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Xia W, Wang Y, Yue J, Fu X. Insights into Q-markers of honey-fried licorice in treating spleen deficiency based on substance and energy metabolism regulation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 127:155498. [PMID: 38460491 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Honey-fried Licorice (HFL) is a dosage form of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizome processed with honey, which has been recorded to exhibit better efficacy in tonifying the spleen compared to the raw product. In contrast, different processing methods of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizome exhibit different efficacies and applications, but their current quality control index components remain consistent. PURPOSE Based on the discovery and research strategy of traditional Chinese medicine decoction piece quality marker (Q-marker), this study aimed to conduct a multidimensional integration of constituents absorbed into the body and metabolomics based on the tonifying spleen and stomach effects of HFL to effectively identify the Q-marker of HFL. METHODS In this study, a spleen deficiency rat model was established using the "exhausted swimming + poor diet" method to investigate the pharmacodynamics of tonifying the spleen and stomach by HFL. The constituents absorbed into blood was conducted using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS, correlation analysis between metabolomics and constituents absorbed into blood recognized the Q-Marker of HFL. RESULTS The pharmacodynamic data demonstrated that HFL exhibited a significant regulatory effect on the disordered levels of PP, trypsin, chymase, PL, α-Glu, MTL, GAS, VIP, IL-2, IFN-γ, and IgA in the spleen deficiency model. Furthermore, HFL was found to improve the pathological changes in the spleen and intestine in the spleen deficiency model, highlighting its significant "tonifying spleen and stomach" effect. In the serum containing HFL, a total of 17 constituents were identified as being absorbed into the blood. Among these, 11 were prototypical components, while 6 were metabolites. Metabolomics data revealed that 9 differentially expressed metabolic markers were observed. Furthermore, the analysis of endogenous metabolic markers indicated that 10 components exhibited significant correlations with these biomarkers. CONCLUSION The effect of "tonifying spleen and stomach" of HFL is closely related to the regulation of the material and energy metabolism pathway. The Q-Marker of HFL is glycyrrhizic acid and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid as the main control standards and liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, isolicorice flavonol, licorice chalcone C and Formononetin were used as auxiliary standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia 751104, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yushu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia 751104, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jiahui Yue
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia 751104, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xueyan Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia 751104, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, China.
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Hsu SM, Lin HJ, Kao YW, Li TM, Shia BC, Huang ST. Concurrent use of Chinese herbal medicine and anticoagulants may reduce major bleeding events. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271965. [PMID: 35998204 PMCID: PMC9398017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This retrospective cohort study investigated the risk of major bleeding events during the concurrent use of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) and anticoagulants in clinical practice. Methods A total of 4,470 patients receiving anticoagulant drugs were selected from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Half (n = 2,235) were also using CHMs (CHM cohort); the other half were not (non-CHM cohort). Each cohort was matched 1:1 using the propensity score. Chi-square testing and the Student’s t-test were used to examine differences between two cohorts. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis assessed the risks for major bleeding events in each cohort, as well as bleeding risks associated with specific CHM formulas and herbs. Cumulative incidence curves for major bleeding events were calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results Compared with the non-CHM cohort, the CHM cohort had a lower risk of overall bleeding events (p < 0.001) including hemorrhagic stroke (p = 0.008), gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (p < 0.001), urogenital bleeding (p ≤ 0.001) and nasal/ear/eye bleeding (p = 0.004). Single herbs, such as Glycyrrhiza uralensis et Rhizoma, Panax notoginseng, Panax ginseng, Platycodon grandiflorum, Eucommia ulmoides Oliver and formulas, such as Shu Jing Huo Xue Tang, Shao Yao Gan Cao Tang and Ji Sheng Shen Qi Wan were associated with a lower risk of major bleeding events. Conclusion Using CHMs with anticoagulants appeared to decrease the risk of major bleeding, especially CHMs products containing Glycyrrhiza uralensis et Rhizoma, Panax notoginseng, Panax ginseng, Platycodon grandiflorum and Eucommia ulmoides Oliver. Further investigations are needed to determine whether CHM can maintain the therapeutic efficacy of anticoagulants while simultaneously reducing potential side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-Min Hsu
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wei Kao
- Graduate Institute of Business Administration, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Te-Mao Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ben-Chang Shia
- Graduate Institute of Business Administration, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: , (STH); (BCS)
| | - Sheng-Teng Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Cancer Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: , (STH); (BCS)
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Wang Y, Ning Y, He T, Chen Y, Han W, Yang Y, Zhang CX. Explore the Potential Ingredients for Detoxification of Honey-Fired Licorice (ZGC) Based on the Metabolic Profile by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Front Chem 2022; 10:924685. [PMID: 35910719 PMCID: PMC9335949 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.924685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Licorice is well known for its ability to reduce the toxicity of the whole prescription in traditional Chinese medicine theory. However, honey-fired licorice (ZGC for short), which is made of licorice after being stir-fried with honey water, is more commonly used for clinical practice. The metabolism in vivo and detoxification-related compounds of ZGC have not been fully elucidated. In this work, the chemical constituents in ZGC and its metabolic profile in rats were both identified by high ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). The network pharmacology was applied to predict the potential detoxifying ingredients of ZGC. As a result, a total of 115 chemical compounds were identified or tentatively characterized in ZGC aqueous extract, and 232 xenobiotics (70 prototypes and 162 metabolites) were identified in serum, heart, liver, kidneys, feces, and urine. Furthermore, 41 compounds absorbed in serum, heart, liver, and kidneys were employed for exploring the detoxification of ZGC by network pharmacology. Ultimately, 13 compounds (five prototypes including P5, P24, P30, P41 and P44, and 8 phase Ⅰ metabolites including M23, M47, M53, M93, M100, M106, M118, and M134) and nine targets were anticipated to be potential mediums regulating detoxification actions. The network pharmacology analysis had shown that the ZGC could detoxify mainly through regulating the related targets of cytochrome P450 and glutathione. In summary, this study would help reveal potential active ingredients in vivo for detoxification of ZGC and provided practical evidence for explaining the theory of traditional Chinese medicine with modern technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ning
- Ningxia Chinese Medicine Research Center, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ting He
- Ningxia Hui Medicine Research Institute, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yingtong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinping Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cui-Xian Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Cui-Xian Zhang,
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Cui HR, Zhang JY, Cheng XH, Zheng JX, Zhang Q, Zheng R, You LZ, Han DR, Shang HC. Immunometabolism at the service of traditional Chinese medicine. Pharmacol Res 2022; 176:106081. [PMID: 35033650 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce adverse effects, ancient practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescribe combinations of plant species/animal species and minerals designated "TCM formulae" developed based on TCM theory and clinical experience. TCM formulae have been shown to exert curative effects on complex diseases via immune regulation but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown at present. Considerable progress in the field of immunometabolism, referring to alterations in the intracellular metabolism of immune cells that regulate their function, has been made over the past decade. The core context of immunometabolism is regulation of the allocation of metabolic resources supporting host defense and survival, which provides a critical additional dimension and emerging insights into how the immune system and metabolism influence each other during disease progression. This review summarizes research findings on the significant association between the immune function and metabolic remodeling in health and disease as well as the therapeutic modulatory effects of TCM formulae on immunometabolism. Progressive elucidation of the immunometabolic mechanisms involved during the course of TCM treatment continues to aid in the identification of novel potential targets against pathogenicity. In this report, we have provided a comprehensive overview of the benefits of TCM based on regulation of immunometabolism that are potentially applicable for the treatment of modern diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Rong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China; School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xue-Hao Cheng
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jia-Xin Zheng
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Liang-Zhen You
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Dong-Ran Han
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Hong-Cai Shang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
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Cao J, Lu Z, Qin X, Li Z. Chemical comparison of the raw and processed Farfarae Flos by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based metabolomic approach. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4697. [PMID: 33484014 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Farfarae Flos (FF) has been used in China for a long time as an anti-tussive and expectorant herbal drugs, and it was usually honey-fried FF (HFF). To clarify the mechanism of honey processing, it is important to know the chemical difference between FF and HFF firstly. In this study, UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS was used to characterize the chemical compounds in FF, honey and HFF. Then the metabolomic approach based on UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS revealed 68 differential compounds between the FF and HFF, and chemical reactions occurring during processing were also proposed to elucidate the honey processing mechanisms of FF. In order to investigate the chemical difference between FF and HFF comprehensively and accurately, the components derived from the honey and the moisture content in FF and HFF were considered for the first time. In summary, this study investigated the chemical differences between FF and HFF in a holistic way, which laid the basis for the quality control of HFF and further explaining the honey processing mechanisms of FF. In addition, eight native compounds derived from the honey could be used as the index to authenticate the HFF prepared by the genuine honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Cao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zijuan Lu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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Chen Z, Ye SY, Zhu RG. The extraordinary transformation of traditional Chinese medicine: processing with liquid excipients. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:561-573. [PMID: 32615903 PMCID: PMC8641677 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1778740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Context: The Chinese medicinal materials originate from animals, plants, or minerals must undergo appropriate treatment before use as decoction pieces. Processing of Chinese medicines with liquid excipients is a pharmaceutical technique that transforms medicinal raw materials into decoction pieces which are significantly different from the original form. During processing, significant changes occur in chemical constituents, which inevitably affects clinical efficacy. At present, the liquid materials in processing mainly involve wine, vinegar, honey, saline water, ginger juice, herbal juice, etc.Objective: This review introduces the typical methods of liquid excipients processing, summarizes the influence on chemical composition, pharmacological efficacy, and expounds the ways and mechanisms of liquid excipients to change the properties of drugs, enhance the efficacy, eliminate or reduce toxicity and adverse reaction.Methods: English and Chinese literature from 1986 to 2020 was collected from databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015, and CNKI (Chinese). Liquid excipients, processing, pharmacological effects, synergism, chemical constitution, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) were used as the key words.Results: Liquid excipients play a key role in the application of TCM. Processing with proper liquid excipients can change the content of toxic or active components by physical or chemical transformation, decrease or increase drug dissolution, alter drug pharmacokinetics, or exert their own pharmacological effects. Thus, processing with liquid excipients is essential to ensure the safety and efficacy of TCM in clinic.Conclusion: This article could be helpful for researchers who are interested in traditional Chinese herbs processed with liquid excipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Pharmaceutical College, Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, China
- CONTACT Zhi Chen College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, China
| | - Si-Yong Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Second People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Rong-Gang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Second People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
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Wei W, Gao X, Zhao L, Zhuang J, Jiao Y, Xu F. Liquiritin apioside attenuates laryngeal chemoreflex but not mechanoreflex in rat pups. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L89-L97. [PMID: 31617735 PMCID: PMC6985871 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00306.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquiritin apioside (LA), a main flavonoid component of licorice, reportedly suppresses cough responses to inhalation of aerosolized capsaicin [CAP; a stimulant to transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)] in conscious guinea pigs via acting on peripheral nerves. However, the evidence of LA having a direct effect on airway sensory fibers is lacking. Considering the important role laryngeal chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors play in triggering apnea and cough, we studied whether LA suppressed the apneic responses to stimulation of these receptors via directly acting on the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). Intralaryngeal delivery of chemical [CAP, HCl, and distilled water (DW)] and mechanical [an air-pulse (AP)] stimulations was applied in anesthetized rat pups to evoke the apnea. These stimuli were repeated after intralaryngeal LA treatment or peri-SLN LA treatment to determine the direct effect of LA on the SLN. Our results showed that all stimuli triggered an immediate apnea. Intralaryngeal LA treatment significantly attenuated the apneic response to chemical but not mechanical stimulations. The same attenuation was observed after peri-SLN LA treatment. Owing that TRPV1 receptors of laryngeal C fibers are responsible for the CAP-triggered apneas, the LA impact on the activity of laryngeal C neurons retrogradely traced by DiI was subsequently studied using a patch-clamp approach. LA pretreatment significantly altered the electrophysiological kinetics of CAP-induced currents in laryngeal C neurons by reducing their amplitudes, increasing the rise times, and prolonging the decay times. In conclusion, our results, for the first time, reveal that LA suppresses the laryngeal chemoreceptor-mediated apnea by directly acting on the SLN (TRPV1 receptors of laryngeal C fibers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Wei
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuping Gao
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Lei Zhao
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Jianguo Zhuang
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Yang Jiao
- Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fadi Xu
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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The Effects of the Honey-Roasting Process on the Pharmacokinetics of the Six Active Compounds of Licorice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:5731276. [PMID: 30034498 PMCID: PMC6033295 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5731276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A convenient UPLC-MS/MS method was established to determine the contents of six bioactive compounds, namely, liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, and glycyrrhetinic acid, in rat plasma and their pharmacokinetics. By comparing the pharmacokinetic parameters of these compounds in rats by orally administering raw and honey-roasting licorice, the Cmax of isoliquiritin showed a significant decrease, while the AUC0-24h showed no significant differences. The Cmax and AUC0-24h of isoliquiritigenin were increased by 49.3% and 42.7% over those of the raw licorice group, respectively. These results indicate that the absorption of isoliquiritin in rats was reduced while the absorption of isoliquiritigenin was promoted in the honey-roasting process. These results may provide one explanation as to why licorice is more able to relieve cough, while honey-roasting licorice is better at invigorating qi and restoring pulse. Furthermore, the Cmax of glycyrrhetinic acid was increased, suggesting that it may enhance the tonic effect of licorice. Additionally, the amount of honey added in the honey-roasting process influenced the pharmacokinetic parameters of the six compounds whose absorption decreased when the 50% honey-roasting licorice water decoction was administered. These results provide an experimental basis for studying the influence of licorice processing on bioactive compound pharmacokinetics.
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