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King A, Maisey T, Harris EL, Poulter JA, Jayne DG, Khot MI. The contradictory role of febuxostat in ABCG2 expression and potentiating hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy in colorectal cancers. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1067-1075. [PMID: 38625651 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00575-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is an emerging method to treat colorectal cancers (CRC). Hypericin (HYP) is an effective mediator of PDT and the ABCG2 inhibitor, Febuxostat (FBX) could augment PDT. HT29 and HEK293 cells showed light dependant cytotoxic response to PDT in both 2D and 3D cell models. FBX co-treatment was not found to improve PDT cytotoxicity. Next, ABCG2 protein expression was observed in HT29 but not in HEK293 cells. However, ABCG2 gene expression analysis did not support protein expression results as ABCG2 gene expression results were found to be higher in HEK293 cells. Although HYP treatment was found to significantly reduce ABCG2 gene expression levels in both cell lines, FBX treatment partially restored ABCG2 gene expression. Our findings indicate that FBX co-treatment may not be suitable for augmenting HYP-mediated PDT in CRC but could potentially be useful for other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron King
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Thomas Maisey
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Erica L Harris
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - James A Poulter
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - David G Jayne
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - M Ibrahim Khot
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK.
- Richmond Building, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK.
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Sonokawa T, Fujiwara Y, Pan C, Komohara Y, Usuda J. Enhanced systemic antitumor efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade with immunological response induced by photodynamic therapy. Thorac Cancer 2024; 15:1429-1436. [PMID: 38739102 PMCID: PMC11194119 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an antitumor therapy and has traditionally been regarded as a localized therapy in itself. However, recent reports have shown that it not only exerts a direct cytotoxic effect on cancer cells but also enhances body's tumor immunity. We hypothesized that the immunological response induced by PDT could potentially enhance the efficacy of programmed death-1 (PD-1) / programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade. METHODS The cytotoxic effects of PDT on colon 26 cells were investigated in vitro using the WST assay. We investigated whether the antitumor effect of anti-PD-1 antibodies could be amplified by the addition of PDT. We performed combination therapy by randomly allocating tumor-bearing mice to four treatment groups: control, anti-PD-1 antibodies, PDT, and a combination of anti-PD-1 antibodies and PDT. To analyze the tumor microenvironment after treatment, the tumors were resected and pathologically evaluated. RESULTS The viability rate of colon 26 cells decreased proportionally with the laser dose. In vivo experiments for combined PDT and anti-PD-1 antibody treatment, combination therapy showed an enhanced antitumor effect compared with the control. Immunohistochemical findings of the tumor microenvironment 10 days after PDT indicated that the number of CD8+ cells, the area of Iba-1+ cells and the area expressing PD-L1 were significantly higher in tumors treated with combination therapy than in tumors treated with anti-PD-1 antibody alone, PDT alone, or the control. CONCLUSIONS PDT increased immune cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment. The immunological response induced by PDT may enhance the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Sonokawa
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryNippon Medical School HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Cheng Pan
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Jitsuo Usuda
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryNippon Medical School HospitalTokyoJapan
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Sonokawa T, Ino M, Kera S, Tanaka M, Suzuki K, Tomioka Y, Machida Y, Kawasaki N, Usuda J. Long-term outcomes of PDT for centrally-located early lung cancers with tumor diameters > 2.0 cm. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 47:104200. [PMID: 38723757 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used for the treatment of centrally-located early lung cancers (CLELCs) and is recommended for tumors ≤ 1.0 cm in diameter. We previously reported that PDT using talaporfin sodium, second-generation photosensitizer, for tumors > 1.0 cm but ≤ 2.0 cm in diameter was able to achieve a therapeutic outcome comparable to that of tumors with a diameter of ≤ 1.0 cm. However, the effectiveness of PDT using talaporfin sodium for tumors > 2.0 cm in diameter remains unclear. We conducted a retrospective analysis of cases in which PDT was performed for flat-type CLELCs with tumor diameters of > 2.0 cm. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed seven cases (eight lesions) with tumor diameters > 2.0 cm and no evidence of extracartilaginous invasion or lymph node metastasis. RESULTS All the patients underwent multiple PDT sessions. The PDT treatment results over the study period were partial response in one case (14.3 %), stable disease (SD) in three cases (42.9 %), and progressive disease (PD) in three cases (42.9 %). At the time of writing this report, five of seven cases (71.4 %) are still undergoing treatment. The duration of SD-the time from the start of treatment until the criteria for PD were met (SD or better maintained)-ranged from 7 to 52 months (mean, 25.3 months). CONCLUSIONS "Maintenance PDT" for CLELCs > 2.0 cm in diameter has the potential to inhibit tumor progression in the long term while maintaining quality of life, rather than simply aiming only for a quick radical cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Sonokawa
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nippon Medical School Hospital, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Mitsunobu Ino
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nippon Medical School Hospital, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kera
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nippon Medical School Hospital, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Mariko Tanaka
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nippon Medical School Hospital, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Kento Suzuki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba 270-1694, Japan
| | - Yuuya Tomioka
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nippon Medical School Musashikosugi Hospital, 1-383 Kosugi-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8533, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Machida
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nippon Medical School Hospital, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Norihito Kawasaki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nippon Medical School Hospital, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Jitsuo Usuda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nippon Medical School Hospital, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.
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Krupka-Olek M, Bożek A, Czuba ZP, Kłósek M, Cieślar G, Kawczyk-Krupka A. Cytotoxic and Immunomodulatory Effects of Hypericin as a Photosensitizer in Photodynamic Therapy Used on Skin Cell Cultures. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:696. [PMID: 38931819 PMCID: PMC11207107 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Determination of the hypericin-photodynamic (HY-PDT) effect on the secretion of cytokines secreted by the skin cells, may be the basis for using the immunomodulatory effect of photodynamic action in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. The study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects of hypericin (HY) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) performed in vitro on cultures of selected skin cell lines. The study used two human cell lines, primary dermal fibroblast (HDFa) and primary epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa). The MTT test was used to define the metabolic activity of treated cells. Cell supernatants subjected to sublethal PDT were assessed to determine the interleukins: IL-2, IL-8, IL-10, IL-11, IL-19, IL-22, and metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1). The results confirm the destructive effect of HY-PDT and the immunomodulatory effects of sublethal doses on the selected skin cells, depending on the concentration of HY and the light doses. No statistically significant differences were noted in IL-2 and IL-10 concentration after HY-PDT for HEKa and HDFa lines. After using HY-PDT, the concentration of IL-8, MMP-1, IL-22, and IL-11 significantly decreased in the HEKa line. Moreover, the concentration of IL-19 and MMP-1 significantly decreased in the HDFa line. The concentration of IL-11 in the HDFa line after using only the HY, without the light, increased but decreased after HY-PDT. Our experiment confirmed that HY-PDT has not only a cytotoxic effect but, used in sublethal doses, also presents immunomodulatory properties. These may be an advantage of HY-PDT when used in the treatment of persistent skin inflammation, connected with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines resistant to conventional treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krupka-Olek
- Doctoral School of the Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
- Clinical Department of Internal Diseases and Geriatrics, Chair of Internal Diseases, Dermatology and Allergology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Bożek
- Clinical Department of Internal Diseases and Geriatrics, Chair of Internal Diseases, Dermatology and Allergology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Zenon P. Czuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (Z.P.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Kłósek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (Z.P.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Grzegorz Cieślar
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
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Aebisher D, Woźnicki P, Bartusik-Aebisher D. Photodynamic Therapy and Adaptive Immunity Induced by Reactive Oxygen Species: Recent Reports. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:967. [PMID: 38473328 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most significant causes of death worldwide. Despite the rapid development of modern forms of therapy, results are still unsatisfactory. The prognosis is further worsened by the ability of cancer cells to metastasize. Thus, more effective forms of therapy, such as photodynamic therapy, are constantly being developed. The photodynamic therapeutic regimen involves administering a photosensitizer that selectively accumulates in tumor cells or is present in tumor vasculature prior to irradiation with light at a wavelength corresponding to the photosensitizer absorbance, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species are responsible for the direct and indirect destruction of cancer cells. Photodynamically induced local inflammation has been shown to have the ability to activate an adaptive immune system response resulting in the destruction of tumor lesions and the creation of an immune memory. This paper focuses on presenting the latest scientific reports on the specific immune response activated by photodynamic therapy. We present newly discovered mechanisms for the induction of the adaptive response by analyzing its various stages, and the possible difficulties in generating it. We also present the results of research over the past 10 years that have focused on improving the immunological efficacy of photodynamic therapy for improved cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Paweł Woźnicki
- Students English Division Science Club, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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He S, Wang L, Wu D, Tong F, Zhao H, Li H, Gong T, Gao H, Zhou Y. Dual-responsive supramolecular photodynamic nanomedicine with activatable immunomodulation for enhanced antitumor therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:765-780. [PMID: 38322349 PMCID: PMC10840428 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
A major challenge facing photodynamic therapy (PDT) is that the activity of the immune-induced infiltrating CD8+ T cells is subject to the regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs), leaving the tumor at risk of recurrence and metastasis after the initial ablation. To augment the antitumor response and reprogram the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), a supramolecular photodynamic nanoparticle (DACss) is constructed by the host-guest interaction between demethylcantharidin-conjugated β-cyclodextrin (DMC-CD) and amantadine-terminated disulfide-conjugated FFVLGGGC peptide with chlorin e6 decoration (Ad-ss-pep-Ce6) to achieve intelligent delivery of photosensitizer and immunomodulator for breast cancer treatment. The acid-labile β-carboxamide bond of DMC-CD is hydrolyzed in response to the acidic TME, resulting in the localized release of DMC and subsequent inhibition of Tregs. The guest molecule Ad-ss-pep-Ce6 can be cleaved by a high level of intracellular GSH, reducing photosensitizer toxicity and increasing photosensitizer retention in the tumor. With a significant increase in the CTL/Treg ratio, the combination of Ce6-based PDT and DMC-mediated immunomodulation adequately achieved spatiotemporal regulation and remodeling of the TME, as well as improved primary tumor and in situ lung metastasis suppression with the aid of PD-1 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqin He
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570200, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570200, China
| | - Dongxu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Revvity Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Hanmei Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570200, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Li S, Meng X, Peng B, Huang J, Liu J, Xiao H, Ma L, Liu Y, Tang J. Cell membrane-based biomimetic technology for cancer phototherapy: Mechanisms, recent advances and perspectives. Acta Biomater 2024; 174:26-48. [PMID: 38008198 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in medical technology and antitumour treatments, the diagnosis and treatment of tumours have undergone remarkable transformations. Noninvasive phototherapy methods, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), have gained significant interest in antitumour medicine. However, traditional photosensitisers or photothermal agents face challenges like immune system recognition, rapid clearance from the bloodstream, limited tumour accumulation, and phototoxicity concerns. Researchers combine photosensitisers or photothermal agents with natural cell membranes to overcome these obstacles to create a nano biomimetic therapeutic platform. When used to coat nanoparticles, red blood cells, platelets, cancer cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, and bacterial outer membranes could provide prolonged circulation, tumour targeting, immune stimulation, or antigenicity. This article covers the principles of cellular membrane biomimetic nanotechnology and phototherapy, along with recent advancements in applying nano biomimetic technology to PDT, PTT, PCT, and combined diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, the challenges and issues of using nano biomimetic nanoparticles in phototherapy are discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Currently, there has been significant progress in the field of cell membrane biomimetic technology. Researchers are exploring its potential application in tumor diagnosis and treatment through phototherapy. Scholars have conducted extensive research on combining cell membrane technology and phototherapy in anticancer diagnosis and treatment. This review aims to highlight the mechanisms of phototherapy and the latest advancements in single phototherapy (PTT, PDT) and combination phototherapy (PCT, PRT, and PIT), as well as diagnostic approaches. The review provides an overview of various cell membrane technologies, including RBC membranes, platelet membranes, macrophage cell membranes, tumour cell membranes, bacterial membranes, hybrid membranes, and their potential for anticancer applications under phototherapy. Lastly, the review discusses the challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China; Clinical School of Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Meng
- Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China; Clinical School of Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
| | - Bo Peng
- Clinical School of Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Ju Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China; Clinical School of Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Hang Xiao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Yiyao Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, PR China.
| | - Jianyuan Tang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China; Clinical School of Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
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Schulze J, Schöne L, Ayoub AM, Librizzi D, Amin MU, Engelhardt K, Yousefi BH, Bender L, Schaefer J, Preis E, Schulz-Siegmund M, Wölk C, Bakowsky U. Modern Photodynamic Glioblastoma Therapy Using Curcumin- or Parietin-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles in a CAM Model Study. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5502-5514. [PMID: 38016693 PMCID: PMC10732153 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Natural photosensitizers, such as curcumin or parietin, play a vital role in photodynamic therapy (PDT), causing a light-mediated reaction that kills cancer cells. PDT is a promising treatment option for glioblastoma, especially when combined with nanoscale drug delivery systems. The curcumin- or parietin-loaded lipid nanoparticles were prepared via dual asymmetric centrifugation and subsequently characterized through physicochemical analyses including dynamic light scattering, laser Doppler velocimetry, and atomic force microscopy. The combination of PDT and lipid nanoparticles has been evaluated in vitro regarding uptake, safety, and efficacy. The extensive and well-vascularized chorioallantois membrane (CAM) of fertilized hen's eggs offers an optimal platform for three-dimensional cell culture, which has been used in this study to evaluate the photodynamic efficacy of lipid nanoparticles against glioblastoma cells. In contrast to other animal models, the CAM model lacks a mature immune system in an early stage, facilitating the growth of xenografts without rejection. Treatment of xenografted U87 glioblastoma cells on CAM was performed to assess the effects on tumor viability, growth, and angiogenesis. The xenografts and the surrounding blood vessels were targeted through topical application, and the effects of photodynamic therapy have been confirmed microscopically and via positron emission tomography and X-ray computed tomography. Finally, the excised xenografts embedded in the CAM were analyzed histologically by hematoxylin and eosin and KI67 staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schulze
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 4, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Lisa Schöne
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Strasse 15a, Leipzig 04317, Germany
| | - Abdallah M. Ayoub
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 4, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Damiano Librizzi
- Center
for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Core Facility Molecular Imaging,
Department of Nuclear Medicine, University
of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 3, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Muhammad Umair Amin
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 4, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Konrad Engelhardt
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 4, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Behrooz H. Yousefi
- Center
for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Core Facility Molecular Imaging,
Department of Nuclear Medicine, University
of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 3, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Lena Bender
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 4, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Jens Schaefer
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 4, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Eduard Preis
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 4, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Michaela Schulz-Siegmund
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Strasse 15a, Leipzig 04317, Germany
| | - Christian Wölk
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Strasse 15a, Leipzig 04317, Germany
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University
of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 4, Marburg 35037, Germany
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9
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Banerjee SM, Acedo P, El Sheikh S, Harati R, Meecham A, Williams NR, Gerard G, Keshtgar MRS, MacRobert AJ, Hamoudi R. Combination of verteporfin-photodynamic therapy with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine enhances the anti-tumour immune response in triple negative breast cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188087. [PMID: 38022682 PMCID: PMC10664979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer characterised by its high tumourigenic, invasive, and immunosuppressive nature. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a focal therapy that uses light to activate a photosensitizing agent and induce a cytotoxic effect. 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-ADC) is a clinically approved immunomodulatory chemotherapy agent. The mechanism of the combination therapy using PDT and 5-ADC in evoking an anti-tumour response is not fully understood. Methods The present study examined whether a single dose of 5-ADC enhances the cytotoxic and anti-tumour immune effect of low dose PDT with verteporfin as the photosensitiser in a TNBC orthotopic syngeneic murine model, using the triple negative murine mammary tumour cell line 4T1. Histopathology analysis, digital pathology and immunohistochemistry of treated tumours and distant sites were assessed. Flow cytometry of splenic and breast tissue was used to identify T cell populations. Bioinformatics were used to identify tumour immune microenvironments related to TNBC patients. Results Functional experiments showed that PDT was most effective when used in combination with 5-ADC to optimize its efficacy. 5-ADC/PDT combination therapy elicited a synergistic effect in vitro and was significantly more cytotoxic than monotherapies on 4T1 tumour cells. For tumour therapy, all types of treatments demonstrated histopathologically defined margins of necrosis, increased T cell expression in the spleen with absence of metastases or distant tissue destruction. Flow cytometry and digital pathology results showed significant increases in CD8 expressing cells with all treatments, whereas only the 5-ADC/PDT combination therapy showed increase in CD4 expression. Bioinformatics analysis of in silico publicly available TNBC data identified BCL3 and BCL2 as well as the following anti-tumour immune response biomarkers as significantly altered in TNBC compared to other breast cancer subtypes: GZMA, PRF1, CXCL1, CCL2, CCL4, and CCL5. Interestingly, molecular biomarker assays showed increase in anti-tumour response genes after treatment. The results showed concomitant increase in BCL3, with decrease in BCL2 expression in TNBC treatment. In addition, the treatments showed decrease in PRF1, CCL2, CCL4, and CCL5 genes with 5-ADC and 5-ADC/PDT treatment in both spleen and breast tissue, with the latter showing the most decrease. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first study that shows which of the innate and adaptive immune biomarkers are activated during PDT related treatment of the TNBC 4T1 mouse models. The results also indicate that some of the immune response biomarkers can be used to monitor the effectiveness of PDT treatment in TNBC murine model warranting further investigation in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shramana M. Banerjee
- Breast Unit, Royal Free London National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Acedo
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Soha El Sheikh
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rania Harati
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amelia Meecham
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Norman R. Williams
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Gerard
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed R. S. Keshtgar
- Breast Unit, Royal Free London National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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10
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Phatale V, Famta P, Srinivasarao DA, Vambhurkar G, Jain N, Pandey G, Kolipaka T, Khairnar P, Shah S, Singh SB, Raghuvanshi RS, Srivastava S. Neutrophil membrane-based nanotherapeutics: Propitious paradigm shift in the management of cancer. Life Sci 2023; 331:122021. [PMID: 37582468 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death across the globe, with 19.3 million new cancer cases and 10 million deaths in the year 2020. Conventional treatment modalities have numerous pitfalls, such as off-site cytotoxicity and poor bioavailability. Nanocarriers (NCs) have been explored to deliver various therapeutic moieties such as chemotherapeutic agents and photothermal agents, etc. However, several limitations, such as rapid clearance by the reticuloendothelial system, poor extravasation into the tumor microenvironment, and low systemic half-life are roadblocks to successful clinical translation. To circumvent the pitfalls of currently available treatment modalities, neutrophil membrane (NM)-based nanotherapeutics have emerged as a promising platform for cancer management. Their versatile features such as natural tumor tropism, tumor-specific accumulation, and prevention from rapid clearance owing to their autologous nature make them an effective anticancer NCs. In this manuscript, we have discussed various methods for isolation, coating and characterization of NM. We have discussed the role of NM-coated nanotherapeutics as neoadjuvant and adjuvant in different treatment modalities, such as chemotherapy, photothermal and photodynamic therapies with rationales behind their inclusion. Clinical hurdles faced during the bench-to-bedside translation with possible solutions have been discussed. We believe that in the upcoming years, NM-coated nanotherapeutics will open a new horizon in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Phatale
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Paras Famta
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Dadi A Srinivasarao
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Ganesh Vambhurkar
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Naitik Jain
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Giriraj Pandey
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Tejaswini Kolipaka
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Pooja Khairnar
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Saurabh Shah
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajeev Singh Raghuvanshi
- Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO), Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
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11
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Quach S, Schwartz C, Aumiller M, Foglar M, Schmutzer M, Katzendobler S, El Fahim M, Forbrig R, Bochmann K, Egensperger R, Sroka R, Stepp H, Rühm A, Thon N. Interstitial photodynamic therapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2023; 162:217-223. [PMID: 36928699 PMCID: PMC10050060 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Innovative, efficient treatments are desperately needed for people with glioblastoma (GBM). METHODS Sixteen patients (median age 65.8 years) with newly diagnosed, small-sized, not safely resectable supratentorial GBM underwent interstitial photodynamic therapy (iPDT) as upfront eradicating local therapy followed by standard chemoradiation. 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) induced protoporphyrin IX was used as the photosensitizer. The tumors were irradiated with light at 635 nm wavelength via stereotactically implanted cylindrical diffuser fibers. Outcome after iPDT was retrospectively compared with a positively-selected in-house patient cohort (n = 110) who underwent complete tumor resection followed by chemoradiation. RESULTS Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 16.4 months, and median overall survival (OS) was 28.0 months. Seven patients (43.8%) experienced long-term PFS > 24 months. Median follow-up was 113.9 months for the survivors. Univariate regression revealed MGMT-promoter methylation but not age as a prognostic factor for both OS (p = 0.04 and p = 0.07) and PFS (p = 0.04 and p = 0.67). Permanent iPDT-associated morbidity was seen in one iPDT patient (6.3%). Patients treated with iPDT experienced superior PFS and OS compared to patients who underwent complete tumor removal (p < 0.01 and p = 0.01, respectively). The rate of long-term PFS was higher in iPDT-treated patients (43.8% vs. 8.9%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION iPDT is a feasible treatment concept and might be associated with long-term PFS in a subgroup of GBM patients, potentially via induction of so far unknown immunological tumor-controlling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Quach
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schwartz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maximilian Aumiller
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Foglar
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Schmutzer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Katzendobler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed El Fahim
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Forbrig
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Rupert Egensperger
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ronald Sroka
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Stepp
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Rühm
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Niklas Thon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
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12
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Insight into the Crosstalk between Photodynamic Therapy and Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051532. [PMID: 36900322 PMCID: PMC10000400 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the world's second most frequent malignancy and the leading cause of mortality among women. All in situ or invasive breast cancer derives from terminal tubulobular units; when the tumor is present only in the ducts or lobules in situ, it is called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)/lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). The biggest risk factors are age, mutations in breast cancer genes 1 or 2 (BRCA1 or BRCA2), and dense breast tissue. Current treatments are associated with various side effects, recurrence, and poor quality of life. The critical role of the immune system in breast cancer progression/regression should always be considered. Several immunotherapy techniques for BC have been studied, including tumor-targeted antibodies (bispecific antibodies), adoptive T cell therapy, vaccinations, and immune checkpoint inhibition with anti-PD-1 antibodies. In the last decade, significant breakthroughs have been made in breast cancer immunotherapy. This advancement was principally prompted by cancer cells' escape of immune regulation and the tumor's subsequent resistance to traditional therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown potential as a cancer treatment. It is less intrusive, more focused, and less damaging to normal cells and tissues. It entails the employment of a photosensitizer (PS) and a specific wavelength of light to create reactive oxygen species. Recently, an increasing number of studies have shown that PDT combined with immunotherapy improves the effect of tumor drugs and reduces tumor immune escape, improving the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Therefore, we objectively evaluate strategies for their limitations and benefits, which are critical to improving outcomes for breast cancer patients. In conclusion, we offer many avenues for further study on tailored immunotherapy, such as oxygen-enhanced PDT and nanoparticles.
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13
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Sasaki M, Tanaka M, Kojima Y, Nishie H, Shimura T, Kubota E, Kataoka H. Anti-tumor immunity enhancement by photodynamic therapy with talaporfin sodium and anti-programmed death 1 antibody. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 28:118-131. [PMID: 36726602 PMCID: PMC9867957 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a relatively non-invasive anti-cancer therapy that employs a photosensitizer with a specific wavelength of light irradiation. PDT induces direct cell killing and enhancement effects on tumor immunity, but its underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we perform a basic analysis of the anti-tumor effect of talaporfin sodium (TS)-PDT as well as its synergism with the immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-programmed death 1 (anti-PD-1) antibody. We estimate the cell death mechanism induced by TS-PDT and the induction of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by TS-PDT in vitro. We establish a syngeneic mouse model of bilateral flank tumors and verify the enhancement of the abscopal effect on the non-irradiated side. TS-PDT induced apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy-associated cell death in vitro. TS-PDT induced the release and/or expression of DAMPs in vitro. Tumor growth was inhibited in the TS-PDT and anti-PD-1 antibody combination group compared with other single-treatment or non-treatment groups in vivo. In summary, TS-PDT induces the release and/or expression of DAMPs, indicating that it activates innate immunity. PD-1 blockage enhances the anti-tumor immunity induced by TS-PDT. Thus, our results demonstrate that the combination of TS-PDT and anti-PD-1 antibody can potentially be used for anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan,Corresponding author: Mamoru Tanaka, MD, PhD, Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kojima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hirotada Nishie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaya Shimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Eiji Kubota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kataoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
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14
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Hsu MA, Okamura SM, De Magalhaes Filho CD, Bergeron DM, Rodriguez A, West M, Yadav D, Heim R, Fong JJ, Garcia-Guzman M. Cancer-targeted photoimmunotherapy induces antitumor immunity and can be augmented by anti-PD-1 therapy for durable anticancer responses in an immunologically active murine tumor model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:151-168. [PMID: 35776159 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The complex immunosuppressive nature of solid tumor microenvironments poses a significant challenge to generating efficacious and durable anticancer responses. Photoimmunotherapy is a cancer treatment strategy by which an antibody is conjugated with a non-toxic light-activatable dye. Following administration of the conjugate and binding to the target tumor, subsequent local laser illumination activates the dye, resulting in highly specific target cell membrane disruption. Here we demonstrate that photoimmunotherapy treatment elicited tumor necrosis, thus inducing immunogenic cell death characterized by the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Photoimmunotherapy-killed tumor cells activated dendritic cells (DC), leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines, T cell stimulation, priming antigen-specific T cells, and durable memory T cell responses, which led complete responder mice to effectively reject new tumors upon rechallenge. PD-1 blockade in combination with photoimmunotherapy enhanced overall anticancer efficacy, including against anti-PD-1-resistant tumors. The combination treatment also elicited abscopal anticancer activity, as observed by reduction of distal, non-illuminated tumors, further demonstrating the ability of photoimmunotherapy to harness local and peripheral T cell responses. With this work we therefore delineate the immune mechanisms of action for photoimmunotherapy and demonstrate the potential for cancer-targeted photoimmunotherapy to be combined with other immunotherapy approaches for augmented, durable anticancer efficacy. Moreover, we demonstrate responses utilizing various immunocompetent mouse models, as well as in vitro data from human cells, suggesting broad translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Hsu
- Rakuten Medical, Inc., Translational Sciences, 11080 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Stephanie M Okamura
- Rakuten Medical, Inc., Translational Sciences, 11080 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | - Daniele M Bergeron
- Rakuten Medical, Inc., Translational Sciences, 11080 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Ahiram Rodriguez
- Rakuten Medical, Inc., Translational Sciences, 11080 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Melissa West
- Rakuten Medical, Inc., Translational Sciences, 11080 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Deepak Yadav
- Rakuten Medical, Inc., Translational Sciences, 11080 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Roger Heim
- Rakuten Medical, Inc., Translational Sciences, 11080 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jerry J Fong
- Rakuten Medical, Inc., Translational Sciences, 11080 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Miguel Garcia-Guzman
- Rakuten Medical, Inc., Translational Sciences, 11080 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
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15
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Wang H, Ewetse MP, Ma C, Pu W, Xu B, He P, Wang Y, Zhu J, Chen H. The "Light Knife" for Gastric Cancer: Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010101. [PMID: 36678730 PMCID: PMC9860630 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used clinically to treat cancer for more than 40 years. Some solid tumors, including esophageal cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, and bladder cancer, have been approved for and managed with PDT in many countries globally. Notably, PDT for gastric cancer (GC) has been reported less and is not currently included in the clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines. However, PDT is a potential new therapeutic modality used for the management of GC, and its outcomes and realization are more and more encouraging. PDT has a pernicious effect on tumors at the irradiation site and can play a role in rapid tumor shrinkage when GC is combined with cardiac and pyloric obstruction. Furthermore, because of its ability to activate the immune system, it still has a specific effect on systemic metastatic lesions, and the adverse reactions are mild. In this Review, we provide an overview of the current application progress of PDT for GC; systematically elaborate on its principle, mechanism, and the application of a new photosensitizer in GC; and focus on the efficacy of PDT in GC and the prospect of combined use with other therapeutic methods to provide a theoretical basis for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Wang
- The Second Clinical College of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | | | - Chenhui Ma
- The Second Clinical College of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Weigao Pu
- The Second Clinical College of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Bo Xu
- The Second Clinical College of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Puyi He
- The Second Clinical College of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- The Second Clinical College of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Jingyu Zhu
- The Second Clinical College of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumor, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0931-5190550
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16
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Mfouo-Tynga IS, Mouinga-Ondeme AG. Photodynamic Therapy: A Prospective Therapeutic Approach for Viral Infections and Induced Neoplasia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101273. [PMID: 36297385 PMCID: PMC9608479 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic outbreak and arising complications during treatments have highlighted and demonstrated again the evolving ability of microorganisms, especially viral resistance to treatment as they develop into new and strong strains. The search for novel and effective treatments to counter the effects of ever-changing viruses is undergoing. Although it is an approved procedure for treating cancer, photodynamic therapy (PDT) was first used against bacteria and has now shown potential against viruses and certain induced diseases. PDT is a multi-stage process and uses photosensitizing molecules (PSs) that accumulate in diseased tissues and eradicates them after being light-activated in the presence of oxygen. In this review, studies describing viruses and their roles in disrupting cell regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways and facilitating tumorigenesis were described. With the development of innovative “or smart” PSs through the use of nanoparticles and two-photon excitation, among other strategies, PDT can boost immune responses, inactivate viral infections, and eradicate neoplastic cells. Visualization and monitoring of biological processes can be achieved in real-time with nanomedicines and better tissue penetration strategies. After photodynamic inactivation of viruses, signaling pathways seem to be restored but the underlying mechanisms are still to be elucidated. Light-mediated treatments are suitable to manage both oncogenic viral infections and induced neoplasia.
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17
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Eskiler GG, Turna O, Ozkan AD, Baykal A, Gurgen HO, Erk B, Armutak EI, Lim HS. The response of the canine mammary simple carcinoma and carcinosarcoma cells to 5-aminolaevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy: An in vitro study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 234:112509. [PMID: 35810598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Canine mammary gland tumors (CMGTs) are heterogeneous tumors and share many similar features with human breast cancer. Despite the improvement of current treatment options, new treatment modalities are required to effectively kill tumor cells without general toxicity in the treatment of CMGTs. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising method for cancer treatment. However, there is a limited study evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of PDT in the treatment of CMGTs. METHODS In this context, we, for the first time, investigated the therapeutic potential of 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA) mediated PDT at 6 and 12 J/cm2 in two different subtypes [Tubulopapillary carcinoma (TPC) and carcinosarcoma (CS)] cells via different molecular analysis. The cytotoxic effects of 5-ALA/PDT on these cells were analyzed by intracellular PpIX level, WST-1 and ROS analysis. Furthermore, the underlying moleculer mechanism of 5-ALA/PDT mediated apoptotic effects on TPC and CS cells were evaluated Annexin V, AO/PI, RT-PCR and western blot analysis. RESULTS The 5-ALA/PDT treatment upon irradiation considerably inhibited the viability of both TPC and CS cells (p<0.01) and caused apoptotic death through elevated ROS levels, the activation of Caspase-9, and Caspase-3, and the overexpression of Bax. However, the response of TPC and CS cells to 5-ALA/PDT was different. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary in vitro findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying 5-ALA/PDT mediated apoptosis in both TPC and CS cells. However, the therapeutic response of CMGT cells to 5-ALA/PDT is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Guney Eskiler
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Ozge Turna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Asuman Deveci Ozkan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Aslihan Baykal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hazal Ozturk Gurgen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beyzanur Erk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Natural Sciences, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Elif Ilkay Armutak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hyun Soo Lim
- Department of Electric and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Sakarya, Turkey
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18
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Effect of Photodynamic Therapy on the microRNA Level in Breast Cancer Tissues of Female Wistar Rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 2022; 173:444-447. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-022-05584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Specific Antibodies to the Fragments of Meningococcal IgA1 Protease during the Formation of Immunity to Bacterial Infections. Bull Exp Biol Med 2022; 173:429-432. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-022-05580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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20
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Joseph M, Pathiripparambath MSR, Tharayil H, Jayasree RS, Nair LV. Copper Nanocluster Enabled Simultaneous Photodynamic and Chemo Therapy for Effective Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment In Vitro. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200201. [PMID: 35900804 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metal nanocluster mediated cancer diagnosis and therapy have drawn considerable attention in recent years due to its unique optical and photophysical properties. Such kind of material is highly useful for diagnosis, treatment, and further follow-up of the disease. However, a single treatment modality is not sufficient for the complete cure of the same. Multiple therapeutic strategies are one of the most promising methods for effective treatment along with an early-stage diagnosis. To address the multiple therapeutic modalities in a single nanomaterial, a copper nanocluster is synthesized using glutathione having inherent singlet oxygen generation and emission at 674 nm. A tumor-targeting agent (folic acid) and an anti-cancer drug (doxorubicin) is conjugated to the copper cluster for cancer diagnosis via targeted imaging and further double therapy (photodynamic and chemotherapy) in vitro . 10.5 µg (18.1 nmoles) of drug conjugated copper cluster shows 56% cell death for a 30 s laser irradiation in Hela cells. Effective cancer cell imaging and therapeutic efficacy are demonstrated in vitro .
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Affiliation(s)
- Merin Joseph
- National Institute of Technology Calicut, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kattangal, Mukkam Road, 673601, Kozhikode, INDIA
| | | | - Hanas Tharayil
- National Institute of Technology Calicut, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kattangal, Mukkam Road, 673601, Kozhikode, INDIA
| | - Ramapurath S Jayasree
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Division of Biophotonics and Imaging, 695012, Trivandrum, INDIA
| | - Lakshmi V Nair
- National Institute of Technology Calicut, School of Materials Sciences and Technology, NIT Calicut, Kozhikode, Calicut, INDIA
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21
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Tan L, Shen X, He Z, Lu Y. The Role of Photodynamic Therapy in Triggering Cell Death and Facilitating Antitumor Immunology. Front Oncol 2022; 12:863107. [PMID: 35692783 PMCID: PMC9184441 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.863107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major threat to human health because of its high mortality, easy recurrence, strong invasion, and metastasis. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising minimally invasive treatment for tumor. Compared with traditional treatment methods, PDT is less invasive and does not easily damage normal tissues. Most of the effects of this treatment are due to the direct effects of singlet oxygen together with reactive oxygen species. PDT can provide the source of active oxygen for the Fenton reaction, which enhances ferroptosis and also improves the efficacy of PDT in antitumor therapy. Additionally, in contrast to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, PDT has the effect of stimulating the immune response, which can effectively induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) and stimulate immunity. PDT is an ideal minimally invasive treatment method for tumors. In this paper, according to the characteristics of anti-tumor immunity of PDT, some tumor treatment strategies of PDT combined with anti-tumor immunotherapy are reviewed.
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22
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Dong Y, Zhou L, Shen Z, Ma Q, Zhao Y, Sun Y, Cao J. Iodinated cyanine dye-based nanosystem for synergistic phototherapy and hypoxia-activated bioreductive therapy. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:238-253. [PMID: 35001784 PMCID: PMC8745379 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.2023701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been applied in cancer treatment by utilizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill cancer cells. However, the effectiveness of PDT is greatly reduced due to local hypoxia. Hypoxic activated chemotherapy combined with PDT is expected to be a novel strategy to enhance anti-cancer therapy. Herein, a novel liposome (LCT) incorporated with photosensitizer (PS) and bioreductive prodrugs was developed for PDT-activated chemotherapy. In the design, CyI, an iodinated cyanine dye, which could simultaneously generate enhanced ROS and heat than other commonly used cyanine dyes, was loaded into the lipid bilayer; while tirapazamine (TPZ), a hypoxia-activated prodrug was encapsulated in the hydrophilic nucleus. Upon appropriate near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, CyI could simultaneously produce ROS and heat for synergistic PDT and photothermal therapy (PTT), as well as provide fluorescence signals for precise real-time imaging. Meanwhile, the continuous consumption of oxygen would result in a hypoxia microenvironment, further activating TPZ free radicals for chemotherapy, which could induce DNA double-strand breakage and chromosome aberration. Moreover, the prepared LCT could stimulate acute immune response through PDT activation, leading to synergistic PDT/PTT/chemo/immunotherapy to kill cancer cells and reduce tumor metastasis. Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated improved anticancer efficacy of LCT compared with traditional PDT or chemotherapy. It is expected that these iodinated cyanine dyes-based liposomes will provide a powerful and versatile theranostic strategy for tumor target phototherapy and PDT-induced chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Zijun Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingming Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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23
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Nkune NW, Simelane NWN, Montaseri H, Abrahamse H. Photodynamic Therapy-Mediated Immune Responses in Three-Dimensional Tumor Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12618. [PMID: 34884424 PMCID: PMC8657498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising non-invasive phototherapeutic approach for cancer therapy that can eliminate local tumor cells and produce systemic antitumor immune responses. In recent years, significant efforts have been made in developing strategies to further investigate the immune mechanisms triggered by PDT. The majority of in vitro experimental models still rely on the two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures that do not mimic a three-dimensional (3D) cellular environment in the human body, such as cellular heterogeneity, nutrient gradient, growth mechanisms, and the interaction between cells as well as the extracellular matrix (ECM) and therapeutic resistance to anticancer treatments. In addition, in vivo animal studies are highly expensive and time consuming, which may also show physiological discrepancies between animals and humans. In this sense, there is growing interest in the utilization of 3D tumor models, since they precisely mimic different features of solid tumors. This review summarizes the characteristics and techniques for 3D tumor model generation. Furthermore, we provide an overview of innate and adaptive immune responses induced by PDT in several in vitro and in vivo tumor models. Future perspectives are highlighted for further enhancing PDT immune responses as well as ideal experimental models for antitumor immune response studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (N.W.N.); (N.W.N.S.); (H.M.)
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24
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Yang YL, Lin K, Yang L. Progress in Nanocarriers Codelivery System to Enhance the Anticancer Effect of Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1951. [PMID: 34834367 PMCID: PMC8617654 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising anticancer noninvasive method and has great potential for clinical applications. Unfortunately, PDT still has many limitations, such as metastatic tumor at unknown sites, inadequate light delivery and a lack of sufficient oxygen. Recent studies have demonstrated that photodynamic therapy in combination with other therapies can enhance anticancer effects. The development of new nanomaterials provides a platform for the codelivery of two or more therapeutic drugs, which is a promising cancer treatment method. The use of multifunctional nanocarriers for the codelivery of two or more drugs can improve physical and chemical properties, increase tumor site aggregation, and enhance the antitumor effect through synergistic actions, which is worthy of further study. This review focuses on the latest research progress on the synergistic enhancement of PDT by simultaneous multidrug administration using codelivery nanocarriers. We introduce the design of codelivery nanocarriers and discuss the mechanism of PDT combined with other antitumor methods. The combination of PDT and chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, photothermal therapy, hyperthermia, radiotherapy, sonodynamic therapy and even multidrug therapy are discussed to provide a comprehensive understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.-L.Y.); (K.L.)
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25
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Greco A, Garoffolo G, Chiesa E, Riva F, Dorati R, Modena T, Conti B, Pesce M, Genta I. Nanotechnology, a booster for the multitarget drug verteporfin. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Jin F, Liu D, Xu X, Ji J, Du Y. Nanomaterials-Based Photodynamic Therapy with Combined Treatment Improves Antitumor Efficacy Through Boosting Immunogenic Cell Death. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4693-4712. [PMID: 34267518 PMCID: PMC8275223 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s314506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Benefiting from the rapid development of nanotechnology, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is arising as a novel non-invasive clinical treatment for specific cancers, which exerts direct efficacy in destroying primary tumors by generating excessive cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Notably, PDT-induced cell death is related to T cell-mediated antitumor immune responses through induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD). However, ICD elicited via PDT is not strong enough and is limited by immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM). Therefore, it is necessary to improve PDT efficacy through enhancing ICD with the combination of synergistic tumor therapies. Herein, the recent progress of nanomaterials-based PDT combined with chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, employing ICD-boosted treatments is reviewed. An outlook about the future application in clinics of nanomaterials-based PDT strategies is also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Jin
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansong Ji
- Department of Radiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhong Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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27
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Li B, Zhang X, Lu Y, Zhao L, Guo Y, Guo S, Kang Q, Liu J, Dai L, Zhang L, Fan D, Ji Z. Protein 4.1R affects photodynamic therapy for B16 melanoma by regulating the transport of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Exp Cell Res 2021; 399:112465. [PMID: 33385415 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive malignant tumor of skin cancer as it can grow rapidly and metastasize. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer ablation method for skin tumors, although it lacks efficiency owing to factors such as tumor characteristics, delivery of photosensitizers, immune response in vivo etc. Extensive investigation of molecules that can potentially modulate treatment efficacy is required. Protein 4.1R is a cytoskeletal protein molecule. Previous studies have shown that protein 4.1R knockdown reduces PDT sensitivity in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. However, the functional role of protein 4.1R in melanoma is unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the effect of protein 4.1R on PDT for melanoma in mice and the mechanism of anti-tumor immunity. Our results indicated that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated protein 4.1R knockout promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of B16 cells. We further investigated the potential mechanism of protein 4.1R on tumor cell PDT sensitivity. Our results showed that protein 4.1R knockout reduced the expression of membrane transporters γ-aminobutyric acid transporter (GAT)-1 and (GAT)-2 in B16 cells, which affected 5-ALA transmembrane transport and reduced the efficiency of PDT on B16 cells. Protein 4.1R knockout downregulated the anti-tumor immune response triggered by PDT in vivo. In conclusion, our data suggest that protein 4.1R is an important regulator in PDT for tumors and may promote the progress and efficacy of melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, 33 Huanghe Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Luyang Zhao
- BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Guo
- BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Qiaozhen Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China; BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Liping Dai
- Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China; BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China; BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Dandan Fan
- Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China; BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Pharmacology of Liver Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Zhenyu Ji
- Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China; BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Pharmacology of Liver Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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28
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Alzeibak R, Mishchenko TA, Shilyagina NY, Balalaeva IV, Vedunova MV, Krysko DV. Targeting immunogenic cancer cell death by photodynamic therapy: past, present and future. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001926. [PMID: 33431631 PMCID: PMC7802670 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed major breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy. This development has been largely motivated by cancer cell evasion of immunological control and consequent tumor resistance to conventional therapies. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is considered one of the most promising ways to achieve total tumor cell elimination. It activates the T-cell adaptive immune response and results in the formation of long-term immunological memory. ICD can be triggered by many anticancer treatment modalities, including photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this review, we first discuss the role of PDT based on several classes of photosensitizers, including porphyrins and non-porphyrins, and critically evaluate their potential role in ICD induction. We emphasize the emerging trend of ICD induction by PDT in combination with nanotechnology, which represents third-generation photosensitizers and involves targeted induction of ICD by PDT. However, PDT also has some limitations, including the reduced efficiency of ICD induction in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Therefore, we critically evaluate strategies for overcoming this limitation, which is essential for increasing PDT efficiency. In the final part, we suggest several areas for future research for personalized cancer immunotherapy, including strategies based on oxygen-boosted PDT and nanoparticles. In conclusion, the insights from the last several years increasingly support the idea that PDT is a powerful strategy for inducing ICD in experimental cancer therapy. However, most studies have focused on mouse models, but it is necessary to validate this strategy in clinical settings, which will be a challenging research area in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Alzeibak
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana A Mishchenko
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Y Shilyagina
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Irina V Balalaeva
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Maria V Vedunova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitri V Krysko
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory (CDIT), Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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29
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Das S, Tiwari M, Mondal D, Sahoo BR, Tiwari DK. Growing tool-kit of photosensitizers for clinical and non-clinical applications. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10897-10940. [PMID: 33165483 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02085k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizers are photosensitive molecules utilized in clinical and non-clinical applications by taking advantage of light-mediated reactive oxygen generation, which triggers local and systemic cellular toxicity. Photosensitizers are used for diverse biological applications such as spatio-temporal inactivation of a protein in a living system by chromophore-assisted light inactivation, localized cell photoablation, photodynamic and immuno-photodynamic therapy, and correlative light-electron microscopy imaging. Substantial efforts have been made to develop several genetically encoded, chemically synthesized, and nanotechnologically driven photosensitizers for successful implementation in redox biology applications. Genetically encoded photosensitizers (GEPS) or reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating proteins have the advantage of using them in the living system since they can be manipulated by genetic engineering with a variety of target-specific genes for the precise spatio-temporal control of ROS generation. The GEPS variety is limited but is expanding with a variety of newly emerging GEPS proteins. Apart from GEPS, a large variety of chemically- and nanotechnologically-empowered photosensitizers have been developed with a major focus on photodynamic therapy-based cancer treatment alone or in combination with pre-existing treatment methods. Recently, immuno-photodynamic therapy has emerged as an effective cancer treatment method using smartly designed photosensitizers to initiate and engage the patient's immune system so as to empower the photosensitizing effect. In this review, we have discussed various types of photosensitizers, their clinical and non-clinical applications, and implementation toward intelligent efficacy, ROS efficiency, and target specificity in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Environment, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa 403206, India.
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30
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Liu R, Gao Y, Liu N, Suo Y. Nanoparticles loading porphyrin sensitizers in improvement of photodynamic therapy for ovarian cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 33:102156. [PMID: 33352314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer, the malignant tumor with the highest mortality rate in gynecological tumors, leads to a poor prognosis due to tumor metastasis. At present, the main treatment for ovarian cancer is the combination of cytoreduction surgery and chemotherapy. But the surgery is insufficient to solve the extensive transfer of tumor in the abdominal cavity and a large proportion of ovarian cancer cases have shown resistance to chemotherapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a viable treatment option for a wide range of applications, especially in malignant tumors. Porphyrin sensitizers, as the most widely used photosensitive agents, have the following advantages: short photosensitive period and high singlet oxygen production. However, most studies have found that it is difficult to achieve high loading rates of photosensitive agents, thus effective concentration in target tissue is suboptimal and the lethal ability is greatly reduced. In this article, we review several studies that nanoparticles loading porphyrin sensitizers for photodynamic therapy of ovarian cancer. METHODS We collected relevant literature from PUBMED and reviewed their research content. RESULTS The application of nanotechnology to PDT in ovarian cancer can reduce the non-specific toxicity of photosensitive agents and increase stability and delivery efficiency. CONCLUSIONS The combination with nanotechnology can cover the shortcomings of photodynamic therapy, but the specific efficacy still needs a large number of experiments to prove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shanxi Provincial Peoples Hospital, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Yanxia Gao
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shanxi Provincial Peoples Hospital, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Nannan Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shanxi Provincial Peoples Hospital, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Yuping Suo
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shanxi Provincial Peoples Hospital, Taiyuan, China.
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31
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Tong F, Ye Y, Chen B, Gao J, Liu L, Ou J, van Hest JCM, Liu S, Peng F, Tu Y. Bone-Targeting Prodrug Mesoporous Silica-Based Nanoreactor with Reactive Oxygen Species Burst for Enhanced Chemotherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:34630-34642. [PMID: 32635715 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains a primary threat to human lives. Recently, amplification of tumor-associated reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been used as a boosting strategy to improve tumor therapy. Here, we report on a bone-targeting prodrug mesoporous silica-based nanoreactor for combined photodynamic therapy (PDT) and enhanced chemotherapy for osteosarcoma. Because of surface modification of a bone-targeting biphosphate moiety and the enhanced permeability and retention effect, the formed nanoreactor shows efficient accumulation in osteosarcoma and exhibits long-term retention in the tumor microenvironment. Upon laser irradiation, the loaded photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) produces in situ ROS, which not only works for PDT but also functions as a trigger for controlled release of doxorubicin (DOX) and doxycycline (DOXY) from the prodrugs based on a thioketal (TK) linkage. The released DOXY further promotes ROS production, thus perpetuating subsequent DOX/DOXY release and ROS burst. The ROS amplification induces long-term high oxidative stress, which increases the sensitivity of the osteosarcoma to chemotherapy, therefore resulting in enhanced tumor cell inhibition and apoptosis. The as-developed nanoreactor with combined PDT and enhanced chemotherapy based on ROS amplification shows significant promise as a potential platform for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yicheng Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Junbin Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Juanfeng Ou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Shuwen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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32
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Falk-Mahapatra R, Gollnick SO. Photodynamic Therapy and Immunity: An Update. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:550-559. [PMID: 32128821 DOI: 10.1111/php.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dr. Thomas Dougherty and his Oncology Foundation of Buffalo were the first to support my (S.O.G.) research into the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the host immune system. The small grant I was awarded in 2002 launched my career as an independent researcher; at the time, there were few studies on the importance of the immune response on the efficacy of PDT and no studies demonstrating the ability of PDT to enhance antitumor immunity. Over the last decades, the interest in PDT as an enhancer of antitumor immunity and our understanding of the mechanisms by which PDT enhances antitumor immunity have dramatically increased. In this review article, we look back on the studies that laid the foundation for our understanding and provide an update on current advances and therapies that take advantage of PDT enhancement of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra O Gollnick
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY.,Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
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33
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Dupont C, Vermandel M, Leroy HA, Quidet M, Lecomte F, Delhem N, Mordon S, Reyns N. INtraoperative photoDYnamic Therapy for GliOblastomas (INDYGO): Study Protocol for a Phase I Clinical Trial. Neurosurgery 2020; 84:E414-E419. [PMID: 30053213 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by marked proliferation, major infiltration, and poor prognosis. Despite current treatments, including surgery, radiation oncology, and chemotherapy, the overall median survival is 15 mo and the progression-free survival is 7 to 8 mo. Because of systematic relapse of the tumor, the improvement of local control remains an issue. In this context, photodynamic therapy (PDT) may offer a new treatment modality for GBM. OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility of intraoperative PDT early after surgical resection of GBM without unacceptable and unexpected toxicities. METHODS The INDYGO clinical trial (INtraoperative photoDYnamic Therapy for GliOblastomas) treatment will be carried out in addition to the current standard of care (SOC) of glioblastoma: maximum resection surgery followed by concomitant radio-chemotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. PDT treatment will be delivered during surgery early, after the fluorescence-guided resection. Immunological responses and biomarkers will also be investigated during the follow-up. A total of 10 patients will be recruited during this study. EXPECTED OUTCOMES Clinical follow-up after the SOC with PDT is expected to be similar (no significant difference) to the SOC alone. DISCUSSION This INDYGO trial assesses the feasibility of intraoperative 5-aminolevulinic acid PDT, a novel seamless approach to treat GBM. The technology is easily embeddable within the reference treatment at a low-incremental cost. The safety of this new treatment modality is a preliminary requirement before a multicenter randomized clinical trial can be further conducted to assess local control improvement by treating infiltrating and nonresected GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Dupont
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, ONCO-THAI - Image Assisted Laser Therapy for Oncology, Lille, France
| | - Maximilien Vermandel
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, ONCO-THAI - Image Assisted Laser Therapy for Oncology, Lille, France.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Henri-Arthur Leroy
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, ONCO-THAI - Image Assisted Laser Therapy for Oncology, Lille, France.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mathilde Quidet
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, ONCO-THAI - Image Assisted Laser Therapy for Oncology, Lille, France.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Fabienne Lecomte
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, ONCO-THAI - Image Assisted Laser Therapy for Oncology, Lille, France
| | - Nadira Delhem
- Institut de biologie de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Lille, France
| | - Serge Mordon
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, ONCO-THAI - Image Assisted Laser Therapy for Oncology, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Reyns
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, ONCO-THAI - Image Assisted Laser Therapy for Oncology, Lille, France.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
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Verteporfin-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles Improve Ovarian Cancer Photodynamic Therapy In Vitro and In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111760. [PMID: 31717427 PMCID: PMC6896159 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological cancer, with a high rate of chemoresistance and relapse. Photodynamic therapy offers new prospects for ovarian cancer treatment, but current photosensitizers lack tumor specificity, resulting in low efficacy and significant side-effects. In the present work, the clinically approved photosensitizer verteporfin was encapsulated within nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for targeted photodynamic therapy of ovarian cancer. Cellular uptake and phototoxicity of free verteporfin and NLC-verteporfin were studied in vitro in human ovarian cancer cell lines cultured in 2D and 3D-spheroids, and biodistribution and photodynamic therapy were evaluated in vivo in mice. Both molecules were internalized in ovarian cancer cells and strongly inhibited tumor cells viability when exposed to laser light only. In vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetic studies evidenced a long circulation time of NLC associated with efficient tumor uptake. Administration of 2 mg.kg-1 free verteporfin induced severe phototoxic adverse effects leading to the death of 5 out of 8 mice. In contrast, laser light exposure of tumors after intravenous administration of NLC-verteporfin (8 mg.kg-1) significantly inhibited tumor growth without visible toxicity. NLC-verteporfin thus led to efficient verteporfin vectorization to the tumor site and protection from side-effects, providing promising therapeutic prospects for photodynamic therapy of cancer.
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Rapozzi V, D’Este F, Xodo LE. Molecular pathways in cancer response to photodynamic therapy. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619300064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This minireview describes the complexity of the molecular mechanisms involved in the tumor response to photodynamic treatment (PDT). Different aspects of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) induced by PDT will be examined. In particular, we will discuss the effect of ROS and RNS on cell compartments and the main mechanisms of cell death induced by the treatment. Moreover, we will also examine host defense mechanisms as well as resistance to PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rapozzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Francesca D’Este
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Luigi E. Xodo
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, Udine, 33100, Italy
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36
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Aniogo EC, Plackal Adimuriyil George B, Abrahamse H. The role of photodynamic therapy on multidrug resistant breast cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:91. [PMID: 31007609 PMCID: PMC6458738 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer heterogeneity allows cells with different phenotypes to co-exist, contributing to treatment failure and development of drug resistance. In addition, abnormal signal transduction and dysfunctional DNA repair genes are common features with breast cancer resistance. Chemo-resistance of breast cancer associated with multidrug resistance events utilizes ATP-binding cassette (ABC) efflux transporters to decrease drug intracellular concentration. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is the treatment that involves a combination of a photosensitizer (PS), light and molecular oxygen to induce cell death. This treatment modality has been considered as a possible approach in combatting multidrug resistance phenomenon although its therapeutic potential towards chemo-resistance is still unclear. Attempts to minimize the impact of efflux transporters on drug resistance suggested concurrent use of chemotherapy agents, nanotechnology, endolysosomal release of drug by photochemical internalization and the use of structurally related compound inhibitors to block the transport function of the multidrug resistant transporters. In this review, we briefly summarize the role of membrane ABC efflux transporters in therapeutic outcomes and highlight research findings related to PDT and its applications on breast cancer with multidrug resistance phenotype. With the development of an ideal PS for photodynamic cancer treatment, it is possible that light activation may be used not only to sensitize the tumour but also to enable release of PS into the cytosol and as such bypass efflux membrane proteins and inhibit escape pathways that may lead to resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chekwube Aniogo
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028 South Africa
| | - Blassan Plackal Adimuriyil George
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028 South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028 South Africa
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Xu L, Zhang X, Cheng W, Wang Y, Yi K, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Shao L, Zhao T. Hypericin-photodynamic therapy inhibits the growth of adult T-cell leukemia cells through induction of apoptosis and suppression of viral transcription. Retrovirology 2019; 16:5. [PMID: 30782173 PMCID: PMC6381730 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive neoplasm caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). ATL carries a poor prognosis due to chemotherapy resistance. Thus, it is urgent to develop new treatment strategies. Hypericin (HY) is a new-type of photosensitizer in the context of photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to its excellent photosensitizing properties and anti-tumor activities. RESULTS In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of hypericin in ATL cells. Clinically achievable concentrations of hypericin in association with PDT induced the inhibition of cell proliferation in ATL cell lines with minimal effect on peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocytes. Moreover, hypericin-PDT treatment caused apoptosis and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in leukemic cells. Western blot analyses revealed that hypericin-PDT treatment resulted in downregulation of Bcl-2 and enhanced the expression of Bad, cytochrome C, and AIF. Cleavage of caspases-3/-7/-9/-8, Bid, and PARP was increased in hypericin-PDT-treated ATL cells. In a luciferase assay, hypericin-PDT treatment was able to activate the promoter activity of Bax and p53, resulting in enhanced expression of Bax and p53 proteins. Finally, hypericin-PDT treatment suppressed the expression of viral protein HBZ and Tax by blocking the promoter activity via HTLV-1 5'LTR and 3'LTR. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that hypericin-PDT is highly effective against ATL cells by induction of apoptosis and suppression of viral transcription. These studies highlight the promising use of hypericin-PDT as a targeted therapy for ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueqing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenzhao Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Department, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaining Yi
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhilong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiling Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linxiang Shao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tiejun Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China.
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Guo W, Sun C, Jiang G, Xin Y. Recent Developments of Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Photodynamic Therapy for Cervical Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:1809-1819. [PMID: 30973114 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190411121953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photoactivation or photosensitization process, wherein the photosensitizer
(PS) is activated under appropriate wavelengths. Conventional antitumor therapy for cervical cancer
includes surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, these techniques are accompanied by some evident
shortcomings. PDT is considered an emerging minimally invasive treatment for cervical cancer. In recent years,
new PSs have been synthesized because of the long absorption wavelength, good solubility, and high tumor
targeting ability. Studies also showed that the synergistic combination of nanomaterials with PSs resulted in
considerable benefits compared with the use of small-molecule PSs alone. The compounds can act both as a
drug delivery system and PS and enhance the photodynamic effect. This review summarizes the application of
some newly synthesized PSs and PS-combined nanoparticles in cervical cancer treatment to enhance the efficiency
of PDT. The mechanism and influencing factors of PDT are further elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Guo
- Department of Radiation, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Xinyi People's Hospital, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Guan Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Yong Xin
- Department of Radiation, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
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Shi S, Zhang L, Zhu M, Wan G, Li C, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang Y. Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Nanoparticles Based on PEGlated Prodrug for Targeted Treatment of Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Combining Photodynamic Therapy and Chemotherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:29260-29272. [PMID: 30106279 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive nanoparticle system was designed for combining photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemotherapy for oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC)-targeted treatment. A PEGlated prodrug (RPTD) of doxorubicin (DOX) via thioketal linkage and cRGD peptide modification was synthesized and then used to prepare nanoparticles for encapsulating photosensitizer hematoporphyrin (HP). Thus, the obtained HP-loaded RPTD (RPTD/HP) nanoparticles had a regular spherical shape and small size, approximately 180 nm. The RPTD/HP nanoparticles showed a remarkable PDT efficiency and successfully induced ROS generation upon laser irradiation both in vitro and in vivo. DOX exhibited significant ROS-responsive release property from RPTD/HP nanoparticles because of the rupture of the thioketal linker. In OTSCC cells, RPTD/HP nanoparticles were efficiently internalized and showed potent effects on cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction after laser irradiation. In OTSCC tumor-bearing mice, RPTD/HP nanoparticles displayed excellent tumor-targeting ability and notably suppressed tumor growth through multiple mechanisms after local laser irradiation. Taken together, we supplied a novel therapeutic nanosystem for OTSCC treatment through combining PDT and chemotherapy.
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Long Q, Lin TY, Huang Y, Li X, Ma AH, Zhang H, Carney R, Airhart S, Lam KS, deVere White RW, Pan CX, Li Y. Image-guided photo-therapeutic nanoporphyrin synergized HSP90 inhibitor in patient-derived xenograft bladder cancer model. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:789-799. [PMID: 29317342 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a promising and effective non-invasive therapeutic approach for the treatment of bladder cancers. Therapies targeting HSP90 have the advantage of tumor cell selectivity and have shown great preclinical efficacy. In this study, we evaluated a novel multifunctional nanoporphyrin platform loaded with an HSP90 inhibitor 17AAG (NP-AAG) for use as a multi-modality therapy against bladder cancer. NP-AAG was efficiently accumulated and retained at bladder cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) over 7 days. PDX tumors could be synergistically eradicated with a single intravenous injection of NP-AAG followed by multiple light treatments within 7 days. NP-AAG mediated treatment could not only specifically deliver 17AAG and produce heat and reactive oxygen species, but also more effectively inhibit essential bladder cancer essential signaling molecules like Akt, Src, and Erk, as well as HIF-1α induced by photo-therapy. This multifunctional nanoplatform has high clinical relevance and could dramatically improve management for bladder cancers with minimal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilai Long
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Tzu-Yin Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yee Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Xiaocen Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ai-Hong Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Randy Carney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Kit S Lam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Chong-Xian Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA.
| | - Yuanpei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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41
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Moret F, Reddi E. Strategies for optimizing the delivery to tumors of macrocyclic photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424617300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This review briefly summaries the principles and mechanisms of action of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as concerns its application in the oncological field, highlighting its drawbacks and some of the strategies that have been or are being explored to overcome them. The major aim is to increase the efficiency and selectivity of the photosensitizer (PS) uptake in the cancer cells for optimizing the PDT effects on tumors while sparing normal cells. Some attempts to achieve this are based on the conjugation of the PS to biomolecules (small ligands, peptides) functioning as carriers with the ability to efficiently penetrate cells and/or specifically recognize and bind proteins/receptors overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells. Alternatively, the PS can be entrapped in nanocarriers derived from various types of materials that can target the tumor by exploiting the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects. The use of nanocarriers is particularly attractive because it allows the simultaneous delivery of more than one drug with the possibility of combining PDT with other therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Moret
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Reddi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova, Italy
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42
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Yang Y, Hu Y, Wang H. Targeting Antitumor Immune Response for Enhancing the Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:5274084. [PMID: 27672421 PMCID: PMC5031843 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5274084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, which can destroy local tumor cells and induce systemic antitumor immune response, whereas, focusing on improving direct cytotoxicity to tumor cells treated by PDT, there is growing interest in developing approaches to further explore the immune stimulatory properties of PDT. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of the innate and adaptive immune responses induced by PDT against tumors, providing evidence showing PDT facilitated-antitumor immunity. Various immunotherapeutic approaches on different cells are reviewed for their effectiveness in improving the treatment efficiency in concert with PDT. Future perspectives are discussed for further enhancing PDT efficiency via intracellular targetable drug delivery as well as optimized experimental model development associated with the study of antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 169 Sheng Tai West Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211106, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Riley Robb, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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43
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The potential of photodynamic therapy (PDT)-Experimental investigations and clinical use. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:912-929. [PMID: 27522005 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an intensively studied part of medicine based on free radicals. These reactive species, extremely harmful for whole human organism, are used for eradication numerous diseases. Specific structure of ill tissues causes accumulation free radicals inside them without attack remaining healthy tissues. A rapid development of medicine and scientific research has led to extension of PDT towards treatment many diseases such as cancer, herpes, acne and based on antimicrobials. The presented review article is focused on the aforementioned disorders with accurate analysis of the newest available scientific achievements. The discussed cases explicitly indicate on high efficacy of the therapy. In most cases, free radicals turned out to be solution of many afflictions. Photodynamic therapy can be considered as promising treatment with comparable effectiveness but without side effects characteristic for chemotherapy.
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