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Teixeira-Santos R, Azevedo A, Romeu MJ, Amador CI, Gomes LC, Whitehead KA, Sjollema J, Burmølle M, Mergulhão FJ. The use of biomimetic surfaces to reduce single- and dual-species biofilms of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida. Biofilm 2024; 7:100185. [PMID: 38444517 PMCID: PMC10912049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to adhere to and form biofilms on food contact surfaces poses serious challenges, as these may lead to the cross-contamination of food products. Biomimetic topographic surface modifications have been explored to enhance the antifouling performance of materials. In this study, the topography of two plant leaves, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (cauliflower, CF) and Brassica oleracea capitate (white cabbage, WC), was replicated through wax moulding, and their antibiofilm potential was tested against single- and dual-species biofilms of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida. Biomimetic surfaces exhibited higher roughness values (SaWC = 4.0 ± 1.0 μm and SaCF = 3.3 ± 1.0 μm) than the flat control (SaF = 0.6 ± 0.2 μm), whilst the CF surface demonstrated a lower interfacial free energy (ΔGiwi) than the WC surface (-100.08 mJ m-2 and -71.98 mJ m-2, respectively). The CF and WC surfaces had similar antibiofilm effects against single-species biofilms, achieving cell reductions of approximately 50% and 60% for E. coli and P. putida, respectively, compared to the control. Additionally, the biomimetic surfaces led to reductions of up to 60% in biovolume, 45% in thickness, and 60% in the surface coverage of single-species biofilms. For dual-species biofilms, only the E. coli strain growing on the WC surface exhibited a significant decrease in the cell count. However, confocal microscopy analysis revealed a 60% reduction in the total biovolume and surface coverage of mixed biofilms developed on both biomimetic surfaces. Furthermore, dual-species biofilms were mainly composed of P. putida, which reduced E. coli growth. Altogether, these results demonstrate that the surface properties of CF and WC biomimetic surfaces have the potential for reducing biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Teixeira-Santos
- LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE – Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Azevedo
- LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE – Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Romeu
- LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE – Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina I. Amador
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luciana C. Gomes
- LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE – Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Kathryn A. Whitehead
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15GD, UK
| | - Jelmer Sjollema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filipe J. Mergulhão
- LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE – Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
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Abdelshafy AM, Neetoo H, Al-Asmari F. Antimicrobial Activity of Hydrogen Peroxide for Application in Food Safety and COVID-19 Mitigation: An Updated Review. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100306. [PMID: 38796115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a well-known agent with a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses. It is a colorless liquid and commercially available in aqueous solution over a wide concentration range. It has been extensively used in the food industry by virtue of its strong oxidizing property and its ability to cause cellular oxidative damage in microbial cells. This review comprehensively documents recent research on the antimicrobial activity of H2O2 against organisms of concern for the food industry, as well as its effect against SARS-CoV-2 responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, factors affecting the antimicrobial effectiveness of H2O2, different applications of H2O2 as a sanitizer or disinfectant in the food industry as well as safety concerns associated with H2O2 are discussed. Finally, recent efforts in enhancing the antimicrobial efficacy of H2O2 are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asem M Abdelshafy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University - Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt.
| | - Hudaa Neetoo
- Agricultural and Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius.
| | - Fahad Al-Asmari
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
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Jiang L, Xu Q, Wu Y, Zhou X, Chen Z, Sun Q, Wen J. Characterization of a Straboviridae phage vB_AbaM-SHI and its inhibition effect on biofilms of Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1351993. [PMID: 38524182 PMCID: PMC10958429 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1351993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a popular clinical pathogen worldwide. Biofilm-associated antibiotic-resistant A. baumannii infection poses a great threat to human health. Bacteria in biofilms are highly resistant to antibiotics and disinfectants. Furthermore, inhibition or eradication of biofilms in husbandry, the food industry and clinics are almost impossible. Phages can move across the biofilm matrix and promote antibiotic penetration. In the present study, a lytic A. baumannii phage vB_AbaM-SHI, belonging to family Straboviridae, was isolated from sauce chop factory drain outlet in Wuxi, China. The DNA genome consists of 44,180 bp which contain 93 open reading frames, and genes encoding products morphogenesis are located at the end of the genome. The amino acid sequence of vB_AbaM-SHI endolysin is different from those of previously reported A. baumannii phages in NCBI. Phage vB_AbaM-SHI endolysin has two additional β strands due to the replacement of a lysine (K) (in KU510289.1, NC_041857.1, JX976549.1 and MH853786.1) with an arginine (R) (SHI) at position 21 of A. baumannii phage endolysin. Spot test showed that phage vB_AbaM-SHI is able to lyse some antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as A. baumannii (SL, SL1, and SG strains) and E. coli BL21 strain. Additionally, phage vB_AbaM-SHI independently killed bacteria and inhibited bacterial biofilm formation, and synergistically exerted strong antibacterial effects with antibiotics. This study provided a new perspective into the potential application value of phage vB_AbaM-SHI as an antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Hubei No. 3 People’s Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Rheumatology Immunology, The First People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xianglian Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology Immunology, The First People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Department of Laboratory, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiangming Sun
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinsheng Wen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Mougin J, Midelet G, Leterme S, Best G, Ells T, Joyce A, Whiley H, Brauge T. Benzalkonium chloride disinfectant residues stimulate biofilm formation and increase survival of Vibrio bacterial pathogens. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1309032. [PMID: 38414711 PMCID: PMC10897976 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1309032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Vibrio spp. are opportunistic human and animal pathogens found ubiquitously in marine environments. Globally, there is a predicted rise in the prevalence of Vibrio spp. due to increasing ocean temperatures, which carries significant implications for public health and the seafood industry. Consequently, there is an urgent need for enhanced strategies to control Vibrio spp. and prevent contamination, particularly in aquaculture and seafood processing facilities. Presently, these industries employ various disinfectants, including benzalkonium chloride (BAC), as part of their management strategies. While higher concentrations of BAC may be effective against these pathogens, inadequate rinsing post-disinfection could result in residual concentrations of BAC in the surrounding environment. This study aimed to investigate the adaptation and survival of Vibrio spp. exposed to varying concentrations of BAC residues. Results revealed that Vibrio bacteria, when exposed, exhibited a phenotypic adaptation characterized by an increase in biofilm biomass. Importantly, this effect was found to be strain-specific rather than species-specific. Exposure to BAC residues induced physiological changes in Vibrio biofilms, leading to an increase in the number of injured and alive cells within the biofilm. The exact nature of the "injured" bacteria remains unclear, but it is postulated that BAC might heighten the risk of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria development. These VBNC bacteria pose a significant threat, especially since they cannot be detected using the standard culture-based methods commonly employed for microbiological risk assessment in aquaculture and seafood industries. The undetected presence of VBNC bacteria could result in recurrent contamination events and subsequent disease outbreaks. This study provides evidence regarding the role of c-di-GMP signaling pathways in Vibrio adaptation mechanisms and suggests that c-di-GMP mediated repression is a potential avenue for further research. The findings underscore that the misuse and overuse of BAC may increase the risk of biofilm development and bacterial survival within the seafood processing chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mougin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Graziella Midelet
- Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sophie Leterme
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Biofilm Research and Innovation, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Giles Best
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Timothy Ells
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS, Canada
| | - Alyssa Joyce
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Harriet Whiley
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Biofilm Research and Innovation, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Thomas Brauge
- Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
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Ashikur Rahman M, Akter S, Ashrafudoulla M, Anamul Hasan Chowdhury M, Uddin Mahamud AGMS, Hong Park S, Ha SD. Insights into the mechanisms and key factors influencing biofilm formation by Aeromonas hydrophila in the food industry: A comprehensive review and bibliometric analysis. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113671. [PMID: 38129021 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation by Aeromonas hydrophila in the food industry poses significant challenges to food safety and quality. Therefore, this comprehensive review aimed to provide insights into the mechanisms and key factors influencing A. hydrophila biofilm formation. It explores the molecular processes involved in initial attachment, microcolony formation, and biofilm maturation; moreover, it concurrently examines the impact of intrinsic factors, including quorum sensing, cyclic-di-GMP, the efflux pump, and antibiotic resistance, as well as environmental conditions, such as temperature, nutrient availability, and osmotic pressure, on biofilm architecture and resilience. Furthermore, the article highlights the potential of bibliometric analysis as a promising method for conceptualizing the research landscape of and identifying knowledge gaps in A. hydrophila biofilm research. The findings underscore the requirement for focused interventions that prevent biofilm development and raise food sector safety. The consolidation of current information and incorporation of bibliometric analysis enhances existing understanding of A. hydrophila biofilm formation and offers insights for future research and control strategies within a food industry context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashikur Rahman
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Republic of Korea; Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Bangladesh
| | - Shirin Akter
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Republic of Korea; Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ashrafudoulla
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Si Hong Park
- Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Republic of Korea.
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Carusi J, Kabuki DY, de Seixas Pereira PM, Cabral L. Aeromonas spp. in drinking water and food: Occurrence, virulence potential and antimicrobial resistance. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113710. [PMID: 38128981 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas sp. is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, oxidase-positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium and a natural contaminant found in aquatic environments. Some species can invade, colonize, and damage host cells due to the presence of virulence factors, such as flagella, elastase, hemolysins, aerolysins, adhesins, enterotoxins, phospholipases and lipases, that lead to pathogenic activities. Consequently, can cause many health disorders that range from gastrointestinal problems, enteric infections, and ulcers to hemorrhagic septicemia. Aeromonas has been isolated and identified from a variety of sources, including drinking water and ready-to-eat foods (fish, meat, fresh vegetables, dairy products, and others). Some species of this opportunistic pathogen are resistant to several commercial antibiotics, including some used as a last resort for treatment, which represents a major challenge in the clinical segment. Antimicrobial resistance can be attributed to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics by society in aquaculture and horticulture. In addition, antibiotic resistance is attributed to plasmid transfer between microorganisms and horizontal gene transfer. This review aimed to (i) verify the occurrence of Aeromonas species in water and food intended for human consumption; (ii) identify the methods used to detect Aeromonas species; (iii) report on the virulence genes carried by different species; and (iv) report on the antimicrobial resistance of this genus in the last 5 years of research. Additionally, we present the existence of Aeromonas spp. resistant to antimicrobials in food and drinking water represents a potential threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Carusi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Dirce Yorika Kabuki
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Marques de Seixas Pereira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Cabral
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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Pigareva VA, Paltsev OS, Marina VI, Lukianov DA, Moiseenko AV, Shchelkunov NM, Fedyanin AA, Sybachin AV. Ag 2O-Containing Biocidal Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes on Glass Surfaces-Adhesive Properties of the Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4690. [PMID: 38139942 PMCID: PMC10747383 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocidal coatings are of great interest to the healthcare system. In this work, the biocidal activity of coatings based on a complex biocide containing polymer and inorganic active antibacterial components was studied. Silver oxide was distributed in a matrix of a positively charged interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) and sodium polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) using ultrasonic dispersion, forming nanoparticles with an average size of 5-6 nm. The formed nanoparticles in the matrix are not subject to agglomeration and changes in morphology during storage. It was found that the inclusion of silver oxide in a positively charged IPEC allows a more than 4-fold increase in the effectiveness of the complex biocide against E. coli K12 in comparison with the biocidal effect of PDADMAC and IPEC. Polycation, IPEC, and the IPEC/Ag2O ternary complex form coatings on the glass surface due to electrostatic adsorption. Adhesive and cohesive forces in the resulting coatings were studied with micron-scale coatings using dynamometry. It was found that the stability of the coating is determined primarily by adhesive interactions. At the macro level, it is not possible to reliably identify the role of IPEC formation in adhesion. On the other hand, use of the optical tweezers method makes it possible to analyze macromolecules at the submicron scale and to evaluate the multiple increase in adhesive forces when forming a coating from IPEC compared to coatings from PDADMAC. Thus, the application of ternary IPEC/Ag2O complexes makes it possible to obtain coatings with increased antibacterial action and improved adhesive characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava A. Pigareva
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.P.); (V.I.M.); (D.A.L.)
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg S. Paltsev
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.P.); (V.I.M.); (D.A.L.)
| | - Valeria I. Marina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.P.); (V.I.M.); (D.A.L.)
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Bolshoy Boulevard, 30, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii A. Lukianov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.P.); (V.I.M.); (D.A.L.)
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Bolshoy Boulevard, 30, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei V. Moiseenko
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-5, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nikita M. Shchelkunov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.M.S.); (A.A.F.)
| | - Andrey A. Fedyanin
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.M.S.); (A.A.F.)
| | - Andrey V. Sybachin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.P.); (V.I.M.); (D.A.L.)
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György É, Unguran KA, Laslo É. Biocide Tolerance and Impact of Sanitizer Concentrations on the Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria Originating from Cheese. Foods 2023; 12:3937. [PMID: 37959056 PMCID: PMC10648639 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we determined and identified the bacterial diversity of different types of artisanal and industrially produced cheese. The antibiotic (erythromycin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, ampicillin, clindamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and gentamicin) and biocide (peracetic acid, sodium hypochlorite, and benzalkonium chloride) resistance of clinically relevant bacteria was determined as follows: Staphylococcus aureus, Macrococcus caseolyticus, Bacillus sp., Kocuria varians, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter pasteurii, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella michiganensis, Enterobacter sp., Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter sichuanensis, Raoultella ornithinolytica, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella enterica. Also, the effect of the sub-inhibitory concentration of three biocides on antibiotic resistance was determined. The microbiota of evaluated dairy products comprise diverse and heterogeneous groups of bacteria with respect to antibiotic and disinfectant tolerance. The results indicated that resistance was common in the case of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and streptomycin. Bacillus sp. SCSSZT2/3, Enterococcus faecalis SRGT/1, E. coli SAT/1, Raoultella ornithinolytica MTT/5, and S. aureus SIJ/2 showed resistance to most antibiotics. The tested bacteria showed sensitivity to peracetic acid and a different level of tolerance to benzalkonium chloride and sodium hypochlorite. The inhibition zone diameter of antibiotics against Enterococcus faecalis SZT/2, S. aureus JS11, E. coli CSKO2, and Kocuria varians GRT/10 was affected only by the sub-inhibitory concentration of peracetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva György
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Economics, Socio-Human Sciences and Engineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, 530104 Miercurea Ciuc, Romania; (K.A.U.); (É.L.)
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Kim U, Lee SY, Oh SW. A review of mechanism analysis methods in multi-species biofilm of foodborne pathogens. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1665-1677. [PMID: 37780597 PMCID: PMC10533759 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are an aggregation of microorganisms that have high resistance to antimicrobial agents. In the food industry, it has been widely studied that foodborne pathogens on both food surfaces and food-contact surfaces can form biofilms thereby threatening the safety of the food. In the natural environment, multi-species biofilms formed by more than two different microorganisms are abundant. In addition, the resistance of multi-species biofilms to antimicrobial agents is higher than that of mono-species biofilms. Therefore, studies to elucidate the mechanisms of multi-species biofilms formed by foodborne pathogens are still required in the food industry. In this review paper, we summarized the novel analytical methods studied to evaluate the mechanisms of multi-species biofilms formed by foodborne pathogens by dividing them into four categories: spatial distribution, bacterial interaction, extracellular polymeric substance production and quorum sensing analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unji Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02727 Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02727 Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Wook Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02727 Republic of Korea
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Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Potential of Thymus vulgaris and Cymbopogon flexuosus Essential Oils against Pure and Mixed Cultures of Foodborne Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030565. [PMID: 36978432 PMCID: PMC10044171 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of pathogenic and food spoilage microorganisms through the food chain still faces major mitigation challenges, despite modern advances. Although multiple cleaning and disinfection procedures are available for microbial load reduction in food-related settings, microbes can still remain on surfaces, equipment, or machinery, especially if they have the ability to form biofilms. The present study assessed the biofilm-forming properties of pure and mixed cultures of foodborne and spoilage bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Aeromonas hydrophila, Brochothrix thermosphacta), using polystyrene and stainless steel contact surfaces. Subsequently, the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of Thymus vulgaris and Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oils—EOs—were evaluated against these bacteria. Moreover, in silico prediction of the absorption and toxicity values of the EOs’ major constituents was also performed, perceiving the putative application in food-related settings. Overall, biofilm formation was observed for all microbes under study, at different temperatures and both contact surfaces. In polystyrene, at 25 °C, when comparing pure with mixed cultures, the combination Listeria–Aeromonas achieved the highest biofilm biomass. Moreover, at 4 °C, increased biofilm formation was detected in stainless steel. Regarding thyme, this EO showed promising antimicrobial features (especially against A. hydrophila, with a MIC of 0.60 µg/µL) and antibiofilm abilities (MBEC of 110.79 µg/µL against L. monocytogenes, a major concern in food settings). As for lemongrass EO, the highest antimicrobial activity, with a MIC of 0.49 µg/µL, was also observed against L. monocytogenes. Overall, despite promising results, the in situ effectiveness of these essential oils, alone or in combination with other antimicrobial compounds, should be further explored.
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Fernández-Gómez P, Cobo-Díaz JF, Oliveira M, González-Raurich M, Alvarez-Ordóñez A, Prieto M, Walsh JL, Sivertsvik M, Noriega-Fernández E, López M. Susceptibility and transcriptomic response to plasma-activated water of Listeria monocytogenes planktonic and sessile cells. Food Microbiol 2023; 113:104252. [PMID: 37098419 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasma-Activated Water (PAW) was generated from tap water using a surface dielectric barrier discharge at different discharge power (26 and 36 W) and activation time (5 and 30 min). The inactivation of a three-strain Listeria monocytogenes cocktail in planktonic and biofilm state was evaluated. PAW generated at 36 W-30 min showed the lowest pH and the highest hydrogen peroxide, nitrates, nitrites contents and effectiveness against cells on planktonic state, resulting in 4.6 log reductions after a 15-min treatment. Although the antimicrobial activity in biofilms formed on stainless steel and on polystyrene was lower, increasing the exposure time to 30 min allowed an inactivation >4.5 log cycles. The mechanisms of action of PAW were investigated using chemical solutions that mimic its physico-chemical characteristics and also RNA-seq analysis. The main transcriptomic changes affected carbon metabolism, virulence and general stress response genes, with several overexpressed genes belonging to the cobalamin-dependent gene cluster.
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Fernández-Gómez P, Oliveira M, Cobo-Díaz JF, González-Raurich M, Múgica-Vidal R, Alba-Elías F, Prieto M, Alvarez-Ordóñez A, López M. The background microbiota and sanitization agent drive the fate of Listeria monocytogenes in multispecies biofilms formed on a plasma-polymerized coating applied on stainless steel. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 386:110017. [PMID: 36435098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.110017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the anti-biofilm activity of a coating applied with an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet system on AISI 316 stainless steel (SS) against multispecies biofilms containing Listeria monocytogenes (using background microbiota from three different meat industries) using culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. Also, the disinfection effectiveness and biofilm evolution after sanitization with two food industry biocides were assessed. The anti-biofilm activity of the coating against L. monocytogenes, observed on mono-species biofilms (p < 0.05), was lost on the multispecies biofilms developed for 7 days at 12 °C (p > 0.05), with L. monocytogenes counts ranging from 5.5 ± 0.7 to 6.1 ± 0.5 CFU/cm2 on the uncoated SS and from 4.4 ± 0.2 to 6.4 ± 0.5 CFU/cm2 on the coated SS. The taxonomic composition of the formed biofilms was highly dependent on the industry but not affected by the artificial inoculation with L. monocytogenes and the nature of the surface (coated vs uncoated SS). When L. monocytogenes was artificially inoculated, its growth was partially controlled in the biofilms developed, with the magnitude of this effect being lower (p < 0.05 on coated SS) for the industry with the lowest taxonomy richness and diversity (3.8 ± 0.2 CFU/cm2), as compared the other two sampled industries (2.4 ± 0.4 and 1.6 ± 0.2 CFU/cm2). The 15-min disinfection treatments with either sodium hypochlorite or peracetic acid at 0.5 % resulted in total viable and L. monocytogenes counts below the limit of detection in most cases, immediately after treatment. The subsequent incubation of the sanitized plates for another 7 days at 12 °C in fresh BHI media led to the development of biofilms with lower bacterial richness and alpha diversity, and higher beta diversity. Even though sodium hypochlorite was in general slightly less effective than peracetic acid immediately after application, it caused a stronger growth control (p < 0.05) of the naturally present L. monocytogenes on the multispecies biofilms developed. This finding highlights the importance of understanding the interspecific competitive relationships between the members of the background microbiota and L. monocytogenes for the long-term control of this pathogen in food processing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcia Oliveira
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - José F Cobo-Díaz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | | | | | - Fernando Alba-Elías
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Miguel Prieto
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | | | - Mercedes López
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Rodríguez-López P, Rodríguez-Herrera JJ, López Cabo M. Architectural Features and Resistance to Food-Grade Disinfectants in Listeria monocytogenes- Pseudomonas spp. Dual-Species Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:917964. [PMID: 35756028 PMCID: PMC9218357 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.917964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is considered a foodborne pathogen of serious concern capable of forming multispecies biofilms with other bacterial species, such as Pseudomonas spp., adhered onto stainless steel (SS) surfaces. In an attempt to link the biofilms’ morphology and resistance to biocides, dual-species biofilms of L. monocytogenes, in co-culture with either Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, or Pseudomonas putida, were assayed to ascertain their morphological characteristics and resistance toward benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and neutral electrolyzed water (NEW). Epifluorescence microscopy analysis revealed that each dual-species biofilm was distributed differently over the SS surface and that these differences were attributable to the presence of Pseudomonas spp. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) assays demonstrated that despite these differences in distribution, all biofilms had similar maximum thicknesses. Along with this, colocalization analyses showed a strong trend of L. monocytogenes to share location within the biofilm with all Pseudomonas assayed whilst the latter distributed throughout the surface independently of the presence of L. monocytogenes, a fact that was especially evident in those biofilms in which cell clusters were present. Finally, a modified Gompertz equation was used to fit biofilms’ BAC and NEW dose-response data. Outcomes demonstrated that L. monocytogenes was less susceptible to BAC when co-cultured with P. aeruginosa or P. fluorescens, whereas susceptibility to NEW was reduced in all three dual-species biofilms, which can be attributable to both the mechanism of action of the biocide and the architectural features of each biofilm. Therefore, the results herein provided can be used to optimize already existing and develop novel target-specific sanitation treatments based on the mechanism of action of the biocide and the biofilms’ species composition and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rodríguez-López
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products (MICROTEC), Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Juan José Rodríguez-Herrera
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products (MICROTEC), Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta López Cabo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products (MICROTEC), Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
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Centeleghe I, Norville P, Hughes L, Maillard JY. Dual species dry surface biofilms; Bacillus species impact on Staphylococcus aureus survival and surface disinfection. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1130-1140. [PMID: 35543339 PMCID: PMC9543557 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Aims Dry surface biofilms (DSB) survive on environmental surfaces throughout hospitals, able to resist cleaning and disinfection interventions. This study aimed to produce a dual species DSB and explore the ability of commercially available wipe products to eliminate pathogens within a dual species DSB and prevent their transfer. Methods and Results Staphylococcus aureus was grown with two different species of Bacillus on stainless steel discs, over 12 days using sequential hydration and dehydration phases. A modified version of ASTM 2967–15 was used to test six wipe products including one water control with the Fitaflex Wiperator. Staphylococcus aureus growth was inhibited when combined with Bacillus subtilis. Recovery of S. aureus on agar from a dual DSB was not always consistent. Our results did not provide evidence that Bacillus licheniformis protected S. aureus from wipe action. There was no significant difference of S. aureus elimination by antimicrobial wipes between single and dual species DSB. B. licheniformis was easily transferred by the wipe itself and to new surfaces both in a single and dual species DSB, whilst several wipe products inhibited the transfer of S. aureus from wipe. However, S. aureus direct transfer to new surfaces was not inhibited post‐wiping. Conclusions Although we observed that the dual DSB did not confer protection of S. aureus, we demonstrated that environmental species can persist on surfaces after disinfection treatment. Industries should test DSB against future products and hospitals should consider carefully the products they choose. Significance and Impact of the Study To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting on the production of a dual species DSB. Multispecies DSB have been identified throughout the world on hospital surfaces, but many studies focus on single species biofilms. This study has shown that DSB behave differently to hydrated biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Centeleghe
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Phillip Norville
- GAMA Healthcare Ltd., Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Hughes
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Jean-Yves Maillard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
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