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Liu T, Ma W, Wang J, Wei Y, Wang Y, Luo Z, Zhang Y, Zeng X, Guan W, Shao D, Chen F. Dietary Protease Supplementation Improved Growth Performance and Nutrients Digestion via Modulating Intestine Barrier, Immunological Response, and Microbiota Composition in Weaned Piglets. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:816. [PMID: 39061885 PMCID: PMC11273905 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite mounting evidence for dietary protease benefits, the mechanisms beyond enhanced protein degradation are poorly understood. This study aims to thoroughly investigate the impact of protease addition on the growth performance, intestinal function, and microbial composition of weaned piglets. Ninety 28-day-old weaned pigs were randomly assigned to the following three experimental diets based on their initial body weight for a 28-day experiment: (1) control (CC), a basic diet with composite enzymes without protease; (2) negative control (NC), a diet with no enzymes; and (3) dietary protease (PR), a control diet with protease. The results show that dietary proteases significantly enhanced growth performance and boosted antioxidant capacity, increasing the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) levels (p < 0.05) while reducing malonaldehyde levels (p < 0.05). Additionally, protease addition reduced serum levels of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05), suppressed mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factors in the jejunum (p < 0.01), and inhibited MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Moreover, protease-supplemented diets improved intestinal morphology and barrier integrity, including zonula occludens protein 1(ZO-1), Occludin, and Claudin-1 (p < 0.05). Microbiota compositions were also significantly altered by protease addition with increased abundance of beneficial bacteria (Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001) (p < 0.05) and reduced harmful Terrisporobacter (p < 0.05). Further correlation analysis revealed a positive link between beneficial bacteria and growth performance and a negative association with inflammatory factors and intestinal permeability. In summary, dietary protease addition enhanced growth performance in weaned piglets, beneficial effects which were associated with improved intestinal barrier integrity, immunological response, and microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Yulong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Yibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Zheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Wutai Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dan Shao
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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da Cruz TA, Donatelli Muro BB, Machado Costa Lima E, Dos Santos Moreira V, de Carvalho JCC, Pospissil Garbossa CA, Batista Costa L. Aspartic protease supplementation enhancing the performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and economic viability, without changing blood parameters and salivary cortisol of pigs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11238. [PMID: 38755406 PMCID: PMC11099141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Aiming to study the performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, salivary cortisol levels, and economic viability of pigs administered aspartic protease, a total of 135 pigs were housed in pens in a randomized block design, divided into five treatments with nine replications. The experimental diets were positive control (PC), basic diet with a 5.0% reduction in protein and amino acid requirements; negative control (NC) with a 7.5% reduction in protein and amino acid requirements; NC + 100 g/mT of aspartic protease (NC100); NC + 150 g/mT of aspartic protease (NC150); and NC + 200 g/mT of neutral serine protease (NC200). The inclusion of protease, independently of the source and amount, increased the average daily weight gain (P < 0.05) of animals compared with the control treatments (PC and NC), improved feed conversion (P < 0.05) in early stages, and improved diet digestibility (P < 0.05) compared with the PC. Treatment with NC150 and NC200 resulted in greater carcass weights (P < 0.05) than treatment with the PC. NC100 led to a greater carcass yield than PC (P < 0.05), and NC150 resulted in a greater loin eye area than PC (P < 0.05). No differences (P > 0.05) in the blood parameters or salivary cortisol levels were found. Regarding economic viability, proteases increased the profitability, with NC150 leading to the best results. Thus, the use of aspartic proteases is recommended to improve performance and further facilitate pork production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Augusto da Cruz
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, St. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Bruno Bracco Donatelli Muro
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Cesar Augusto Pospissil Garbossa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Leandro Batista Costa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, St. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil.
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Park S, Lee J, Yun W, Hong S, Oh H, Song D, Chang S, An J, Cho H, Jeon K, Cho J. Supplementation of protease and different nutrient density diets in growing-finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 66:326-339. [PMID: 38628687 PMCID: PMC11016743 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of protease supplementation and different nutrient density of diets in growing-finishing pigs. A total of one hundred-eight crossbred growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with an initial body weight (BW; 18.74 ± 3.46 kg) were used for 15 weeks. Pigs were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 3 pigs per pen in a 3 × 2 factorial through the following arrangement: Three groups of protease (1, Basal diets; 2, Protease A: 125 mg/kg protease derived from Streptomyces sps; 3, Protease B: 100 mg/kg protease derived from Bacillus licheniformis) at two different nutrient density diets (1, Basal requirement; 2, 0.94%-0.98% higher than requirement in dietary protein and 50 kcal/kg in energy). High nutrient (HN) diets showed higher average daily gain (ADG) (p < 0.05) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP) (p < .0001) compared to basal nutrient (BN) diets during growing periods. Supplementation of protease showed higher BW (p < 0.05) and ADG (p < 0.05) compared to non-supplementation of protease during growing periods. Also, supplementation of protease showed higher ATTD of CP (p < 0.01), ATTD of gross energy (p < 0.05) and decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level (p = 0.001) compared to non-supplementation of protease during finishing periods. Pigs which fed the protease showed decreased ammonia (NH3) emissions (p < 0.05) during experiment periods and decreased hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions (p < 0.01) during finishing periods. Interactions between nutrient density and protease were observed, which decreased the feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) in HN diets without protease compared to BN diets without protease during weeks 4 to 6. Also, interaction between nutrient density and protease was observed, which resulted in improved ATTD of CP (p < 0.01) in response to PTA supplementation with HN diets during the finishing period. In conclusion, supplementation of protease reduces NH3 in feces and BUN in whole blood by increasing the digestibility of CP and improves growth performance. Also, diets with high nutrient density improved growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyun Park
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jihwan Lee
- Department of Poultry Science, University
of Georgia (UGA), Athens 30602, GA, United States
| | - Won Yun
- Central Research Institute, Woosung Feed
Co., Ltd, Daejeon 34379, Korea
| | - Seokman Hong
- Central Research Institute, Woosung Feed
Co., Ltd, Daejeon 34379, Korea
| | - Hanjin Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dongcheol Song
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Seyeon Chang
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jaewoo An
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyunah Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Kyeongho Jeon
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jinho Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Hoque MR, Song JH, Kim IH. Exogenous protease supplementation to the diet enhances growth performance, improves nitrogen utilization, and reduces stress in finishing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:495-503. [PMID: 35522689 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have conducted this experiment to evaluate a new exogenous protease in finishing pigs' growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gas emission, blood profiles, and meat quality. A total of 200 pigs of 52.15 ± 2.31 kg average body weight (BW) were divided into four dietary treatments named as: CON, basal diet; TRT1, basal diet + 0.05% protease; TRT2, basal diet + 0.1% protease; TRT3, basal diet + 1.5% protease. Each treatment consisted of 10 pens, where five pigs were allotted to each pen according to their body weight and sex. The dietary treatments were allotted to the pens in a randomized block design. During this 10-week-long experiment, BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F) were calculated for Week 0-5, Week 6-10, and the overall period. During Week 6-10, ADG was higher in TRT2 and TRT3 than in the CON and TRT1 groups. At the same time, a linear increase was observed in ADG and G:F of the pigs. In addition, the final BW of pigs' was linearly increased by protease supplementation. On Week 10, there was a linear trend of increase (p = 0.0575) in crude protein digestibility and a trend of linear reduction (p = 0.0651) in NH3 gas emission. In blood profile, cortisol presented a linear decrease in both Week 5 (p = 0.251) and Week 10 (p = 0.0585). In addition, increasing doses of protease showed a trend of linear increase (p = 0.0592) in creatinine, whereas linear reduction was observed in the concentration of epinephrine (p = 0.0636) and norepinephrine (p = 0.0167) during Week 10. In conclusion, protease supplementation helped in improving daily gain in finishing pigs through protein digestibility with associated reduction of ammonia emission and blood stress hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Raihanul Hoque
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Jun H Song
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - In H Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, South Korea
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Kim JH, Ko GP, Son KH, Ku BH, Bang MA, Kang MJ, Park HY. Arazyme in combination with dietary carbohydrolases influences odor emission and gut microbiome in growing-finishing pigs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157735. [PMID: 35926625 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of supplementing feed with arazyme and dietary carbohydrolases derived from invertebrate gut-associated symbionts on the noxious gas emissions, gut microbiota, and host-microbiome interactions of pigs. Here, 270 and 260 growing pigs were assigned to control and treatment groups, respectively. The tested feed additives contained a mixture of arazyme (2,500,000 Unit/kg) and synergetic enzymes, xylanase (200,000 Unit/kg) and mannanase (200,000 Unit/kg), derived from insect gut-associated symbionts in a 7.5:1:1 ratio. The control group was fed a basal diet and the treatment group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.1 % enzyme mixture (v/v) for 2 months. Odorous gases were monitored in ventilated air from tested houses. Fecal samples were collected from steel plate under the cage at the completion of the experiment to determine chemical composition, odor emissions, and bacterial communities. There was a significant decrease in the concentration of NH3 (22.5 vs. 11.2 ppm; P < 0.05), H2S (7.35 vs. 3.74 ppm; P < 0.05), trimethylamine (TMA) (0.066 vs. 0.001 ppm; P < 0.05), and p-cresol (0.004 ppm vs. 0 ppm; P < 0.05) at 56 d in treatment group compared with the control group. Moreover, fecal analysis results showed that exogenous enzyme supplementation caused a reduction in VFAs and indole content with approximately >60 % and 72.7 %, respectively. The result of gas emission analysis showed that NH3 (9.9 vs. 5.3 ppm; P < 0.05) and H2S (5.8 vs. 4.1 ppm; P < 0.05) were significantly reduced in the treatment group compared to the control group. The gut microbiota of the treatment group differed significantly from that of the control group, and the treatment group altered predicted metabolic pathways, including sulfur and nitrogen related metabolism, urea degradation. The results demonstrated that supplementing feed with arazyme with dietary carbohydrolases effectively controls noxious gas emissions and improves health and meat quality of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Kim
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Pyo Ko
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Son
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon-Hwan Ku
- Insect Biotech Co. Ltd., Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Bang
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Jong Kang
- Department of Food Industry Research Center, Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Naju 58275, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho-Yong Park
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Aranda-Aguirre E, Robles-Jimenez LE, Osorio-Avalos J, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Gonzalez-Ronquillo M. A systematic-review on the role of exogenous enzymes on the productive performance at weaning, growing and finishing in pigs. Vet Anim Sci 2021; 14:100195. [PMID: 34522821 PMCID: PMC8427232 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of exogenous enzymes in the general diet improves production characteristics in all stages of production. Phytases are the most supplemented enzymes in all productive stages of pigs. The inclusion of Phytases, used in the pig's diet showed an average dry matter digestibility (g/kg) 840.6 ± 25.5 in weaning, 862.5 ± 7.4 in growing and 802.0 ± 1.41 in finishing. The inclusion of xylanases used in the pig's diet showed an average in dry matter digestibility (g/kg) 829.5 ± 7.14 in weaning and 759.1 ± 6.93 in finishing stages.
Supplementing exogenous enzymes in pig diets is an alternative solution to increase dietary energy and fiber digestibility to improve pig production performance at a low production cost and to reduce environmental impact with lower N and P excretions. The production stage, diet composition, enzyme source, amount and number of enzymes added, are factors to consider before using them. A database composed by 227 individual diets, resulting from 43 studies with 48 experimental records were divided in different production stages, with 19 records for weaning, 17 records for growing and 12 records for finishing. A descriptive statistical analysis of the chemical composition of the diets and enzyme doses was carried out. The data with normal distribution were analyzed calculating the mean, the minimum and maximum length, the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation. It was found that combined enzymes are the most widely reported enzyme combination in the supplementation of pigs at all stages of production. Phytases and Mannanases are commonly used at weaning and growing stages. Xylanases and Proteases have been reported to be used in all production stages. However, the highest yielding enzymes at weaning, growing and finishing stages were Phytases and Mannanases. Dietary supplementation of exogenous enzymes improves production characteristics at all stages of production. However, an improvement in growth performance and nutrient digestibility is not always observed. Future studies should focus on the interaction between production stages, composition of the diet, origin of the enzyme and the amount and number of enzymes added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Aranda-Aguirre
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
| | - Lizbeth E Robles-Jimenez
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
| | - Jorge Osorio-Avalos
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Manuel Gonzalez-Ronquillo
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
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Kim YJ, Lee JH, Kim TH, Song MH, Yun W, Oh HJ, Lee JS, Kim HB, Cho JH. Effect of low protein diets added with protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility of weaned piglets and growing-finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:491-500. [PMID: 34189499 PMCID: PMC8204005 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of low protein diets
added with protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood
profiles of weaned piglets and growing-finishing pigs. A total of 96 weaned pigs
([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc) with average body weight (BW) of
6.99 ± 0.21 kg were used in a 20-week experiment. The dietary treatments
were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design. Treatments were as follows: In
phase 1 (1–2 weeks), two protein levels as high protein (HP; 19.0%), low
protein (LP; 17.0%), and three protease (PT) levels (PT0, 0%; PT1, 0.3%; and
PT2, 0.5%); in phase 2 (3–4 weeks), protein levels (HP, 18.05%; LP,
16.15%) and protease levels (0%, 0.3%, and 0.5%); in phase 3 (5–12
weeks), protein levels (HP, 17.1%; LP, 15.3%) and protease level (0%, 0.15%, and
0.3%); in phase 4 (13–20 weeks), protein levels (HP, 16.15%; LP, 14.45%)
and protease level (0%, 0.15%, and 0.3%). At 4 weeks and 20 weeks after
treatment, BW was higher (p < 0.050) in the PT2 group
than PT0 group. From weeks 0 to 4, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency
(G/F) were higher (p = 0.006 and p = 0.014;
p = 0.014 and p = 0.044, respectively) in
the PT2 group than PT0 and PT1 groups. From weeks 16 to 20, ADG and G/F were
higher (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009;
p = 0.004 and p = 0.033, respectively) in
the PT2 group than PT0 and PT1 groups. Crude protein (CP) digestibility was
higher (p = 0.013, p = 0.014, and
p = 0.035, respectively) in the low protein (LP) group than
high protein (HP) group at weeks 4, 12, and 20. At weeks 4 and 20, the LP diet
group had lower (p < 0.001 and p =
0.001, respectively) blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels than the HP diet group.
Therefore, a low CP diet added with protease could increase growth performance
and CP digestibility of weaned piglets and growing-finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ju Kim
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Tae Heon Kim
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Min Ho Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Won Yun
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Han Jin Oh
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jun Soeng Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Cheng L, Jin YH, Kim IH. Effects of Bacillus licheniformis derived-protease supplementation, alone or in combination, with valine to low protein diet on growth performance and carcass quality grade in growing-finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2021.1933494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Ying Hai Jin
- Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, People’s Republic of China
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
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Perez-Palencia JY, Samuel RS, Levesque CL. Supplementation of protease to low amino acid diets containing superdose level of phytase for wean-to-finish pigs: effects on performance, postweaning intestinal health and carcass characteristics. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab088. [PMID: 34159298 PMCID: PMC8212168 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment investigated the effects of protease supplementation to low amino acid (AA) diets containing phytase on pig growth performance, postweaning intestinal health and carcass characteristics. A total of 936 weaned pigs (21 d of age, initial BW 5.87 ± 0.31 kg) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design comparing the main effects of AA supply [standard feeding program: balanced for all nutrients with adjustment of Ca and P due to inclusion of phytase (2,500 FTU/kg in Phase 1 to 4; 500 FTU/kg in Phase 5 to 9) vs. low AA feeding program: 15% lower standardized ileal digestible lysine with relative reduction of all other essential AA] and protease level (0 vs. 0.0125%). Pens were assigned to dietary treatment according to a randomized complete block design with 26 pigs per pen and nine replicates per dietary treatment. Feed and water were provided on an ad libitum basis for all phases throughout the wean-to-finish period. Feed intake and body weight were determined every 2 wk during nursery period and monthly in the grow-finish period. Intestinal health in the first 17 d was assessed based on lactulose:mannitol ratio (L:M), serum IgA, and pen diarrhea assessment. Overall, pigs fed standard wean-to-finish diets had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F than pigs fed low AA diets. Pig growth performance was not different throughout the wean-to-finish period with or without protease supplementation and with no interaction between AA supply and protease supplementation. There were no differences among dietary treatments for carcass characteristics. No difference was observed for urinary L:M and serum IgA; however, the L:M ratio was approximately 32% lower in pigs fed low AA diets + protease compared with pigs fed standard and low AA diets at d 5 and d 17 postweaning. Pigs fed protease supplemented diets had lower incidence of diarrhea (χ2 < 0.05) compared with pigs fed diets without protease. Results of the experiment indicate that dietary protease supplementation benefits intestinal health of nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Perez-Palencia
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - R S Samuel
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - C L Levesque
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Park JH, Lee SI, Kim IH. The effect of protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and expression of growth-related genes and amino acid transporters in broilers. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:614-627. [PMID: 33089227 PMCID: PMC7553844 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.5.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
During the course of this trial, our team assessed the influence of protease upon the growth performance, the nutrient digestibility, and the expression of growth-related genes and amino acid transporters within the liver, muscle, and small intestines of broilers. During the first step, our team allocated 600 broilers into four dietary treatments for a period of 35 days in order to measure the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of the broilers selected. The separate treatments contained 10 replicates (15 birds per replicate). The treatments were composed of: 1) CON, basal diet; 2) T1, basal diet + 0.03% protease; 3) T2, basal diet + 0.06% protease; and 4) T3, basal diet + 0.09% protease. Next, the broiler chick sample tissue was harvested from the CON and T3 groups in order to conduct gene expression analysis following the feeding trials the broilers underwent. Our team discovered that the broilers fed protease diets possessed increased body weight and an average daily gain, but conversely, had lower feed conversion ratios when their dietary protease levels increased from 0% to 0.09% (p < 0.05). Additionally, significant linear improvements were identified among the nutrient digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, energy, and amino acids within broilers supplied with protease diets when contrasted and compared with broilers supplied with the basal diet (p < 0.05). In addition, the gene expression of the genes IGF1, IGF2, GH, and LEP in the liver, and the genes MYOD1 and MYOG in the breast muscles, was significantly increased after broilers were fed with a protease diet as compared to broilers that subsisted on a basal diet (p < 0.05). Protease supplementation also raised the expression levels within these amino acid transporters: SCL6A19, SLC7A1, SLC7A7, SLC7A2, SLC7A6, SLC7A9, and SLC15A1, located in the small intestine, when compared to the basal diet (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that protease supplementation in their diet improved the growth performance of broilers via an increase in the expression growth-related genes within broiler liver and muscle tissue. In addition, protease supplementation enhanced broiler digestibility via the upregulation of amino acid transporter expression within the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hong Park
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Sang In Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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Lee JJ, Choe J, Kang J, Cho JH, Park S, Perez-Maldonado R, Cho JY, Park IH, Kim HB, Song M. Dietary protease improves growth rate and protein digestibility of growing-finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:313-320. [PMID: 32568259 PMCID: PMC7288229 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.3.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This research was performed to investigate the hypothesis that dietary
mono-component protease (PRO) might improve growth performance, nutrient
digestibility, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. A total of
eighty-four pigs [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire), 25.3 ±
2.16 kg initial body weight] were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments
(7 replicates/treatment; 2 barrows and 2 gilts/replicate) in a randomized
complete block design (block = sex). The dietary treatments were prepared as
follows; (1) a positive control (PC) as a typical growing-finishing diet based
on corn and soybean meal, (2) PC added with 0.015% of PRO (PCPRO), and (3) a
negative control (NC) added with 0.015% of PRO (NCPRO). The NC had a lower
concentration of crude protein (CP) compared with PC. The PRO was a commercial
product that contained 75,000 protease units/g and derived from
Nocardiopsis prasina produced in Bacillus
licheniformis. Dietary treatments were offered to pigs during
growing and finishing periods. Measurements were growth performance, apparent
total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and carcass characteristics. The
PCPRO and/or NCPRO increased average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio
(G:F) during growing (p < 0.10), finishing
(p < 0.05), and growing-finishing periods
(p < 0.10) compared with PC. Furthermore, pigs fed
PCPRO and NCPRO had higher (p < 0.05) ATTD of CP and
energy during growing and/or finishing periods than those fed PC. In conclusion,
the supplementation of PRO in diets improved growth performance and protein
digestibility of growing-finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Jae Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jeehwan Choe
- Department of Beef Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Joowon Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sangwoo Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | | | | | - Il-Hun Park
- DSM Nutrition Korea Ltd., Seoul 06675, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Lee JJ, Kang J, Park S, Cho JH, Oh S, Park DJ, Perez-Maldonado R, Cho JY, Park IH, Kim HB, Song M. Effects of dietary protease on immune responses of weaned pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:174-179. [PMID: 32292924 PMCID: PMC7142287 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.2.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate effects of dietary protease on immune responses of weaned pigs. Weaned pigs (n = 75; 7.06 ± 0.18 kg BW; 28 d old) were randomly assigned to 3 treatments (5 pigs/pen; 5 pens/treatment). Dietary treatments were positive control, a diet with required protein level (PC), negative control, a diet with lower protein level than PC (NC), and NC + 0.02% dietary protease (PRO). The dietary protease used in this experiment was a commercial product containing 75,000 protease units/g derived from Nocardiopsis prasina produced in Bacillus licheniformis. The dietary treatments did not contain any ingredients or additives that may provide antibacterial or physiological effects. Pigs were fed respective dietary treatments for 6 weeks. Blood was collected from randomly selected 2 pigs in each pen on d 1, 3, 7, and 14 after weaning. Measurements were number of white blood cells (WBC), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Pigs fed PRO had lower WBC on d 7 (14.84 vs 20.42 × 103/μL; p < 0.05) and TNF-α on d 7 (618 vs 889 pg/mL; p = 0.085) and 14 (437 vs 576 pg/mL; p = 0.069) than those fed NC, but there were no differences on WBC and TNF-α between PC and PRO. Pigs fed PRO had lower TGF-β1 on d 3 (630 vs. 1,588 and 1,396 pg/mL; p < 0.05) than those fed PC and NC. However, no differences were found on CRP among dietary treatments. In conclusion, addition of dietary protease reduced inflammatory immune responses of weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Jae Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Joowon Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sangwoo Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sejong Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Il-Hun Park
- DSM Nutrition Korea Ltd., Seoul 06675, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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13
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Park S, Lee JJ, Yang BM, Cho JH, Kim S, Kang J, Oh S, Park DJ, Perez-Maldonado R, Cho JY, Park IH, Kim HB, Song M. Dietary protease improves growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:21-30. [PMID: 32082595 PMCID: PMC7008117 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary protease (PR) on growth
performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs. A
total of 75 weaned pigs [7.06 ± 0.18 kg of average body weight (BW); 28
day old] were randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete
block design (blocks = BW and sex): a diet based on corn and soybean meal to
meet the requirement of crude protein (CP) as a positive control (PC; CP =
24.49%), a low protein diet as a negative control (NC; CP = 22.51%), and NC +
0.02% PR. The PR used in this study was a commercial product containing 75,000
protease units/g derived from Nocardiopsis prasina produced in
Bacillus licheniformis. Pigs were fed the dietary
treatments for 6 weeks and the diets containing 0.2% chromic oxide for the last
week of this study. Blood, feces, ileal digesta, and ileum samples were
collected from randomly selected two pigs in each pen on respective time points.
Measurements were growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and
apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), CP, and energy,
frequency of diarrhea, packed cell volume (PCV), and ileal morphology of weaned
pigs. Pigs fed PC and PR had higher (p < 0.05) final BW,
average daily gain (ADG), and gain to feed ratio (G:F) during overall
experimental period than those fed NC. Pigs fed PC and PR had higher
(p < 0.05) AID or ATTD of DM, CP, or energy than
those fed NC. Moreover, pigs fed PR had higher ratio between villus height and
crypt depth (p < 0.05) and number of goblet cells
(p < 0.05) than those fed NC. Addition of PR
decreased (p < 0.05) frequency of diarrhea for the first
two weeks after weaning compared with PC and NC. In addition, pigs fed PR had
lower (p < 0.05) PCV on d 14 after weaning than those
fed PC and NC. In conclusion, addition of PR in nursery diets with a low protein
level significantly improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and
intestinal morphology of weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Boung Mo Yang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Soyun Kim
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Joowon Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sejong Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Il-Hun Park
- DSM Nutrition Korea Ltd., Seoul 06675, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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14
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Min Y, Choi Y, Choe J, Kim Y, Jeong Y, Kim D, Kim J, Jung H, Song M. Effects of dietary mixture of protease and probiotics on growth performance, blood constituents, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 61:272-277. [PMID: 31602305 PMCID: PMC6778859 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2019.61.5.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary mixture of protease
and probiotics on growth performance, blood constituents, and carcass
characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 48 growing pigs were
randomly allotted into 2 dietary (6 pigs/pen; 4 replicates/treatment). The
treatments were a diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON supplemented
with 0.01% of dietary mixture of protease and probiotics (MULTI). No
differences were found on growth performance (average daily gain, ADG; overall,
874.06 vs. 881.14 g/d; p > 0.05), blood constituents
(white blood cell, WBC; phase I, 17.51 vs. 19.96 × 103
/μL; phase II, 19.65 vs. 21.95 × 103 /μL;
p > 0.05), and carcass characteristics during
overall experimental period between CON and MULTI. In conclusion, the addition
of dietary mix-ture of protease and probiotics in growing-finishing pig diet did
not have any beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Min
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Yohan Choi
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Jeehwan Choe
- Department of Beef Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Younghwa Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Yongdae Jeong
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Doowan Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Joeun Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Jung
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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15
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Min Y, Choi Y, Kim Y, Jeong Y, Kim D, Kim J, Jung H, Song M. Effects of protease supplementation on growth performance, blood constituents, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 61:234-238. [PMID: 31452910 PMCID: PMC6686142 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2019.61.4.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary protease on growth performance, blood constituents, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 48 growing pigs (initial body weight, 34.8 ± 0.62 kg) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments (6 pigs/pen; 4 replicates/treatment). The treatments were a diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON supplemented with 0.01 % of protease (PRO). Pigs were fed respective dietary treatments with a 2-phase feeding program for 12 weeks. Pigs fed PRO had higher average daily gain (ADG; phase I, 866.38 vs. 821.75 g/d; overall, 910.96 vs. 866.30 g/d; p < 0.05) and gain to feed ratio (G:F; phase I, 0.345 vs. 0.363 g/g; p < 0.05) than those fed CON. However, there were no differences on blood constituents and carcass characteristics between CON and PRO of growing-finishing pigs. In conclusion, dietary protease supplementation in the typical diet for growing-finishing pigs improved growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Min
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Yohan Choi
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Younghwa Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Yongdae Jeong
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Doowan Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Joeun Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Jung
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural
Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National
University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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