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Koffi KE, Soumahoro MK, N'Dri KB, Nowakowski M, Guédé CM, Boka OM, Melki J, Touré OA, Djaman J, Bellalou J, N'Goran KE, Jambou R. Seroprevalence of porcine cysticercosis in traditional farms in South-Eastern Côte d'Ivoire. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2023; 22:e00311. [PMID: 37361928 PMCID: PMC10285562 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2023.e00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine cysticercosis is an endemic parasitic zoonosis in many developing countries. The objective of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of porcine cysticercosis in traditional pig farms in the departments of Dabou, Aboisso and Agboville. Methods Blood samples were taken from pigs and analyzed by ELISA (IgG) and western blot. Data on farming practices and pig characteristics were collected. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to identify risk factors. Results A total of 668 pigs were sampled from 116 farms and 639 samples were analyzed. The seroprevalence of cysticercosis was estimated at 13.2%. Overweight [OR = 2.6; 95%CI (1.3-4.9)] and fat pigs [OR = 2.3; 95%CI (1.0-4.8)] were twice as likely to be seropositive for cysticercosis. This risk was increased in farms using well water for drinking [OR = 2.5; 95%CI (1.0-6.3)] as well as those reporting veterinary care of the animals (OR = 2.9; 95%CI (1.2-7.3)). Conclusions This study demonstrated the circulation of Taenia solium in pig farms in southern Côte d'Ivoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouassi Eugene Koffi
- Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, B.P. 490, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Sante Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan; 01 BP V34 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | | | | | | | - O. Marcel Boka
- Université Alassane Ouattara, Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, B.P. V18, Bouaké 01, Côte D'ivoire
| | - Jihen Melki
- Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, B.P. 490, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Joseph Djaman
- Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, B.P. 490, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jacques Bellalou
- Institut Pasteur de Paris, 25–28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - K. Eliezer N'Goran
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Sante Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan; 01 BP V34 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Ronan Jambou
- Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, B.P. 490, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
- Institut Pasteur de Paris, 25–28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- CERMES, Niamey BP10887 Niamey, Niger
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O'Neal SE, Pray IW, Vilchez P, Gamboa R, Muro C, Moyano LM, Ayvar V, Gavidia CM, Gilman RH, Gonzalez AE, Garcia HH. Geographically Targeted Interventions versus Mass Drug Administration to Control Taenia solium Cysticercosis, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2389-2398. [PMID: 34424165 PMCID: PMC8386790 DOI: 10.3201/eid2709.203349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal control strategies for Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis have not been determined. We conducted a 2-year cluster randomized trial in Peru by assigning 23 villages to 1 of 3 geographically targeted intervention approaches. For ring screening (RS), participants living near pigs with cysticercosis were screened for taeniasis; identified cases were treated with niclosamide. In ring treatment (RT), participants living near pigs with cysticercosis received presumptive treatment with niclosamide. In mass treatment (MT), participants received niclosamide treatment every 6 months regardless of location. In each approach, half the villages received targeted or mass oxfendazole for pigs (6 total study arms). We noted significant reductions in seroincidence among pigs in all approaches (67.1% decrease in RS, 69.3% in RT, 64.7% in MT; p<0.001), despite a smaller proportion of population treated by targeted approaches (RS 1.4%, RT 19.3%, MT 88.5%). Our findings suggest multiple approaches can achieve rapid control of T. solium transmission.
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3
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Wang S, Liu X, Liu Z, Wang Y, Guo A, Huang W, Wang Q, Zhang S, Zhu G, Luo X, Zhu XQ, Cai X. The genome of the thin-necked bladder worm Taenia hydatigena reveals evolutionary strategies for helminth survival. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1004. [PMID: 34429506 PMCID: PMC8384839 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia hydatigena is a widespread gastrointestinal helminth that causes significant health problems in livestock industry. This parasite can survive in a remarkably wide range of intermediate hosts and affects the transmission dynamics of zoonotic parasites. T. hydatigena is therefore of particular interest to researchers interested in studying zoonotic diseases and the evolutionary strategies of parasites. Herein we report a high-quality draft genome for this tapeworm, characterized by some hallmarks (e.g., expanded genome size, wide integrations of viral-like sequences and extensive alternative splicing during development), and specialized adaptations related to its parasitic fitness (e.g., adaptive evolutions for teguments and lipid metabolism). Importantly, in contrast with the evolutionarily close trematodes, which achieve gene diversification associated with immunosuppression by gene family expansions, in T. hydatigena and other cestodes, this is accomplished by alternative splicing and gene loss. This indicates that these two classes have evolved different mechanisms for survival. In addition, molecular targets for diagnosis and intervention were identified to facilitate the development of control interventions. Overall, this work uncovers new strategies by which helminths evolved to interact with their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yugui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Aijiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | | | - Qianhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuenong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.
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4
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Butala C, Brook TM, Majekodunmi AO, Welburn SC. Neurocysticercosis: Current Perspectives on Diagnosis and Management. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:615703. [PMID: 34041288 PMCID: PMC8141574 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.615703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine cysticercosis, human taeniasis, and (neuro)cysticercosis are endemic in many low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) where they present a significant health burden to affected communities. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is one of the leading causes of human epilepsy in many hyperendemic regions in Latin America, Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports an estimated 2.5-8.3 million cases of NCC annually with a disability-adjusted life year (DALY) burden of 2.8 million, but as for all neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), these values are likely to be underestimated. Diagnosis of NCC is complex and most accurately diagnosed using clinical neuroimaging that is unavailable in most hyperendemic regions in LMIC. On January 28, 2021, WHO will launch its road map for the NTDs' "Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021-2030." Taeniasis/cysticercosis is targeted for control success considered as steady increase in the number of countries with intensified control in hyperendemic areas [increasing from 2 (3%) in 2020 to 4 (6%) in 2023, to 9 (14%) by 2025, and to 17 (27%) by 2030]. Cross-cutting targets that include 100% access to at least basic water supply, sanitation, and hygiene in areas endemic for NTDs and 75% integrated treatment coverage for preventative chemotherapy will additionally impact on the taeniasis/cysticercosis/NCC complex. With no vaccine available for humans, prevention of infection depends on communication to the public of the life cycle of a complex zoonosis to promote behavior change, underpinned by practical control measures including treatment of human taeniasis and (neuro)cysticercosis with albendazole and praziquantel [widely used as part of the mass drug administration (MDA) deworming programs], surgery where appropriate, and effective vaccination and deworming for pigs supported by meat inspection. Here, we review recent advances in tools and implementation for Taenia solium taeniasis/(neuro)cysticercosis (TSTC) control and milestones on the onward path to elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Butala
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - T. M. Brook
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ayodele O. Majekodunmi
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Christina Welburn
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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5
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Dixon MA, Winskill P, Harrison WE, Basáñez MG. Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis: From parasite biology and immunology to diagnosis and control. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 112:133-217. [PMID: 34024358 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) is responsible for a substantial global burden of disease, not only restricted to its impact on human health, but also resulting in a considerable economic burden to smallholder pig farmers due to pig cysticercosis infection. The life-cycle, parasitology and immunology of T. solium are complex, involving pigs (the intermediate host, harbouring the larval metacestode stage), humans (the definitive host, harbouring the adult tapeworm, in addition to acting as accidental intermediate hosts) and the environment (the source of infection with eggs/proglottids). We review the parasitology, immunology, and epidemiology of the infection associated with each of the T. solium life-cycle stages, including the pre-adult/adult tapeworm responsible for human taeniasis; post-oncosphere and cysticercus associated with porcine and human cysticercosis, and the biological characteristics of eggs in the environment. We discuss the burden associated, in endemic settings, with neurocysticercosis (NCC) in humans, and the broader cross-sectoral economic impact associated both with NCC and porcine cysticercosis, the latter impacting food-value chains. Existing tools for diagnostics and control interventions that target different stages of the T. solium transmission cycle are reviewed and their limitations discussed. Currently, no national T. solium control programmes have been established in endemic areas, with further work required to identify optimal strategies according to epidemiological setting. There is increasing evidence suggesting that cross-sectoral interventions which target the parasite in both the human and pig host provide the most effective approaches for achieving control and ultimately elimination. We discuss future avenues for research on T. solium to support the attainment of the goals proposed in the revised World Health Organisation neglected tropical diseases roadmap for 2021-2030 adopted at the 73rd World Health Assembly in November 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Dixon
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative Foundation (SCI Foundation), London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Winskill
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy E Harrison
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative Foundation (SCI Foundation), London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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6
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Kabululu ML, Johansen MV, Mlangwa JED, Mkupasi EM, Braae UC, Trevisan C, Colston A, Cordel C, Lightowlers MW, Ngowi HA. Performance of Ag-ELISA in the diagnosis of Taenia solium cysticercosis in naturally infected pigs in Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:534. [PMID: 33109255 PMCID: PMC7590492 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia solium is a zoonotic parasite responsible for neurocysticercosis—a major cause of late-onset acquired epilepsy in humans. Lack of affordable, specific and sensitive diagnostic tools hampers control of the parasite. This study assessed the performance of an antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ag-ELISA) in the diagnosis of viable T. solium cysticercosis in naturally infected slaughter-age pigs in an endemic area in Tanzania. Methods A total of 350 pigs were bled before they were slaughtered and their carcases examined. Serum was analyzed for circulating antigens by using a monoclonal antibody-based B158/B60 Ag-ELISA. Each carcase was examined for the presence of Taenia hydatigena cysticerci and half carcase musculature together with the whole brain, head muscles, tongue, heart and diaphragm were sliced with fine cuts (< 0.5 cm) to reveal and enumerate T. solium cysticerci. Half carcase dissection can detect at least 84% of infected pigs. Prevalence and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated in Stata 12. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios were determined. Results Twenty–nine pigs (8.3%, 95% CI: 5.6–11.7%) had viable T. solium cysticerci while 11 pigs had T. hydatigena cysticerci (3.1%, 95% CI: 1.6–5.5%). No co-infection was observed. Sixty-eight pigs (19.4%, 95% CI: 15.4–20%) tested positive on Ag-ELISA; of these, 24 had T. solium cysticerci and 7 had T. hydatigena cysticerci. Sensitivity and specificity were determined to be 82.7% and 86.3%, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 35.2% and 98.2%, respectively. Likelihood ratios for positive and negative Ag-ELISA test results were 6.0 and 0.2, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the titre of circulating antigens and intensity of T. solium cysticerci (r(348) = 0.63, P < 0.001). Conclusions The Ag-ELISA test characteristics reported in this study indicate that the test is more reliable in ruling out T. solium cysticercosis in pigs, than in confirming it. Hence, a negative result will almost certainly indicate that a pig has no infection, but a positive result should always be interpreted with caution. Estimates of T. solium prevalence based on Ag-ELISA results should, therefore, be adjusted for test performance characteristics and occurrence of T. hydatigena.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria V Johansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - James E D Mlangwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ernatus M Mkupasi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Uffe C Braae
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Chiara Trevisan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Angela Colston
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Claudia Cordel
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
| | - Marshall W Lightowlers
- UVet, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Helena A Ngowi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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7
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Dixon MA, Winskill P, Harrison WE, Whittaker C, Schmidt V, Sarti E, Bawm S, Dione MM, Thomas LF, Walker M, Basáñez MG. Force-of-infection of Taenia solium porcine cysticercosis: a modelling analysis to assess global incidence and prevalence trends. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17637. [PMID: 33077748 PMCID: PMC7572398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) called, in 2012, for a validated strategy towards Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis control and elimination. Estimating pig force-of-infection (FoI, the average rate at which susceptible pigs become infected) across geographical settings will help understand local epidemiology and inform effective intervention design. Porcine cysticercosis (PCC) age-prevalence data (from 15 studies in Latin America, Africa and Asia) were identified through systematic review. Catalytic models were fitted to the data using Bayesian methods, incorporating uncertainty in diagnostic performance, to estimate rates of antibody seroconversion, viable metacestode acquisition, and seroreversion/infection loss. There was evidence of antibody seroreversion across 5 studies, and of infection loss in 6 studies measured by antigen or necropsy, indicating transient serological responses and natural resolution of infection. Concerted efforts should be made to collect robust data using improved diagnostics to better understand geographical heterogeneities in T. solium transmission to support post-2020 WHO targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Dixon
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Peter Winskill
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Wendy E Harrison
- SCI Foundation, Edinburgh House, 170 Kennington Lane, London, SE11 5DP, UK
| | - Charles Whittaker
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Veronika Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elsa Sarti
- Sanofi Pasteur Latin America, Av. Universidad N° 1738, Colonia Coyoacán, 04000, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Saw Bawm
- University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
| | - Michel M Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, 01 BP 1496, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Lian F Thomas
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Martin Walker
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
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8
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Lescano AG, Pray IW, Gonzalez AE, Gilman RH, Tsang VCW, Gamboa R, Guezala MC, Aybar V, Rodriguez S, Moulton LH, Leontsini E, Gonzalvez G, O'Neal SE, Garcia HH, For The Cysticercosis Working Group In Peru. Clustering of Necropsy-Confirmed Porcine Cysticercosis Surrounding Taenia solium Tapeworm Carriers in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:314-322. [PMID: 30560769 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, is among the leading causes of preventable epilepsy in the world and is common in rural areas of developing countries where sanitation is limited and pigs have access to human feces. Prior studies in rural villages of Peru have observed clusters of T. solium cysticercosis among pigs that live near human tapeworm carriers. Such spatial analyses, however, have been limited by incomplete participation and substandard diagnostic tests. In this study, we evaluated the association between necropsy-confirmed cysticercosis in pigs and their distance to T. solium tapeworm carriers in six villages in northern Peru. A total of six (1.4%) tapeworm carriers were detected using copro-antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and seven of 10 (70%) pigs belonging to the tapeworm carriers were found with viable cyst infection on necropsy. This was significantly greater than the prevalence of viable cyst infection among pigs living < 500 m (11%) and > 500 m (0.5%) from a tapeworm carrier (P < 0.001 for distance trend). Similar statistically significant prevalence gradients were observed after adjustment for possible confounders and for other pig-level outcomes including infection with > 10 viable cysts, degenerated cyst infection, and serological outcomes. This investigation confirms that porcine cysticercosis clusters strongly around tapeworm carriers in endemic rural regions of northern Peru and supports interventions that target these hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres G Lescano
- Emerging Diseases and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ian W Pray
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Research Department, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA (Proyectos en Informatica, Salud, Medicina y Agricultura), Lima, Peru.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Victor C W Tsang
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ricardo Gamboa
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - M Claudia Guezala
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Viterbo Aybar
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.,Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Silvia Rodriguez
- Instituto de Ciencias Neurológicas, Cysticercosis Unit, Lima, Peru
| | - Lawrence H Moulton
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elli Leontsini
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Guillermo Gonzalvez
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Seth E O'Neal
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Hector H Garcia
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Instituto de Ciencias Neurológicas, Cysticercosis Unit, Lima, Peru.,Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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9
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The World Health Organization 2030 goals for Taenia solium: Insights and perspectives from transmission dynamics modelling: CystiTeam Group for Epidemiology and Modelling of Taenia solium Taeniasis/Cysticercosis. Gates Open Res 2019; 3:1546. [PMID: 31701092 PMCID: PMC6820453 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13068.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium (TS), responsible for porcine cysticercosis, human taeniasis and (neuro)cysticercosis, was included in the World Health Organization neglected tropical disease (NTD) roadmap published in 2012. Targets set in this roadmap have not been met, but T. solium has been included in the consultation process for the new 2030 goals proposed for priority NTDs. Taenia solium transmission dynamics models can contribute to this process. A recent review has compared existing T. solium transmission models, identifying their similarities and differences in structure, parameterization and modelled intervention approaches. While a formal model comparison to investigate the impact of interventions is yet to be conducted, the models agree on the importance of coverage for intervention effectiveness and on the fact that human- and pig-focused interventions can be optimally combined. One of these models, cystiSim, an individual-based, stochastic model has been used to assess field-applicable interventions, some currently under evaluation in on-going trials in Zambia. The EPICYST, population-based, deterministic model has highlighted, based on simulating a generic sub-Saharan Africa setting, the higher efficacy (measured as the percentage of human cysticercosis cases prevented) of biomedical interventions (human and pig treatment and pig vaccination) compared to improved husbandry, sanitation, and meat inspection. Important questions remain regarding which strategies and combinations thereof provide sustainable solutions for severely resource-constrained endemic settings. Defining realistic timeframes to achieve feasible targets, and establishing suitable measures of effectiveness for these targets that can be quantified with current monitoring and evaluation tools, are current major barriers to identifying validated strategies. Taenia solium transmission models can support setting achievable 2030 goals; however, the refinement of these models is first required. Incorporating socio-economic elements, improved understanding of underlying biological processes, and consideration of spatial dynamics are key knowledge gaps that need addressing to support model development.
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The World Health Organization 2030 goals for Taenia solium: Insights and perspectives from transmission dynamics modelling: CystiTeam Group for Epidemiology and Modelling of Taenia solium Taeniasis/Cysticercosis. Gates Open Res 2019. [PMID: 31701092 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13068.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium (TS), responsible for porcine cysticercosis, human taeniasis and (neuro)cysticercosis, was included in the World Health Organization neglected tropical disease (NTD) roadmap published in 2012. Targets set in this roadmap have not been met, but T. solium has been included in the consultation process for the new 2030 goals proposed for priority NTDs. Taenia solium transmission dynamics models can contribute to this process. A recent review has compared existing T. solium transmission models, identifying their similarities and differences in structure, parameterization and modelled intervention approaches. While a formal model comparison to investigate the impact of interventions is yet to be conducted, the models agree on the importance of coverage for intervention effectiveness and on the fact that human- and pig-focused interventions can be optimally combined. One of these models, cystiSim, an individual-based, stochastic model has been used to assess field-applicable interventions, some currently under evaluation in on-going trials in Zambia. The EPICYST, population-based, deterministic model has highlighted, based on simulating a generic sub-Saharan Africa setting, the higher efficacy (measured as the percentage of human cysticercosis cases prevented) of biomedical interventions (human and pig treatment and pig vaccination) compared to improved husbandry, sanitation, and meat inspection. Important questions remain regarding which strategies and combinations thereof provide sustainable solutions for severely resource-constrained endemic settings. Defining realistic timeframes to achieve feasible targets, and establishing suitable measures of effectiveness for these targets that can be quantified with current monitoring and evaluation tools, are current major barriers to identifying validated strategies. Taenia solium transmission models can support setting achievable 2030 goals; however, the refinement of these models is first required. Incorporating socio-economic elements, improved understanding of underlying biological processes, and consideration of spatial dynamics are key knowledge gaps that need addressing to support model development.
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Vargas-Calla A, Gomez-Puerta LA, Pajuelo MJ, Garcia HH, Gonzalez AE, For The Cysticercosis Working Group In Peru. Molecular Detection of Taeniid Eggs in Beetles Collected in an Area Endemic for Taenia solium. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 99:1198-1200. [PMID: 30203742 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to demonstrate the presence of Taenia solium eggs in beetles collected from sources within the natural environment through molecular techniques. Fifty-four pools of beetles were collected in three villages in Piura, Peru. DNA was extracted using the FastDNA spin kit for soil. Molecular identification of Taenia species was then performed through partial amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene. Finally, positive samples were sequenced to determine the tapeworm species. Seven positive samples were obtained through polymerase chain reaction amplification. Sequencing confirmed that two samples were from T. solium and three samples were from Taenia hydatigena. The other two samples could not be specifically identified. Our findings demonstrate that dung beetles ingest T. solium and T. hydatigena eggs under natural conditions and suggest that beetles may play a role in the dynamics of transmission of these cestodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vargas-Calla
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Luis A Gomez-Puerta
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Monica J Pajuelo
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Hector H Garcia
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.,Department of Microbiology and Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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Assana E, Awah-Ndukum J, Djonmaïla JD, Zoli AP. Prevalence of porcine Taenia solium and Taenia hydatigena cysticercosis in Cameroon. Prev Vet Med 2019; 169:104690. [PMID: 31311631 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Taenia solium, a zoonotic tapeworm species of human and pigs, has been targeted by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for elimination in endemic areas of Africa, Latin America and some parts of Asia. Unfortunately, the assessment of control measures against T. solium is complicated by the lack of specificity of current immunodiagnostic techniques for diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis. Many authors have concluded that the prevalence of T. hydatigena in pigs in Africa is low and extensive epidemiological studies on T. solium cysticercosis in pigs have been carried out using serological tests that cannot differentiate the taeniid species. To estimate and compare the prevalence of T. solium and T. hydatigena in pigs in Cameroon, we examined 416 slaughtered pigs at a pig abattoir in Yaoundé city with the animals originating from several parts of the country. At post-mortem inspection, 35 pigs (8.4%; 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 5.9-11.5 %) were found infected exclusively with T. solium and 27 (6.5%; 95% CI, 4.3-9.3 %) infected exclusively with T. hydatigena metacestodes. One animal was infected with T. solium and T. hydatigena. A stochastic simulation model which took into account the sensitivity of dissection of the tongue, external masseters and heart for diagnosis of T. solium porcine cysticercosis (TMH dissection test) and examination of mesentery, surfaces of the intestines and liver to identify T. hydatigena cysticerci in slaughtered pigs was developed to estimate the prevalence of these taeniid species. The results revealed that the actual prevalence of T. solium and T. hydatigena in Cameroon were 24.8% (95% CI, 20.1-30.5%) and 19.2% (95% CI, 15.1-24.1%), respectively. This study reports the highest porcine T. hydatigena prevalence ever in Africa and adjusted the prevalence of porcine T. solium infection obtained with genus-specific Ag-ELISA (Dorny et al., 2000) in Cameroon due to the presence of T. hydatigena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Assana
- University of Ngaoundéré, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
| | - Julius Awah-Ndukum
- University of Ngaoundéré, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon; University of Dschang, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Science, P.O. Box 222 Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Justin D Djonmaïla
- University of Ngaoundéré, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - André Pagnah Zoli
- University of Ngaoundéré, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
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Gomez-Puerta L, Vargas-Calla A, Castillo Y, Lopez-Urbina MT, Dorny P, Garcia HH, Gonzalez AE, O'Neal SE. Evaluation of cross-reactivity to Taenia hydatigena and Echinococcus granulosus in the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay for the diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:57. [PMID: 30678700 PMCID: PMC6346519 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taenia solium is an important zoonotic parasite that infects humans as definitive host (taeniasis) and pigs as intermediate host (cysticercosis). Serological diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis is limited to antigen detection using ELISA, which is known to cross-react with other Taenia species, and antibody detection using the lentil-lectin glycoprotein enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (LLGP EITB), which has not been adequately evaluated for cross-reactivity to other parasites. Field studies suggest that the GP50 diagnostic band of the LLGP EITB may cross-react to Taenia hydatigena, a common non-zoonotic parasitic infection of pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the specificity of the LLGP EITB assay in pigs infected experimentally with T. hydatigena and Echinococcus granulosus. RESULTS Twelve three-month-old seronegative were divided into two groups; six were each given an oral challenge with a single gravid proglottid of T. hydatigena and the other six were each given an oral challenge with 50 gravid proglottids of E. granulosus. Serum samples were collected biweekly until 14 weeks when all pigs underwent a detailed necropsy. Taenia hydatigena cysticerci were found in two of six pigs from the first group. Four T. hydatigena-exposed pigs were seropositive at the GP50-band only on EITB LLGP; two of these had cysts at necropsy while no seronegative pigs had cysts. One E. granulosus-exposed pig was positive to EITB LLGP, again with reactivity only to GP50; all six pigs had hepatic echinococcosis on necropsy. CONCLUSION These results provide definitive evidence that the GP50 diagnostic band in pigs cross-reacts with T. hydatigena. Evidence of cross-reaction with E. granulosus was not conclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucho Gomez-Puerta
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Ana Vargas-Calla
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Yesenia Castillo
- Department of Microbiology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Pierre Dorny
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hector H Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Peru
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Seth E O'Neal
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Peru. .,School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University - Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Morales J, Martínez JJ, Villalobos N, Hernández M, Ramírez R, Salgado-Estrada B, Jiménez H, Figueroa A, Sánchez LM, Lazcano E, Fleury A, Aluja A, Sciutto E. PersistentTaenia soliumCysticercosis In the State of Morelos, Mexico: Human and Porcine Seroprevalence. J Parasitol 2018; 104:465-472. [DOI: 10.1645/18-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Morales
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, CDMX, 04510, México
| | - José Juan Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Edificio A, Ciudad Universitaria, CDMX, 04510, México
| | - Nelly Villalobos
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Edificio A, Ciudad Universitaria, CDMX, 04510, México
| | - Marisela Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, CDMX, 04510, México
| | - Rubén Ramírez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Carretera Tecamachalco-Cañada Morelos Km 7.5, El Salado, Tecamachalco, 75460, Puebla, México
| | - Berenice Salgado-Estrada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, CDMX, 04510, México
| | - Herminio Jiménez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Carretera Tecamachalco-Cañada Morelos Km 7.5, El Salado, Tecamachalco, 75460, Puebla, México
| | - Alfredo Figueroa
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Lázaro Cárdenas, El Centenario, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, 39044, Guerrero, México
| | - Luisa María Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, SSA, Avenida Universidad 655, Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, 62100, Morelos, México
| | - Eduardo Lazcano
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, SSA, Avenida Universidad 655, Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, 62100, Morelos, México
| | - Agnes Fleury
- Unidad Periférica del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Sede Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur, 3877, La Fama, Tlalpan 14269, CDMX, México
| | - Aline Aluja
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Edificio A, Ciudad Universitaria, CDMX, 04510, México
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, CDMX, 04510, México
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Co-occurrence of swine cysticercosis due to Taenia solium and Taenia hydatigena in ethnic minority villages at the Thai-Myanmar border. J Helminthol 2018; 93:681-689. [PMID: 30149813 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x18000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
As part of the international joint projects working towards the control of taeniosis/cysticercosis in Asia Pacific, epidemiological studies on Taenia solium cysticercosis have been carried out in high-incidence populations, such as minority groups in Thailand. To assess the epidemiology of cysticercotic infections in pigs in the hill-tribe minority villages (Karen) in Tak province, Thailand, we conducted serological screening and necropsies. The patterns of antibody response to T. solium antigens were then investigated using immunoblot assays. Of the 188 pig serum samples tested for antibody responses to partially purified low-molecular-weight antigens of T. solium cyst fluid, positive responses were detected in 37 samples (19.7%). Based on these results, 16 pigs (10 seropositive and 6 seronegative) were necropsied for investigation of cysticerci and intestinal parasites. All seropositive pigs were coinfected with both T. solium and Taenia hydatigena cysticerci, except one, which was infected with T. hydatigena alone. Three of the six seronegative pigs were confirmed to be infected with T. hydatigena. Pigs infected with T. solium showed much stronger antibody responses than those infected with T. hydatigena. Our results demonstrate the co-occurrence of two swine cysticercoses due to T. solium and T. hydatigena in the studied areas. This study also reveals the importance of direct confirmation of the presence of cysticerci by necropsy after serological screening. In addition to the prevalence of swine cysticercosis in these endemic areas, our findings also reveal potential implications for the development of serological diagnostic assays for swine cysticercosis.
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Beam M, Spencer A, Fernandez L, Atto R, Muro C, Vilchez P, Gamboa R, Olaya S, Ayvar V, Gonzalez AE, Garcia HH, O'Neal SE, For The Cysticercosis Working Group In Peru. Barriers to Participation in a Community-Based Program to Control Transmission of Taenia solium in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1748-1754. [PMID: 29663901 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of the brain with Taenia solium larvae (neurocysticercosis) is a leading cause of preventable epilepsy worldwide. Effective and sustainable strategies to control parasite transmission in rural endemic communities are needed to prevent the disease. Surveillance and targeted intervention around infected pigs (ring control strategy) have been shown to be effective when carried out by research teams. However, this strategy has not been implemented or tested as a community-based program. In this small trial in northern Peru, eight villages were randomly assigned to community-led surveillance and treatment (five villages, 997 residents) or control (three villages, 1,192 residents). In intervention villages, community-led surveillance and reporting were promoted by community health workers, radio advertisement, and school and household education. Each suspected pig infection was verified, with confirmed cases resulting in treatment with niclosamide for taeniasis and oxfendazole for pigs in clusters of homes nearby. No incentives beyond human and pig treatment were offered. Control villages received basic disease education but no treatment intervention in response to reports. Despite 14 case reports, community-based replication of ring control strategy did not replicate prior results. After 12 months, there was no change in seroincidence in intervention villages between the baseline and study end, and no difference compared with control villages. There was no difference in prevalence of taeniasis or porcine cysticercosis at study end. Community members described lack of knowledge as the main reason for not reporting infected pigs. Further exploration of methods to transfer ring strategy and other control interventions for cysticercosis to the community is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Beam
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Angela Spencer
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lauralee Fernandez
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Ruth Atto
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Claudio Muro
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Percy Vilchez
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Ricardo Gamboa
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Sandra Olaya
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Viterbo Ayvar
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Hector H Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Seth E O'Neal
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University, Portland, Oregon
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