal cellular function. The present work aimed to assess the effect of clofazimine (CFZ), an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of leprosy, as an anti-cryptosporidial drug, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and an immunocompromised mouse model. The affected intestinal mucosa with parasitic stages in the infected non-treated group showed signs of severe cellular degeneration, including the loss of tight junctions, deformed and damaged microvilli and irregularly distributed nuclei with a severely vacuolated cytoplasm. Comparatively, nitazoxanide (NTZ) monotherapy showed the lowest efficacy as the drug was associated with the lowest rate of oocyst shedding. In addition, NTZ treatment failed to achieve the return of complete cellular function; abnormalities were evident in the microvilli, cytoplasmic organelles and nuclear features. Clofazimine demonstrated an improvement of the mucosal cellular components, including mitochondria and significantly reduced oocyst shedding. Combined treatment with low-dose CFZ and half-dose NTZ resulted in a significant improvement in the enterocyte cellular structures with an absence of intracellular parasitic stages. These results indicate that CFZ, a safe and readily prescribed drug, effectively reduces cryptosporidiosis when used in combination with only half the dose of NTZ. Used in combination, these drugs were shown to be efficient in regaining intestinal cellular activity following Cryptosporidium-induced functional damage in an immunocompromised mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Esmat
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th October city, Egypt
| | - Amany A. Abdel-Aal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
- Department of Postgraduate Studies & Scientific Research, Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maisa A. Shalaby
- Medical Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI), Giza, Egypt
| | - Manal Badawi
- Department of Pathology, National Research center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hala Elaskary
- Depatment of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Badawi Yousif
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Faiyum, Egypt
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Fahmy MEA, Abdelaal AA, Hassan SI, Shalaby MA, Ismail MAM, Khairy RA, Badawi MA, Afife AA, Fadl HO. Antiparasitic and immunomodulating effects of nitazoxanide, ivermectin and selenium on Cryptosporidium infection in diabetic mice. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2021; 30:e012121. [PMID: 34852131 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present work aims to investigate the antiparasitic and the immunomodulating effects of nitazoxanide (NTZ) and ivermectin (IVC) alone or combined together or combined with selenium (Se), on Cryptosporidium infection in diabetic mice. The results revealed that the combined NTZ and IVC therapy achieved the highest reduction of fecal oocysts (92%), whereas single NTZ showed the lowest reduction (63%). Also, adding Se to either NTZ or IVC resulted in elevation of oocyst reduction from 63% to 71% and from 82% to 84% respectively. All treatment regimens, with the exception of NTZ monotherapy, showed a significant improvement in the intestinal histopathology, the highest score was in combined NTZ and IVC therapy. The unique results of immunohistochemistry in this study showed reversal of the normal CD4/CD8 T cell ratio in the infected untreated mice, however, following therapy it reverts back to a normal balanced ratio. The combined (NTZ+ IVC) treatment demonstrated the highest level of CD4 T cell expression. Taken together, NTZ and IVC combined therapy showed remarkable anti-parasitic and immunostimulatory effects, specifically towards the CD4 population that seem to be promising in controlling cryptosporidiosis in diabetic individuals. Further research is required to explore other effective treatment strategies for those comorbid patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amany Ahmed Abdelaal
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Armed Forces College of Medicine - AFCM, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Soad Ismail Hassan
- Medical Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute - TBRI, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maisa Ahmed Shalaby
- Medical Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute - TBRI, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Rasha Ahmed Khairy
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Adam Ashraf Afife
- College of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Leicester University, United Kingdom
| | - Hanaa Omar Fadl
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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9
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Dinler Ay C, Voyvoda H, Ulutas PA, Karagenc T, Ulutas B. Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of clinoptilolite against Cryptosporidium parvum in experimentally challenged neonatal lambs. Vet Parasitol 2021; 299:109574. [PMID: 34509876 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to test the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of clinoptilolite against Cryptosporidium (C.) parvum infection in lambs. Within the first day of life, three groups of 10 lambs were each inoculated with 1 × 106 oocysts of C. parvum. The prophylactic (PROP) group received orally clinoptilolite supplemented at a rate of 3% to the colostrum within the first day of life before inoculation and then to milk replacer for two weeks. The therapeutic (TREA) group was supplemented with the same rate, route and duration of clinoptilolite, starting from the day of the first appearance of oocysts in the faeces. The positive control group (pCON) was left untreated and fed only the basal diet. Disease development and clinoptilolite efficacy were assessed daily by evaluating oocyst per gram of faeces (OPG) counts, faecal consistent score (FCS), and clinical health score (CHS) from day -1 to 20 days post inoculation. A significantly (p < 0.001) lower OPG value was found in the PROP and TREA groups in comparison to the pCON group. The FCS and CHS were decreased in the PROP (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) and TREA (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001) groups compared to the pCON group, respectively. The percentage efficacy of clinoptilolite was calculated to be 97.4 % in the PROP group and 91.6 % in the TREA group. In conclusion, this study proved for the first time that clinoptilolite has promising prophylactic and therapeutic activities against C. parvum in experimentally infected lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Dinler Ay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Voyvoda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Pinar Alkim Ulutas
- Department of Biochemistry, Veterinary Faculty, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Tulin Karagenc
- Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Bulent Ulutas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydın, Turkey.
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10
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Björkman C, von Brömssen C, Troell K, Svensson C. Disinfection with hydrated lime may help manage cryptosporidiosis in calves. Vet Parasitol 2018; 264:58-63. [PMID: 30503093 PMCID: PMC7126765 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Disinfection of calf pens with slaked lime delayed onset of diarrhea. Lime disinfection improved body condition in the calves. Lime disinfection did not affect diarrhea incidence or duration. Lime disinfection may help manage Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea in problem herds.
Diarrhea is common in young calves and is often caused by Cryptosporidium parvum infection. The aim of this study was to investigate if disinfection of calf pens with hydrated lime would reduce contamination of C. parvum oocysts and improve calf health in herds with C. parvum associated diarrhea problems. Four dairy herds with ongoing C. parvum associated calf diarrhea problems each participated in the study over six to seven months. During the study period, all pens/huts for young calves were cleaned according to the usual farm routine before a new calf entered. Hydrated lime was then used to disinfect half of the pens/huts. Diarrhea incidence was recorded by the farmers and by veterinarians, who clinically examined the calves every second month. In total, 402 calves participated in the study. The farmers detected diarrhea in 214 (53%) calves, with similar proportions in calves kept in lime disinfected and control pens. Age at diarrhea onset was significantly higher in lime disinfected pens than in control pens, 9.0 days and 7.6 days, respectively. There was no difference between the groups regarding duration or severity index recorded by the farmers. The body condition score in 6–8 week old calves was significantly higher in calves that had been kept in lime disinfected pens during their first weeks of life, indicating that calves in disinfected pens/huts were less affected by their infections. Faecal samples from 5 to 21 day old calves, were collected on four occasions at each farm (n = 95). Cryptosporidium positive samples were found at all samplings in all four herds. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 79 (83%) samples with no difference between lime disinfected and control pens. C. parvum was the dominant species. Two different C. parvum subtypes were found; IIaA16G1R1b in three herds and IIaA16G1R1b_variant in one herd. Only one subtype was found in each herd. Disinfection of calf pens with slaked lime delayed onset of diarrhea and improved the body condition in the calves, but did not affect diarrhea incidence or duration. Although lime disinfection alone will not be sufficient to control Cryptosporidium associated diarrhea in herds with extensive calf diarrhea problems, these results suggest that it can be a valuable complement to other measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Björkman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054 SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Claudia von Brömssen
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Troell
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Catarina Svensson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054 SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Impact of confinement housing on study end-points in the calf model of cryptosporidiosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006295. [PMID: 29694356 PMCID: PMC5937795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children < 5 years globally and the parasite genus Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of that diarrhea. The global disease burden attributable to cryptosporidiosis is substantial and the only approved chemotherapeutic, nitazoxanide, has poor efficacy in HIV positive children. Chemotherapeutic development is dependent on the calf model of cryptosporidiosis, which is the best approximation of human disease. However, the model is not consistently applied across research studies. Data collection commonly occurs using two different methods: Complete Fecal Collection (CFC), which requires use of confinement housing, and Interval Collection (IC), which permits use of box stalls. CFC mimics human challenge model methodology but it is unknown if confinement housing impacts study end-points and if data gathered via this method is suitable for generalization to human populations. METHODS Using a modified crossover study design we compared CFC and IC and evaluated the impact of housing on study end-points. At birth, calves were randomly assigned to confinement (n = 14) or box stall housing (n = 9), or were challenged with 5 x 107 C. parvum oocysts, and followed for 10 days. Study end-points included fecal oocyst shedding, severity of diarrhea, degree of dehydration, and plasma cortisol. FINDINGS Calves in confinement had no significant differences in mean log oocysts enumerated per gram of fecal dry matter between CFC and IC samples (P = 0.6), nor were there diurnal variations in oocyst shedding (P = 0.1). Confinement housed calves shed significantly more oocysts (P = 0.05), had higher plasma cortisol (P = 0.001), and required more supportive care (P = 0.0009) than calves in box stalls. CONCLUSION Housing method confounds study end-points in the calf model of cryptosporidiosis. Due to increased stress data collected from calves in confinement housing may not accurately estimate the efficacy of chemotherapeutics targeting C. parvum.
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12
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Niine T, Dorbek-Kolin E, Lassen B, Orro T. Cryptosporidium outbreak in calves on a large dairy farm: Effect of treatment and the association with the inflammatory response and short-term weight gain. Res Vet Sci 2018; 117:200-208. [PMID: 29304439 PMCID: PMC7111845 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. infections in neonatal dairy calves can cause diarrhoea and, in rare cases, death. The infection is usually self-limiting, but halofuginone lactate (HL) can be used prophylactically. Calves (n=144) in the study were born during a 2-month period on one farm. A total of 901 serum and 767 faecal samples were collected. Based on HL treatment, the calves were divided into 3 groups: I) not treated, II) treated incorrectly (treatment started >48h after birth, or lasted <7days), and III) treated correctly (started <48h after birth, and lasted ≥7days). Over the 3-month observation period, 14.6% (n=21) of the calves died, of which most (67%) had not been treated with HL. Correctly performed treatment of cryptosporidiosis significantly delayed the onset of oocysts shedding (P<0.001) and reduced haptoglobin (HP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations in the second week of life. HP concentration and HL treatment were negatively associated with weight gain at 3months of age. Cryptosporidium positive faecal samples were significantly (P<0.001) more likely to be diarrhoeic but Giardia or Eimeria positive samples were not. Correct prophylactic treatment with HL delayed the shedding of Cryptosporidium oocysts and improved survival, but was negatively associated with weight gain. Incorrect treatment had a low impact on mortality and resembled no treatment regarding the proportion of calves shedding oocysts. Acute phase response (APR) in the second week of life seemed to be positively associated with shedding high amounts of Cryptosporidium oocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarmo Niine
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51014, Estonia.
| | - Elisabeth Dorbek-Kolin
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Brian Lassen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51014, Estonia; Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Toomas Orro
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51014, Estonia
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13
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Dinler C, Ulutas B, Voyvoda H, Ulutas PA, Ural K, Karagenc T. Haptoglobin and serum amyloid-A concentrations and their relationship with oocyst count in neonatal lambs experimentally infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. Vet Parasitol 2017; 247:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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14
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Xiao L, Feng Y. Molecular epidemiologic tools for waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2017; 8-9:14-32. [PMID: 32095639 PMCID: PMC7034008 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular diagnostic tools have played an important role in improving our understanding of the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis, which are two of the most important waterborne parasites in industrialized nations. Genotyping tools are frequently used in the identification of host-adapted Cryptosporidium species and G. duodenalis assemblages, allowing the assessment of infection sources in humans and public health potential of parasites found in animals and the environment. In contrast, subtyping tools are more often used in case linkages, advanced tracking of infections sources, and assessment of disease burdens attributable to anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission. More recently, multilocus typing tools have been developed for population genetic characterizations of transmission dynamics and delineation of mechanisms for the emergence of virulent subtypes. With the recent development in next generation sequencing techniques, whole genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis are increasingly used in characterizing Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis. The use of these tools in epidemiologic studies has identified significant differences in the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans between developing countries and industrialized nations, especially the role of zoonotic transmission in human infection. Geographic differences are also present in the distribution of G. duodenalis assemblages A and B in humans. In contrast, there is little evidence for widespread zoonotic transmission of giardiasis in both developing and industrialized countries. Differences in virulence have been identified among Cryptosporidium species and subtypes, and possibly between G. duodenalis assemblages A and B, and genetic recombination has been identified as one mechanism for the emergence of virulent C. hominis subtypes. These recent advances are providing insight into the epidemiology of waterborne protozoan parasites in both developing and developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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15
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Manjunatha UH, Vinayak S, Zambriski JA, Chao AT, Sy T, Noble CG, Bonamy GMC, Kondreddi RR, Zou B, Gedeck P, Brooks CF, Herbert GT, Sateriale A, Tandel J, Noh S, Lakshminarayana SB, Lim SH, Goodman LB, Bodenreider C, Feng G, Zhang L, Blasco F, Wagner J, Leong FJ, Striepen B, Diagana TT. A Cryptosporidium PI(4)K inhibitor is a drug candidate for cryptosporidiosis. Nature 2017; 546:376-380. [PMID: 28562588 PMCID: PMC5473467 DOI: 10.1038/nature22337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhoeal disease is responsible for 8.6% of global child mortality. Recent epidemiological studies found the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium to be a leading cause of paediatric diarrhoea, with particularly grave impact on infants and immunocompromised individuals. There is neither a vaccine nor an effective treatment. Here we establish a drug discovery process built on scalable phenotypic assays and mouse models that take advantage of transgenic parasites. Screening a library of compounds with anti-parasitic activity, we identify pyrazolopyridines as inhibitors of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis. Oral treatment with the pyrazolopyridine KDU731 results in a potent reduction in intestinal infection of immunocompromised mice. Treatment also leads to rapid resolution of diarrhoea and dehydration in neonatal calves, a clinical model of cryptosporidiosis that closely resembles human infection. Our results suggest that the Cryptosporidium lipid kinase PI(4)K (phosphatidylinositol-4-OH kinase) is a target for pyrazolopyridines and that KDU731 warrants further preclinical evaluation as a drug candidate for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjini H. Manjunatha
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, 05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670 Singapore
| | - Sumiti Vinayak
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 Georgia USA
| | - Jennifer A. Zambriski
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Pullman, 99164 Washington USA
| | - Alexander T. Chao
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, 05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670 Singapore
| | - Tracy Sy
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Pullman, 99164 Washington USA
| | - Christian G. Noble
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, 05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670 Singapore
| | - Ghislain M. C. Bonamy
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, 05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670 Singapore
| | - Ravinder R. Kondreddi
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, 05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670 Singapore
| | - Bin Zou
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, 05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670 Singapore
| | - Peter Gedeck
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, 05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670 Singapore
| | - Carrie F. Brooks
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 Georgia USA
| | - Gillian T. Herbert
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 Georgia USA
| | - Adam Sateriale
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 Georgia USA
| | - Jayesh Tandel
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 Georgia USA
| | - Susan Noh
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Pullman, 99164 Washington USA
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Disease Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164 Washington USA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Pullman, Washington USA
| | - Suresh B. Lakshminarayana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, 05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670 Singapore
| | - Siau H. Lim
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, 05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670 Singapore
| | - Laura B. Goodman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, 14853 New York USA
| | - Christophe Bodenreider
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, 05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670 Singapore
| | - Gu Feng
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, 05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670 Singapore
| | - Lijun Zhang
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Francesca Blasco
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, 05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670 Singapore
| | - Juergen Wagner
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, 05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670 Singapore
| | - F. Joel Leong
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, 05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670 Singapore
| | - Boris Striepen
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 Georgia USA
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 Georgia USA
| | - Thierry T. Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, 05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670 Singapore
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16
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Elsemore DA, Geng J, Cote J, Hanna R, Lucio-Forster A, Bowman DD. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for coproantigen detection of Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis in dogs and Toxocara cati in cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:645-653. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638717706098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the development and field validation of 2 ELISAs for the detection of Ancylostoma caninum or Toxocara canis coproantigens in the feces of dogs with experimental and natural infections, and evidence of cross-reactivity with respective feline counterparts. A. caninum–specific coproantigens were detected in feces of experimentally infected dogs starting at 9 d post-infection (dpi), whereas eggs were not seen until 23 dpi. T. canis–specific coproantigens were detected in 3 of 5 experimentally infected dogs by 31 dpi, and 4 of the 5 animals by 38 dpi. T. canis eggs were seen in feces of 4 of the 5 animals by 38 dpi. One dog had delayed coproantigen detection and low egg output. Additionally, 817 canine and 183 feline fecal samples from naturally infected animals tested by flotation were subjected to coproantigen ELISA testing. Of these 1,000 canine and feline samples, 13 and 23 samples, respectively, were positive for “hookworm” or “roundworm” eggs; 19 and 26 samples were ELISA positive, respectively. The T. canis ELISA detected T. cati coproantigen in cat fecal samples. Discrepant ELISA and flotation results were obtained for 16 hookworm- and 13 roundworm-positive samples. Re-examination of the egg-positive, ELISA-negative samples indicated several instances of possible misidentification or coprophagy, whereas detection of antigen in samples without egg observations is likely a reflection of true infection status with egg shedding below detection levels. There is good indication, based on accumulated field data, that these antigen tests also detect other hookworm and ascarid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Elsemore
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Elsemore, Geng, Cote, Hanna)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Bowman, Lucio-Forster)
| | - Jinming Geng
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Elsemore, Geng, Cote, Hanna)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Bowman, Lucio-Forster)
| | - Jennifer Cote
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Elsemore, Geng, Cote, Hanna)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Bowman, Lucio-Forster)
| | - Rita Hanna
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Elsemore, Geng, Cote, Hanna)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Bowman, Lucio-Forster)
| | - Araceli Lucio-Forster
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Elsemore, Geng, Cote, Hanna)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Bowman, Lucio-Forster)
| | - Dwight D. Bowman
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Elsemore, Geng, Cote, Hanna)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Bowman, Lucio-Forster)
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Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species in Animals Inhabiting Sydney Water Catchments. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168169. [PMID: 27973572 PMCID: PMC5156390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is one of the most common zoonotic waterborne parasitic diseases worldwide and represents a major public health concern of water utilities in developed nations. As animals in catchments can shed human-infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts, determining the potential role of animals in dissemination of zoonotic Cryptosporidium to drinking water sources is crucial. In the present study, a total of 952 animal faecal samples from four dominant species (kangaroos, rabbits, cattle and sheep) inhabiting Sydney's drinking water catchments were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium using a quantitative PCR (qPCR) and positives sequenced at multiple loci. Cryptosporidium species were detected in 3.6% (21/576) of kangaroos, 7.0% (10/142) of cattle, 2.3% (3/128) of sheep and 13.2% (14/106) of rabbit samples screened. Sequence analysis of a region of the 18S rRNA locus identified C. macropodum and C. hominis in 4 and 17 isolates from kangaroos respectively, C. hominis and C. parvum in 6 and 4 isolates respectively each from cattle, C. ubiquitum in 3 isolates from sheep and C. cuniculus in 14 isolates from rabbits. All the Cryptosporidium species identified were zoonotic species with the exception of C. macropodum. Subtyping using the 5' half of gp60 identified C. hominis IbA10G2 (n = 12) and IdA15G1 (n = 2) in kangaroo faecal samples; C. hominis IbA10G2 (n = 4) and C. parvum IIaA18G3R1 (n = 4) in cattle faecal samples, C. ubiquitum subtype XIIa (n = 1) in sheep and C. cuniculus VbA23 (n = 9) in rabbits. Additional analysis of a subset of samples using primers targeting conserved regions of the MIC1 gene and the 3' end of gp60 suggests that the C. hominis detected in these animals represent substantial variants that failed to amplify as expected. The significance of this finding requires further investigation but might be reflective of the ability of this C. hominis variant to infect animals. The finding of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in these animals may have important implications for the management of drinking water catchments to minimize risk to public health.
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18
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Miyamoto Y, Eckmann L. Drug Development Against the Major Diarrhea-Causing Parasites of the Small Intestine, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1208. [PMID: 26635732 PMCID: PMC4652082 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, particularly among young children. A limited number of infectious agents account for most of these illnesses, raising the hope that advances in the treatment and prevention of these infections can have global health impact. The two most important parasitic causes of diarrheal disease are Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Both parasites infect predominantly the small intestine and colonize the lumen and epithelial surface, but do not invade deeper mucosal layers. This review discusses the therapeutic challenges, current treatment options, and drug development efforts against cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis. The goals of drug development against Cryptosporidium and Giardia are different. For Cryptosporidium, only one moderately effective drug (nitazoxanide) is available, so novel classes of more effective drugs are a high priority. Furthermore, new genetic technology to identify potential drug targets and better assays for functional evaluation of these targets throughout the parasite life cycle are needed for advancing anticryptosporidial drug design. By comparison, for Giardia, several classes of drugs with good efficacy exist, but dosing regimens are suboptimal and emerging resistance begins to threaten clinical utility. Consequently, improvements in potency and dosing, and the ability to overcome existing and prevent new forms of drug resistance are priorities in antigiardial drug development. Current work on new drugs against both infections has revealed promising strategies and new drug leads. However, the primary challenge for further drug development is the underlying economics, as both parasitic infections are considered Neglected Diseases with low funding priority and limited commercial interest. If a new urgency in medical progress against these infections can be raised at national funding agencies or philanthropic organizations, meaningful and timely progress is possible in treating and possibly preventing cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
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19
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Kostopoulou D, Casaert S, Tzanidakis N, van Doorn D, Demeler J, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Saratsis A, Voutzourakis N, Ehsan A, Doornaert T, Looijen M, De Wilde N, Sotiraki S, Claerebout E, Geurden T. The occurrence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in foals in Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany and Greece. Vet Parasitol 2015; 211:170-4. [PMID: 26012855 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Faecal samples were collected from foals between the age of 1 week and 6 months in Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany and Greece. A quantitative direct immunofluorescence assay based on the commercial MERIFLUOR Cryptosporidium/Giardia kit was performed to evaluate the presence of (oo) cysts. Parasite positive samples were genotyped, based on the 18S ribosomal DNA gene and the heat shock protein (HSP70) gene for Cryptosporidium and on the β-giardin gene and the triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) gene for Giardia. In total, 134 foals from Belgium, 44 foals from The Netherlands, 30 foals from Germany and 190 foals from Greece were examined. No Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified in faecal samples from foals in Germany and The Netherlands. In Belgium and Greece, 4.5% and 1.1% of the foals examined were Cryptosporidium positive, respectively, all with a low oocyst excretion ranging from 100 to 2450 oocysts per gram of faeces. For Giardia, 14.2%, 11.4%, 10.0% and 11.6% of the foals in Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany and Greece, respectively, were found to excrete cysts, with a range of 50 up to 4,000,000 cysts per gram of faeces. Younger animals secreted significantly more Giardia cysts than older horses (p<0.05), but no significant correlation between Giardia infection and diarrhoea was observed. Most Giardia positive samples belonged to assemblage AI and/or BIV, but also assemblage E was detected in two samples. Together with the identification of Cryptosporidium horse genotype, this suggests only a low risk for zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kostopoulou
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - S Casaert
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - N Tzanidakis
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - D van Doorn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Demeler
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - G von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Saratsis
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N Voutzourakis
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Ehsan
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T Doornaert
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Looijen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N De Wilde
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Sotiraki
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T Geurden
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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