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Thimmanahalli Sobagaiah R, Kumari N, Bharathi Gattam D, Khazi MS. Nationwide surveys of awareness of tuberculosis in India uncover a gender gap in tuberculosis awareness. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2024; 4:168. [PMID: 39179925 PMCID: PMC11343850 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis remains a major challenge in India, with an estimated 2.69 million cases each year. Although men are more affected than women, gender differences and related factors affect awareness of tuberculosis and thus impact tuberculosis diagnosis and access to treatment. Understanding the gender-specific needs and complexities when diagnosing and treating tuberculosis is essential to manage cases in India. METHODS We undertook a comparative study using data from three National Family and Health Surveys (NFHS), specifically NFHS-3, NFHS-4 and NFHS-5. We investigated the prevalence and gender disparity in awareness about tuberculosis, and associated factors, using regression analysis. RESULTS Most men and women surveyed are between the ages of 15 and 19. Across the surveys, the proportion of men and women who are unaware of spreading of tuberculosis decreases from 44.9% during NFHS 3 to 29.6% during NFHS 5. However, the prevalence ratio of men to women with no knowledge about modes of transmission of Tuberculosis increases from 0.92 during NFHS 3 to 0.98 during NFHS 5. Higher odds with younger age (NFHS 5, aOR: 1.07 (1.01-1.13)) and rural residency (NFHS 5, aOR: 1.12 (1.06-1.18)), and lower odds with unmarried marital status (NFHS 5, aOR: 0.92 (0.86-0.98)) are noteworthy associations. Women and men have differences in knowledge. CONCLUSIONS Gender disparity associated with awareness about tuberculosis in India is observed across all three nationwide surveys. Being aged fifteen to nineteen years and residing in rural area are risk factors. Being unmarried is a protective factor for women, but not for men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nitu Kumari
- World College of Medical Sciences and Research, Jhajjar, India
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Mohammed EA, Alotaibi HA, Alnemari JF, Althobiti MS, Alotaibi SS, Ewis AA, El-Sheikh AAK, Abdelwahab SF. Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice towards Tuberculosis among Taif University Students. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2807. [PMID: 37893881 PMCID: PMC10606274 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11202807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health concern worldwide. Given the dense living and interactive nature of university environments, students may be at higher risk. This cross-sectional study assessed tuberculosis-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among students at Taif University (TU) from November 2022 to May 2023. Using a self-administered online questionnaire with 40 items, 1155 students participated. Key demographics: 68.2% females, 96.9% Saudi citizens, 94.5% unmarried, and 87.5% non-smokers. Of the respondents, 26.5% had no knowledge of TB. The TB-related KAP scores among the aware students were 64.9%, 74.8%, and 81%, respectively. Medical college students exhibited significantly higher TB-related knowledge and attitudes than their non-medical peers (p < 0.001). The findings indicate a commendable level of TB-awareness among TU students, but there remains a substantial uninformed segment. Campaigns to enhance TB knowledge among TU students are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilaf A. Mohammed
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.M.); (H.A.A.); (J.F.A.); (M.S.A.); (S.S.A.)
| | - Huriyyah A. Alotaibi
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.M.); (H.A.A.); (J.F.A.); (M.S.A.); (S.S.A.)
| | - Joud F. Alnemari
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.M.); (H.A.A.); (J.F.A.); (M.S.A.); (S.S.A.)
| | - Meznah S. Althobiti
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.M.); (H.A.A.); (J.F.A.); (M.S.A.); (S.S.A.)
| | - Shumukh S. Alotaibi
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.M.); (H.A.A.); (J.F.A.); (M.S.A.); (S.S.A.)
| | - Ashraf A. Ewis
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21912, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Azza A. K. El-Sheikh
- Basic Health Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sayed F. Abdelwahab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Nadon H, Dmello MK, Shetty S. Factors determining family and social support among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya: a cross-sectional study. J Public Health (Oxf) 2023; 45:e542-e550. [PMID: 37183006 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Family support plays a vital role in the outcome of individuals with tuberculosis (TB). OBJECTIVES To determine the family and social support among individuals with pulmonary TB during treatment. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 237 pulmonary TB patients currently in the continuous phase of treatment. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the association and predictors for family and social support. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The mean age of the respondents was 31.97 ± 12.51 years, and a majority (58.2%) of the respondents with TB disease were 18 to 38 years old, and 59.9% were males. Around 49.7% of the pulmonary TB patients received a high level of family support, whereas 73% received a high level of social support. The determinants like age, average monthly income, the educational level of the head of the family and the occupational level of both the patients and the head of the family are associated with family support. CONCLUSION This study recommends a coordinated strategy to treat TB that involves not only professional services but also the vital social support network of family and community that is required throughout therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Nadon
- Department of Public Health, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, India
- Clinical Trial Coordinator, Department of Surgical Oncology, North Eastern Indragandhi Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Shillong 793018, India
| | - Mackwin K Dmello
- Department of Public Health, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Shraddha Shetty
- Department of Biostatistics, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, India
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Ndi NN, Lukong HS, Samje M. Prevalence, knowledge and practices towards tuberculosis prevention in the Bamenda III sub-division, Cameroon. Indian J Tuberc 2023; 70:339-344. [PMID: 37562910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in developing countries. WHO estimates the prevalence in Cameroon at 17.7% (179/100,000). OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of TB and assess the level of knowledge and practices towards TB prevention among residents of the Bamenda III sub-division of North West Cameroon. METHODS A retrospective study design was used to generate data on the prevalence of TB from 2016 to 2020 while a descriptive cross-sectional study design was used to generate information on the level of knowledge and practices towards TB prevention. RESULTS Out of 4950 presumptive cases of TB (all forms), 469 (9.5%) were placed on TB treatment. The highest prevalence was in 2016 (2.9%) and the lowest in 2019 (1.8%). The majority (65.3%, n = 186) of respondents had adequate knowledge of TB while 143 (57.1%) demonstrated adequate practices in TB prevention. There was a positive correlation between knowledge and practice towards TB prevention (ɼ2 = 29.47, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION The prevalence of TB (2016-2020) was 9.5%. About one-third of respondents had inadequate knowledge and practices in TB prevention. Sensitization and intensified case finding in favor of TB in this community is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndukong Nsanwe Ndi
- Regional Technical Group for TB Control, North West Regional Delegation of Public Health, PO Box 452, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Hubert Shalanyuy Lukong
- Institut Superieur des Sciences Appliquees a La Sante, Institut Universitaire de La Pointe, PO Box 1362, Bafoussam, West Region, Cameroon
| | - Moses Samje
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bamenda, PO Box 39, Bambili, North West Region, Cameroon.
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Kaaffah S, Kusuma IY, Renaldi FS, Lestari YE, Pratiwi ADE, Bahar MA. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Tuberculosis in Indonesia: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:1787-1800. [PMID: 37013169 PMCID: PMC10066633 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s404171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is still a persistent health challenge in Indonesia and ranks high on the list of factors causing morbidity and mortality. Improving knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAP) of the general community about TB can help to control the disease. Purpose This study aimed to examine the KAP about TB in Indonesian society and investigate their sociodemographic determinants. Participants and Methods An online cross-sectional survey in 34 provinces in Indonesia was carried out in June 2022. The scores of KAP were classified as low, moderate, and high. Bivariate and multivariate ordinal logistic regression were applied to identify the potential sociodemographic determinants of KAP. Adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each determinant were provided. Results Among the 3205 participants, 56.4%, 91%, and 38% had high scores on knowledge, attitude, and perception, respectively. Independent determinants of high knowledge were age (26-35 years; adjusted odds ratio: 1.53 [95% CI: 1.19-1.97]), marital status (married; adjusted odds ratio: 1.18 [95% CI: 1.00-1.39]), and salary (middle income; adjusted odds ratio: 0.76 [95% CI: 0.63-0.93]). Independent factors associated with high scores in attitude and perception were the residence location (village; adjusted odds ratio: 0.76 [95% CI: 0.59-0.98]) and the occupation type (civil servant; adjusted odds ratio: 1.53 [95% CI: 1.09-2.13]), respectively. Conclusion Most Indonesians have a high knowledge and good attitude, although they have a moderate perception toward TB. Improving public awareness and health education with the right strategies is critical to reducing the country's TB burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silma Kaaffah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Universitas Harapan Bangsa, Purwokerto, Indonesia
| | - Ikhwan Yuda Kusuma
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Universitas Harapan Bangsa, Purwokerto, Indonesia
- Departement of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Yovita Endah Lestari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Malahayati, Lampung, Indonesia
| | | | - Muh Akbar Bahar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
- Correspondence: Muh Akbar Bahar, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia, Tel +62 819-4422-8642, Fax +62 411 590663, Email
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Sociodemographic correlates of knowledge about high sodium-related diseases among adults in Malaysia. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:620-628. [PMID: 35173284 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-00858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of high sodium-related diseases is increasing across the globe. Knowledge plays an important role in disease prevention. The objective of the present study was to examine sociodemographic factors associated with knowledge of high sodium-related diseases. The Malaysian Community Salt Survey (MyCoSS) was used in the present study for secondary analyses. It is a nationwide cross-sectional survey that was conducted in Malaysia. A non-parametric test to evaluate trends and a negative binomial regression were utilised to assess knowledge of high sodium-related diseases. Income, educational level, gender, ethnicity, house locality and hypertension were found to be significantly associated with knowledge of high sodium-related diseases. In particular, higher income earners, well-educated people, women, Malays, urban dwellers and hypertensive adults were more likely to have acquired a lot of knowledge of high sodium-related diseases compared to that acquired by lower income earners, less-educated people, men, individuals of other ethnic groups, rural dwellers and nonhypertensive adults. In conclusion, sociodemographic factors and hypertension play an important role in knowledge acquired about high sodium-related diseases. The findings of the present study could inform a future policy directed towards increasing knowledge about high sodium-related diseases among the population in Malaysia.
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Valencia-Aguirre S, Arroyave I, García-Basteiro AL. Educational level and tuberculosis mortality in Colombia: growing inequalities and stagnation in reduction. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2022; 38:e00031721. [PMID: 35107505 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00031721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to describe the role of educational inequalities, for sex and age groups, in adult tuberculosis (TB) mortality in Colombia, 1999-2017. We linked mortality data to data estimation of the national population based on censuses and surveys to obtain primary, secondary, and tertiary adult (25+ years of age) age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) by educational level. Thus, a population-based study was conducted using national secondary mortality data between 1999 and 2017. Tuberculosis age-standardized mortality rates were calculated separately by educational level, sex, and age groups, using Poisson regression models. Educational relative inequalities in adult mortality were evaluated by calculating the rate ratio, and the relative index of inequality (RII). Trends and joinpoints were evaluated by annual percentage change (APC). We found that, out of the 19,720 TB deaths reported, 69% occurred in men, and 45% in older adults (men and women, aged 65+). Men presented higher TB mortality rates than women (ASMR men = 7.1/100,000 inhabitants, ASMR women = 2.7/100,000 inhabitants). As mortality was consistently higher in the lowest educational level for both sexes and all age groups, inequalities in TB mortality were found to be high (RII = 9.7 and 13.4 among men and women, respectively) and growing at an annual rate of 8% and 1%. High and increasing inequalities, regarding educational level, in TB mortality in Colombia suggest the need to comprehensively address strategies for reducing TB by considering social determinants and including health education strategies throughout the country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Arroyave
- Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alberto L García-Basteiro
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Moçambique.,Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
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Ara SJF, Ahmed S, Saleh AA, Molla MMA, Chowdhury S, Anwar S. Endometrial Cytokine Expression from Clinically Suspected Genital Tuberculosis Patients at Tertiary Care Hospitals in Dhaka. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2022; 27:100301. [PMID: 35198736 PMCID: PMC8841884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2022.100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to measure gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression in endometrial tissue and/or aspirate from suspected genital tuberculosis patients with ectopic pregnancy and infertility in Bangladesh. Methodology A total 78 women of clinically suspected genital tuberculosis patients were enrolled as study population. These patients underwent manual vaccum aspiration (MVA) procedure, and endometrial tissues and/or aspirates were collected. Ziehl -Neelsen staining (Z-N staining) and Lowen–Stein Jensen (L-J) culture were done to detect Mycobacterium. The study participants were categorized as genital tuberculosis positive cases, genital tuberculosis negative cases and presumptive for tuberculosis cases based on the case definition used in this study. TNF-α and IFN-γ were measured by ELISA. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS (version-22). Results Out of 78 participants, pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α were significantly increased in TB positive patients than TB negative patients (p < 0.05). IFN-γ value of TB positive patients (41.26 ± 41.05) was higher than TB negative (22.94 ± 44.51) patients. TNF-α value (44.31 ± 64.22) of TB positive patients was higher than TB negative (15.86 ± 41.45) patients. IFN-γ and TNF-α value of presumptive for tuberculosis cases were not statistically significant. According to ROC analysis, cut off value for IFN-γ was 23.5 and for TNF-α was 10 with highest sensitivity and specificity of 66.7%, 89.3%, and 66.7% and 73.1% respectively. Conclusion IFN-γ and TNF-α were significantly higher in TB positive patients and it may act as a potential biomarker for diagnosis of genital tuberculosis.
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Chung S, Seon JY, Lee SH, Kim HY, Lee YW, Bae K, Oh IH. The Relationship Between Socio-Demographic Factors and Tuberculosis Mortality in the Republic of Korea During 2008-2017. Front Public Health 2021; 9:691006. [PMID: 34746074 PMCID: PMC8564039 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.691006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Republic of Korea has a high incidence of tuberculosis (TB) and TB-specific mortality rate. In 2019, it had the second highest TB-specific mortality among Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Understanding the factors associated with TB-specific deaths may help eradicate the disease. Therefore, we aimed to identify the general characteristics associated with TB-specific mortality among Koreans. Using Causes of Death Statistics data from Statistics Korea, we assessed the year of death, sex, age, occupation, area of residence, marital status, and education level reported between 2008 and 2017. Patient characteristics associated with TB-specific deaths were analyzed using the Chi-squared test, while influencing factors of TB-specific mortality were analyzed using logistic regression analysis to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AOR). Female (AOR: 0.509, 95% CI: 0.493–0.526), those with a graduate degree or higher (AOR: 0.559, 95% CI: 0.474–0.660) had lower TB-specific mortality rates than those of their counterparts. Conversely, those aged ≥70 years (AOR: 1.239, 95% CI: 1.199–1.280), single (AOR: 1.355, 95% CI: 1.315–1.396), and skilled agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers (AOR: 1.441, 95% CI: 1.359–1.529) had higher TB-specific mortality rates than those of their counterparts. In conclusion, TB-specific mortality rates differed according to the characteristics of the deceased patients. In order to establish effective TB control, multisectoral action on broader determinants should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeoYeon Chung
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Yeon Seon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Heon Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Ansan, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan-Si, South Korea
| | - Hae-Young Kim
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yeo Wool Lee
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoungeun Bae
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Hwan Oh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Knowledge, Beliefs, and Perceptions of TB and Its Treatment amongst TB Patients in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910404. [PMID: 34639702 PMCID: PMC8508321 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the implementation of global plans to end tuberculosis (TB), this disease remains a major cause of ill-health and is the second leading cause of death. In 2019, globally, an estimated 10.0 million people fell ill and about 1.4 million died of TB. During the same year, South Africa was among the eight countries with the highest tuberculosis burden, contributing to two-thirds of the world’s total. Due to the high burden of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, TB in South Africa is a major public health problem. Limpopo is amongst the provinces that are hardest hit by TB and HIV in South Africa. Therefore, using a quantitative descriptive design, this study assessed the knowledge, beliefs, and perceptions of TB and TB treatment amongst TB patients in the Limpopo Province. A systematic random sampling method was used to sample 207 TB patients who agreed in writing to be part of the study. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire, however, about 3.9% of participants who could not read were assisted by the main researcher and health professional. About 33% of the participants with primary education were also assisted to clarify any questions that were not clear to them. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences® version 26.0. Validity and reliability of the instrument was ensured, and ethical considerations were observed in this study. The research findings revealed that about 93.25% respondents only came to know they had TB after diagnosis. About 75% indicated that they had visited faith healers and only 2% acknowledged that they had visited traditional healers after diagnosis. A total of 76% of the respondents stated that they strongly believed in their culture and religion. These findings highlight the need for health education efforts to strengthen accurate information to improve TB knowledge and correct misconceptions about TB among patients within the community.
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Obsa MS, Daga WB, Wosene NG, Gebremedhin TD, Edosa DC, Dedecho AT, Awoke N, Weji BG, Bekele EE. Treatment seeking delay and associated factors among tuberculosis patients attending health facility in Ethiopia from 2000 to 2020: A systematic review and meta analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253746. [PMID: 34197515 PMCID: PMC8248725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment seeking delay is defined as the time interval between the onset of the major symptoms of tuberculosis (TB) and the first visit to the formal health care facility. The patient was said to be delayed if the patient visited the health-facility after 3 weeks onset of major symptoms. However, in low-income countries like Ethiopia, the delay in treatment-seeking among tuberculosis patients contributes to a widespread transmission and high prevalence of tuberculosis. Methods Studies were retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane Database, Cinahl, Scopus, Mednar, and Google Scholar by employing a combination of search terms with Boolean operators. Heterogeneity across studies was assessed using the Cochrane Q test. A funnel plot was used for visual assessment of publication bias. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the possible causes of heterogeneity. Egger’s weighted regression test at a p-value < 0.05 was used to assess the presence of publication bias. Sensitivity analysis was performed to judge whether the pooled effect size was influenced by individual study. STATA software version 14 was used for all statistical analyses. Result A total of 12 studies with 5122 total sample size were included. The national pooled prevalence of treatment seeking delay was 44.29% (95% CI: 39.805, 48.771). The visual inspection of the funnel plot showed the asymmetrical distribution, and the Egger test showed insignificant (P = 0.348). Patients who did not seek formal health care providers on a first contact had about 7 times more likely to delay than patients who sought formal health care provider on a first contact (OR: 7.192 ((95% CI 5.587–9.257), P = 0.001, I2: 85%). The others independent predictors of delay were rural residence (OR: 3.459 ((95% CI 1.469–8.148), P ≤ 0.001), extra pulmonary TB (OR: 2.520 ((95% CI 1.761–3.605), 0.180), lower educational level (OR 11.720 ((95% CI 1.006–2.938), P <0.001), and distance more than 10km from health facility (OR: 1.631 ((95% CI (10.858–3.101), P = 0.001). Conclusion In this review, we identified a substantial treatment seeking delay among TB patients in Ethiopia. And, the independent predictors of delay were treatment sought before formal health care provider, residence of the patient, type of TB, educational level, and distance from a health facility. Thus, we recommend health extension workers, health professionals and other stakeholders to focus on patient education, and to continuously mobilize the whole communities on early treatment seeking with a special emphasis given to where treatment sought before formal health care provider, rural resident, extra pulmonary TB, and a patient living farther than 10km distance from health facility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wakgari Binu Daga
- School of Public Health, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia
| | - Naol Gorde Wosene
- School of Anesthesia, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | - Nefsu Awoke
- School of Nursing, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia
| | - Bedilu Girma Weji
- Department of Anesthesia, Saint Paul’s Hospital Mellinium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eyob Eshetu Bekele
- School of Vetirnary Medicine, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia
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12
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Ntenda PAM, Mussa R, Gowelo S, Sixpence A, Bauleni A, Simbeye A, Matengeni A, Matola E, Banda G, Stanley CC, Banda S, Nkoka O. Determinants of self-reported correct knowledge about tuberculosis transmission among men and women in Malawi: evidence from a nationwide household survey. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:132. [PMID: 33516174 PMCID: PMC7847566 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correct knowledge about transmission of tuberculosis (TB) can influence better health-seeking behaviors, and in turn, it can aid TB prevention in society. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the prevalence and predictors of self-reported correct knowledge about TB transmission among adults in Malawi. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of the data obtained from the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, 2015/16 (MDHS 2015/16). Questions regarding self-reported TB transmission were computed to evaluate the correct knowledge about TB transmission. The factors associated with the correct knowledge about Tb were assessed using univariate and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Overall, the prevalence of correct knowledge about TB transmission in the general population of Malawian adults was 61.5%. Specifically, the prevalence of correct knowledge about TB transmission was 63.6 and 60.8% in men and women, respectively. Those aged 35-44 years, having secondary or high education, belonging to the richest household, being exposed to mass media, being in professional/technical/managerial, having knowledge that "TB can be cured", and those living in urban areas were significantly associated with correct knowledge about TB transmission. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study show that if appropriate strategies for TB communication and education to address the rural masses, young individuals, poor individuals, and individuals in the agriculture sector are put it place, can enhance TB prevention in Malawi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. M. Ntenda
- Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Razak Mussa
- Centre for Reproduction Health (CRH), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Steve Gowelo
- Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Alick Sixpence
- Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Andy Bauleni
- Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Atusayi Simbeye
- Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Alfred Matengeni
- Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Ernest Matola
- Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Godfrey Banda
- Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Christopher C. Stanley
- Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Susan Banda
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine (SPHFM), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Owen Nkoka
- School of Public Health (SPH), Taipei Medical University (TMU), No. 250, Wuxing Street, Xinyi District, Taipei City, 110 Taiwan
- Institute for Health Research and Communication (IHRC), P.O Box 1958, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Alene M, Assemie MA, Yismaw L, Gedif G, Ketema DB, Gietaneh W, Chekol TD. Patient delay in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:797. [PMID: 33109110 PMCID: PMC7590610 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05524-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Delay in the diagnosis of Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major challenge against achieving effective TB prevention and control. Though a number of studies with inconsistent findings were conducted in Ethiopia; unavailability of a nationwide study determining the median time of patient delays to TB diagnosis is an important research gap. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the pooled median time of the patient delay to TB diagnosis and its determinants in Ethiopia. Methods We followed PRISMA checklist to present this study. We searched from Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases for studies. The comprehensive search for relevant studies was done by two of the authors (MA and LY) up to the 10th of October 2019. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale adapted for observational studies. Data were pooled and a random effect meta-analysis model was fitted to provide the overall median time of patient delay and its determinants in Ethiopia. Furthermore, subgroup analyses were conducted to investigate how the median time of patient delay varies across different groups of studies. Results Twenty-four studies that satisfied the eligibility criteria were included. Our meta-analysis showed that the median time of the patient delay was 24.6 (95%CI: 20.8–28.4) days. Living in rural area (OR: 2.19, 95%CI: 1.51–3.18), and poor knowledge about TB (OR: 2.85, 95%CI: 1.49–5.47) were more likely to lead to prolonged delay. Patients who consult non-formal health providers (OR: 5.08, 95%CI: 1.56–16.59) had a prolonged delay in the diagnosis of TB. Moreover, the narrative review of this study showed that age, educational level, financial burden and distance travel to reach the nearest health facility were significantly associated with a patient delay in the diagnosis of TB. Conclusions In conclusion, patients are delayed more-than three weeks in the diagnosis of TB. Lack of awareness about TB, consulting non-formal health provider, and being in the rural area had increased patient delay to TB diagnosis. Increasing public awareness about TB, particularly in rural and disadvantaged areas could help to early diagnosis of TB. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12879-020-05524-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluneh Alene
- Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Leltework Yismaw
- Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Getnet Gedif
- Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | | | - Wodaje Gietaneh
- Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Tedla K, Medhin G, Berhe G, Mulugeta A, Berhe N. Factors associated with treatment initiation delay among new adult pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235411. [PMID: 32822368 PMCID: PMC7442238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Delayed treatment initiation of Tuberculosis patients results in increased infectivity, poor treatment outcome, and increased mortality. However, there is a paucity of evidence on the delay in new adult pulmonary Tuberculosis patients to initiate treatment in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Objective To assess the factors associated with treatment initiation delay among new adult pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Methods The study design was cross-sectional. A total of 875 new adult pulmonary tuberculosis patients were recruited from 21 health facilities from October 2018 to October 2019. Health facilities were selected by simple random sampling technique and tuberculosis cases from the health facilities were consecutively enrolled. Data were collected using structured questionnaire within the first 2 weeks of treatment initiation. Delay was categorized as patient, health system and total delays. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 and logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the odds of delays to initiate treatment. A p-value of less than 0.05 was reported as statistically significant. Results The median patient, health system and total delays were 30, 18 and 62 days, respectively. Rural residence, being poor, visiting non-formal medication sources, being primary health care and the private clinic had higher odds of patient delay whereas being HIV positive had lower odds of patient delay. Illiteracy, first visit to primary health care and private clinic had higher odds of health system delay whereas a visit to health facility one time and have no patient delay had lower odds of health system delay. Conclusion The median patient delay was higher than the median health system delay before initiating treatment. Hence, improved awareness of the community and involving the informal medication sources in the tuberculosis pathways would reduce patient delay. Similarly, improved cough screening and diagnostic efficiency of the lower health facilities would shorten health system delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiros Tedla
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklillu Lema Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gebretsadik Berhe
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Afework Mulugeta
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Berhe
- Aklillu Lema Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Gelaye KA, Debalkie G, Ayele TA, Wami SD, Sisay MM, Fetene D, Wolde HF, Akalu TY. The role of mass media exposure on tuberculosis knowledge and attitude among migrant and seasonal farmworkers in Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:579. [PMID: 32758160 PMCID: PMC7405343 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, tuberculosis (TB) is the 10th leading cause of death. Despite no country achieved its target, the world health organization (WHO) proposed a 90–90-90 approach to fastening the end TB strategy. Improvement and progression of TB control need good knowledge and a favorable attitude towards the disease. However, interventions designed don’t take migrants and seasonal farmworkers into account. Therefore, this study aimed at estimating the level of knowledge and attitude on Tuberculosis among migrant and seasonal farmworkers in northwest Ethiopia. Methods Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the West Gondar zone from October to November 2018. A two-stage cluster sampling was used to select 949 migrant and seasonal farmworkers. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. A p-value of < 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. The goodness of fit was checked using Hosmer and Lemeshow test. Results In this study, (41.8%), (95% CI: 38.73, 45.01) and (50.5%), (95% CI: 47.29, 53.65) of migrants and seasonal farmworkers had good knowledge and a favorable attitude, respectively. The odds of good knowledge among mass media exposed migrants were AOR = 1.42, 95% CI: (1.02, 2.01). Moreover, urban residence and having good knowledge increase the odds of favorable attitude by 1.66, (AOR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.62) and 4.3 (AOR = 4.3, 95%CI: 3.26, 5.75), respectively. Conclusion In this study, the overall knowledge and attitude of migrant and seasonal farmworkers on TB were low. Family size and mass media exposure significantly affect knowledge of the migrants on TB. On the other hand, the attitude was affected by urban residence, health information, and having good knowledge. Health promotion interventions, focused on TB cause, mode of transmission, prevention, and treatment are important to migrant and seasonal farmworkers to improve the knowledge and attitude of migrants and seasonal farmworkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassahun Alemu Gelaye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Getu Debalkie
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Science, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Awoke Ayele
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sintayehu Daba Wami
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Malede Mequanent Sisay
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Destaw Fetene
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Haileab Fekadu Wolde
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Yihunie Akalu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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Viwattanakulvanid P, Somrongthong R, Vankwani M, Kavita FN, Kumar R. Predictors and Level of Knowledge Regarding Parkinson's Disease among Patients: A Cross-sectional Study from Thailand. Int J Prev Med 2020; 11:25. [PMID: 32175065 PMCID: PMC7050216 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_221_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that results in gradual decline of motor, autonomic, and neuropsychiatric functions of the patient. Knowledge and factors responsible for Parkinson's disease (PD) are important among patients that could positively affect their attitude and perceptions. This study was conducted to determine the factors influencing and level of the knowledge regarding Parkinson's disease in Thailand. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 125 patients admitted in King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital Bangkok, Thailand. Sociodemographic variables and clinical characteristics were collected as predictors of knowledge, treatment, and self-care for PD. A validated, piloted, pretested tool was used for data collection. Multiple linear regressions were used to find the most influencing predictor of knowledge about PD. The study was approved by the Ethical Board of Chulalongkorn University, Thailand. Results: The level of education was found to be the most significant (P = 0.005) predictor of PD knowledge. PD patients with high education had significantly higher knowledge scores than those with low education in all aspects of disease (P = 0.041), treatment (P = 0.014), and self-care (P = 0.011). PD knowledge was poor in variables such as levodopa (62%), nonmotor symptoms (54%), and stem cell transplantation (40%), respectively. Conclusion: The study results conclude that educational level is the most important predictor of knowledge about Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ratana Somrongthong
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Muskan Vankwani
- Second Year MBBS, Dow International Medical College Karachi, Pakistan
| | - F N Kavita
- Civil Hospital, Mirpurkhas, Sindh, Pakistan
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Bertolozzi MR, Takahashi RF, França FODS, Hino P. The incidence of tuberculosis and its relation to social inequalities: Integrative Review Study on PubMed Base. ESCOLA ANNA NERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2018-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Objective: to identify how the literature presents the relation between tuberculosis and social inequalities. Method: integrative review in which the combination of the descriptors “tuberculosis” and “social iniquity” guided the search for articles available in PubMed. A total of 274 articles were identified, and after reading the title and abstract, 13 studies were selected. The empirical material was analyzed according to the hermeneutics, highlighting the variables related to social inequalities, seeking to understand the main themes that embody the association between tuberculosis and social inequalities. Results: In general, the literature presents the social inequalities as factors that can interfere in the cure and/or control of the disease, such as age, income, unemployment, unskilled labor, access to health services, among others. Therefore, it does not include a deeper relationship between the organization of society and the production of the disease. Conclusion and implications for practice: A comprehensive understanding of tuberculosis disease is required, in order to expand interventions to support the control and elimination of the disease and, above all, the reduction of social inequalities. The understanding of tuberculosis as a disease enables expanding strategies to face it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paula Hino
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brasil
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18
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Rana MM, Islam MR, MoinUddin S, Wadood MA, Hossain MG. Knowledge of tuberculosis among female sex workers in Rajshahi city, Bangladesh: a cross sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:837. [PMID: 31604430 PMCID: PMC6788046 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in developing countries like Bangladesh. Female sex workers (FSWs) and their clients are active sources for spreading TB. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of TB among FSWs in Rajshahi city, Bangladesh. Methods It was a cross-sectional study with a sample size of 225 FSWs. The knowledge on TB was measured by six different questions. Chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression model were used in this study to find the associated factors of lack of general knowledge on TB among FSWs. Results Out of 225 FSWs, 43.1, 34.7 and 22.2% came from urban, rural and slum areas respectively. More than 41% FSWs perceived that TB is a non-communicable disease. A large number of FSWs (76.4%) did not know the spread of TB. It was found that more than 90% FSWs did not have knowledge on latent TB. The χ2-test demonstrated that FSWs’ education, monthly family income, age, currently marital status and sex trading place were significantly associated with their knowledge on TB. A remarkable number of FWSs (42.2%) had poor knowledge on TB. It was found that comparatively higher educated FWSs were more likely to have good or fair knowledge on TB than lower educated ones (p < 0.01). Conclusions This study revealed that near to half of FSWs in Rajshahi city, Bangladesh had poor knowledge on TB. Public health authorities should pay due attention and adopt policy for increasing the knowledge on TB among FSWs to reduce the incidence of TB in Bangladesh. Subsequently, advocacy, communication for social mobilization program is very urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Masud Rana
- Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Sheikh MoinUddin
- Faridpur TB and Leprosy Control Project, Damien Foundation, Faridpur, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Wadood
- Rajshahi University Medical Center, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Golam Hossain
- Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
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Karuniawati H, Putra ON, Wikantyasning ER. Impact of pharmacist counseling and leaflet on the adherence of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in lungs hospital in Indonesia. Indian J Tuberc 2019; 66:364-369. [PMID: 31439181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the goals of counseling in patients with chronic diseases including tuberculosis patients is to improve adherence to taking medication. By patient adherence, therapeutic results are more optimal. Additional counseling alternatives such as leaflets may be needed to make easier for patients to obtain information about their treatment. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of counseling with and without leaflets on the adherence on taking tuberculosis (TB) drugs. METHODS This study was a quantitative research conducted using a quasi-experiment method with a control group for pre-test and post-test design. Data was taken by consecutive sampling. The number of samples in this study was 75 respondents which divided into three groups: counseling, counseling with leaflets, and control that is a usual care in hospital. The inclusion criteria were patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis with age 25-55 years, who has been taking TB medicines for at least one month and can communicate well. Data was analyzed using Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis with post hoc Mann-Whitney due to abnormality of the distributed data. RESULTS Before the intervention, of 20 respondents (42.6%) out of 75 respondents were obedient to their TB medicines, whereas after the intervention the number of obedient patients was 33 respondents (70.2%). There was a significant increase in adherence between before and after two weeks of counseling intervention with a p-value of 0.029 before and after two weeks of counseling with leaflets with a p-value of 0.003. Counseling and counseling with leaflets improved patients' adherence compare to control group with p-values of 0.028 and 0.001 respectively. CONCLUSION Counseling and counseling with leaflet impact in patients' adherence to tuberculosis medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidayah Karuniawati
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Jl. A. Yani Tromol Pos 1, Pabelan, Kartasura, Surakarta, 57102, Indonesia.
| | - Okta Nama Putra
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Jl. A. Yani Tromol Pos 1, Pabelan, Kartasura, Surakarta, 57102, Indonesia
| | - Erindyah Retno Wikantyasning
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Jl. A. Yani Tromol Pos 1, Pabelan, Kartasura, Surakarta, 57102, Indonesia
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Awoke N, Dulo B, Wudneh F. Total Delay in Treatment of Tuberculosis and Associated Factors among New Pulmonary TB Patients in Selected Health Facilities of Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2017/18. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2019; 2019:2154240. [PMID: 31275370 PMCID: PMC6582841 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2154240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TB is an infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium TB complex. It is a major public health concern causing devastating illness in millions of people each year and one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide following HIV pandemic. It demands huge costs each year for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of TB. Global TB control progress depends on major advances in early diagnosis and treatment. Despite progress in providing diagnosis and preventive treatment of TB, big detection and treatment gaps remained with delayed diagnosis and treatment of TB especially in resource-limited countries. This is mainly because of factors related to the patient and health care system including sociodemographic, economic, and cultural barriers to accessing TB care. OBJECTIVE The study conducted in Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia, had the primary purpose of identifying the median delay in starting a correct TB treatment and the associated factors for such a delay in patients newly diagnosed with PTB in selected health facilities of Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2017/18. METHODS Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among new pulmonary TB patients in selected health institution of Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2017, from October, 2017, to May, 2018. All new pulmonary TB patients who fulfill the inclusion criteria during the study period were included in the study after informed consent was obtained from the participants. Data was cleaned, coded, and entered into SPSS version 20 for analysis. A frequency for variables was calculated. Chi-square was used to screen the possible potential associated factors and multivariate analysis was used to ascertain the association between variables. All statistical tests values of p<0.05 were considered as statistically significant. RESULT The median total in treatment of TB was 60 days. Among the total study participants, 50.9% of the participants have unacceptable/longer total delay in TB treatment. Being of female gender, not attending formal education, having rural residency, having poor knowledge of TB, having home distance >10Km from the nearest health facility, visiting nonformal health care provider, and taking antibiotic treatment before TB diagnosis empirically were identified as significant independently associated factors for unacceptable total treatment in TB. CONCLUSIONS There was higher median total delay in treatment of TB (60 days) and an overall prevalence of 50.9% unacceptable/longer total delay in treatment of TB. Female gender, rural residence, not attending formal education, visiting nonformal health facility as first health care seeking, having poor knowledge of TB, and having antibiotic treatment before TB diagnosis were identified as independent significant associated factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netsanet Awoke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Dilla University, P.O. Box 419/13, Ethiopia
| | - Bedado Dulo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Dilla University, P.O. Box 419/13, Ethiopia
| | - Feven Wudneh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Dilla University, P.O. Box 419/13, Ethiopia
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Mbuthia GW, Olungah CO, Ondicho TG. Knowledge and perceptions of tuberculosis among patients in a pastoralist community in Kenya: a qualitative study. Pan Afr Med J 2018; 30:287. [PMID: 30637071 PMCID: PMC6317384 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.30.287.14836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tuberculosis awareness is crucial to the success of control and prevention of tuberculosis. However, the knowledge and perceptions of tuberculosis patients in rural Kenya is not well documented. The study sought to explore the knowledge and perceptions of TB patients in West Pokot County Kenya. Methods This was a qualitative descriptive study conducted between January-March 2016. A total of 61 pulmonary tuberculosis patients took part in the study which comprised 6 focus group discussion and 15 in-depth interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Results Participants perceived TB as a serious contagious disease that is hard to diagnose and treat. They attributed tuberculosis to smoking, drinking alcohol, dust, cold air, witchcraft, trauma to the chest, contact with livestock and genetic factors. They believed that TB was transmitted through casual contact with TB patients and sharing of utensils. Conclusion The study showed a lot of misperceptions among tuberculosis patients. The tuberculosis program should heighten patient education to improve patient knowledge and put more effort to dispel misinformation about the cause and mode of transmission of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tom Gesora Ondicho
- Institute of Anthropology Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Kenya
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Chowdhury MRK, Rahman MS, Khan MMH. Levels and determinants of complementary feeding based on meal frequency among children of 6 to 23 months in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:944. [PMID: 27604631 PMCID: PMC5015334 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3607-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information concerning complementary feeding (CF) practice during infancy and early childhood is still scarce in Bangladesh. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the level of CF among children of 6-23 months and identify individual, household and community level determinants in Bangladesh. METHODS Secondary data from the Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (BDHS) 2011 was used. A total of 2,373 children aged 6-23 months were selected. A simplified index called "dimension index" was used to estimate the level of CF. The score of this index was used either as continuous or categorical dependent variables. The highest score based on dimension index is associated to an adequate CF. Statistical analyses and tests were guided by types of variables. Finally, multivariable logistic regression (binary and multinomial) analyses were performed to identify the significant determinants of CF. RESULTS The overall level of CF among children of 6-23 months was low. More than 90 % of children experienced either no (2.9 %) or inadequate CF (92.7 %). According to bivariable analyses, mean levels of CF as well as percentages of no/inadequate CF were significantly lower among children of the youngest age group, uneducated parents, unemployed/laborer fathers, socio-economically poor families, food insecure families and rural areas. No weekly exposure to mass media (namely watching TV and reading newspapers/magazines) also revealed significant associations with CF. However, only few variables remained significant for adequate CF in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. For example, the likelihood of experiencing adequate CF was significantly lower among children of 6-11 months (OR: 0.22, 95 % CI: 0.10-0.47), children of illiterate fathers (OR: 0.32, 95 % CI: 0.11-0.95) and socio-economically middle-class families (OR: 0.28, 95 % CI: 0.09-0.86) as compared to their reference categories. CONCLUSION A high level of inadequate CF leading to malnutrition may cause serious health problems among children of 6-23 months in Bangladesh. Vulnerable groups of children (e.g., the children aged 6 to 11 months and children of illiterate fathers), who received low levels of adequate CF, should be targeted by government and other stakeholders while developing strategies and interventions in order to improve overall situation of CF in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rocky Khan Chowdhury
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, First Capital University of Bangladesh, Chuadanga, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shafiur Rahman
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, First Capital University of Bangladesh, Chuadanga, Bangladesh
- Department of Global Health Policy, School of International Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Md Mobarak Hossain Khan
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia.
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Tumwine J. Editorial. Afr Health Sci 2014; 14:i-iii. [PMID: 25834523 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v14i4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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