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Çelik C, Pınar O, Sipahi N. The Prevalence of Aliarcobacter Species in the Fecal Microbiota of Farm Animals and Potential Effective Agents for Their Treatment: A Review of the Past Decade. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122430. [PMID: 36557682 PMCID: PMC9787757 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an endless demand for livestock-originated food, so it is necessary to elucidate the hazard points for livestock breeding. Pathogens are one of the hazard points that threaten the biosecurity of farm-animal breeding and public health. As a potential foodborne pathogen, Aliarcobacter is a member of the intestinal microbiota of farm animals with and without diarrhea. Aliarcobacter spp. are capable of colonizing livestock intestines and are transmitted through the feces. Hence, they endanger slaughterhouses and milk products with fecal contamination. They also have other, rarer, vertical and horizontal transmission routes, including the offspring that abort in farm animals. Gastrointestinal symptoms and abort cases demonstrate potential financial losses to the industry. Viewed from this perspective, the global circulation of farm-animal products is a significant route for zoonotic agents, including Aliarcobacter. In the last decade, worldwide prevalence of Aliarcobacter in fecal samples has ranged from 0.8% in Italy to 100% in Turkey. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance is recognized as a new type of environmental pollutant and has become a hot topic in animal breeding and the food industry. Increasing antibiotic resistance has become a significant problem impacting productivity. The increase in antimicrobial resistance rates in Aliarcobacter is caused by the misuse of antimicrobial drugs in livestock animals, leading to the acquiring of resistance genes from other bacteria, as well as mutations in current resistance genes. The most resistant strains are A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, and A. skirrowii. This review analyzes recent findings from the past decade on the prevalence of Aliarcobacter in the intestinal microbiota and the current effective antibiotics against Aliarcobacter. The paper also highlights that A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii are found frequently in diarrheal feces, indicating that Aliarcobacter should be studied further in livestock diarrheal diseases. Moreover, Aliarcobacter-infected farm animals can be treated with only a limited number of antibiotics, such as enrofloxacin, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and gentamicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Çelik
- Food Technology Program, Food Processing Department, Vocational School of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320 Istanbul, Türkiye
- Correspondence:
| | - Orhan Pınar
- Equine and Equine Training Program, Vocational School of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nisa Sipahi
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Applied and Research Centre, Duzce University, 81620 Duzce, Türkiye
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A Review on the Prevalence of Arcobacter in Aquatic Environments. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14081266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Arcobacter is an emerging pathogen that is associated with human and animal diseases. Since its first introduction in 1991, 33 Arcobacter species have been identified. Studies have reported that with the presence of Arcobacter in environmental water bodies, animals, and humans, a possibility of its transmission via water and food makes it a potential waterborne and foodborne pathogen. Therefore, this review article focuses on the general characteristics of Arcobacter, including its pathogenicity, antimicrobial resistance, methods of detection by cultivation and molecular techniques, and its presence in water, fecal samples, and animal products worldwide. These detection methods include conventional culture methods, and rapid and accurate Arcobacter identification at the species level, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and multiplex PCR. Arcobacter has been identified worldwide from feces of various hosts, such as humans, cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, dogs, poultry, and swine, and also from meat, dairy products, carcasses, buccal cavity, and cloacal swabs. Furthermore, Arcobacter has been detected in groundwater, river water, wastewater (influent and effluent), canals, treated drinking water, spring water, and seawater. Hence, we propose that understanding the prevalence of Arcobacter in environmental water and fecal-source samples and its infection of humans and animals will contribute to a better strategy to control and prevent the survival and growth of the bacteria.
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Characterization of Arcobacter spp. Isolated from human diarrheal, non-diarrheal and food samples in Thailand. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246598. [PMID: 33544770 PMCID: PMC7864401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter butzleri is an emerging zoonotic food-borne and water-borne pathogen that can cause diarrhea in humans. The global prevalence of A. butzleri infection is underestimated, and little is known about their phenotypic and genotypic characterization. The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial susceptibility (AST) profiles, detect related virulence genes, and classify sequence type (ST) of A. butzleri isolates obtained from human stool and food samples. A total of 84 A. butzleri isolates were obtained from human diarrheal (n = 25), non-diarrheal (n = 24) stool, and food (n = 35) samples in Thailand. They were evaluated for phenotypic identification by conventional microbiological procedures and AST by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as well as virulence genes detection. Representative isolates from each origin were selected based on the presence of virulence genes and AST profiles to analyze genetic diversity by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). All isolates showed resistance to nalidixic acid 40.5% (34/84), ciprofloxacin 11.9% (10/84), azithromycin 8.3% (7/84), and erythromycin 3.6% (3/84). Regarding the ten virulence genes detected, cj1349, mviN and pldA had the highest prevalence 100% (84/84), followed by tlyA 98.8% (83/84), cadF 97.6% (82/84), ciaB 71.4% (60/84), hecA and hecB 22.6% (19/84), iroE 15.5% (13/84) and irgA 10.7% (9/84), respectively. Three virulence genes were present among A. butzleri isolates of human diarrheal stool and food samples, with a significant difference observed among isolates; hecB [36% (9/25) and 8.6% (3/35)], hecA [36% (9/25) and 5.7% (2/35)], and irgA [24% (6/25) and 2.9% (1/35)] (p < 0.05), respectively. The hecA and hecB virulence genes functions are related to the mechanism of hemolysis, while irgA supports a bacterial nutritional requirement. MLST analysis of 26 A. butzleri isolates revealed that 16 novel STs exhibited high genetic diversity. The results of this study is useful for understanding potentially pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant A. butzleri in Thailand. The pathogenic virulence markers hecB, hecA, and irgA have the potential to be developed for rapid diagnostic detection in human diarrheal stool. No significant relationships among STs and sources of origin were observed. Little is known about A. butzleri, the mechanism of action of these virulence genes, is a topic that needs further investigation.
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Miltenburg MG, Cloutier M, Craiovan E, Lapen DR, Wilkes G, Topp E, Khan IUH. Real-time quantitative PCR assay development and application for assessment of agricultural surface water and various fecal matter for prevalence of Aliarcobacter faecis and Aliarcobacter lanthieri. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:164. [PMID: 32546238 PMCID: PMC7298852 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aliarcobacter faecis and Aliarcobacter lanthieri are recently identified as emerging human and animal pathogens. In this paper, we demonstrate the development and optimization of two direct DNA-based quantitative real-time PCR assays using species-specific oligonucleotide primer pairs derived from rpoB and gyrA genes for A. faecis and A. lanthieri, respectively. Initially, the specificity of primers and amplicon size of each target reference strain was verified and confirmed by melt curve analysis. Standard curves were developed with a minimum quantification limit of 100 cells mL- 1 or g- 1 obtained using known quantities of spiked A. faecis and A. lanthieri reference strains in autoclaved agricultural surface water and dairy cow manure samples. RESULTS Each species-specific qPCR assay was validated and applied to determine the rate of prevalence and quantify the total number of cells of each target species in natural surface waters of an agriculturally-dominant and non-agricultural reference watershed. In addition, the prevalence and densities were determined for human and various animal (e.g., dogs, cats, dairy cow, and poultry) fecal samples. Overall, the prevalence of A. faecis for surface water and feces was 21 and 28%, respectively. The maximum A. faecis concentration for water and feces was 2.3 × 107 cells 100 mL- 1 and 1.2 × 107 cells g- 1, respectively. A. lanthieri was detected at a lower frequency (2%) with a maximum concentration in surface water of 4.2 × 105 cells 100 mL- 1; fecal samples had a prevalence and maximum density of 10% and 2.0 × 106 cells g- 1, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the occurrence of these species in agricultural surface water is potentially due to fecal contamination of water from livestock, human, or wildlife as both species were detected in fecal samples. The new real-time qPCR assays can facilitate rapid and accurate detection in < 3 h to quantify total numbers of A. faecis and A. lanthieri cells present in various complex environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary G Miltenburg
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada.,Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michel Cloutier
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Emilia Craiovan
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - David R Lapen
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Graham Wilkes
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada.,Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Edward Topp
- London Research and Development Centre (LRDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Izhar U H Khan
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada.
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Chieffi D, Fanelli F, Fusco V. Arcobacter butzleri: Up-to-date taxonomy, ecology, and pathogenicity of an emerging pathogen. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2071-2109. [PMID: 33337088 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter butzleri, recently emended to the Aliarcobacter butzleri comb. nov., is an emerging pathogen causing enteritis, severe diarrhea, septicaemia, and bacteraemia in humans and enteritis, stillbirth, and abortion in animals. Since its recognition as emerging pathogen on 2002, advancements have been made in elucidating its pathogenicity and epidemiology, also thanks to advent of genomics, which, moreover, contributed in emending its taxonomy. In this review, we provide an overview of the up-to-date taxonomy, ecology, and pathogenicity of this emerging pathogen. Moreover, the implication of A. butzleri in the safety of foods is pinpointed, and culture-dependent and independent detection, identification, and typing methods as well as strategies to control and prevent the survival and growth of this pathogen are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Chieffi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzina Fusco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
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Aydin F, Yağiz A, Abay S, Müştak HK, Diker KS. Prevalence of Arcobacter and Campylobacter in beef meat samples and characterization of the recovered isolates. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-019-01268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Brückner V, Fiebiger U, Ignatius R, Friesen J, Eisenblätter M, Höck M, Alter T, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM, Gölz G. Characterization of Arcobacter strains isolated from human stool samples: results from the prospective German prevalence study Arcopath. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:3. [PMID: 31921357 PMCID: PMC6947975 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-019-0344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arcobacter constitute emerging food- and waterborne pathogens causing gastroenteritis in humans, but the underlying mechanisms are only incompletely understood. We therefore characterized Arcobacter isolates derived from human stool samples that had been collected during a prospective prevalence study in Germany in vitro. Thirty-six bacterial isolates belonging to the species A. butzleri (n = 24), A. cryaerophilus (n = 10) and A. lanthieri (n = 2) were genotyped by ERIC-PCR, the presence of 10 putative virulence genes was assessed and cytotoxic effects on the human intestinal cell line HT-29/B6 were analyzed applying the WST-assay. Results Genotyping revealed high genetic diversity within the species A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. lanthieri. Both, A. butzleri and A. lanthieri encoded for a large number of putative virulence genes, while fewer genes were detectable in A. cryaerophilus isolates. Notably, the three cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) genes cdtA, cdtB and cdtC were abundant in both A. lanthieri isolates. Furthermore, all A. butzleri and A. lanthieri, but only one of the A. cryaerophilus isolates exerted cytotoxic effects. Conclusions Our study provides evidence for the abundance of putative virulence genes in Arcobacter isolates and prominent cytotoxic effects of A. butzleri and A. lanthieri in vitro. The presence of cdtA, cdtB, cdtC in A. lanthieri points towards CDT secretion as potential mechanism underlying cytotoxicity as opposed to A. butzleri. However, the association of the Arcobacter virulence factors detected and human morbidity should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Brückner
- 1Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Fiebiger
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Ignatius
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Labor 28, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Alter
- 1Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Greta Gölz
- 1Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Miller WG, Yee E. Complete Genome Sequence of the Arcobacter skirrowii Type Strain LMG 6621. Microbiol Resour Announc 2018; 7:e01308-18. [PMID: 30533756 PMCID: PMC6256491 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01308-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter skirrowii is a species of veterinary importance, originally recovered from the feces, aborted fetuses, and preputial fluids of livestock. We present here the whole-genome sequence of the A. skirrowii type strain LMG 6621 (= 449/80T = CCUG 10374T), isolated in the United Kingdom from a lamb diarrheal fecal sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G. Miller
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Emma Yee
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
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Ramees TP, Dhama K, Karthik K, Rathore RS, Kumar A, Saminathan M, Tiwari R, Malik YS, Singh RK. Arcobacter: an emerging food-borne zoonotic pathogen, its public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2017; 37:136-161. [PMID: 28438095 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1323355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter has emerged as an important food-borne zoonotic pathogen, causing sometimes serious infections in humans and animals. Newer species of Arcobacter are being incessantly emerging (presently 25 species have been identified) with novel information on the evolutionary mechanisms and genetic diversity among different Arcobacter species. These have been reported from chickens, domestic animals (cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, dogs), reptiles (lizards, snakes and chelonians), meat (poultry, pork, goat, lamb, beef, rabbit), vegetables and from humans in different countries. Arcobacters are implicated as causative agents of diarrhea, mastitis and abortion in animals, while causing bacteremia, endocarditis, peritonitis, gastroenteritis and diarrhea in humans. Three species including A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii are predominantly associated with clinical conditions. Arcobacters are primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water sources. Identification of Arcobacter by biochemical tests is difficult and isolation remains the gold standard method. Current diagnostic advances have provided various molecular methods for efficient detection and differentiation of the Arcobacters at genus and species level. To overcome the emerging antibiotic resistance problem there is an essential need to explore the potential of novel and alternative therapies. Strengthening of the diagnostic aspects is also suggested as in most cases Arcobacters goes unnoticed and hence the exact epidemiological status remains uncertain. This review updates the current knowledge and many aspects of this important food-borne pathogen, namely etiology, evolution and emergence, genetic diversity, epidemiology, the disease in animals and humans, public health concerns, and advances in its diagnosis, prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thadiyam Puram Ramees
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- c Central University Laboratory , Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - Ramswaroop Singh Rathore
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- d Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences , UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- e Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- f ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
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Córdoba-Calderón O, Redondo-Solano M, Castro-Arias E, Arias-EchandI ML. Arcobacter Isolation from Minced Beef Samples in Costa Rica. J Food Prot 2017; 80:775-778. [PMID: 28371592 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Arcobacter spp. in minced meat (including beef) samples has been well documented in different countries, with varying frequencies. Nevertheless, the only Latin American country reporting this bacterium in minced beef samples is Mexico, with a 28.8% frequency in 2003. Previous studies in Costa Rica have demonstrated the presence of Arcobacter species in samples taken from the poultry production chain, but still there are no studies performed in bovine meat. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of this bacterium in 120 samples of minced beef acquired from the Central Valley region of Costa Rica and to describe the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates obtained. A total of 75 different Arcobacter strains were isolated from minced beef samples, for a final frequency of 48.3%. After species PCR identification, the strains were classified as A. butzleri (37.3%), A. cibarius (14.7%), A. thereius (12%), and Arcobacter spp. (36%). All samples were sensitive to gentamicin but were resistant to ampicillin, levofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin. The results obtained in this study show that the frequency of isolation of Arcobacter in minced beef samples is high and that there is a high resistance rate for antibiotics in common use. This suggests that Arcobacter represents a health risk for Costa Rica and that control measures should be developed to decrease its potential impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Córdoba-Calderón
- Tropical Disease Research Center and Food Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mauricio Redondo-Solano
- Tropical Disease Research Center and Food Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - María Laura Arias-EchandI
- Tropical Disease Research Center and Food Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
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Barboza K, Angulo I, Zumbado L, Redondo-Solano M, Castro E, Arias ML. Isolation and Identification of Arcobacter Species from Costa Rican Poultry Production and Retail Sources. J Food Prot 2017; 80:779-782. [PMID: 28371593 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter is a gram-negative rod recognized as a potential food- and waterborne pathogen; nevertheless, little is known about the effects of this pathogen on human and animal health. Although Arcobacter species are commonly found in nature, poultry is suspected to be the main vehicle for the transmission of this pathogen. The aims of this work were to determine the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in broilers produced in Costa Rica for human consumption and to analyze the pathogenic capacity of the isolates through the detection of virulence genes. One hundred fifty-two samples of cecal content (87 farms), 104 samples of carcass rinse after chiller (six processing plants), and 96 carcass rinses from as many retail stores were analyzed. The suspicious isolates were identified using genus-specific PCR, and species-level identification was achieved with a multiplex PCR. Virulence genes were identified using the protocol described by L. Douidah, L. de Zutter, J. Baré, P. De Vos, P. Vandamme, O. Vandenberg, A.-M. Van den Abeele, and K. Houf (J. Clin. Microbiol. 50:735-741, 2012), which includes nine different virulence genes. The overall isolation frequency of Arcobacter was 6.5% (n = 23). Eight (34.8%) of the isolates came from cecal content, 2 (8.7%) were isolated from samples taken after chiller, and 13 (56.5%) were from retail stores. The species isolated included A. thereius (30.4%), A. butzleri (21.7%), A. skirrowii (4.3%), and A. cibarius (4.3%). The remaining samples were classified as Arcobacter sp. Gene tlyA was the most prevalent virulence gene, present in 9 of 23 samples analyzed; genes hecA and pldA were present in one only strain each. A strain of A. butzleri isolated from a retail store presented the highest number of virulence genes (five), and 11 samples did not present any of the genes analyzed. The results obtained suggest that the presence of virulent Arcobacter isolates in the poultry production chain from Costa Rica could be a risk for individuals who consume the contaminated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Barboza
- Tropical Disease Research Center and Food Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Microbiology, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Irina Angulo
- Tropical Disease Research Center and Food Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Microbiology, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Leana Zumbado
- Veterinary School, Universidad Nacional, 40101 Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Mauricio Redondo-Solano
- Tropical Disease Research Center and Food Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Microbiology, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Eduardo Castro
- Medical Sciences University (UCIMED), 10103 San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - María Laura Arias
- Tropical Disease Research Center and Food Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Microbiology, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
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Hänel I, Tomaso H, Neubauer H. [Arcobacter - an underestimated zoonotic pathogen?]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2017; 59:789-94. [PMID: 27177896 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-016-2350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The relevance for public health of the agent Arcobacter is mostly unclear despite of an increasing number of studies. Recent evidence shows that especially Arcobacter (A.) butzleri but also A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii may be involved in human enteric diseases. However, little is currently known about pathogenicity or potential virulence factors. Livestock animals, particularly poultry and pigs, might be a significant reservoir of Arcobacter spp. Furthermore, Arcobacter spp. could be isolated from retail raw meat products of these animals as well as from drinking water. There are currently no standardized isolation and detection methods to collect comparable data. Further studies and efforts of both human and veterinary medicine are needed to elucidate prevalence, epidemiology, the pathogenic role and potential virulence factors of Arcobacter spp. These data are the necessary basis for further risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Hänel
- Institut für bakterielle Infektionen und Zoonosen, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743, Jena, Deutschland.
| | - Herbert Tomaso
- Institut für bakterielle Infektionen und Zoonosen, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743, Jena, Deutschland
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institut für bakterielle Infektionen und Zoonosen, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743, Jena, Deutschland
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Gölz G, Alter T, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. The Immunopathogenic Potential of Arcobacter butzleri - Lessons from a Meta-Analysis of Murine Infection Studies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159685. [PMID: 27438014 PMCID: PMC4954699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Only limited information is available about the immunopathogenic properties of Arcobacter infection in vivo. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of published data in murine infection models to compare the pathogenic potential of Arcobacter butzleri with Campylobacter jejuni and commensal Escherichia coli as pathogenic and harmless reference bacteria, respectively. Methodology / Principal Findings Gnotobiotic IL-10-/- mice generated by broad-spectrum antibiotic compounds were perorally infected with A. butzleri (strains CCUG 30485 or C1), C. jejuni (strain 81-176) or a commensal intestinal E. coli strain. Either strain stably colonized the murine intestines upon infection. At day 6 postinfection (p.i.), C. jejuni infected mice only displayed severe clinical sequelae such as wasting bloody diarrhea. Gross disease was accompanied by increased numbers of colonic apoptotic cells and distinct immune cell populations including macrophages and monocytes, T and B cells as well as regulatory T cells upon pathogenic infection. Whereas A. butzleri and E. coli infected mice were clinically unaffected, respective colonic immune cell numbers increased in the former, but not in the latter, and more distinctly upon A. butzleri strain CCUG 30485 as compared to C1 strain infection. Both, A. butzleri and C. jejuni induced increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF, IL-6 and MCP-1 in large, but also small intestines. Remarkably, even though viable bacteria did not translocate from the intestines to extra-intestinal compartments, systemic immune responses were induced in C. jejuni, but also A. butzleri infected mice as indicated by increased respective pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in serum samples at day 6 p.i. Conclusion / Significance A. butzleri induce less distinct pro-inflammatory sequelae as compared to C. jejuni, but more pronounced local and systemic immune responses than commensal E. coli in a strain-dependent manner. Hence, data point towards that A. butzleri is more than a commensal in vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M. Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Gölz G, Alter T, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. Toll-Like Receptor-4 Dependent Intestinal Gene Expression During Arcobacter Butzleri Infection of Gnotobiotic Il-10 Deficient Mice. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2016; 6:67-80. [PMID: 27141316 PMCID: PMC4838987 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that Arcobacter butzleri infection induces Toll-like receptor (TLR) -4 dependent immune responses in perorally infected gnotobiotic IL-10–/– mice. Here, we analyzed TLR-4-dependent expression of genes encoding inflammatory mediators and matrix-degrading gelatinases MMP-2 and -9 in the small and large intestines of gnotobiotic TLR-4-deficient IL-10–/– mice that were perorally infected with A. butzleri strains CCUG 30485 or C1, of human and chicken origin, respectively. At day 6 following A. butzleri infection, colonic mucin-2 mRNA, as integral part of the intestinal mucus layer, was downregulated in the colon, but not ileum, of IL-10–/– but not TLR-4–/– IL-10–/– mice. CCUG 30485 strain-infected TLR-4-deficient IL-10–/– mice displayed less distinctly upregulated IFN-γ, IL-17A, and IL-1β mRNA levels in ileum and colon, which was also true for colonic IL-22. These changes were accompanied by upregulated colonic MMP-2 and ileal MMP-9 mRNA exclusively in IL-10–/– mice. In conclusion, TLR-4 is essentially involved in A. butzleri mediated modulation of gene expression in the intestines of gnotobiotic IL-10–/– mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Free University Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Free University Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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15
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Badilla-Ramírez Y, Fallas-Padilla KL, Fernández-Jaramillo H, Arias-Echandi ML. SURVIVAL CAPACITY OF Arcobacter butzleri INOCULATED IN POULTRY MEAT AT TWO DIFFERENT REFRIGERATION TEMPERATURES. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:22. [PMID: 27007565 PMCID: PMC4804559 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter spp. are emerging enteropathogens and potential zoonotic
agents that can be transmitted by food and water, being considered a public health
risk. The high isolation rate of these bacteria from poultry products suggests that
it may be a major source of human infections. One hallmark for differentiating the
genus Arcobacter fromCampylobacter includes their
growing capacity at low temperatures (15-30 °C) under aerobic conditions. However,
little is known about the population density variation of these bacteria at different
refrigeration temperatures. The aim of this study was to determine the survival
behavior of two different Arcobacter butzleri concentrations
(104 CFU/mL and 107 CFU/mL) inoculated on chicken legs and
held at two different refrigeration temperatures (4 and 10 °C) throughout storage
time. Results have shown that A. butzleri had growing capacity both
at 4 and 10 °C. No statistical difference between the survival trends was found for
both bacterial concentrations and temperatures tested. This study shows that
A. butzleri is a robust species with regard to storage
temperature, and represents a potential health risk for poultry meat consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanán Badilla-Ramírez
- Research Center and Microbiology Faculty, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Karolina L Fallas-Padilla
- Research Center of Animal Nutrition (CINA) and Microbiology Faculty, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Karadas G, Bücker R, Sharbati S, Schulzke JD, Alter T, Gölz G. Arcobacter butzleri
isolates exhibit pathogenic potential in intestinal epithelial cell models. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 120:218-25. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Karadas
- Institute of Food Hygiene; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - R. Bücker
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - S. Sharbati
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - J.-D. Schulzke
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - T. Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - G. Gölz
- Institute of Food Hygiene; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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17
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Gölz G, Karadas G, Fischer A, Göbel UB, Alter T, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. Toll-Like Receptor-4 is Essential for Arcobacter Butzleri-Induced Colonic and Systemic Immune Responses in Gnotobiotic IL-10(-/-) Mice. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2015; 5:321-32. [PMID: 26716021 PMCID: PMC4681360 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2015.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter butzleri causes sporadic cases of gastroenteritis, but the underlying immunopathological mechanisms of infection are unknown. We have recently demonstrated that A. butzleri-infected gnotobiotic IL-10–/– mice were clinically unaffected but exhibited intestinal and systemic inflammatory immune responses. For the first time, we here investigated the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, the main receptor for lipopolysaccharide and lipooligosaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria, in murine arcobacteriosis. Gnotobiotic TLR-4/IL-10-double deficient (TLR-4–/– IL-10–/–) and IL-10–/– control mice generated by broad-spectrum antibiotics were perorally infected with A. butzleri. Until day 16 postinfection, mice of either genotype were stably colonized with the pathogen, but fecal bacterial loads were approximately 0.5–2.0 log lower in TLR-4–/– IL-10–/– as compared to IL-10–/– mice. A. butzleri-infected TLR-4–/– IL-10–/– mice displayed less pronounced colonic apoptosis accompanied by lower numbers of macrophages and monocytes, T lymphocytes, regulatory T-cells, and B lymphocytes within the colonic mucosa and lamina propria as compared to IL-10–/– mice. Furthermore, colonic concentrations of nitric oxide, TNF, IL-6, MCP-1, and, remarkably, IFN-γ and IL-12p70 serum levels were lower in A. butzleri-infected TLR-4–/– IL-10–/– versus IL-10–/– mice. In conclusion, TLR-4 is involved in mediating murine A. butzleri infection. Further studies are needed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying Arcobacter–host interactions in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Gül Karadas
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf B Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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Heimesaat MM, Karadas G, Fischer A, Göbel UB, Alter T, Bereswill S, Gölz G. Toll-Like Receptor-4 Dependent Small Intestinal Immune Responses Following Murine Arcobacter Butzleri Infection. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2015; 5:333-42. [PMID: 26716022 PMCID: PMC4681361 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2015.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic cases of gastroenteritis have been attributed to Arcobacter butzleri infection, but information about the underlying immunopathological mechanisms is scarce. We have recently shown that experimental A. butzleri infection induces intestinal, extraintestinal and systemic immune responses in gnotobiotic IL-10(-/-) mice. The aim of the present study was to investigate the immunopathological role of Toll-like Receptor-4, the receptor for lipopolysaccharide and lipooligosaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria, during murine A. butzleri infection. To address this, gnotobiotic IL-10(-/-) mice lacking TLR-4 were generated by broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment and perorally infected with two different A. butzleri strains isolated from a patient (CCUG 30485) or fresh chicken meat (C1), respectively. Bacteria of either strain stably colonized the ilea of mice irrespective of their genotype at days 6 and 16 postinfection. As compared to IL-10(-/-) control animals, TLR-4(-/-) IL-10(-/-) mice were protected from A. butzleri-induced ileal apoptosis, from ileal influx of adaptive immune cells including T lymphocytes, regulatory T-cells and B lymphocytes, and from increased ileal IFN-γ secretion. Given that TLR-4-signaling is essential for A. butzleri-induced intestinal inflammation, we conclude that bacterial lipooligosaccharide or lipopolysaccharide compounds aggravate intestinal inflammation and may thus represent major virulence factors of Arcobacter. Future studies need to further unravel the molecular mechanisms of TLR-4-mediated A. butzleri-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Gül Karadas
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf B Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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Heimesaat MM, Karadas G, Alutis M, Fischer A, Kühl AA, Breithaupt A, Göbel UB, Alter T, Bereswill S, Gölz G. Survey of small intestinal and systemic immune responses following murine Arcobacter butzleri infection. Gut Pathog 2015; 7:28. [PMID: 26483849 PMCID: PMC4610047 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-015-0075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arcobacter (A.) butzleri has been described as causative agent for sporadic cases of human gastroenteritis with abdominal pain and acute or prolonged watery diarrhea. In vitro studies revealed distinct adhesive, invasive and cytotoxic properties of A. butzleri. Information about the underlying immunopathological mechanisms of infection in vivo, however, are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunopathological properties of two different A. butzleri strains in a well-established murine infection model. RESULTS Gnotobiotic IL-10(-/-) mice, in which the intestinal microbiota was depleted by broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment, were perorally infected with two different A. butzleri strains isolated from a diseased patient (CCUG 30485) or fresh chicken meat (C1), respectively. Eventhough bacteria of either strain could stably colonize the intestinal tract at day 6 and day 16 postinfection (p.i.), mice did not exert infection induced symptoms such as diarrhea or wasting. In small intestines of infected mice, however, increased numbers of apoptotic cells could be detected at day 16, but not day 6 following infection with either strain. A strain-dependent influx of distinct immune cell populations such as T and B cells as well as of regulatory T cells could be observed upon A. butzleri infection which was accompanied by increased small intestinal concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IFN-γ, MCP-1 and IL-6. Remarkably, inflammatory responses following A. butzleri infection were not restricted to the intestinal tract, given that the CCUG 30485 strain induced systemic immune responses as indicated by increased IFN-γ concentrations in spleens at day 6, but not day 16 following infection. CONCLUSION Upon peroral infection A. butzleri stably colonized the intestinal tract of gnotobiotic IL-10(-/-) mice. The dynamics of distinct local and systemic inflammatory responses could be observed in a strain-dependent fashion pointing towards an immunopathogenic potential of A. butzleri in vivo. These results indicate that gnotobiotic IL-10(-/-) mice are well suited to further investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying arcobacteriosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gül Karadas
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Alutis
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Disease and Rheumatology/Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf B Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Gölz G, Karadas G, Alutis ME, Fischer A, Kühl AA, Breithaupt A, Göbel UB, Alter T, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. Arcobacter butzleri Induce Colonic, Extra-Intestinal and Systemic Inflammatory Responses in Gnotobiotic IL-10 Deficient Mice in a Strain-Dependent Manner. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139402. [PMID: 26406497 PMCID: PMC4584000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The immunopathological impact of human Arcobacter (A.) infections is under current debate. Episodes of gastroenteritis with abdominal pain and acute or prolonged watery diarrhea were reported for A. butzleri infected patients. Whereas adhesive, invasive and cytotoxic capacities have been described for A. butzleri in vitro, only limited information is available about the immunopathogenic potential and mechanisms of infection in vivo. Methodology/Principal Findings Gnotobiotic IL-10-/- mice were generated by broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment and perorally infected with the A. butzleri strains CCUG 30485 and C1 shown to be invasive in cell culture assays. Bacterial colonization capacities, clinical conditions, intestinal, extra-intestinal and systemic immune responses were monitored at day six and 16 postinfection (p.i.). Despite stable intestinal A. butzleri colonization at high loads, gnotobiotic IL-10-/- mice were virtually unaffected and did not display any overt symptoms at either time point. Notably, A. butzleri infection induced apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells which was paralleled by increased abundance of proliferating cells. Furthermore A. butzleri infection caused a significant increase of distinct immune cell populations such as T and B cells, regulatory T cells, macrophages and monocytes in the colon which was accompanied by elevated colonic TNF, IFN-γ, nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, IL-12p70 and MCP-1 concentrations. Strikingly, A. butzleri induced extra-intestinal and systemic immune responses as indicated by higher NO concentrations in kidney and increased TNF, IFN-γ, IL-12p70 and IL-6 levels in serum samples of infected as compared to naive mice. Overall, inflammatory responses could be observed earlier in the course of infection by the CCUG 30485 as compared to the C1 strain. Conclusion/Significance Peroral A. butzleri infection induced not only intestinal but also extra-intestinal and systemic immune responses in gnotobiotic IL-10-/- mice in a strain-dependent manner. These findings point towards an immunopathogenic potential of A. butzleri in vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Gül Karadas
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie E. Alutis
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A. Kühl
- Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Disease and Rheumatology/Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf B. Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M. Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Bogantes EV, Fallas-Padilla KL, Rodríguez-Rodríguez CE, Jaramillo HF, Echandi MLA. Zoonotic species of the genus Arcobacter in poultry from different regions of Costa Rica. J Food Prot 2015; 78:808-11. [PMID: 25836409 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, emerging pathogens have received special attention due to their consequences for public health. Given that Arcobacter has been isolated in Costa Rica from commercial meat poultry samples, the aim of this research was to determine its isolation frequency from laying hens, broilers, ducks, and geese and to compare two types of samples, namely, cloacal swabs and stool collection. Arcobacter was isolated from 22 (11%) of the 200 samples examined. Fifteen (55%), eight (30%), and four (15%) of the isolated strains were identified as A. butzleri, A. cryareophilus, and Arcobacter spp., respectively. Also, there is a statistically significant difference among the isolation frequencies of Arcobacter for the types of samples evaluated, yielding more isolates from stool samples than from cloacal swab collection. This work describes the distribution of Arcobacter in farm animals as potential sources for its spread from animal-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Valverde Bogantes
- Tropical Disease Research Center and Microbiology Faculty, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Karolina L Fallas-Padilla
- Tropical Disease Research Center and Microbiology Faculty, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | | | | | - María Laura Arias Echandi
- Tropical Disease Research Center and Microbiology Faculty, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica.
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Ferreira S, Queiroz JA, Oleastro M, Domingues FC. Insights in the pathogenesis and resistance of Arcobacter: A review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:364-83. [PMID: 25806423 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.954523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter genus currently comprises 18 recognized species, among which Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus and Arcobacter skirrowii have been associated with human and animal disease. Although these organisms, with special emphasis A. butzleri, are emerging as clinical pathogens, several aspects of their epidemiology and virulence are only starting to be clarified. In vitro human and animal cell culture assays have been used to show that several Arcobacter species can adhere to and invade eukaryotic cells, induce an immune response and produce toxins that damage host cells. In addition, data from genome sequencing highlighted several potential markers that may be helpful candidates for the study and understanding of these mechanisms; however, more work is necessary to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in Arcobacter virulence. Arcobacter can be considered a relatively robust organism showing to be able to survive in adverse conditions, as the ones imposed by food processing and storage. Moreover, these bacteria have shown increased antibiotic resistance, along with high multidrug resistance. In this review, we seek to update the state-of-the-art concerning Arcobacter distribution, its interaction with the host, the trends of antibiotic resistance, its ability to survive, and finally the use of natural antimicrobials for control of Arcobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ferreira
- a CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal and
| | - João A Queiroz
- a CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal and
| | - Mónica Oleastro
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , National Reference Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Infections, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Fernanda C Domingues
- a CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal and
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23
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Arcobacter Species. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800245-2.00012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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24
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zur Bruegge J, Hanisch C, Einspanier R, Alter T, Gölz G, Sharbati S. Arcobacter butzleri induces a pro-inflammatory response in THP-1 derived macrophages and has limited ability for intracellular survival. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:1209-17. [PMID: 25245281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent case reports have identified Arcobacter (A.) butzleri to be another emerging pathogen of the family Campylobacteraceae causing foodborne diseases. However, little is known about its interaction with the human immune system. As macrophages act as first defense against bacterial infections, we studied for the first time the impact of A. butzleri on human macrophages using THP-1 derived macrophages as an in vitro infection model. Our investigations considered the inflammatory response, intracellular survival and activation of caspases as potential virulence mechanisms employed by A. butzleri. Induction of IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12ß and TNFα demonstrated a pro-inflammatory response of infected macrophages towards A. butzleri. gentamycin protection assays revealed the ability of A. butzleri strains to survive and resist the hostile environment of phagocytic immune cells for up to 22 h. Moreover, initial activation of intitiator- (CASP8) as well as effector caspases (CASP3/7) was observed without the onset of DNA damage, suggesting a potential counter regulation. Intriguingly, we recognized distinct strain specific differences in invasion and survival capabilities. This suggests the existence of isolate dependent phenotype variations and different virulence potentials as known for other intestinal pathogens such as Salmonella enterica ssp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer zur Bruegge
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carlos Hanisch
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Soroush Sharbati
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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Fallas-Padilla KL, Rodríguez-Rodríguez CE, Fernández Jaramillo H, Arias Echandi ML. Arcobacter: comparison of isolation methods, diversity, and potential pathogenic factors in commercially retailed chicken breast meat from Costa Rica. J Food Prot 2014; 77:880-4. [PMID: 24853508 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter species have been recognized as potential food- and waterborne pathogens. The lack of standardized isolation methods and the relatively scarce knowledge about their prevalence and distribution as emerging pathogens are due to the limitations in their detection and identification. This study aimed to determine the presence and the identification of Arcobacter in chicken breast samples commercially retailed in San José, Costa Rica, as well as to describe the adherence and invasive potential of the strains to human cells (HEp-2). Fifty chicken breast samples were collected from retail markets in the metropolitan area of the country. Six different isolation methodologies were applied for the isolation of Arcobacter. Isolation strategies consisted of combinations of enrichments in de Boer or Houf selective broths and subsequent isolation in blood agar (directly or with a previous passive membrane filtration step) or Arcobacter selective agar. Suspicious colonies were identified with a genus-specific PCR, whereas species-level identification was achieved with a multiplex PCR. The overall isolation frequency of Arcobacter was 56%. From the isolation strategies, the combination of enrichment in Houf selective broth followed by filtration on blood agar showed the best performance, with a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 84%. A total of 46 isolates were confirmed as Arcobacter with the genus-specific PCR, from which 27 (59%) corresponded to Arcobacter butzleri, 9 (19%) to Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and 10 (22%) were not identified with this multiplex PCR. Regarding the potential pathogenicity, 75% of the isolates presented adherence to HEp-2 cells, while only 22% were invasive to that cell line. All invasive strains were A. butzleri or nonidentified strains. The results show the presence of potentially pathogenic Arcobacter in poultry and recognize the importance it should receive as a potential foodborne pathogen from public health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina L Fallas-Padilla
- Tropical Disease Research Center and Microbiology Faculty, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | | | | | - María Laura Arias Echandi
- Tropical Disease Research Center and Microbiology Faculty, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica.
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Giacometti F, Serraino A, Pasquali F, De Cesare A, Bonerba E, Rosmini R. Behavior ofArcobacter butzleriandArcobacter cryaerophilusin Ultrahigh-Temperature, Pasteurized, and Raw Cow's Milk Under Different Temperature Conditions. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:15-20. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Roberto Rosmini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Nieva-Echevarria B, Martinez-Malaxetxebarria I, Girbau C, Alonso R, Fernández-Astorga A. Prevalence and genetic diversity of arcobacter in food products in the north of Spain. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1447-50. [PMID: 23905804 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial contamination of food products can cause serious public health problems. Interest in Arcobacter contamination has increased due to the relationship between these bacteria and human enteritis. We studied the prevalence and genetic diversity of Arcobacter species at the retail level in the province of Alava in Basque Country, Spain. The results showed a high genetic diversity and indicated the regular presence of the main Arcobacter spp. associated with human enteric illness in food products. Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii were detected with an overall prevalence close to 40% and were isolated from 15 (42.8%) fresh cow's milk samples, 12 (73.3%) shellfish samples, 11 (55%) chicken samples, 2 (10%) pork samples, and 1 (5%) beef sample. The results indicate the need to investigate the impact of Arcobacter spp. on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nieva-Echevarria
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU, C/ Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Merga JY, Williams NJ, Miller WG, Leatherbarrow AJH, Bennett M, Hall N, Ashelford KE, Winstanley C. Exploring the diversity of Arcobacter butzleri from cattle in the UK using MLST and whole genome sequencing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55240. [PMID: 23405126 PMCID: PMC3566208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter butzleri is considered to be an emerging human foodborne pathogen. The completion of an A. butzleri genome sequence along with microarray analysis of 13 isolates in 2007 revealed a surprising amount of diversity amongst A. butzleri isolates from humans, animals and food. In order to further investigate Arcobacter diversity, 792 faecal samples were collected from cattle on beef and dairy farms in the North West of England. Arcobacter was isolated from 42.5% of the samples and the diversity of the isolates was investigated using multilocus sequence typing. An A. butzleri whole genome sequence, obtained by 454 shotgun sequencing of an isolate from a clinically-healthy dairy cow, showed a number of differences when compared to the genome of a human-derived A. butzleri isolate. PCR-based prevalence assays for variable genes suggested some tentative evidence for source-related distributions. We also found evidence for phenotypic differences relating to growth capabilities between our representative human and cattle isolates. Our genotypic and phenotypic observations suggest that some level of niche adaptation may have occurred in A. butzleri.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yvette Merga
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Shah AH, Saleha AA, Murugaiyah M, Zunita Z, Memon AA. Prevalence and distribution of Arcobacter spp. in raw milk and retail raw beef. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1474-8. [PMID: 22856572 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 106 beef samples which consisted of local (n = 59) and imported (n = 47) beef and 180 milk samples from cows (n = 86) and goats (n = 94) were collected from Selangor, Malaysia. Overall, 30.2% (32 of 106) of beef samples were found positive for Arcobacter species. Imported beef was significantly more contaminated (46.80%) than local beef (16.9%). Arcobacter butzleri was the species isolated most frequently from imported (81.8%) and local (60%) beef, followed by Arcobacter cryaerophilus in local (33.3%) and imported (18.2%) beef samples. Only one local beef sample (10%) yielded Arcobacter skirrowii. Arcobacter species were detected from cow's milk (5.8%), with A. butzleri as the dominant species (60%), followed by A. cryaerophilus (40%), whereas none of the goat's milk samples were found positive for Arcobacter. This is the first report of the detection of Arcobacter in milk and beef in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Shah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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González I, García T, Fernández S, Martín R. Current Status on Arcobacter Research: An Update on DNA-Based Identification and Typing Methodologies. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-011-9343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Arias ML, Cid A, Fernandéz H. Arcobacter butzleri: first isolation report from chicken carcasses in costa rica. Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42:703-6. [PMID: 24031682 PMCID: PMC3769817 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220110002000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter butzleri isolation from chicken carcasses in Costa Rica is reported for the first time. The isolated strains (P and R) were presumptively identified by their phenotypic characteristics. Definitive identification was made using a multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and identification of Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus and Arcobacter skirrowii. These first isolations indicate the necessity of further investigation about the prevalence, distribution, ecology and interactions with human beings of this and other Arcobacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Arias
- Faculty of Microbiology. Universidad de Costa Rica . San José. Costa Rica
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Collado L, Figueras MJ. Taxonomy, epidemiology, and clinical relevance of the genus Arcobacter. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011; 24:174-92. [PMID: 21233511 PMCID: PMC3021208 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00034-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Arcobacter, defined almost 20 years ago from members of the genus Campylobacter, has become increasingly important because its members are being considered emergent enteropathogens and/or potential zoonotic agents. Over recent years information that is relevant for microbiologists, especially those working in the medical and veterinary fields and in the food safety sector, has accumulated. Recently, the genus has been enlarged with several new species. The complete genomes of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter nitrofigilis are available, with the former revealing diverse pathways characteristic of free-living microbes and virulence genes homologous to those of Campylobacter. The first multilocus sequence typing analysis showed a great diversity of sequence types, with no association with specific hosts or geographical regions. Advances in detection and identification techniques, mostly based on molecular methods, have been made. These microbes have been associated with water outbreaks and with indicators of fecal pollution, with food products and water as the suspected routes of transmission. This review updates this knowledge and provides the most recent data on the taxonomy, species diversity, methods of detection, and identification of these microbes as well as on their virulence potential and implication in human and animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Collado
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, IISPV, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria José Figueras
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, IISPV, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Comparison of Arcobacter isolation methods, and diversity of Arcobacter spp. in Cheshire, United Kingdom. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 77:1646-50. [PMID: 21193675 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01964-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were, firstly, to compare five published methods for the isolation of Arcobacter spp. from animal feces in order to determine the most sensitive and specific method. Second, we analyzed the resulting isolates by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) in order to investigate the diversity of the isolates recovered. Third, we investigated the ability to recover Arcobacter spp. from frozen fecal samples. Seventy-seven fecal samples from cattle, sheep, and badgers were subjected to five isolation methods, based on published methods for the isolation of Arcobacter and Campylobacter spp. Thirty-nine Arcobacter butzleri isolates were analyzed using a multilocus sequence typing scheme. The survival of Arcobacter spp. in frozen samples was investigated by freezing the fecal samples at -80°C for 7 days and then applying the same five isolation methods. The most sensitive and specific method used an Arcobacter-specific broth in conjunction with modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar (mCCDA) with added antibiotics. Freezing of fecal samples led to a reduction in the recovery of Arcobacter spp. by approximately 50%. The 39 allelic profiles obtained by MLST could be divided into 11 sequence types (STs). We have identified the most sensitive and specific method for the isolation of Arcobacter spp. from animal feces and demonstrated that the freezing of fecal samples prior to isolation reduces arcobacter recovery. MLST analysis of the isolates revealed a high level of diversity.
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Hamill S, Neill SD, Madden RH. Use of Hugh and Leifson's medium as a simple screening test to aid in the differentiation of Arcobacter spp. from background flora during their isolation from foodstuffs. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 47:187-91. [PMID: 19552783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the suitability of Hugh and Leifson's medium (HLM) as the basis of a simple screening test to differentiate between contaminants and Arcobacter spp. during their isolation from foodstuffs. METHODS AND RESULTS Characterized Arcobacter spp. were obtained from recognized culture collections. Wild-type isolates of Arcobacter spp. and contaminants were obtained using published isolation protocols. Retail packs of red meats were used as the source of the isolates. Eighteen defined Arcobacter spp. gave no reaction on HLM, as did 10 local wild-type isolates. Overall 163 contaminants were studied for oxidative reactions on HLM and 86% of isolates demonstrated this property. CONCLUSIONS HLM can usefully serve as a simple and effective screening test to differentiate between Arcobacter spp. and contaminants. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Arcobacter isolation procedures are still being developed, and no effective diagnostic media currently exist. Rapidly excluding most contaminants can markedly increase the efficiency of isolation procedures by removing the need for extensive biotyping or the requirement to isolate DNA and conduct PCR tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hamill
- Department of Food Science, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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36
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Abstract
Arcobacter is considered an emergent foodborne and waterborne enteropathogen. However, its prevalence in foods of animal origin is only partially known, because most studies have been concentrated on poultry, pork, and beef, and methods applied do not allow identification of all currently accepted Arcobacter species. We investigated the prevalence of Arcobacter in 203 food samples, 119 samples of seven different types of meats and 84 samples of four types of shellfish. Isolates were identified in parallel by using a published multiplex PCR method and a recently described 16S rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism method that allows all currently accepted Arcobacter species to be characterized. The global prevalence of Arcobacter was 32%; it was highest in clams (5 of 5 samples, 100%) and chicken (9 of 14 samples, 64.3%) followed by pork (9 of 17 samples, 53.0%), mussels (23 of 56 samples, 41.1%), and duck meat (2 of 5 samples, 40.0%). Turkey meat and beef had a similar recovery rate (10 of 30 samples, 33.3%; 5 of 16 samples, 31.3%; respectively), and rabbit meat had the lowest rate (1 of 10 samples, 10.0%). No arcobacters were found in oysters, frozen shrimps, or sausages. This food survey is the first in which five of the seven accepted Arcobacter species have been isolated. Arcobacter butzleri was the most prevalent species (63.0% of isolates) followed by Arcobacter cryaerophilus (26.6%), Arcobacter mytili (4.7%), Arcobacter skirrowii (3.1%), and Arcobacter nitrofigilis (3.1%). Three (4.7%) of the isolates were classified as belonging to three potentially new phylogenetic lines. Our results indicated that Arcobacter species are widely distributed in the food products studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Collado
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mediques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Cervenka L. Survival and Inactivation ofArcobacterspp., a Current Status and Future Prospect. Crit Rev Microbiol 2008; 33:101-8. [PMID: 17558659 DOI: 10.1080/10408410701364497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter spp. has been isolated from food of animal origin (particularly meats) and from various kind of water. Despite its phylogenetically related neighbor Campylobacter, Arcobacter is regarded as an emerging foodborne pathogen. Since Arcobacter differs in its phenotypic characteristics, the physical and chemical treatments designed for elimination of campylobacters from food and environment needs to be verified. This review focuses on the occurrence, and mainly on susceptibility to various physical and chemical treatments for inactivation of Arcobacter spp. The existing studies have been critically discussed and new challenges were proposed for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Cervenka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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39
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Van Driessche E, Houf K. Survival capacity in water ofArcobacterspecies under different temperature conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:443-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Pejchalová M, Dostalíková E, Slámová M, Brozková I, Vytrasová J. Prevalence and diversity of Arcobacter spp. in the Czech Republic. J Food Prot 2008; 71:719-27. [PMID: 18468025 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.4.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine 634 samples of chicken, lamb, pork, beef, fish, samples from the intensive animal industry and from poultry for slaughter, as well as from the domestic breeding of poultry, horses, pigs, and lambs, from surface water, and from clinical samples for the presence of Arcobacter. All the samples were examined with a cultivation method, followed by confirmation by multiplex PCR. The method of multiplex PCR applied directly to a liquid medium after enrichment was applied only to the samples with the highest probability of the presence of arcobacters. Arcobacter spp. were detected in 11.8% of the samples, of which A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, and A. skirrowii were found in 6.6, 5.1, and 0.2% of the samples, respectively. The sources of the arcobacters were chicken meat from the retail market, intensive animal production facilities, domestic chicken breeding facilities, lamb raising environments, surface water and wastewater, and beef swabs taken in a meat processing factory. No occurrence of arcobacters was identified in the swabs from slaughter turkeys, ducks, and wild poultry. No arcobacters were found in horse and pig breeding environments, on pork, or on the swabs of fish. Forty-two rectal swabs taken from humans were also free of Arcobacter. Seventeen isolates of Arcobacter were further identified by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Varied genotypes were observed among A. butzleri from chicken meat and chicken breeds, and A. cryaerophilus from wastewater and chicken breeds. They were similar to the genotypes present in wastewater, porcine feces, human stool, and human blood obtained from databases. Our results revealed that the chicken meat from the retail market is an important source of arcobacters. Cross-contamination during handling of chicken carcass practices could play a key role in the spread of Arcobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pejchalová
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Strossova 239, 53003 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Aydin F, Gümüşsoy KS, Atabay HI, Iça T, Abay S. Prevalence and distribution of Arcobacter species in various sources in Turkey and molecular analysis of isolated strains by ERIC-PCR. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 103:27-35. [PMID: 17584450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the prevalence of Arcobacter in various food, animal and water sources in Turkey and to subtype the isolated strains using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 806 samples consisting of chicken (100) and turkey meat (100); minced beef (27); rectal swabs from cattle (173), sheep (68) and dogs (62); cloacal swabs of broilers (100) and layers (100); gall bladders of cattle (50) and drinking water samples (26) were examined. A previously described membrane filtration method was used for the isolation. Isolates were identified at species level using multiplex-PCR and discriminated by ERIC-PCR for subtyping. Ninety-eight (12.1%) of the samples examined were found positive for arcobacters. Arcobacter spp. were isolated from 68%, 4%, 6.9%, 8% and 37% of chicken and turkey meats, rectal swabs and gall bladders of cattle and minced beef, respectively. No arcobacters were obtained from the rectal swabs of sheep and dogs, cloacal swabs of broilers and layers, and water samples examined. In total, 99 Arcobacter isolates were obtained. Of these isolates, 92 were identified as Arcobacter butzleri, five were Arcobacter skirrowii and two were Arcobacter cryaerophilus. Thirteen distinct DNA profiles among A. butzleri isolates were obtained by the ERIC-PCR. Of these profiles, eight were from chicken carcass, three from cattle rectal swab and two from minced beef meat isolates. Some of the isolates originated from different sources gave the same DNA profiles. All isolates of A. skirrowii and A. cryaerophilus gave different DNA profiles. CONCLUSIONS Poultry carcasses, minced beef meat, rectal swabs and gall bladders of cattle were found to be positive for Arcobacter spp. A. butzleri was the predominant species isolated. In addition, large heterogeneity among the Arcobacter isolates was determined. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Contamination of the poultry carcasses and minced beef meat, rectal and gall bladder samples of cattle with arcobacters poses a risk for both human and animal infections. Detection of several different Arcobacter strains may suggest multiple sources for contamination and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aydin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Van Driessche E, Houf K. Characterization of the Arcobacter contamination on Belgian pork carcasses and raw retail pork. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 118:20-6. [PMID: 17588701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the occurrence of Arcobacter was assessed at four sites on 169 porcine carcasses (foreleg, chest, pelvis and ham) at different stages of slaughter and 47 pork products at retail. Carcass swab samples were enriched in Arcobacter broth containing 5-fluorouracil, amphotericine B, cefoperazone, novobiocine and trimethoprim as selective supplement. After microaerobic incubation, arcobacters were isolated using Arcobacter selective agar plates, containing the selective supplement described above. Some carcass samples and all pork samples were also examined quantitatively. All 862 isolates were identified by a species-specific m-PCR-assay and 182 isolates were further characterized by ERIC-PCR. Arcobacters were isolated from one or more sampling places on 96.4% of the carcasses, with the foreleg and the chest area as the two most contaminated sites. Furthermore, A. cryaerophilus was the most common species. Chilling decreased the number of positive carcasses, but did not eliminate all arcobacters. Direct isolation revealed that only a few carcasses were contaminated with arcobacters on foreleg and/or chest at levels higher than 10(2 )cfu/100 cm(2). Characterization demonstrated a large heterogeneity among the isolates, with ten genotypes present on more then one site per carcass. Fourteen genotypes were simultaneously present on carcasses from different herds slaughtered on the same day, which may indicate cross-contamination. Arcobacters were present in 21% of the pork samples taken at retail, but contamination levels did not exceed 100 cfu per gram. Characterization of the A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus isolates indicated an additional contamination during processing at retail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Van Driessche
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Scullion R, Harrington CS, Madden RH. Prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in raw milk and retail raw meats in Northern Ireland. J Food Prot 2006; 69:1986-90. [PMID: 16924929 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.8.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 1-year study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in raw milk and retail raw meats on sale in Northern Ireland. Retail raw poultry samples (n = 94), pork samples (n = 101), and beef samples (n = 108) were obtained from supermarkets in Northern Ireland, and raw milk samples (n = 101) were kindly provided by the Milk Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Belfast, Northern Ireland. Presumptive arcobacters were identified by previously described genus-specific and species-specific PCR assays. Arcobacter spp. were found to be common contaminants of retail raw meats and raw milk in Northern Ireland. Poultry meat (62%) had the highest prevalence, but frequent isolations were made from pork (35%), beef (34%), and raw milk (46%). Arcobacter butzleri was the predominant species isolated from retail raw meats and was the only species isolated from raw milk samples. Arcobacter cryaerophilus was detected less frequently, and Arcobacter skirrowii was detected only as a cocontaminant. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Arcobacter spp. prevalence in a diverse range of products of animal origin in Northern Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roisin Scullion
- Food Science Department, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Lehner A, Tasara T, Stephan R. Relevant aspects of Arcobacter spp. as potential foodborne pathogen. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 102:127-35. [PMID: 15982771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Revised: 01/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter species are Gram-negative spiral-shaped organisms belonging to the family Campylobacteraceae that can grow microaerobically or aerobically. The Arcobacter organisms also have the ability to grow at 15 degrees C, which is a distinctive feature that differentiates Arcobacter species from Campylobacter species. Cultural detection of Arcobacter is generally performed by an enrichment step and takes 4 to 5 days. In the last few years, several studies comparing different culture-based protocols have been published. Furthermore, DNA-based assays have also been established for rapid and specific identification of Arcobacter spp. Recent evidence suggests that Arcobacter, especially A. Butzleri, may be involved in human enteric diseases. Moreover, A. butzleri has also occasionally been found in cases of human extraintestinal diseases. However, up to now, little is known about the mechanisms of pathogenicity or potential virulence factors of Arcobacter spp. There is evidence that livestock animals may be a significant reservoir of Arcobacter spp. and over the last few years, the presence of these organisms in raw meat products as well as in surface and ground water has received increasing attention. In view of control measures to be used to prevent or to eliminate the hazard of Arcobacter spp. in food, several treatments have been evaluated for their effectiveness. While the role of Arcobacter spp. in human disease awaits further evaluation, a precautionary approach is advisable. Measures aimed at reduction or eradication of Arcobacter from the human food chain should be encouraged. With this article, we review the recent literature on this organism with a special emphasis on the information relevant to food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Switzerland
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