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Lin YL, Cheng KC, Kao YF, Wu K, Chen JW, Nakthong S, Chen YC. Valorization of broiler edible byproducts: a chicken-liver hydrolysate with hepatoprotection against binge drinking. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104023. [PMID: 39002366 PMCID: PMC11298911 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Over 10,000 metric-ton broiler livers are produced annually in Taiwan. Concerning unpleasant odor and healthy issue, broiler livers are not attractive to consumers. Although the patented chicken-liver hydrolysates (CLHs) through pepsin digestion possess several biofunctionalities, there is no study on hepatoprotection of CLH-based formula capsule (GBHP01) against binge drinking (Whiskey, 50% Alc./Vol.). GBHP01 led to an accelerated blood-alcohol clearance in rats, as evidenced by lowering blood-alcohol increment within 0 to 4 h, increasing blood-alcohol decrement within 4 to 8 h, and smaller blood alcohol concentration areas under the curve (BAC AUC) in the 8-h period (p < 0.05). The ameliorative effects of GBHP01 against binge drinking in rats over 6 wk were attributed to accelerated alcohol metabolism by further increasing alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activities while downregulating cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) protein expression, elevating antioxidant capacity, decreasing zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) protein decrement and serum endotoxin, and reducing inflammation related protein levels, that is, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and proinflammatory cytokines. The development of CLH supplements could not only enhance the added value of broiler livers through nutraceutical development but also offer a strategy to maximize the utilization of poultry processing residues, as shown in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Lin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106037, Taiwan; Undergraduate and Graduate Programs of Nutrition Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City 116059, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chen Cheng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan; Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung City 413305, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City 404328, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Feng Kao
- Seafood Technology Division, Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Keelung City 202008, Taiwan
| | - Kang Wu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106037, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Wei Chen
- Department of Animal Industry, Ministry of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taipei City 100212, Taiwan
| | - Sasitorn Nakthong
- Department of Food Safety Innovation, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom Province 73140, Thailand
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106037, Taiwan; Master Program in Global Agriculture Technology and Genomic Science, International College, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan..
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Alcohol, Resistance Exercise, and mTOR Pathway Signaling: An Evidence-Based Narrative Review. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010002. [PMID: 36671386 PMCID: PMC9855961 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass is determined by the balance between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and degradation. Several intracellular signaling pathways control this balance, including mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (C1). Activation of this pathway in skeletal muscle is controlled, in part, by nutrition (e.g., amino acids and alcohol) and exercise (e.g., resistance exercise (RE)). Acute and chronic alcohol use can result in myopathy, and evidence points to altered mTORC1 signaling as a contributing factor. Moreover, individuals who regularly perform RE or vigorous aerobic exercise are more likely to use alcohol frequently and in larger quantities. Therefore, alcohol may antagonize beneficial exercise-induced increases in mTORC1 pathway signaling. The purpose of this review is to synthesize up-to-date evidence regarding mTORC1 pathway signaling and the independent and combined effects of acute alcohol and RE on activation of the mTORC1 pathway. Overall, acute alcohol impairs and RE activates mTORC1 pathway signaling; however, effects vary by model, sex, feeding, training status, quantity, etc., such that anabolic stimuli may partially rescue the alcohol-mediated pathway inhibition. Likewise, the impact of alcohol on RE-induced mTORC1 pathway signaling appears dependent on several factors including nutrition and sex, although many questions remain unanswered. Accordingly, we identify gaps in the literature that remain to be elucidated to fully understand the independent and combined impacts of alcohol and RE on mTORC1 pathway signaling.
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A Review of Rehabilitation Benefits of Exercise Training Combined with Nutrition Supplement for Improving Protein Synthesis and Skeletal Muscle Strength in Patients with Cerebral Stroke. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234995. [PMID: 36501025 PMCID: PMC9740942 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vascular accident (CVA) is one of the main causes of chronic disability, and it affects the function of daily life, so it is increasingly important to actively rehabilitate patients' physical functions. The research confirmed that the nutrition supplement strategy is helpful to improve the effect of sports rehabilitation adaptation and sports performance. The patients with chronic strokes (whose strokes occur for more than 6 months) have special nutritional needs while actively carrying out rehabilitation exercises, but there are still few studies to discuss at present. Therefore, this paper will take exercise rehabilitation to promote muscle strength and improve muscle protein synthesis as the main axis and, through integrating existing scientific evidence, discuss the special needs of chronic stroke patients in rehabilitation exercise intervention and nutrition supplement one by one. At the same time, we further evaluated the physiological mechanism of nutrition intervention to promote training adaptation and compared the effects of various nutrition supplement strategies on stroke rehabilitation. Literature review pointed out that immediately supplementing protein nutrition (such as whey protein or soybean protein) after resistance exercise or endurance exercise can promote the efficiency of muscle protein synthesis and produce additive benefits, thereby improving the quality of muscle tissue. Recent animal research results show that probiotics can prevent the risk factors of neural function degradation and promote the benefits of sports rehabilitation. At the same time, natural polyphenols (such as catechin or resveratrol) or vitamins can also reduce the oxidative stress injury caused by animal stroke and promote the proliferation of neural tissue. In view of the fact that animal research results still make up the majority of issues related to the role of nutrition supplements in promoting nerve repair and protection, and the true benefits still need to be confirmed by subsequent human studies. This paper suggests that the future research direction should be the supplement of natural antioxidants, probiotics, compound nutritional supplements, and integrated human clinical research.
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Sherafati-Moghadam M, Pahlavani HA, Daryanoosh F, Salesi M. The effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on protein expression in Flexor Hallucis Longus (FHL) and soleus (SOL) in rats with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2022. [PMID: 36404870 PMCID: PMC9672293 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-022-01091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In people with diabetes, one of the problems for patients is muscle wasting and inhibition of the protein synthesis pathway. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of HIIT on protein expression in two skeletal muscles, flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and soleus (SOL) in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and methods Diabetes initially was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide. Rats with type 2 diabetes were randomly and equally divided into control (n = 6) and HIIT groups (n = 6). After 8 weeks of training, the content of total and phosphorylated proteins of serine/threonine-protein kinases (AKT1), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), P70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (P70S6K1), and 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) in FHL and SOL muscles were measured by Western blotting. While body weight and blood glucose were also controlled. Results In the HIIT training group, compared to the control group, a significant increase in the content of AKT1 (0.003) and mTOR (0.001) proteins was observed in the FHL muscle. Also, after 8 weeks of HIIT training, protein 4E-BP1 (0.001) was increased in SOL muscle. However, there was no significant change in other proteins in FHL and SOL muscle. Conclusions In rats with type 2 diabetes appear to HIIT leading to more protein expression of fast-twitch muscles than slow-twitch muscles. thus likely HIIT exercises can be an important approach to increase protein synthesis and prevent muscle atrophy in people with type 2 diabetes.
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Centner C, Jerger S, Mallard A, Herrmann A, Varfolomeeva E, Gollhofer S, Oesser S, Sticht C, Gretz N, Aagaard P, Nielsen JL, Frandsen U, Suetta C, Gollhofer A, König D. Supplementation of Specific Collagen Peptides Following High-Load Resistance Exercise Upregulates Gene Expression in Pathways Involved in Skeletal Muscle Signal Transduction. Front Physiol 2022; 13:838004. [PMID: 35480041 PMCID: PMC9037237 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.838004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous evidence suggests that resistance training in combination with specific collagen peptides (CP) improves adaptive responses of the muscular apparatus. Although beneficial effects have been repeatedly demonstrated, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Therefore, the primary objective of the present randomized trial was to elucidate differences in gene expression pathways related to skeletal muscle signal transduction following acute high-load resistance exercise with and without CP intake. Recreationally active male participants were equally randomized to high-load leg extension exercise in combination with 15 g CP or placebo (PLA) supplementation. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle were obtained at baseline as well as 1, 4 and 24 h post exercise to investigate gene expression using next generation sequencing analysis. Several important anabolic pathways including PI3K-Akt and MAPK pathways were significantly upregulated at 1 and 4 h post-exercise. Significant between-group differences for both pathways were identified at the 4 h time point demonstrating a more pronounced effect after CP intake. Gene expression related to the mTOR pathway demonstrated a higher visual increase in the CP group compared to PLA by trend, but failed to achieve statistically significant group differences. The current findings revealed a significantly higher upregulation of key anabolic pathways (PI3K-Akt, MAPK) in human skeletal muscle 4 h following an acute resistance training combined with intake of 15 g of specific collagen peptides compared to placebo. Further investigations should examine potential relationships between upregulated gene expression and changes in myofibrillar protein synthesis as well as potential long-term effects on anabolic pathways on the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Centner
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Praxisklinik Rennbahn, Muttenz, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christoph Centner,
| | - Simon Jerger
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alistair Mallard
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anna Herrmann
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eugenia Varfolomeeva
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Gollhofer
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Sticht
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit for Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jakob L. Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit for Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Frandsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit for Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Suetta
- Geriatric Research Unit, Department of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Geriatric Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel König
- Department of Nutritional Science, Institute for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Institute for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Cannataro R, Carbone L, Petro JL, Cione E, Vargas S, Angulo H, Forero DA, Odriozola-Martínez A, Kreider RB, Bonilla DA. Sarcopenia: Etiology, Nutritional Approaches, and miRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9724. [PMID: 34575884 PMCID: PMC8466275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, an age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and function, dramatically affects the quality of life. Although there is a consensus that sarcopenia is a multifactorial syndrome, the etiology and underlying mechanisms are not yet delineated. Moreover, research about nutritional interventions to prevent the development of sarcopenia is mainly focused on the amount and quality of protein intake. The impact of several nutrition strategies that consider timing of food intake, anti-inflammatory nutrients, metabolic control, and the role of mitochondrial function on the progression of sarcopenia is not fully understood. This narrative review summarizes the metabolic background of this phenomenon and proposes an integral nutritional approach (including dietary supplements such as creatine monohydrate) to target potential molecular pathways that may affect reduce or ameliorate the adverse effects of sarcopenia. Lastly, miRNAs, in particular those produced by skeletal muscle (MyomiR), might represent a valid tool to evaluate sarcopenia progression as a potential rapid and early biomarker for diagnosis and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cannataro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
- Galascreen Laboratories, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society, DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia; (J.L.P.); (S.V.); (D.A.B.)
| | - Leandro Carbone
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society, DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia; (J.L.P.); (S.V.); (D.A.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Salvador, Buenos Aires 1020, Argentina
| | - Jorge L. Petro
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society, DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia; (J.L.P.); (S.V.); (D.A.B.)
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
| | - Erika Cione
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
- Galascreen Laboratories, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Salvador Vargas
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society, DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia; (J.L.P.); (S.V.); (D.A.B.)
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 29018 Málaga, Spain
| | - Heidy Angulo
- Grupo de Investigación Programa de Medicina (GINUMED), Corporación Universitaria Rafael Núñez, Cartagena 130001, Colombia;
| | - Diego A. Forero
- Health and Sport Sciences Research Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá 111221, Colombia;
| | - Adrián Odriozola-Martínez
- Sport Genomics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- kDNA Genomics, Joxe Mari Korta Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Diego A. Bonilla
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society, DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia; (J.L.P.); (S.V.); (D.A.B.)
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
- kDNA Genomics, Joxe Mari Korta Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
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Soluble Whey Protein Hydrolysate Ameliorates Muscle Atrophy Induced by Immobilization via Regulating the PI3K/Akt Pathway in C57BL/6 Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113362. [PMID: 33139592 PMCID: PMC7692342 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, a loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is prevalent in older people and associated with functional decline and mortality. Protein supplementation is necessary to maintain skeletal muscle mass and whey protein hydrolysates have the best nutrient quality among food proteins. In the first study, C57BL/6 mice were subjected to immobilization for 1 week to induce muscle atrophy. Then, mice were administered with four different whey protein hydrolysates for 2 weeks with continuous immobilization. Among them, soluble whey protein hydrolysate (WP-S) had the greatest increase in grip strength, muscle weight, and cross-sectional area of muscle fiber than other whey protein hydrolysates. To investigate the molecular mechanism, we conducted another experiment with the same experimental design. WP-S significantly promoted the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and inhibited the PI3K/Akt/forkhead box O (FoxO) pathway. In addition, it increased myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression in both the soleus and quadriceps and changed MyHC isoform expressions. In conclusion, WP-S attenuated muscle atrophy induced by immobilization by enhancing the net protein content regulating muscle protein synthesis and degradation. Thus, it is a necessary and probable candidate for developing functional food to prevent sarcopenia.
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Vargas-Mendoza N, Ángeles-Valencia M, Madrigal-Santillán EO, Morales-Martínez M, Tirado-Lule JM, Solano-Urrusquieta A, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Álvarez-González I, Fregoso-Aguilar T, Morales-González Á, Morales-González JA. Effect of Silymarin Supplementation on Physical Performance, Muscle and Myocardium Histological Changes, Bodyweight, and Food Consumption in Rats Subjected to Regular Exercise Training. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207724. [PMID: 33086540 PMCID: PMC7590064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Regular exercise induces physiological and morphological changes in the organisms, but excessive training loads may induce damage and impair recovery or muscle growth. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of Silymarin (SM) consumption on endurance capacity, muscle/cardiac histological changes, bodyweight, and food intake in rats subjected to 60 min of regular exercise training (RET) five days per week. (2) Methods: Male Wistar rats were subjected to an eight-week RET treadmill program and were previously administered SM and vitamin C. Bodyweight and food consumption were measured and registered. The maximal endurance capacity (MEC) test was performed at weeks one and eight. After the last training session, the animals were sacrificed, and samples of quadriceps/gastrocnemius and cardiac tissue were obtained and process for histological analyzes. (3) Results: SM consumption improved muscle recovery, inflammation, and damaged tissue, and promoted hypertrophy, vascularization, and muscle fiber shape/appearance. MEC increased after eight weeks of RET in all trained groups; moreover, the SM-treated group was enhanced more than the group with vitamin C. There were no significant changes in bodyweight and in food and nutrient consumption along the study. (5) Conclusion: SM supplementation may enhance physical performance, recovery, and muscle hypertrophy during the eight-week RET program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Vargas-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (M.Á.-V.); (E.O.M.-S.)
| | - Marcelo Ángeles-Valencia
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (M.Á.-V.); (E.O.M.-S.)
| | - Eduardo Osiris Madrigal-Santillán
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (M.Á.-V.); (E.O.M.-S.)
| | - Mauricio Morales-Martínez
- Licenciatura en Nutrición, Universidad Intercontinental, Insurgentes Sur 4303, Santa Úrsula Xitla, Alcaldía Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14420, Mexico;
| | - Judith Margarita Tirado-Lule
- Escuela Superior de Cómputo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Juan de Dios Bátiz s/n Esquina Miguel Othón de Mendizabal, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico;
| | - Arturo Solano-Urrusquieta
- Hospital Militar de Zona, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Periférico Boulevard Manuel Ávila Camacho s/n, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11200, Mexico;
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, “Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos”. Av. Wilfrido Massieu. Col., Lindavista, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.Á.-G.)
| | - Isela Álvarez-González
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, “Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos”. Av. Wilfrido Massieu. Col., Lindavista, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.Á.-G.)
| | - Tomás Fregoso-Aguilar
- Departamento de Fisiología, Laboratorio de Hormonas y Conducta, ENCB Campus Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07700, Mexico;
| | - Ángel Morales-González
- Escuela Superior de Cómputo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Juan de Dios Bátiz s/n Esquina Miguel Othón de Mendizabal, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (Á.M.-G.); (J.A.M.-G.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6300 (A.M.-G. & J.A.M.-G.)
| | - José A. Morales-González
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (M.Á.-V.); (E.O.M.-S.)
- Correspondence: (Á.M.-G.); (J.A.M.-G.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6300 (A.M.-G. & J.A.M.-G.)
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Randolph AC, Markofski MM, Rasmussen BB, Volpi E. Effect of essential amino acid supplementation and aerobic exercise on insulin sensitivity in healthy older adults: A randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:1371-1378. [PMID: 31307843 PMCID: PMC6934924 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The combination of prolonged essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation and aerobic exercise training (Ex) improves muscle protein metabolism, strength and function in healthy older adults. However, excess EAA intake may worsen insulin sensitivity. Here we report the effects of EAA supplementation (EAA, n = 11), placebo (PLA, n = 10), aerobic exercise with placebo (Ex + PLA, n = 11) or Ex with EAA supplementation (Ex + EAA, n = 10) for 22 weeks on insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic older adults. METHODS A 2 × 2 design with block randomization and double blinding for supplement or placebo was used. Subjects ingested EAA (15 g) or placebo daily. Exercising subjects participated in supervised progressive vigorous treadmill walking 3 times weekly. Measures of insulin sensitivity by oral glucose tolerance testing were collected at baseline and 22 weeks. Dietary intakes of protein and specific amino acids were determined in a subset of subjects. RESULTS Overall, exercise improved insulin sensitivity, while EAA supplementation had no effect. In the dietary subset, post-intervention insulin sensitivity did not correlate significantly with the total intake of EAA, anti-angiogenic amino acids (cysteine, methionine), or branched-chain amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, valine). CONCLUSIONS Overall, we conclude that in healthy older adults with moderate protein intake, EAA supplementation is metabolically safe as it does not decrease insulin sensitivity regardless of its combination with aerobic exercise. Thus, daily protein intake should be controlled for when modeling insulin sensitivity. Future studies should explore the role of increased blood flow as a potential explanatory factor for the observed interaction between aerobic exercise and supplementation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00872911.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Randolph
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Silva SMMD, Carminati BC, Santos Junior VDA, Lollo PCB. Comparison of the Effects of Soy Protein and Whey Protein Supplementation during Exercise: a Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.17921/2447-8938.2019v21n4p397-403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe interest of the supplementation market for the soy protein consumption to optimize physical and metabolic performance after exercise is increasing. However, evidence suggests that the soy protein ingestion has lower anabolic properties when compared with whey protein. The purpose of this systematic review was to compare the effects of whey protein and soy protein supplementation on the muscle functions maintenance after exercise. This review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Articles were searched for in the Pubmed database and included studies comparing the effects of soy protein and whey protein consumption on protein synthesis, lean mass gain and oxidative stress reduction in response to endurance or resistance training. Thirteen trials were included in this review. The results showed that the whey protein consumption is superior to that of soy protein with respect to protein synthesis and lean mass gain, but soy protein showed superior results in reducing oxidative stress. Future research comparing both soy and whey protein are needed to define protein source to be used in nutritional interventions to protein synthesis, lean mass gain and oxidative stress in different populations. Keywords: Soybean Proteins. Milk Proteins. Protein Biosynthesis. Hypertrophy. ResumoO interesse do mercado de suplementação pelo consumo de proteína de soja para otimizar o desempenho físico e metabólico após o exercício está aumentando. No entanto, evidências sugerem que a ingestão da proteína de soja tem propriedades anabólicas mais baixas quando comparada à proteína do soro do leite. O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi comparar os efeitos da suplementação com whey protein e proteína de soja na manutenção das funções musculares após o exercício. Esta revisão foi realizada usando os Itens de Relatório Preferidos para Revisões Sistemáticas e Meta-Análises (PRISMA). Os artigos foram pesquisados na base de dados Pubmed e incluíram estudos comparando os efeitos da proteína de soja e do consumo de proteínas do soro na síntese protéica, ganho de massa magra e redução do estresse oxidativo em resposta ao treinamento de resistência ou resistência. Treze ensaios foram incluídos nesta revisão. Os resultados mostraram que o consumo de proteína de soro é superior ao da proteína de soja em relação à síntese protéica e ao ganho de massa magra, mas a proteína de soja apresentou resultados superiores na redução do estresse oxidativo. Pesquisas futuras comparando a soja e a proteína do soro do leite são necessárias para definir a fonte protéica a ser usada em intervenções nutricionais para a síntese protéica, ganho de massa magra e estresse oxidativo em diferentes populações. Palavras-chave: Proteínas de Soja. Proteínas do Leite. Biossíntese de Proteínas. Hipertrofia.
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Park Y, Park HY, Kim J, Hwang H, Jung Y, Kreider R, Lim K. Effects of whey protein supplementation prior to, and following, resistance exercise on body composition and training responses: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2019; 23:34-44. [PMID: 31337204 PMCID: PMC6651693 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2019.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The composition of protein supplements, the consumption timing immedi¬ately before and after resistance exercise training (RET), and the quantity of protein supplementation may be important factors for the im-provement of muscle mass and function. Although these factors should be considered comprehensively for effective improvement of muscular function in protein supplementation, relatively few studies have focused on this area. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate whether a protein blend supplement before and after resistance exercise for 12 weeks would be effective in increasing muscular function. METHODS In total, 18 participants were randomly assigned to a placebo (PLA) or protein blend supplement (PRO) group. All subjects followed the same training routine 3 times per week for 12 weeks, taking placebo or protein supplements immediately before and after each exercise session. The protein supplement consisted of 40 g of blend protein, including hydrolyzed whey protein. The RET consisted of lower body (barbell squat, dead lift, seated leg extension, and lying leg curl) and upper body (bench press, barbell rowing, preacher bench biceps curl, and dumbbell shoulder press) exercises. A repetition was defined as three sets of 10-12 times with 80% of one repetition maximum (1RM). RESULTS Although the PRO group had a lower protein intake in terms of total food intake than the PLA group, the mean changes in muscle circumference, strength, and exercise volume increased, especially at week 12, compared to the PLA group. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the composition and timing of protein intake are more important than the total amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeram Park
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hun-Young Park
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Hwang
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yanghoon Jung
- CJ Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang, SuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Richard Kreider
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, TexasU.S.A.
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
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12
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Vargas-Mendoza N, Morales-González Á, Madrigal-Santillán EO, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Álvarez-González I, García-Melo LF, Anguiano-Robledo L, Fregoso-Aguilar T, Morales-Gonzalez JA. Antioxidant and Adaptative Response Mediated by Nrf2 during Physical Exercise. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8060196. [PMID: 31242588 PMCID: PMC6617290 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a powerful nuclear transcription factor that coordinates an antioxidant cytoprotector system complex stimulated by the increase in inoxidative stress (OS). In the present manuscript, we conduct a review on the evidence that shows the effect different modalities of physical exercise exert on the antioxidant metabolic response directed by Nrf2. During physical exercise, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased; therefore, if the endogenous and exogenous antioxidant defenses are unable to control the elevation of ROS, the resulting OS triggers the activation of the transcriptional factor Nrf2 to induce the antioxidant response. On a molecular basis related to physical exercise, hormesis maintenance (exercise preconditioning) and adaptative changes in training are supported by a growing body of evidence, which is important for detailing the health benefits that involve greater resistance to environmental aggressions, better tolerance to constant changes, and increasing the regenerative capacity of the cells in such a way that it may be used as a tool to support the prevention or treatment of diseases. This may have clinical implications for future investigations regarding physical exercise in terms of understanding adaptations in high-performance athletes but also as a therapeutic model in several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Vargas-Mendoza
- México Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, CP 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (E.O.M.-S.)
| | - Ángel Morales-González
- Escuela Superior de Cómputo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Juan de Dios Bátiz s/n esquina Miguel Othón de Mendizabal, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, CP 07738 Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.M.-G.); (J.A.M.-G.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6300 (A.M.-G. & J.A.M.-G.)
| | - Eduardo Osiris Madrigal-Santillán
- México Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, CP 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (E.O.M.-S.)
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, “Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos”. Av. WilfridoMassieu. Col., Lindavista, 07738 Ciudad de México, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.A.-G.); (L.F.G.-M.)
| | - Isela Álvarez-González
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, “Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos”. Av. WilfridoMassieu. Col., Lindavista, 07738 Ciudad de México, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.A.-G.); (L.F.G.-M.)
| | - Luis Fernando García-Melo
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, “Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos”. Av. WilfridoMassieu. Col., Lindavista, 07738 Ciudad de México, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.A.-G.); (L.F.G.-M.)
| | - Liliana Anguiano-Robledo
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340 Ciudad de México, Mexico;
| | - Tomás Fregoso-Aguilar
- Departamento de Fisiología, Laboratorio de Hormonas y Conducta, ENCB Campus Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07700 Ciudad de México, Mexico;
| | - José A. Morales-Gonzalez
- México Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, CP 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (E.O.M.-S.)
- Correspondence: (A.M.-G.); (J.A.M.-G.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6300 (A.M.-G. & J.A.M.-G.)
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13
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Fidale TM, Antunes HKM, Roever L, Gonçalves A, Puga GM, Silva RPM, de Resende FN, de Souza FR, Fidale BM, Lizardo FB, Resende ES. Leucine Supplementation Improves Effort Tolerance of Rats With Hyperthyroidism. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1632. [PMID: 30524299 PMCID: PMC6256244 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine is a regulator of protein metabolism in vivo and information on its action on effort tolerance of both animals and humans with hyperthyroidism is scarce. The objective of the present study was to verify the influence of leucine supplementation on the effort tolerance of Wistar rats with experimental hyperthyroidism. 40 animals were divided into four groups of ten: control (C), hormone (H), leucine (L), and hormone + leucine (HL). Hyperthyroidism was induced by daily administration of 20 μ⋅g100 g-1 of levothyroxine sodium in aqueous suspension by gavage. Leucine was supplemented by adding 5% of the amino acid to the conventional feed. The animals’ blood was collected by cardiac puncture to analyze TSH, T4, and T3 levels. The effort tolerance was determined by the swimming test with a 7% load attached to animals’ tails. Statistical analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, followed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of repeated measures of two factors (treatment × time) and Tukey post hoc, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Administering thyroid hormone increased the swimming performance of rats after 14 and 21 days, but with a drop in performance at 28 days. The HL group, on the other hand, had a significantly higher swimming performance compared to the other groups after 28 days of treatment. Leucine supplementation associated with the experimental model of hyperthyroidism improved the performance of rats in a swimming test after 28 days of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Montes Fidale
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.,Special Academic Unit of Biotechnology, Federal University of Goiás, Catalão, Brazil.,Post-graduate Science in Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Roever
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.,Post-graduate Science in Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.,Master Institute of Education, IMEPAC, Araguari, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Morais Puga
- Faculty of Physical Education, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.,Post-graduate Science in Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernanda Rodrigues de Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.,Post-graduate Science in Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Montes Fidale
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.,Post-graduate Science in Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Elmiro Santos Resende
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.,Post-graduate Science in Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Avila ETP, da Rosa Lima T, Tibana RA, de Almeida PC, Fraga GA, de Souza Sena M, Corona LFP, Navalta JW, Rezaei S, Ghayomzadeh M, Damazo AS, Prestes J, Voltarelli FA. Effects of high-protein diet containing isolated whey protein in rats submitted to resistance training of aquatic jumps. Nutrition 2018; 53:85-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Dos Santos EM, de Moraes R, Tibiriça EV, Huguenin GVB, Moreira ASB, De Lorenzo AR. Whey protein supplementation for the preservation of mass and muscular strength of patients with heart failure: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19:431. [PMID: 30089525 PMCID: PMC6083622 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2811-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure (HF) is an important public health problem, considered a new epidemic with high morbidity and mortality. The progression of HF often determines weight reduction, muscle mass loss, and reduced physical ability. Whey protein supplementation may increase the effects of exercise on strength and muscle mass, in addition to promoting improved endothelial function, body composition and quality of life. However, studies are needed to evaluate its benefits in patients with HF. Methods/design This is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial in which patients with HF will be randomly allocated to two groups to receive supplementation with whey protein or placebo, associated with supervised exercise, for 12 weeks. The frequency of exercise will be three times a week. The study variables will be evaluated at baseline and 12 weeks. The main outcome will be maintenance of muscle mass and strength. Microvascular reactivity, quality of life, and inflammatory parameters will be evaluated as secondary outcomes. Discussion HF is associated with severe loss of muscle mass and strength, directly contributing to exercise intolerance and inability to maintain daily life activities, becoming a strong predictor of reduced quality of life and mortality. The results of this study will add to the evidence base for providing new dietary recommendations. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03142399. Registered on 29 May 2016. Effect of Whey Protein’ Supplementation and Exercise in Patients with Heart Failure (PROT-HF). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-2811-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Maia Dos Santos
- Institute of the Heart Edson Saad, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Department of Clinical Research, National Institute of Cardiology (INC), Rua das Laranjeiras, 374, 5o andar - Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 22240-006, Brazil.
| | | | - Eduardo Vera Tibiriça
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Grazielle Vilas Bôas Huguenin
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.,National Institute of Cardiology (INC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Annie Seixas Belo Moreira
- State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Research, National Institute of Cardiology (INC), Rua das Laranjeiras, 374, 5o andar - Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 22240-006, Brazil
| | - Andrea Rocha De Lorenzo
- Institute of the Heart Edson Saad, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Research, National Institute of Cardiology (INC), Rua das Laranjeiras, 374, 5o andar - Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 22240-006, Brazil
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16
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Sedliak M, Zeman M, Buzgó G, Cvecka J, Hamar D, Laczo E, Okuliarova M, Vanderka M, Kampmiller T, Häkkinen K, Ahtiainen JP, Hulmi JJ, Nilsen TS, Wiig H, Raastad T. Morphological, molecular and hormonal adaptations to early morning versus afternoon resistance training. Chronobiol Int 2017; 35:450-464. [PMID: 29283292 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1411360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
It has been clearly established that maximal force and power is lower in the morning compared to noon or afternoon hours. This morning neuromuscular deficit can be diminished by regularly training in the morning hours. However, there is limited and contradictory information upon hypertrophic adaptations to time-of-day-specific resistance training. Moreover, no cellular or molecular mechanisms related to muscle hypertrophy adaptation have been studied with this respect. Therefore, the present study examined effects of the time-of-day-specific resistance training on muscle hypertrophy, phosphorylation of selected proteins, hormonal concentrations and neuromuscular performance. Twenty five previously untrained males were randomly divided into a morning group (n = 11, age 23 ± 2 yrs), afternoon group (n = 7, 24 ± 4 yrs) and control group (n = 7, 24 ± 3 yrs). Both the morning and afternoon group underwent hypertrophy-type of resistance training with 22 training sessions over an 11-week period performed between 07:30-08:30 h and 16:00-17:00 h, respectively. Isometric MVC was tested before and immediately after an acute loading exclusively during their training times before and after the training period. Before acute loadings, resting blood samples were drawn and analysed for plasma testosterone and cortisol. At each testing occasion, muscle biopsies from m. vastus lateralis were obtained before and 60 min after the acute loading. Muscle specimens were analysed for muscle fibre cross-sectional areas (CSA) and for phosphorylated p70S6K, rpS6, p38MAPK, Erk1/2, and eEF2. In addition, the right quadriceps femoris was scanned with MRI before and after the training period. The control group underwent the same testing, except for MRI, between 11:00 h and 13:00 h but did not train. Voluntary muscle strength increased significantly in both the morning and afternoon training group by 16.9% and 15.2 %, respectively. Also muscle hypertrophy occurred by 8.8% and 11.9% (MRI, p < 0.001) and at muscle fibre CSA level by 21% and 18% (p < 0.01) in the morning and afternoon group, respectively. No significant changes were found in controls within these parameters. Both pre- and post-training acute loadings induced a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in muscle strength in all groups, not affected by time of day or training. The post-loading phosphorylation of p70S6Thr421/Ser424 increased independent of the time of day in the pre-training condition, whereas it was significantly increased in the morning group only after the training period (p < 0.05). Phosphorylation of rpS6 and p38MAPK increased acutely both before and after training in a time-of-day independent manner (p < 0.05 at all occasions). Phosphorylation of p70S6Thr389, eEF2 and Erk1/2 did not change at any time point. No statistically significant correlations were found between changes in muscle fibre CSA, MRI and cell signalling data. Resting testosterone was not statistically different among groups at any time point. Resting cortisol declined significantly from pre- to post-training in all three groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, similar levels of muscle strength and hypertrophy could be achieved regardless of time of the day in previously untrained men. However, at the level of skeletal muscle signalling, the extent of adaptation in some parameters may be time of day dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Sedliak
- a Department of Sport Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Michal Zeman
- b Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Gabriel Buzgó
- a Department of Sport Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Jan Cvecka
- a Department of Sport Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Dusan Hamar
- a Department of Sport Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Eugen Laczo
- a Department of Sport Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Monika Okuliarova
- b Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Marian Vanderka
- a Department of Sport Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Tomas Kampmiller
- a Department of Sport Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- c Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Juha P Ahtiainen
- c Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Juha J Hulmi
- c Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Tormod S Nilsen
- d Department of Physical Performance , Norwegian School of Sport Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Håvard Wiig
- d Department of Physical Performance , Norwegian School of Sport Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- d Department of Physical Performance , Norwegian School of Sport Sciences , Oslo , Norway
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