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De los Santos MB, Loyola S, Perez-Velez ES, Santos RDP, Ramírez IM, Valdivia HO. Sampling is decisive to determination of Leishmania (Viannia) species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012113. [PMID: 38662642 PMCID: PMC11045131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accuracy of molecular tools for the identification of parasites that cause human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) could largely depend on the sampling method. Non-invasive or less-invasive sampling methods such as filter paper imprints and cotton swabs are preferred over punch biopsies and lancet scrapings for detection methods of Leishmania based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) because they are painless, simple, and inexpensive, and of benefit to military and civilian patients to ensure timely treatment. However, different types of samples can generate false negatives and there is a clear need to demonstrate which sample is more proper for molecular assays. METHODOLOGY Here, we compared the sensitivity of molecular identification of different Leishmania (Viannia) species from Peru, using three types of sampling: punch biopsy, filter paper imprint and lancet scraping. Different composite reference standards and latent class models allowed to evaluate the accuracy of the molecular tools. Additionally, a quantitative PCR assessed variations in the results and parasite load in each type of sample. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Different composite reference standards and latent class models determined higher sensitivity when lancet scrapings were used for sampling in the identification and determination of Leishmania (Viannia) species through PCR-based assays. This was consistent for genus identification through kinetoplastid DNA-PCR and for the determination of species using FRET probes-based Nested Real-Time PCR. Lack of species identification in some samples correlated with the low intensity of the PCR electrophoretic band, which reflects the low parasite load in samples. CONCLUSIONS The type of clinical sample can directly influence the detection and identification of Leishmania (Viannia) species. Here, we demonstrated that lancet scraping samples consistently allowed the identification of more leishmaniasis cases compared to filter paper imprints or biopsies. This procedure is inexpensive, painless, and easy to implement at the point of care and avoids the need for anesthesia, surgery, and hospitalization and therefore could be used in resource limited settings for both military and civilian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxy B. De los Santos
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit SOUTH (NAMRU SOUTH), Bellavista, Lima, Peru
| | - Steev Loyola
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Erika S. Perez-Velez
- Departamento Académico de Medicina Humana, Universidad Andina del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | | | - Ivonne Melissa Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Cercado de Lima, Lima, Peru
| | - Hugo O. Valdivia
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit SOUTH (NAMRU SOUTH), Bellavista, Lima, Peru
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Rodrigues BL, da Silva Costa G, Godoy RE, Pereira Júnior AM, Cella W, Ferreira GEM, de Medeiros JF, Shimabukuro PHF. Molecular and morphometric study of Brazilian populations of Psychodopygus davisi. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 38:83-98. [PMID: 37867259 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we analysed the molecular and morphometric differences of several populations of the putative sand fly vector Psychodopygus davisi (Root, 1934) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in Brazil. We amplified the 658 base pair fragments of the DNA barcoding region-cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene-for 57 specimens of P. davisi and three specimens of Psychodopygus claustrei (Abonnenc, Léger & Fauran, 1979). We merged our data with public sequences of the same species available from GenBank. Then, the combined dataset-87 sequences and 20 localities-was analysed using population structure analysis and different species delimitation approaches. Geometric morphometry of wings was performed for 155 specimens of P. davisi populations from the North, Midwest and Southeast Brazilian regions, analysing the differences in centroid sizes and canonical variates. Molecular analysis indicated high intraspecific genetic distance values for P. davisi (maximum p distance = 5.52%). All algorithms identified P. davisi and P. claustrei as distinct molecular taxonomic units, despite the low interspecific distance (p distance to the nearest neighbour = 4.79%). P. davisi sequences were split into four genetic clusters by population structure analysis and at least five genetic lineages using intermediate scenarios of the species delimitation algorithms. The species validation analysis of BPP strongly supported the five-species model in our dataset. We found high genetic diversity in this taxon, which is in agreement with its wide geographic distribution in Brazil. Furthermore, the wing analysis showed that specimens from the Southeast Region of Brazil are different from those in the North and the Midwest. The evolutionary patterns of P. davisi populations in Brazil suggest the presence of candidate species, which need to be validated in future studies using a more comprehensive approach with both genomic data and morphological characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Leite Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (FSP/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glaucilene da Silva Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Rondônia, LACEN-RO, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | | | | | - Wilsandrei Cella
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência Animal com Ênfase em Produtos Bioativos, Universidade Paranaense, Paraná, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Tefé, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Eduardo Melim Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Genética, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Jansen Fernandes de Medeiros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Paloma Helena Fernandes Shimabukuro
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Coleção de Flebotomíneos (Fiocruz/COLFLEB), Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Rodrigues BL, Brilhante AF, de Souza Pinto I, Galati EAB. Trichophoromyia auraensis: evidence for cryptic species and first record in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2933-2944. [PMID: 37773460 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Trichophoromyia auraensis (Mangabeira, 1942) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) has a wide geographic distribution in the western region of the Amazon biome, where it is a putative Leishmania vector. Here, we reported for the first time a population of this species in the Brazilian state of Maranhão, in the eastern Amazon, from which we DNA-barcoded and compared with previously processed specimens from Acre State, in the western Amazon. For this, we analyzed the DNA barcoding fragment (658 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of Trichophoromyia species using phylogenetic gene trees, and species delimitation algorithms. The analyses of COI barcodes showed high values of genetic distance (mean K2P = 5.17) and well-supported clades/MOTUs for the eastern and western populations of T. auraensis, which may indicate a possible complex of cryptic species. The western population of this taxon merged with the close-related sand fly Trichophoromyia velezbernali Posada-López, Galvis and Galati, 2018 from Colombia, which may be associated with the recent speciation history and introgression between these populations. These evidences should be evaluated with a more comprehensive sampling in terms of analyzed populations and molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Leite Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo (FSP/USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Israel de Souza Pinto
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará (IFPA), Itaituba, PA, Brasil
| | - Eunice Aparecida Bianchi Galati
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo (FSP/USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo (FSP/USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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De los Santos MB, Ramírez IM, Rodríguez JE, Beerli P, Valdivia HO. Genetic diversity and population structure of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in the Peruvian jungle. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010374. [PMID: 35605021 PMCID: PMC9126394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is highly prevalent in the Peruvian jungle, where it affects military forces deployed to fight against drug trafficking and civilian people that migrate from the highland to the lowland jungle for economic activities such as mining, agriculture, construction, and chestnut harvest. We explored the genetic diversity and population structure of 124 L. (V.) braziliensis isolates collected from the highland (Junín, Cusco, and Ayacucho) and lowland Peruvian jungle (Loreto, Ucayali, and Madre de Dios). All samples were genotyped using Multilocus Microsatellite Typing (MLMT) of ten highly polymorphic markers. Principal findings High polymorphism and genetic diversity were found in Peruvian isolates of L. (V.) braziliensis. Most markers are not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; this deviation is most likely caused by local inbreeding, as shown by the positive FIS values. Linkage Disequilibrium in subpopulations was not strong, suggesting the reproduction was not strictly clonal. Likewise, for the first time, two genetic clusters of this parasite were determined, distributed in both areas of the Peruvian jungle, which suggested a possible recent colonization event of the highland jungle from the lowland jungle. Conclusions L. (V.) braziliensis exhibits considerable genetic diversity with two different clusters in the Peruvian jungle. Migration analysis suggested a colonization event between geographical areas of distribution. Although no human migration was observed at the time of sampling, earlier displacement of humans, reservoirs, or vectors could have been responsible for the parasite spread in both regions. L. (V.) braziliensis is widespread in the Peruvian jungle region. In this region, the departments of Cusco and Madre de Dios account for a large number of patients that get infected while working in the virgin forest. For the first time, we described ample genetic diversity among Peruvian L. (V.) braziliensis isolates with new alleles that were not previously reported in South America. In addition, two different genetic clusters or subpopulations of L. (V.) braziliensis in the Amazon Rainforest of Peru were described. This finding reveals the important distribution of parasite populations and suggests a possible colonization event between ecoregions of the highland and lowland Peruvian jungle independently of recent human migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge E. Rodríguez
- Unidad de Biotecnología Molecular, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Peter Beerli
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hugo O. Valdivia
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
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Brilhante AF, Lima L, de Ávila MM, Medeiros-Sousa AR, de Souza JF, dos Santos NP, de Paula MB, Godoy RE, Sábio PB, Cardoso CDO, Nunes VLB, Teixeira MMG, Galati EAB. Remarkable diversity, new records and Leishmania detection in the sand fly fauna of an area of high endemicity for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Acre state, Brazilian Amazonian Forest. Acta Trop 2021; 223:106103. [PMID: 34416187 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The species richness of Amazonian phlebotomines is considered to be one of the highest in the world. In the present study, we investigated the richness and diversity of phlebotomine fauna in Xapuri city, Acre state, Western Brazilian Amazonia, which is an area that is highly endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Sand fly collections were performed monthly from August 2013 to July 2015 (288 h total of sampling effort) in intradomiciliary, peridomiciliary, and forested environments of two localities. Collected females were dissected, microscopically examined for flagellates in their guts, and preserved in ethanol. A total of 21,197 specimens comprising 14 genera and 57 species were collected, and the majority of these were Nyssomyia, Psychodopygus, and Trichophoromyia genera. Three new records of phlebotomine species for Acre are presented here, including Brumptomyia brumpti, Psathyromyia pradobarrientosi, and for the first time in Brazil, Th. omagua. In Xapuri, the phlebotomine fauna of different ecotopes was varied in regard to abundance, diversity, and frequency, and they included proven and permissive vectors of Leishmania spp. The fauna discovered in the forested areas (57 species) was richer and more diverse than was that (33 species) identified in the peri‑ and intra-domiciles. The identification of Leishmania subgenera that were present in sand fly guts according to SSU rRNA sequences revealed ten and three species harboring Leishmania of subgenera Viannia and Leishmania (most likely Leishmania amazonensis), respectively. The presence of Leishmania (Leishmania) in sand flies are reported here for the first time in Acre. The presence of L. (Viannia) spp. in Brumptomyia sp. and Lutzomyia sherlocki. and the occurrence of mixed infections with Leishmania of both subgenera in Ps. lainsoni have been reported for the first time in Brazil. Taken together, data from previous studies and from the present study highlight the remarkable complexity of phlebotomine fauna that is possibly due to the well-preserved Xapuri forested areas sustaining vital economic activities of plant extraction and ecological tourism. Our findings also provide new insights into the ongoing adaptation of Trichophoromyia and Psychodopygus species to human habitats.
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Travi BL, Delos Santos MB, Shelite TR, Santos RP, Rosales LA, Castellanos-Gonzalez A, Saldarriaga O, Melby PC. Diagnostic Efficacy of Recombinase-Polymerase-Amplification Coupled with Lateral Flow Strip Reading in Patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis from the Amazonas Rainforest of Perú. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:941-947. [PMID: 34665665 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is highly prevalent in rural and sylvatic regions of Latin America, with an estimated 55,000 annual cases. Diagnosis in resource-limited areas still relies on microscopy of dermal scrapings, while more sensitive methods like PCR are not attainable due to costs and lack of adequate health infrastructure. Isothermal amplification of Leishmania DNA can be performed without sophisticated equipment and training and may become a point of care (POC) test for health care centers with scarce resources. We evaluated the efficacy of recombinase-polymerase-amplification (RPA-LF) to diagnose CL in 226 patients attending a clinic in Puerto Maldonado within the Peruvian Amazon basin. Conventional PCR targeting kinetoplast DNA (kDNA-PCR) was used as the gold standard. Eight of 226 patients were considered true negatives (microscopy, kDNA-PCR, and RPA-LF negative), while RPA-LF resulted positive in 186 of 204 kDNA-PCR positive patients, yielding 91.2% (confidence interval [CI] = 86.5-94.4%) sensitivity and 93% (CI 88.6-95.8%) positive predictive value. There were 14% (32/226) discrepant samples alternating positive and negative results in similar proportions between both tests. Quantitative PCR used to resolve the discrepancies suggested that they occurred in samples with scarce parasite numbers as determined by high cycle threshold (Ct) values (≥32; cutoff 35.5). Microscopy had the lowest sensitivity of all methods (45.4%). Nested real-time PCR performed in 71 samples determined that Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis was highly prevalent (69/71), and Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni was present in only two isolates. Results indicated that RPA-LF has POC potential for CL endemic areas, yet further simplification and optimization coupled with field validation will be necessary to confirm its broad applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Travi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Maxy B Delos Santos
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Thomas R Shelite
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Rocio P Santos
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Luis A Rosales
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Alejandro Castellanos-Gonzalez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Omar Saldarriaga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter C Melby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Sousa-Paula LCD, Pessoa FAC, Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F. Beyond taxonomy: species complexes in New World phlebotomine sand flies. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 35:267-283. [PMID: 33480064 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A species complex (= species group, species series) is an assemblage of species, which are related morphologically and phylogenetically. Recent research has revealed several arthropod vector species that were believed to be a single nominal species actually representing a group of closely related species, which are sometimes morphologically indistinguishable at one or more developmental stages. In some instances, differences in terms of vector competence, capacity, or both have been recorded. It highlights the importance of detecting and studying species complexes to improve our understanding of pathogen transmission patterns, which may be vectored more or less efficiently by different species within the complex. Considering more than 540 species, about one-third of the phlebotomine sand flies in the New World present males and/or females morphologically indistinguishable to one or more species. Remarkably, several of these species may act in transmission of pathogenic agents. In this article, we review recent research on species complexes in phlebotomine sand flies from the Americas. Possible practical implications of recently acquired knowledge and future research needs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C de Sousa-Paula
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - F A C Pessoa
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Leônidas e Maria Deane Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - D Otranto
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - F Dantas-Torres
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Zorrilla VO, Lozano ME, Espada LJ, Kosoy M, McKee C, Valdivia HO, Arevalo H, Troyes M, Stoops CA, Fisher ML, Vásquez GM. Comparison of sand fly trapping approaches for vector surveillance of Leishmania and Bartonella species in ecologically distinct, endemic regions of Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009517. [PMID: 34260585 PMCID: PMC8279425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Peru, the information regarding sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis and bartonellosis in the Amazon region is limited. In this study, we carried out sand fly collections in Peruvian lowland and highland jungle areas using different trap type configurations and screened them for Leishmania and Bartonella DNA. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Phlebotomine sand flies were collected in Peruvian Amazon jungle and inter Andean regions using CDC light trap, UV and color LED traps, Mosquito Magnet trap, BG Sentinel trap, and a Shannon trap placed outside the houses. Leishmania spp. screening was performed by kDNA PCR and confirmed by a nested cytochrome B gene (cytB) PCR. Bartonella spp. screening was performed by ITS PCR and confirmed by citrate synthase gene (gltA). The PCR amplicons were sequenced to identify Leishmania and Bartonella species. UV and Blue LED traps collected the highest average number of sand flies per hour in low jungle; UV, Mosquito Magnet and Shannon traps in high jungle; and Mosquito Magnet in inter Andean region. Leishmania guyanensis in Lutzomyia carrerai carrerai and L. naiffi in Lu. hirsuta hirsuta were identified based on cytB sequencing. Bartonella spp. related to Bartonella bacilliformis in Lu. whitmani, Lu. nevesi, Lu. hirsuta hirsuta and Lu. sherlocki, and a Bartonella sp. related to Candidatus B. rondoniensis in Lu. nevesi and Lu. maranonensis were identified based on gltA gene sequencing. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE UV, Blue LED, Mosquito Magnet and Shannon traps were more efficient than the BG-Sentinel, Green, and Red LED traps. This is the first report of L. naiffi and of two genotypes of Bartonella spp. related to B. bacilliformis and Candidatus B. rondoniensis infecting sand fly species from the Amazon region in Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor O. Zorrilla
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Bellavista, Peru
- * E-mail:
| | - Marisa E. Lozano
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Bellavista, Peru
- Vysnova Partners, Lima, Peru
| | - Liz J. Espada
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Bellavista, Peru
- Vysnova Partners, Lima, Peru
| | - Michael Kosoy
- KB One Health LLC, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Clifton McKee
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hugo O. Valdivia
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Bellavista, Peru
| | - Heriberto Arevalo
- Laboratorio Referencial de Salud, Tarapoto, Direccion Regional de Salud San Martin, Peru
| | | | - Craig A. Stoops
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Bellavista, Peru
| | - Michael L. Fisher
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Bellavista, Peru
| | - Gissella M. Vásquez
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Bellavista, Peru
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Valdivia HO, Zorrilla VO, Espada LJ, Perez JG, Razuri HR, Vera H, Fernandez R, Tong C, Ghersi BM, Vasquez GM, Burrus RG, Lescano AG, Montgomery JM. Diversity, distribution and natural Leishmania infection of sand flies from communities along the Interoceanic Highway in the Southeastern Peruvian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009000. [PMID: 33566811 PMCID: PMC7875382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Peruvian-Brazilian border is a highly endemic tegumentary leishmaniasis region in South America. The interoceanic highway is a commercial route that connects Peru and Brazil through Madre de Dios and has raised concerns about its impact on previously undisturbed areas. In order to assess leishmaniasis transmission risk along this highway, we conducted a surveillance study of the sand fly populations in this area. Sand flies were collected between 2009 and 2010 along transects at 200 m, 600 m and 1000 m from six study sites located along the highway (Iberia, La Novia, Alto Libertad, El Carmen, Florida Baja, Mazuko and Mavila) and an undisturbed area (Malinowski). Collected specimens were identified based on morphology and non-engorged females of each species were pooled and screened by kinetoplast PCR to detect natural Leishmania infections. A total of 9,023 specimens were collected belonging to 54 different Lutzomyia species including the first report of Lu. gantieri in Peru. Four species accounted for 50% of all specimens (Lutzomyia carrerai carrerai, Lu. davisi, Lu. shawi and Lu. richardwardi). El Carmen, Alto Libertad, Florida Baja and Malinowski presented higher Shannon diversity indexes (H = 2.36, 2.30, 2.17 and 2.13, respectively) than the most human disturbed sites of Mazuko and La Novia (H = 1.53 and 1.06, respectively). PCR detected 10 positive pools belonging to Lu. carrerai carrerai, Lu. yuilli yuilli, Lu. hirsuta hirsuta, Lu. (Trichophoromyia) spp., and Lu. (Lutzomyia) spp. Positive pools from 1,000 m transects had higher infectivity rates than those from 600 m and 200 m transects (9/169 = 5.3% vs 0/79 = 0% and 1/127 = 0.8%, p = 0.018). El Carmen, accounted for eight out of ten positives whereas one positive was collected in Florida Baja and Mazuko each. Our study has shown differences in sand fly diversity, abundance and species composition across and within sites. Multiple clustered Lutzomyia pools with natural Leishmania infection suggest a complex, diverse and spotty role in leishmaniasis transmission in Madre de Dios, with increased risk farther from the highway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo O. Valdivia
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
- * E-mail:
| | - Victor O. Zorrilla
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Liz. J. Espada
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Jocelyn G. Perez
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Hugo R. Razuri
- Department of Emerging Infections, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Hubert Vera
- Dirección Regional de Salud de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado, Peru
| | - Roberto Fernandez
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Tong
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Bruno M. Ghersi
- Department of Emerging Infections, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Roxanne G. Burrus
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Andres G. Lescano
- Emerge, Emerging Diseases and Climate Change Research Unit, and Clima, Latin American Center of Excellence for Climate Change and Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Department of Emerging Infections, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
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10
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Ducharme O, Simon S, Ginouves M, Prévot G, Couppie P, Demar M, Blaizot R. Leishmania naiffi and lainsoni in French Guiana: Clinical features and phylogenetic variability. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008380. [PMID: 32797078 PMCID: PMC7449503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In French Guiana, five species are associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL). Though infections with Leishmania guyanensis, L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis have been extensively described, there are few available clinical and genetic data on L. (V.) lainsoni and L. (V.) naiffi. We determined the clinical and epidemiological features of all cases of CL due to L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) lainsoni diagnosed in French Guiana between 2003 and 2019. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by sequencing a portion of HSP70 and cyt b genes. Five cases of L. naiffi and 25 cases of L. lainsoni were reported. Patients infected by L. (V.) lainsoni were usually infected on gold camps, mostly along the Maroni river (60%), while L. naiffi was observed in French patients infected on the coast (100%). A high number of pediatric cases (n = 5; 20%) was observed for L. (V.) lainsoni. A mild clinical course was observed for all cases of L. (V.) naiffi. HSP70 and cyt b partial nucleotide sequence analysis revealed different geographical clusters within L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) lainsoni but no association were found between phylogenetic and clinical features. Our data suggest distinct socio-epidemiological features for these two Leishmania species. Patients seem to get infected with L. (V.) naiffi during leisure activities in anthropized coastal areas, while L. (V.) lainsoni shares common features with L. (V.) guyanensis and braziliensis and seems to be acquired during professional activities in primary forest regions. Phylogenetic analysis has provided information on the intraspecific genetic variability of L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) lainsoni and how these genotypes are distributed at the geographic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Ducharme
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Stéphane Simon
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Marine Ginouves
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Ghislaine Prévot
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Pierre Couppie
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, laboratoire associé, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Magalie Demar
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, laboratoire associé, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Romain Blaizot
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, laboratoire associé, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
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11
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Sandoval-Ramírez CM, Hernández C, Teherán AA, Gutierrez-Marin R, Martínez-Vega RA, Morales D, Hoyos-Lopez R, Araque-Mogollón A, Ramírez JD. Complex ecological interactions across a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Eastern Colombia: novel description of Leishmania species, hosts and phlebotomine fauna. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200266. [PMID: 32874625 PMCID: PMC7428272 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the patterns of diversity, blood sources and Leishmania species of phlebotomines in a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Arboledas, Eastern Colombia. In total, 1729 phlebotomines were captured in two localities (62.3% Siravita and 37.7% Cinera) and five environments of Norte de Santander. We identified 18 species of phlebotomines: Pintomyia ovallesi (29.8%), Psychodopygus davisi (20.3%), Pi. spinicrassa (18.5%) and Lutzomyia gomezi (15.8%) showed the highest abundance. Species diversities were compared between Cinera (15.00) and Siravita (20.00) and among five microenvironments: forest remnants (19.49), coffee plantations (12.5), grassland (12.99), cane plantations (11.66) and citrus plantations (12.22). Leishmania DNA was detected in 5.8% (80/1380) of females, corresponding mainly to Pi. ovallesi (22/80; 27.2%), Lu. gomezi (17/80; 21.3%) and Pi. spinicrassa (11/80; 13.8%). Leishmania species were 63.1% L. braziliensis, 18.5% L. panamensis, 13.2% L. infantum and 6.1% L. amazonensis. The most frequent feeding sources were Homo sapiens (50%), Bos taurus (13.8%) and Canis lupus familiaris (10.3%). This focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis has a high diversity of Leishmania-carrying phlebotomines that feed on domestic animals. The transmission of leishmaniasis to human hosts was mainly associated with Lu. gomezi, Pi. ovallesi and L. braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M. Sandoval-Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas para la Sostenibilidad (CIBAS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Carolina Hernández
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Aníbal A. Teherán
- Grupo de Investigación COMPLEXUS, Fundación Universitaria Juan N, Corpas, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Reinaldo Gutierrez-Marin
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales e Infecciosas (GIEPATI), Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia
| | - Ruth A. Martínez-Vega
- Grupo de Investigación Salud Comunidad-UDES, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Duvan Morales
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Richard Hoyos-Lopez
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales y Resistencia Bacteriana, Universidad del Sinú, Montería, Colombia
| | - Astrid Araque-Mogollón
- Instituto Departamental de Salud, Laboratorio Departamental de Salud, Norte de Santander, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Author for correspondence: Juan David Ramírez e-mail:
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12
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Liu Z, Shang C, Ma H, You M. An upconversion nanoparticle-based photostable FRET system for long-chain DNA sequence detection. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:235501. [PMID: 32069442 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab776d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based diagnosis method has been widely used in fast and accurate diagnosis. However, the traditional FRET-based diagnosis method is unable to detect long-chain DNA sequences, due to the limitation of the distance between the donor and acceptor, while the long-chain DNA sequence enables higher selectivity and is quite important for confirming many major diseases. Therefore, it is urgently needed to develop an efficient FRET system for long-chain DNA detection. Herein a 'head-to-tail' structure was developed using NaYF4:Yb,Er nanoparticles as the energy donor and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as the acceptor to detect long-chain oligonucleotides sequences (i.e., HIV DNA, 52 bp). We modified NaYF4:Yb,Er nanoparticles with carboxylic acid groups by using poly(acrylic acid) to enhance its hydrophilic and then covalently attached 5 'end of capture oligonucleotides strand to the surface of the particles. In the presence of target HIV DNA, gold nanoparticles with reported DNA were brought close to NaYF4:Yb,Er nanoparticles upon 'head-to-tail' sandwich hybridization with target HIV DNA, resulting in an efficient FRET. Moreover, benefited from both photostable nanoparticles of UCNPs and AuNPs, the photobleaching issue has also been settled down. This developed method possesses high selectivity, high sensitivity, and reached a nanomolar limitation level. To our knowledge, it is the first time to report a 'head-to-tail' structure FRET system for detecting long-chain DNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China. The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China. Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, People's Republic of China
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13
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Santos TVD, Silveira FT. Increasing putative vector importance of Trichophoromyia phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e190284. [PMID: 32049097 PMCID: PMC7012582 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite some phlebotomines being well recognised as vectors of leishmaniasis agents, vector importance of those belonging to the genus Trichophoromyia has not been extensively studied. The present study provides evidence regarding the putative vector role played by some species of Trichophoromyia on leishmanine enzootics, based on literature reports and findings obtained from field experiments conducted in the ecotopes of Pará State, Brazil. The species Th. ubiquitalis, Th. velascoi, Th. auraensis, Th. ininii and Th. brachipyga possess minimal criteria to be included in the list of suspected leishmanine vectors. However, knowledge on man-biting behavior, substantiation of vector competence and determination of epidemiological implications are limited for all of the above mentioned species. Published studies together with present data draw attention to prioritize these phlebotomine species in entomological surveillance programs and studies on experimental susceptibility to Leishmania spp. infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Vasconcelos Dos Santos
- Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Seção de Parasitologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | - Fernando Tobias Silveira
- Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Seção de Parasitologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Pará, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Belém, PA, Brasil
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14
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Ortiz DG, Borges DA, Trinca LA, Galati EA, Gordon U, Geier M, Pinto MC. Comparison of BG-Lure and BG-Sweetscents attractants for field sampling of phlebotomine sand flies. Acta Trop 2020; 202:105224. [PMID: 31629825 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phlebotomines are important vectors of bacteria, viruses and protozoan parasites. Protozoans of the genus Leishmania which cause visceral and cutaneous leishmaniases, are among the most important etiologic agents transmitted by sand flies. Different blends of human and animal volatiles have been evaluated for use in surveillance and/or control of hematophagous insects. With regard to phlebotomine sand flies there are few records of attraction under laboratory and field conditions. This study was carried out at two collecting sites located in a Brazilian town with a high prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of adding two kinds of commercial bait which mimic human odors to light traps to attract sand flies and compare the results with those of light traps without any additional bait. The commercial baits, BG-Lure® and BG-Sweetscent®, were developed to catch anthropophilic mosquitoes. Three treatments were evaluated: 1 - HP light trap with BG-Lure® added; 2 - HP light trap with BG-Sweetscent® added and 3- HP light trap without any attractant. A total of 3,682 sand flies were collected during the study. Constrained correspondence analysis was applied to perform ordination of the captured community of sand fly species that could be explained by attractant, sampling site and sex. The most abundant species: Pintomyia nevesi, Nyssomyia whitmani and Nyssomyia antunesi were further investigated by fitting generalized linear mixed models. Only Ny. whitmani showed a slight indication of an increase in catches with BG-Lure®.
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15
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Rigg CA, Calzada JE, Saldaña A, Perea M, Chaves LF, Valderrama A. Leishmania spp. Infection Rate and Feeding Patterns of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from a Hyperendemic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Community in Panamá. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:798-807. [PMID: 30793681 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a common and important vector-borne parasitic zoonosis in Panamá. Here, we study Leishmania spp. infection rates and blood-feeding patterns among common sand flies in Trinidad de Las Minas, a rural community with hyperendemic ACL transmission, and where a deltamethrin fogging trial was performed. Sand flies were collected from April 2010 to June 2011 with light traps installed inside and in the peridomicile of 24 houses. We restricted our analysis to the most abundant species at the study site: Lutzomyia trapidoi, Lutzomyia gomezi, Lutzomyia panamensis, Lutzomyia triramula, and Lutzomyia dysponeta. We detected Leishmania spp. infection in sand flies by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS-1) in pooled females (1-10 females per pool). Host species of engorged sand flies were identified using a cytochrome b PCR. From 455 sand fly pools analyzed, 255 pools were positive for Leishmania spp., with an estimated infection rate (confidence interval) of 0.096 [0.080-0.115] before the deltamethrin fogging which slightly, but not significantly (P > 0.05), increased to 0.116 [0.098-0.136] after the deltamethrin fogging. Blood meal analysis suggested that pigs, goats, and birds were the most common sand fly blood sources, followed by humans and domestic dogs. DNA sequencing from a subsample of ITS-1 positive pools suggests that Leishmania panamensis, Leishmania naiffi, and other Leishmania spp. were the parasite species infecting the most common vectors at the study site. Our data confirm an association between sand fly species, humans, domestic dogs, and pigs and Leishmania spp. parasites in rural Panamá.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chystrie A Rigg
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá.,Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - José E Calzada
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Milixa Perea
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Luis F Chaves
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.,Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos, Costa Rica
| | - Anayansi Valderrama
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá.,Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
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16
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Sánchez Uzcátegui YDV, Vasconcelos Dos Santos T, Silveira FT, Ramos PKS, Dos Santos EJM, Póvoa MM. Phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae) from a Urban Park of Belém, Pará State, Northern Brazil and Potential Implications in the Transmission of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:281-288. [PMID: 31550368 PMCID: PMC6951032 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In urban ecotourism parks, the life cycle of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) agents can remain established, where phlebotomines may comprise potential risks for visitors. The present study aimed to survey the phlebotomine fauna of a forest park 'Bosque Rodriques Alves-Jardim Botânico da Amazônia' (BRAJBA), in the urban area of Belém, Brazil. The park was monthly surveyed in 2018 using CDC light traps placed in ground and canopy strata. Leishmania spp. isolated from dissected females were characterized by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Fluctuations in specimen capture were correlated with rainfall. Nyssomyia antunesi (Coutinho, 1939) was predominant for all surveyed ecotopes and capture methods in both areas. Females of Ny. antunesi resting on tree bases were observed attempting to bite researchers during early morning. One Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (Mangabeira, 1942) and one Trichophoromyia brachipyga (Mangabeira, 1942) were found naturally infected by flagellates. Only the strain from Th. brachipyga was isolated and characterized as Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni Silveira, Shaw, Braga and Ishikawa, 1987. Monthly fluctuations of the three most abundant species, Ny. antunesi, Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis (Mangabeira, 1942) and Th. brachypiga, had statistically significant negative correlations with rainfall. The present study provided further information to better understand ACL ecology in the Belém urban area, where the urban parks surveyed appeared to offer potential risk of contracting the disease, thus requiring environmental management. These observations highlighted the need for including Ny. antunesi, Bi. flaviscutellata, Th. ubiquitalis, and Th. brachypiga in the priority list for continuous entomological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetsenia D V Sánchez Uzcátegui
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará State, Brazil
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
- Departamento de Biología, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | | | - Fernando T Silveira
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Patricia K S Ramos
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Eduardo José M Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Marinete M Póvoa
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará State, Brazil
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
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17
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Resadore F, Júnior AMP, de Paulo PFM, Gil LHS, Rodrigues MMDS, Araújo MDS, Julião GR, Medeiros JF. Composition and Vertical Stratification of Phlebotomine Sand Fly Fauna and the Molecular Detection of Leishmania in Forested Areas in Rondônia State Municipalities, Western Amazon, Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:347-357. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Resadore
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Antônio Marques Pereira Júnior
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental - INCT/EpiAmo, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Herman Soares Gil
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Instituto de Pesquisas e Patologias Tropicais de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | - Maísa da Silva Araújo
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Genimar Rebouças Julião
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental - INCT/EpiAmo, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Jansen Fernandes Medeiros
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental - INCT/EpiAmo, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
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18
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Vasconcelos dos Santos T, Santos Neto NF, Sánchez Uzcátegui YDV, Galardo AKR. Trichophoromyia iorlandobaratai (Diptera: Psychodidae), a new phlebotomine species from the Brazilian Amazonia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:416-420. [PMID: 30398657 PMCID: PMC6389320 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trichophoromyia iorlandobaratai sp. n. Vasconcelos dos Santos, Santos Neto, Sánchez Uzcátegui & Galardo is described and illustrated on the basis of male specimens collected in the municipality of Itaituba, Pará State, Brazilian Amazonia. This species can be differentiated from other morphologically similar species within Trichophoromyia by means of the male characters such as the ratio between the aedeagal ducts/sperm pump, shape and distribution of setae in the gonocoxite, and particularly the distinct shape of paramere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noel Fernandes Santos Neto
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto de Pesquisas Cientificas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá State, Brazil
| | - Yetsenia del Valle Sánchez Uzcátegui
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
- Departamento de Biología, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Allan Kardec Ribeiro Galardo
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto de Pesquisas Cientificas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá State, Brazil
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19
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Quiroga C, Cevallos V, Morales D, Baldeon ME, Cardenas P, Rojas-Silva P, Ponce P. Response to Hashiguchi and Gomez (2018). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:775-776. [PMID: 29659919 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Quiroga
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Centro Nacional de Referencia e Investigación en Vectores, Quito, Ecuador
- Universidad de Las Américas, Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Varsovia Cevallos
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Centro Nacional de Referencia e Investigación en Vectores, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Diego Morales
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Centro Nacional de Referencia e Investigación en Vectores, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Manuel E Baldeon
- Universidad de Las Américas, Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Quito, Ecuador
- Universidad Tecnologica Equinoccial, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paul Cardenas
- Universidad de Las Américas, Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Quito, Ecuador
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Instituto de Microbiología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricio Rojas-Silva
- Universidad de Las Américas, Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Quito, Ecuador
- Universidad Tecnologica Equinoccial, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricio Ponce
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Centro Nacional de Referencia e Investigación en Vectores, Quito, Ecuador
- Universidad Central del Ecuador, Instituto de Biomedicina, Facultad de Biología, Quito, Ecuador
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Del Valle-Mendoza J, Rojas-Jaimes J, Vásquez-Achaya F, Aguilar-Luis MA, Correa-Nuñez G, Silva-Caso W, Lescano AG, Song X, Liu Q, Li D. Molecular identification of Bartonella bacilliformis in ticks collected from two species of wild mammals in Madre de Dios: Peru. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:405. [PMID: 29941013 PMCID: PMC6019227 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the presence of Bartonella bacilliformis in ticks collected from two wild mammals in Madre de Dios, Peru. Results A total of 110 ticks were collected. Among the 43 Amblyomma spp. extracted from the 3 Tapirus terrestris only 3 were positive for B. bacilliformis. In addition, 12 out of the 67 Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus obtained from the 3 Pecari tajacu were positive for B. bacilliformis. For the first time B. bacilliformis have been detected in arthropods other than Lutzomyia spp. Further studies are required to elucidate the possible role of ticks in the spread of South American Bartonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Del Valle-Mendoza
- School of Medicine, Research and Innovation Centre of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru. .,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru.
| | - Jesús Rojas-Jaimes
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Celular, Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Fernando Vásquez-Achaya
- School of Medicine, Research and Innovation Centre of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Miguel Angel Aguilar-Luis
- School of Medicine, Research and Innovation Centre of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru.,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru.,Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Lima, Peru
| | - Germán Correa-Nuñez
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional Amazónica de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado, Peru
| | - Wilmer Silva-Caso
- School of Medicine, Research and Innovation Centre of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Andrés G Lescano
- Emerge, Emerging Diseases and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Xiuping Song
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), P.O. Box5, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), P.O. Box5, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), P.O. Box5, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
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de Ávila MM, Brilhante AF, de Souza CF, Bevilacqua PD, Galati EAB, Brazil RP. Ecology, feeding and natural infection by Leishmania spp. of phlebotomine sand flies in an area of high incidence of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:64. [PMID: 29373995 PMCID: PMC5787322 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2641-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are insects of medical importance due to their involvement in the zoonotic transmission of Leishmania spp. to vertebrates. The aim of this work was to study the ecology of the sand fly fauna of two types of environments, a rural environment (the Transacreana Road) and an urban park (Horto Florestal Park), both located in the municipality of Rio Branco in the state of Acre, Brazil. Additionally, this study intended to investigate Leishmania infection and blood meal sources of these sand flies using molecular techniques. METHODS The sand fly fauna was studied in different environments (i.e. forest and peridomestic environments in a rural area, and an urban forest) using Shannon traps and HP light traps to collect sand fly specimens over 13 consecutive months (December 2014 to January 2016). For investigating natural infection by Leishmania and the source of sand fly blood meals, DNA samples were extracted from female sand flies and subjected to polymerase chain reaction targeting ITS1 and cytb genes. DNA sequencing was subsequently used to identify species of Leishmania and the source of blood meals. RESULTS A total of 2515 individual sand flies of 43 species were collected and identified, Trichophoromyia auraensis (839; 33.35%), Trichophoromyia spp. (537; 21.35%) and Evandromyia saulensis (187; 7.43%) were more abundant in the rural area (S = 41 species) than in the urban forest. No significant differences were found in species richness between forest and peridomestic environments in the rural area (H = 0.04; P > 0.05), but a larger number of species was found in the forest. Leishmania DNA was sequenced in 13 samples, confirming the presence of L. (V.) braziliensis in Th. auraensis (n = 1), Ev. saulensis (n = 2), Ev. walkeri (n = 1), Ps. llanosmartinsi (n = 1), Pi. nevesi (n = 2), Ps. davisi (n = 1), Ps. ayrozai (n = 1), Pa. aragaoi (n = 1), Ny. antunesi (n = 1) and Ev. infraspinosa (n = 1). Only Ps. ayrozai possessed a sequence similar to that of L. (V.) guyanensis (99%). Through microscopic analysis, five specimens of Ev. saulensis were found to possess flagellate forms in the hindgut, with an infection rate of 2.4%. Samples from 33 fed females were submitted to cytb gene amplification, for which sequencing determined that all were similar to the sequence deposited on GenBank for Gallus gallus (domestic chicken). CONCLUSIONS The high abundance of Trichophoromyia auraensis and Ev. saulensis, and the detection of L. (V.) braziliensis DNA, suggests that both species may be vectors of American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Psychodopygus ayrozai was found to be infected by L. (V) braziliesnsis and L. (V.) guyanensis, and although collected in low abundance, it may be a potential vector in the region. The sand fly fauna was found to be rich and diverse with predominance of the genus Psychodopygus. Identification of food sources of fed females showed that 100% amplified a gene region compatible with the domestic chicken, which although considered refractory in the disease transmission cycle, may have an influence on the population dynamics of sand flies.
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22
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Posada-López L, Galvis-Ovallos F, Galati EAB. Description of Trichophoromyia velezbernali, a New Sand Fly Species (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) from Colombian Amazonia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:122-127. [PMID: 29040643 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new species of phlebotomine sand fly, Trichophoromyia velezbernali sp. n. Posada-López, Galvis & Galati, from Colombian Amazonia is described with illustrations and images of male and female adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Posada-López
- PECET (Programa de estudio y control de enfermedades tropicales), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA. Medellín, Colombia
| | - F Galvis-Ovallos
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E A B Galati
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Distribution and identification of sand flies naturally infected with Leishmania from the Southeastern Peruvian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006029. [PMID: 29107954 PMCID: PMC5673161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an important health problem in the New World affecting civilian and military populations that are frequently exposed in endemic settings. The Peruvian region of Madre de Dios located near the border with Brazil is one of the most endemic CL regions in South America with more than 4,451 reported cases between 2010 and 2015 according to the Peruvian epidemiology directorate. However, little is known regarding the diversity and distribution of sand fly vectors in this region. In this study, we aimed to characterize the sand fly fauna in this endemic setting and identify sand fly species naturally infected with Leishmania possibly involved in pathogen transmission. Methods Sand fly collections were carried out during 2014 and 2015 in the communities of Flor de Acre, Villa Primavera, Mavila and Arca Pacahuara using CDC light traps and Shannon traps. Collected specimens were identified and non-blood-fed females were selected for Leishmania infection screening using kinetoplastid DNA-PCR (kDNA-PCR) and nested Real time PCR for species identification. Results A total of 10,897 phlebotomines belonging to the genus Lutzomyia (58 species) and Brumptomyia (2 species) were collected. Our study confirmed the widespread distribution and abundance of Lutzomyia (Trichophoromyia) spp. (24%), Lu. whitmani (19.4%) and Lu. yucumensis (15.8%) in the region. Analysis of Shannon diversity index indicates variability in sand fly composition across sites with Villa Primavera presenting the highest sand fly diversity and abundance. Leishmania screening by kDNA-PCR resulted in 45 positive pools collected from Flor de Acre (34 pools), Mavila (10 pools) and Arca Pacahuara (1 pool) and included 14 species: Lu. yucumensis, Lu. aragoi, Lu. sallesi, Lu. sherlocki, Lu. shawi, Lu. walkeri, Lu nevesi, Lu. migonei, Lu. davisi, Lu. carrerai, Lu. hirsuta, Lu. (Trichophoromyia) spp., Lu. llanosmartinsi and Lu. whitmani. Lutzomyia sherlocki, Lu. walkeri and Lu. llanosmartinsi had the highest infection rates (8%, 7% and 6%, respectively). We identified Leishmania guyanensis in two Lu. whitmani pools, and L. braziliensis in two Lu. llanosmartinsi pools and one Lu. davisi pool. Conclusions Based on our collections there is high sand fly diversity in Madre de Dios, with differences in sand fly abundance and species composition across sites. We identified 14 sand fly species naturally infected with Leishmania spp., having detected natural infection with L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) braziliensis in three sand fly species. These results suggest the presence of several potential vectors that vary in their spatial and geographical distribution, which could explain the high prevalence of CL cases in this region. Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease that affects more than 2 million people worldwide. The identification of putative Leishmania vectors is an important step towards the design of better control strategies and estimating the risk of transmission in endemic areas. In this paper the authors explored the distribution of sand flies and identified potential vectors in a largely unexplored setting in the Southeastern Peruvian Amazon Basin. Three new sand fly species Lutzomyia naiffi, Lu. dereuri and Lu. flabellata are reported for Peru. In addition, they found fourteen sand fly species naturally infected with Leishmania that comprised seven new reports for Peru and one for the Americas. This information will serve as a baseline for future surveillance and intervention studies in this highly endemic area.
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Quiroga C, Cevallos V, Morales D, Baldeón ME, Cárdenas P, Rojas-Silva P, Ponce P. Molecular Identification of Leishmania spp. in Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) From Ecuador. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:1704-1711. [PMID: 28981860 PMCID: PMC5850347 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The detection and identification of natural infections in sand flies by Leishmania protozoan species in endemic areas is a key factor in assessing the risk of leishmaniasis and in designing prevention and control measures for this infectious disease. In this study, we analyzed the Leishmania DNA using nuclear ribosomal internal transcript spacer (ITS) sequences. Parasite DNA was extracted from naturally infected, blood-fed sand flies collected in nine localities considered leishmaniasis-endemic foci in Ecuador. The species of parasites identified in sand flies were Leishmania major-like, Leishmania naiffi, Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania lainsoni, and “Leishmania sp. siamensis”. Sand fly specimens of Brumptomyia leopoldoi, Mycropigomyia cayennensis, Nyssomyia yuilli yuilli, Nyssomyia trapidoi, Pressatia triacantha, Pressatia dysponeta, Psychodopygus carrerai carrerai, Psychodopygus panamensis, and Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis were found positive for Leishmania parasite. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of the disease in high-risk areas of Ecuador.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Quiroga
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Centro Nacional de Referencia e Investigación en Vectores, Quito, Ecuador (; ; ; )
- Universidad de Las Américas, Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Quito, Ecuador (; ; )
| | - Varsovia Cevallos
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Centro Nacional de Referencia e Investigación en Vectores, Quito, Ecuador (; ; ; )
| | - Diego Morales
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Centro Nacional de Referencia e Investigación en Vectores, Quito, Ecuador (; ; ; )
| | - Manuel E Baldeón
- Universidad de Las Américas, Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Quito, Ecuador (; ; )
- Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paúl Cárdenas
- Universidad de Las Américas, Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Quito, Ecuador (; ; )
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Instituto de Microbiología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricio Rojas-Silva
- Universidad de Las Américas, Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Quito, Ecuador (; ; )
- Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricio Ponce
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Centro Nacional de Referencia e Investigación en Vectores, Quito, Ecuador (; ; ; )
- Universidad Central del Ecuador, Instituto de Biomedicina, Facultad de Biología, Quito, Ecuador
- Yachay Tech University, School of Biological Sciences and Engineering. Urcuquí, Ecuador
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Teles CBG, Santos APDAD, Freitas RA, Oliveira AFJD, Ogawa GM, Rodrigues MS, Pessoa FAC, Medeiros JF, Camargo LMA. Phlebotomine sandfly (Diptera: Psychodidae) diversity and their Leishmania DNA in a hot spot of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis human cases along the Brazilian border with Peru and Bolivia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 0:0. [PMID: 27304023 PMCID: PMC4957494 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we identified the phlebotomine sandfly vectors involved in the transmission of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) in Assis Brasil, Acre, Brazil, which is located on the Brazil-Peru-Bolivia frontier. The genotyping of Leishmania in phlebotomines was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. A total of 6,850 sandflies comprising 67 species were captured by using CDC light traps in rural areas of the municipality. Three sandfly species were found in the state of Acre for the first time: Lutzomyia georgii, Lu. complexa and Lu. evangelistai. The predominant species was Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi and Lu. davisi (total 59.27%). 32 of 368 pools were positive for the presence of Leishmania DNA (16 pools corresponding to Lu. davisi, and 16 corresponding to Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi), with a minimal infection prevalence of 1.85% in Lu. davisi and 2.05% in Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi. The Leishmania species found showed maximum identity with L. (Viannia) guyanensis and L. (V.) braziliensis in both phlebotomine species. Based on these results and similar scenarios previously described along the Brazil/Peru/Bolivia tri-border, the studied area must take into consideration the possibility of Lu. davisi and Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi as probable vectors of ACL in this municipality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bioni Garcia Teles
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho RO , Brasil, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Faculdade São Lucas, Faculdade São Lucas, Porto Velho RO , Brasil, Faculdade São Lucas, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula de Azevedo Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho RO , Brasil, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Rui Alves Freitas
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus AM , Brasil, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Arley Faria José de Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus AM , Brasil, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Guilherme Maerschner Ogawa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Monte Negro RO , Brasil, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Monte Negro, RO, Brasil
| | - Moreno Souza Rodrigues
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho RO , Brasil, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Felipe Arley Costa Pessoa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus AM , Brasil, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Jansen Fernandes Medeiros
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho RO , Brasil, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Luís Marcelo Aranha Camargo
- Faculdade São Lucas, Faculdade São Lucas, Porto Velho RO , Brasil, Faculdade São Lucas, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Monte Negro RO , Brasil, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Monte Negro, RO, Brasil
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Teles CBG, Pessoa FAC, Medeiros JF, Camargo LMA. Trichophoromyia auraensis is a putative vector. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:517-519. [PMID: 28591315 PMCID: PMC5452491 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The sandfly Trichophoromyia auraensis has recently evolved as a proven vector of Leishmania (Viannia) endemic to state of Acre in the north of Brazil. This note is intended to propose a correction in the report of the first occurrence of natural infection of Leishmania (Viannia) in this species. We and the other scientific groups reinforced that Tr. auraensis is a possible vector involved in the transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Acre, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bioni Garcia Teles
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Faculdade São Lucas, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | | | - Jansen Fernandes Medeiros
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Luís Marcelo Aranha Camargo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Monte Negro, RO, Brasil.,Faculdade São Lucas, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
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Brilhante AF, de Ávila MM, de Souza JF, Medeiros-Sousa AR, Sábio PB, de Paula MB, Godoy RE, Melchior LAK, Nunes VLB, de Oliveira Cardoso C, Galati EAB. Attractiveness of black and white modified Shannon traps to phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in the Brazilian Amazon Basin, an area of intense transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasite 2017; 24:20. [PMID: 28593838 PMCID: PMC5467224 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Amazon region the phlebotomine fauna is considered one of the most diverse in the world. The use of Shannon traps may provide information on the anthropophily of the species and improve the traps' performance in terms of diversity and quantity of insects collected when white and black colored traps are used together. This study sought to verify the attractiveness of the traps to the phlebotomine species of the Brazilian Amazon basin using Shannon traps under these conditions. The insects were collected using two Shannon traps installed side by side, one white and the other black, in a primary forest area of the municipality of Xapuri, Acre, Brazil. Samples were collected once a month during the period August 2013 to July 2015. A sample of females was dissected to test for natural infection by flagellates. A total of 6,309 (864 males and 5,445 females) specimens (36 species) were collected. Psychodopygus carrerai carrerai (42%), Nyssomyia shawi (36%), and Psychodopygus davisi (13%), together represented 90% of the insects collected. Nyssomyia shawi and Psychodopygus davisi were more attracted by the white color. Specimens of Nyssomyia shawi, Nyssomyia whitmani, and Psychodopygus hirsutus hirsutus were found naturally infected by flagellates in the mid and hindgut. This is the first study in Acre state using and comparing both black and white Shannon traps, demonstrating the richness, diversity, and anthropophilic behavior of the phlebotomine species and identifying proven and putative vectors of the etiological agents of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vânia Lúcia Brandão Nunes
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Laboratory of Human Parasitology, Anhanguera-Uniderp University Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
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de Souza AAA, da Rocha Barata I, das Graças Soares Silva M, Lima JAN, Jennings YLL, Ishikawa EAY, Prévot G, Ginouves M, Silveira FT, Shaw J, dos Santos TV. Natural Leishmania (Viannia) infections of phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae) indicate classical and alternative transmission cycles of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Guiana Shield, Brazil. Parasite 2017; 24:13. [PMID: 28508745 PMCID: PMC5432964 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
From 1996 to 1999 multi-trapping methods (Center of Diseases Control, CDC) light traps, light-baited Shannon traps, and aspiration on tree bases) were used to study the phlebotomine fauna of the "Serra do Navio" region of the Brazilian State of Amapá, which is part of the Guiana Shield. Fifty-three species were identified among 8,685 captured individuals. The following species, associated with the transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Amazonian Brazil, were captured: Nyssomyia umbratilis (3,388), Psychodopygus squamiventris maripaensis (995), Ny. anduzei (550), Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis (400), Ny. whitmani (291), Ps. paraensis (116), and Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (50). Flagellate infections were detected in 45 flies. Of the 19 parasites isolated in vitro, 15 were Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis (13 in Ny. umbratilis, 1 in Ny. whitmani, 1 in Ny. anduzei) and three were L. (V.) naiffi (2 in Ps. s. maripaensis, 1 in Ny. anduzei). The results indicate the participation of three phlebotomine species in the transmission of L. (V.) guyanensis and two species in that of L. (V.) naiffi, and show that the same phlebotomine species is involved in the transmission of different Leishmania (Viannia) species in the Guianan/Amazon region. A review of the literature together with the results of the present study, and other published and unpublished results, indicate that eight phlebotomine species potentially participate in the transmission of Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi in Amazonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelson Alcimar Almeida de Souza
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Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde) Ananindeua zip code 67.030-000
Pará State Brazil
| | - Iorlando da Rocha Barata
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Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde) Ananindeua zip code 67.030-000
Pará State Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Soares Silva
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Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde) Ananindeua zip code 67.030-000
Pará State Brazil
| | - José Aprígio Nunes Lima
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Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde) Ananindeua zip code 67.030-000
Pará State Brazil
| | - Yara Lúcia Lins Jennings
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Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde) Ananindeua zip code 67.030-000
Pará State Brazil
| | - Edna Aoba Yassui Ishikawa
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Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará Belém zip code 66055-240
Pará State Brazil
| | - Ghislaine Prévot
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Département de Médecine, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, EA 3593, Labex CEBA, Université de Guyane zip code 97300
Cayenne French Guiana
| | - Marine Ginouves
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Département de Médecine, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, EA 3593, Labex CEBA, Université de Guyane zip code 97300
Cayenne French Guiana
| | - Fernando Tobias Silveira
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Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde) Ananindeua zip code 67.030-000
Pará State Brazil
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Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará Belém zip code 66055-240
Pará State Brazil
| | - Jeffrey Shaw
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Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo zip code 05508-000
São Paulo Brazil
| | - Thiago Vasconcelos dos Santos
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Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde) Ananindeua zip code 67.030-000
Pará State Brazil
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Araujo-Pereira TD, Pita-Pereira DD, Boité MC, Melo M, Costa-Rego TAD, Fuzari AA, Brazil RP, Britto C. First description of Leishmania (Viannia) infection in Evandromyia saulensis, Pressatia sp. and Trichophoromyia auraensis (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in a transmission area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Acre state, Amazon Basin, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:75-78. [PMID: 28076470 PMCID: PMC5225531 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the sandfly fauna to evaluate natural infection indexes are still limited in the Brazilian Amazon, a region with an increasing incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Here, by using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction directed to Leishmania kDNA and hybridisation, we were able to identify L. (Viannia) subgenus in 12 out of 173 sandflies captured in the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre state, revealing a positivity of 6.94%. By sequencing the Leishmania 234 bp-hsp70 amplified products from positive samples, infection by L. (V.) braziliensis was confirmed in five sandflies: one Evandromyia saulensis, three Trichophoromyia auraensis and one Pressatia sp. The finding of L. (Viannia) DNA in two Ev. saulensis corresponds to the first record of possible infection associated with this sandfly. Moreover, our study reveals for the first time in Brazil, Th. auraensis and Pressatia sp. infected by L. (Viannia) parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais de Araujo-Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Daniela de Pita-Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Mariana Côrtes Boité
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Myllena Melo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Taiana Amancio da Costa-Rego
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Andressa Alencastre Fuzari
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Reginaldo Peçanha Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Constança Britto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Teles CBG, Medeiros JF, Santos APDAD, Freitas LARD, Katsuragawa TH, Cantanhêde LM, Ferreira RDGM, Camarg LMA. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF AMERICAN CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN THE TRI‑BORDER AREA OF ASSIS BRASIL, ACRE STATE, BRAZIL. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:343-7. [PMID: 26422160 PMCID: PMC4616921 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000400012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Leishmaniaspecies were identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The epidemiology of patients suspected of having American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the municipality of Assis Brasil, Acre State, located in the Brazil/Peru/Bolivia triborder was also investigated. By PCR, the DNA of Leishmaniawas detected in 100% of the cases (37 samples) and a PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) of the hsp 70gene identified the species in 32 samples: Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (65.6%) , L. (V.) shawi (28.1%) , L. (V.) guyanensis (3.1%) and mixed infection L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (Leishmania) amazonensis (3.1%)This is the first report of L. (V.) shawiand L. (L.) amazonensis in Acre. The two predominant species were found in patients living in urban and rural areas. Most cases were found in males living in rural areas for at least three years and involved in rural work. This suggests, in most cases, a possible transmission of the disease from a rural/forest source, although some patients had not engaged in activities associated with permanence in forestall areas, which indicate a possible sandflies adaptation to the periurban setting.
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First Human Cases of Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni Infection and a Search for the Vector Sand Flies in Ecuador. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004728. [PMID: 27191391 PMCID: PMC4871579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An epidemiological study of leishmaniasis was performed in Amazonian areas of Ecuador since little information on the prevalent Leishmania and sand fly species responsible for the transmission is available. Of 33 clinical specimens from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), causative parasites were identified in 25 samples based on cytochrome b gene analysis. As reported previously, Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis and L. (V.) braziliensis were among the causative agents identified. In addition, L. (V.) lainsoni, for which infection is reported in Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Suriname, and French Guiana, was identified in patients with CL from geographically separate areas in the Ecuadorian Amazon, corroborating the notion that L. (V.) lainsoni is widely distributed in South America. Sand flies were surveyed around the area where a patient with L. (V.) lainsoni was suspected to have been infected. However, natural infection of sand flies by L. (V.) lainsoni was not detected. Further extensive vector searches are necessary to define the transmission cycle of L. (V.) lainsoni in Ecuador. In Ecuador, leishmaniasis is endemic in Pacific coast subtropical, Amazonian, and Andean highland areas. Seven Leishmania species, Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana, L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (L.) major-like, Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis, L. (V.) panamensis, L. (V.) braziliensis, and L. (V.) naiffi, are reported to be associated with human cutaneous (CL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniases (MCL). Causative parasites have been studied extensively in Pacific coast and Andean areas; however, information such as prevalent Leishmania species and their vector sand fly species is very sparse in Amazonian areas. Giemsa-stained smears taken from patients’ skin ulcers and used for routine diagnosis of CL and Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) card-spotted samples were utilized as DNA sources, and causative parasites were identified on the basis of cytochrome b gene analysis. Causative parasites in 25 samples were successfully identified, and, in addition to previously reported species, L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) lainsoni was identified from two patients living in different areas situated more than 200 km apart. Sand flies were examined in areas where one of the L. (V.) lainsoni infected patient was suspected to have been infected. Although 1,104 female sand flies were dissected and examined for species identification and detection of natural infection with flagellates in the gut, human-infective Leishmania species including L. (V.) lainsoni were not detected. Further extensive investigation of sand fly fauna is necessary to incriminate the vector of this parasite in Ecuador.
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Ogawa GM, Pereira Júnior AM, Resadore F, Ferreira RDGM, Medeiros JF, Camargo LMA. Sandfly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) from caves in the state of Rondônia, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 25:61-8. [PMID: 27007243 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study had the aim of ascertaining the sandfly fauna and possible presence of Leishmania in these insects, collected in caves in the state of Rondônia, Brazil. Collections were conducted in eight caves located in two different areas of this state. Leishmania in the sandflies collected was detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This was the first study on sandflies from caves in Rondônia and, among the total of 1,236 individuals collected, 24 species and 10 genera were identified. The species Evandromyia georgii was collected for the first time in Rondônia and the most abundant species were Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis with 448 individuals (36.2%), followed by T. octavioi with 283 (22.9%) and E. georgii with 179 (14.5%). For the PCR, 17 pools were analyzed and five pools were positive (forT. auraensis in three pools and for Nyssomyia shawi and N. antunesi in one pool each). The kDNA region was amplified and the presence of Leishmania DNA was confirmed. The sandfly fauna in these caves can be considered diverse in comparison with similar studies in other regions. It may be that some species use caves as a temporary shelter and breeding site, while other species live exclusively in this environment. The detection of Leishmania DNA indicates that this pathogen is circulating in cave environments and that further studies are needed in order to ascertain the risks of infection by leishmaniasis in these locations with high touristic potential.
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Ballart C, Vidal G, Picado A, Cortez MR, Torrico F, Torrico MC, Godoy RE, Lozano D, Gállego M. Intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary captures of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the leishmaniasis endemic area of Chapare province, tropic of Cochabamba, Bolivia. Acta Trop 2016; 154:121-4. [PMID: 26608724 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In South America, cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most frequent clinical form of leishmaniasis. Bolivia is one of the countries with higher incidence, with 33 cases per 100,000 individuals, and the disease is endemic in 70% of the territory. In the last decade, the number of cases has increased, the age range has expanded, affecting children under 5 years old, and a similar frequency between men and women is found. An entomological study with CDC light traps was conducted in three localities (Chipiriri, Santa Elena and Pedro Domingo Murillo) of the municipality of Villa Tunari, one of the main towns in the Chapare province (Department of Cochabamba, Bolivia). A total of 16 specimens belonging to 6 species of the genus Lutzomyia were captured: Lu. aragaoi, Lu. andersoni, Lu. antunesi, Lu. shawi, Lu. yuilli yuilli and Lu. auraensis. Our results showed the presence of two incriminated vectors of leishmaniasis in an urbanized area and in the intradomicile. More entomological studies are required in the Chapare province to confirm the role of vector sand flies, the intradomiciliary transmission of the disease and the presence of autochthonous cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ballart
- Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - G Vidal
- CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - A Picado
- Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M R Cortez
- CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - F Torrico
- CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón (U.M.S.S.), Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - M C Torrico
- CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón (U.M.S.S.), Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - R E Godoy
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Leishmanioses, Laboratório de Referência em Vigilância Entomológica: Taxonomia e Ecologia de Vetores das Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D Lozano
- CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón (U.M.S.S.), Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - M Gállego
- Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Laboratori de Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Kato H, Cáceres AG, Hashiguchi Y. First Evidence of a Hybrid of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis/L. (V.) peruviana DNA Detected from the Phlebotomine Sand Fly Lutzomyia tejadai in Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004336. [PMID: 26735142 PMCID: PMC4703407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural infection of sand flies by Leishmania was examined in the Department of Huanuco of Peru, where cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by a hybrid of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis/L. (V.) peruviana is endemic. A total of 2,997 female sand flies were captured by CDC light traps and Shannon traps, of which 2,931 and 66 flies were identified as Lutzomyia tejadai and Lu fischeri, respectively. Using crude DNA extracted from individual sand flies as a template, Leishmania DNA was detected from one Lu. tejadai. The parasite species was identified as a hybrid of L. (V.) braziliensis/L. (V.) peruviana on the basis of cytochrome b and mannose phosphate isomerase gene analyses. The result suggested that Lu. tejadai is responsible for the transmission of the hybrid Leishmania circulating in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Kato
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Abraham G. Cáceres
- Sección de Entomología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Daniel A. Carrión” y Departamento Académico de Microbiología Médica, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Yoshihisa Hashiguchi
- Centro de Biomedicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Prometeo, Secretaría Nacional de Educacion Superior, Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion (SENESCYT), Quito, Ecuador
- Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
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de Oliveira AFJ, Teles CBG, Medeiros JF, Camargo LMA, Pessoa FAC. Description of Trichophoromyia ruifreitasi, a new phlebotomine species (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Acre State, Brazilian Amazon. Zookeys 2015:65-73. [PMID: 26487825 PMCID: PMC4607845 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.526.6128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophoromyiaruifreitasisp. n. is described as a new species of sand fly from the genus Trichophoromyia Barretto. This description is supported with illustrations and photographs that detail the morphological characteristics of male specimens collected in the municipality of Assis Brasil, Acre State, Brazilian Amazon. This species is similar to Trichophoromyiaauraensis (Mangabeira), but the two species can be easily differentiated by the distribution of setae on their parameres, and by the presence of a dorsal lobe in the parameres of the new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arley Faria José de Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisa Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Terezina, 476, Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - Carolina Bioni Garcia Teles
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia - Fiocruz Rondônia, Rua da Beira, 7671, BR 364, Km 3,5, Bairro Lagoa, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Jansen Fernandes Medeiros
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia - Fiocruz Rondônia, Rua da Beira, 7671, BR 364, Km 3,5, Bairro Lagoa, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Luís Marcelo Aranha Camargo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas 5, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Rua Francisco Prestes, 1234, Setor II, Monte Negro, Rondônia, Brasil ; Departamento de Medicina, Faculdade São Lucas, Rua Alexandre Guimarães, 1927, Areal, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Felipe Arley Costa Pessoa
- Centro de Pesquisa Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Terezina, 476, Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
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Oré M, Sáenz E, Cabrera R, Sanchez JF, De Los Santos MB, Lucas CM, Núñez JH, Edgel KA, Sopan J, Fernández J, Carnero AM, Baldeviano GC, Arrasco JC, Graf PCF, Lescano AG. Outbreak of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Peruvian Military Personnel Undertaking Training Activities in the Amazon Basin, 2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:340-346. [PMID: 26078320 PMCID: PMC4530758 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Military personnel deployed to the Amazon Basin are at high risk for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). We responded to an outbreak among Peruvian Army personnel returning from short-term training in the Amazon, conducting active case detection, lesion sample collection, and risk factor assessment. The attack rate was 25% (76/303); the incubation period was 2-36 weeks (median = 8). Most cases had one lesion (66%), primarily ulcerative (49%), and in the legs (57%). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (59/61 = 97%) and L. (V.) guyanensis (2/61 = 3%). Being male (risk ratio [RR] = 4.01; P = 0.034), not wearing long-sleeve clothes (RR = 1.71; P = 0.005), and sleeping in open rooms (RR = 1.80; P = 0.009) were associated with CL. Sodium stibogluconate therapy had a 41% cure rate, less than previously reported in Peru (~70%; P < 0.001). After emphasizing pre-deployment education and other basic prevention measures, trainees in the following year had lower incidence (1/278 = 0.4%; P < 0.001). Basic prevention can reduce CL risk in deployed militaries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andres G. Lescano
- Inteligencia Sanitaria, Comando de Salud del Ejército, Lima, Perú; Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Militar Central, Lima, Perú; Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú; U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Perú; Dirección de Salud Lima Sur, Ministerio de Salud del Perú, Lima, Perú; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Galardo AKR, Galardo CD, Silveira GA, Ribeiro KAN, Hijjar AV, Oliveira LL, Santos TVD. Phlebotominae sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae): potential vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis agents in the area associated with the Santo Antônio Hydroelectric System in Western Amazonian Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 48:265-71. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0088-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Pereira Júnior AM, Teles CBG, de Azevedo dos Santos AP, de Souza Rodrigues M, Marialva EF, Pessoa FAC, Medeiros JF. Ecological aspects and molecular detection of Leishmania DNA Ross (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in terra firme and várzea environments in the Middle Solimões Region, Amazonas State, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:180. [PMID: 25889808 PMCID: PMC4378226 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are insects of medical importance due to the role that some species play in the transmission of leishmaniasis. This work aimed to study some ecological aspects among sand flies fauna inhabiting two different environments: the várzea (lowland Amazonian forest) and terra firme (upland Amazonian forest), both located in Tefé Municipality, Amazonas State, Braziland to detect Leishmania infection in those phlebotomine populations. Methods Sand flies were collected using HP light traps. Collection took place over the course of six months: January, February, April, August, September, and October of 2013. To detect natural infection by Leishmania, DNA samples were extracted from female sand flies and submitted to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) targeting the kDNA gene; Leishmania species were identified by PCR-RFLP targeting the hsp70 gene and genetic sequencing. Results In all, 5,716 individuals were collected, and 46 species were identified. Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis (3,330 – 58.26%) and Nyssomyia antunesi (661 – 11.26%) were the most abundant species. Species richness was greater in terra firme environments (42 species) than in the várzea environments (22 species), and forests ecotopes (43 species) were richer than peridomiciles (28 species). DNA of Leishmania was found in Th. ubiquitalis and Psychodopygus davisi, both of which inhabit the terra firme environment and sequencing analysis confirmed the presence of Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni DNA in Th. ubiquitalis in Tefé Municipality. Conclusions The high abundance of Th. ubiquitalis and Ps. davisi and detection of DNA of Leishmania sp. may indicate that both species could be putative vectors for American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) in the terra firme environment of Tefé. The sand fly fauna found in várzea is rich and diverse, exhibiting several species, nevertheless the seasonal hydric stress during part of the year that could influence the local diversity, if compared with other studies. This is the first report in Amazonas State of Th. ubiquitalis with presence of L. (V.) lainsoni DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Bioni Garcia Teles
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA) - Centro de Pesquisa Leônidas e Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula de Azevedo dos Santos
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA) - Centro de Pesquisa Leônidas e Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | | | - Eric Fabrício Marialva
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA) - Centro de Pesquisa Leônidas e Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Arley Costa Pessoa
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA) - Centro de Pesquisa Leônidas e Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | - Jansen Fernandes Medeiros
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA) - Centro de Pesquisa Leônidas e Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Entomologia - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
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Description of Trichophoromyia uniniensis, a new phlebotomine species (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) of Amazonas State, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:400. [PMID: 25168121 PMCID: PMC4156613 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A new species of phlebotomine sand flies belonging to Trichophoromyia Barretto, 1962 genus is described, based on males collected in Jaú National Park, Amazonas state, Brazil. Methods The Sand flies were mounted in Canada balsam. They were measured with a binocular Olympus CH-2 microscope with the aid of a micrometer objective and the drawings were done with the help of a camera lucida. Results This new species named Trichophoromyia uniniensis sp. nov. is closely related to Trichophoromyia omagua (Martins, Llanos & Silva, 1976). The former can be distinguished from the latter by the shape of its paramere that has the lower apical region turned up in the new species. Conclusion With the new species here described a total of 39 species belonging to the Trichophoromyia genus are now known, most of them present in the Amazon rainforest.
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Shender LA, De Los Santos M, Montgomery JM, Conrad PA, Ghersi BM, Razuri H, Lescano AG, Mazet JAK. Native rodent species are unlikely sources of infection for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis along the Transoceanic Highway in Madre de Dios, Peru. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103358. [PMID: 25062033 PMCID: PMC4111550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 2.3 million disability-adjusted life years are lost globally from leishmaniasis. In Peru's Amazon region, the department of Madre de Dios (MDD) rises above the rest of the country in terms of the annual incidence rates of human leishmaniasis. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the species most frequently responsible for the form of disease that results in tissue destruction of the nose and mouth. However, essentially nothing is known regarding the reservoirs of this vector-borne, zoonotic parasite in MDD. Wild rodents have been suspected, or proven, to be reservoirs of several Leishmania spp. in various ecosystems and countries. Additionally, people who live or work in forested terrain, especially those who are not regionally local and whose immune systems are thus naïve to the parasite, are at most risk for contracting L. (V.) braziliensis. Hence, the objective of this study was to collect tissues from wild rodents captured at several study sites along the Amazonian segment of the newly constructed Transoceanic Highway and to use molecular laboratory techniques to analyze samples for the presence of Leishmania parasites. Liver tissues were tested via polymerase chain reaction from a total of 217 rodents; bone marrow and skin biopsies (ear and tail) were also tested from a subset of these same animals. The most numerous rodent species captured and tested were Oligoryzomys microtis (40.7%), Hylaeamys perenensis (15.7%), and Proechimys spp. (12%). All samples were negative for Leishmania, implying that although incidental infections may occur, these abundant rodent species are unlikely to serve as primary reservoirs of L. (V.) braziliensis along the Transoceanic Highway in MDD. Therefore, although these rodent species may persist and even thrive in moderately altered landscapes, we did not find any evidence to suggest they pose a risk for L. (V.) braziliensis transmission to human inhabitants in this highly prevalent region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Shender
- Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Patricia A. Conrad
- Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bruno M. Ghersi
- Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Hugo Razuri
- Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Andres G. Lescano
- Parasitology Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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dos Santos TV, da Silva FMM, Barata IDR, de Andrade AJ, Galati EAB. A new species of phlebotomine, Trichophoromyia adelsonsouzai (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Brazilian Amazonia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:140-7. [PMID: 24141964 PMCID: PMC4015257 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The phlebotomine sandfly Trichophoromyia adelsonsouzai sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on the male and female morphological characteristics of specimens collected at Km 27 of the Trans-Amazonian Highway, municipality of Vitória do Xingu, state of Pará, Brazilian Amazonia. This is an area subject to the direct influence of Belo Monte hydroelectric system. With the description of this new species the number of Trichophoromyia sandflies recorded in Brazil is increased to 20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Vasconcelos dos Santos
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de
Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | - Fábio Márcio Medeiros da Silva
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de
Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | - Iorlando da Rocha Barata
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de
Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | - Andrey José de Andrade
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade
de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Tsukayama P, Núñez JH, De Los Santos M, Soberón V, Lucas CM, Matlashewski G, Llanos-Cuentas A, Ore M, Baldeviano GC, Edgel KA, Lescano AG, Graf PCF, Bacon DJ. A FRET-based real-time PCR assay to identify the main causal agents of New World tegumentary leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e1956. [PMID: 23301111 PMCID: PMC3536805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In South America, various species of Leishmania are endemic and cause New World tegumentary leishmaniasis (NWTL). The correct identification of these species is critical for adequate clinical management and surveillance activities. We developed a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and evaluated its diagnostic performance using 64 archived parasite isolates and 192 prospectively identified samples collected from individuals with suspected leishmaniasis enrolled at two reference clinics in Lima, Peru. The real-time PCR assay was able to detect a single parasite and provided unambiguous melting peaks for five Leishmania species of the Viannia subgenus that are highly prevalent in South America: L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) panamensis, L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (V.) peruviana and L. (V.) lainsoni. Using kinetoplastid DNA-based PCR as a gold standard, the real-time PCR had sensitivity and specificity values of 92% and 77%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of conventional tests such as microscopy, culture and the leishmanin skin test (LST). In addition, the real-time PCR identified 147 different clinical samples at the species level, providing an overall agreement of 100% when compared to multilocus sequence typing (MLST) data performed on a subset of these samples. Furthermore, the real-time PCR was three times faster and five times less expensive when compared to PCR - MLST for species identification from clinical specimens. In summary, this new assay represents a cost-effective and reliable alternative for the identification of the main species causing NWTL in South America. Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease with more than two million new human infections annually worldwide. Tegumentary leishmaniasis, cutaneous and mucocutaneous, is mainly caused by five Leishmania species of the Viannia complex in South America. Different species can cause disease with similar symptoms but have dissimilar prognoses and may need different therapeutic regimens. Identification of Leishmania species traditionally relies on the multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) assay, but it can only be applied to culture-positive samples and takes at least six weeks of intense laboratory work. A reliable and rapid assay for species identification can be a valuable tool. Molecular assays are the fastest and most accurate way to identify the etiological agents causing leishmaniasis. This paper describes a novel real-time PCR assay for identification of the five main species that cause tegumentary leishmaniasis in the New World. The assay correctly identified each of these five species of Leishmania directly from clinical samples. Because of its reliability, speed and simplicity, this assay could be used for species identification in routine laboratory diagnosis of leishmaniasis in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Tsukayama
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Jorge H. Núñez
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Maxy De Los Santos
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Valeria Soberón
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Carmen M. Lucas
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Greg Matlashewski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Leishmaniasis Working Group, Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘Alexander von Humboldt’, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Kimberly A. Edgel
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Andres G. Lescano
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul C. F. Graf
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory Department, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - David J. Bacon
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., United States of America
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