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Su W, Liang Z, Pan D, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Yuan T, Gao X, Su H, Zhang H. Therapeutic effect of notoginseng saponins before and after fermentation on blood deficiency rats. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:143. [PMID: 38476921 PMCID: PMC10928825 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Notoginseng saponins (NS) are the active ingredients in Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen (PN). NS can be transformed depending on how the extract is processed. Fermentation has been shown to produce secondary ginsenosides with increased bioavailability. However, the therapeutic effect of fermented NS (FNS) requires further study. The present study compared the compositions and activities of FNS and NS in blood deficiency rats, which resembles the symptoms of anemia in modern medicine, induced by acetylphenylhydrazine and cyclophosphamide. A total of 32 rats were randomly divided into control, model, FNS and NS groups. A blood deficiency model was established and then treatment was orally administered for 21 days. The results of component analysis indicated that some saponins transformed during the fermentation process resulting in a decrease of notoginsenoside R1, and ginsenosides Rg1, Rb1 and Re, and an increase in ginsenosides Rd, Rh2, compound K, protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol. The animal results showed that both FNS and NS increased the number of white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells, hemoglobin, platelets and reticulocytes, and the levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), erythropoietin (EPO) and thrombopoietin (TPO), decreased the G0/G1 phase and increased G2/M phase, and decreased the apoptosis rate of bone marrow (BM) cells, which suggested a contribution to the recovery of hematopoietic function of the BM cells. FNS and NS increased the protein expression levels of the cytokines IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, TGF-β, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α, and the mRNA expression levels of transcription factors GATA binding protein 3 and T-box expressed in T cell (T-bet). FNS and NS treatment also increased the number of CD4+ T cells, and decreased the enlargement of the rat spleen and thymus atrophy, which indicated a protective effect on the organs of the immune system. The results of the present study demonstrated that compared with NS, FNS showed an improved ability to increase the levels of WBCs, lymphocytes, GM-CSF, EPO, TPO, aspartate aminotransferase, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13 and TNF-α, and the mRNA expression levels of T-bet, and decrease alanine aminotransferase levels. The differences seen for FNS treatment could arise from their improved bioavailability compared with NS, due to the larger proportion of hydrophobic ginsenosides produced during fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Su
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zuguo Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Daian Pan
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Lancao Zhang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Tongyi Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Hang Su
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - He Zhang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Zhou K, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Xu M, Yu S. Production of Gypenoside XVII from Ginsenoside Rb1 by Enzymatic Transformation and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2023; 28:7001. [PMID: 37836844 PMCID: PMC10574100 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28197001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic transformation of the sugar moiety of the gypenosides provides a new way to obtain more pharmacologically active components. A gene encoding a family 1 glycosyl hydrolase from Bifidobacterium dentium was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme was purified, and its molecular weight was approximately 44 kDa. The recombinant BdbglB exhibited an optimal activity at 35 °C and pH 5.4. The purified recombinant enzyme, exhibiting β-glucosidase activity, was used to produce gypenoside XVII (Gyp XVII) via highly selective and efficient hydrolysis of the outer glucose moiety linked to the C-3 position in ginsenoside Rb1 (G-Rb1). Under the optimal reaction conditions for large scale production of gypenoside XVII, 40 g ginsenoside Rb1 was transformed by using 45 g crude enzyme at pH 5.4 and 35 °C for 10 h with a molar yield of 100%. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effects of the product gypenoside XVII and its conversion precursor ginsenoside Rb1 were evaluated by using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine RAW 264.7 macrophages and the xylene-induced acute inflammation model of mouse ear edema, respectively. Gypenoside XVII showed improved anti-inflammatory activity, which significantly inhibited the generation of TNF-α and IL-6 more effectively than its precursor ginsenoside Rb1. In addition, the swelling inhibition rate of gypenoside XVII was 80.55%, while the rate of its precursor was 40.47%, the results also indicated that gypenoside XVII had better anti-inflammatory activity than ginsenoside Rb1. Hence, this enzymatic method would be useful in the large-scale production of gypenoside XVII, which may become a new potent anti-inflammatory candidate drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shanshan Yu
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (K.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.)
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Chu LL, Hanh NTY, Quyen ML, Nguyen QH, Lien TTP, Do KV. Compound K Production: Achievements and Perspectives. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1565. [PMID: 37511939 PMCID: PMC10381408 DOI: 10.3390/life13071565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Compound K (CK) is one of the major metabolites found in mammalian blood and organs following oral administration of Panax plants. CK, also known as minor ginsenoside, can be absorbed in the systemic circulation. It has garnered significant attention in healthcare and medical products due to its pharmacological activities, such as antioxidation, anticancer, antiproliferation, antidiabetics, neuroprotection, and anti-atherogenic activities. However, CK is not found in natural ginseng plants but in traditional chemical synthesis, which uses toxic solvents and leads to environmental pollution during the harvest process. Moreover, enzymatic reactions are impractical for industrial CK production due to low yield and high costs. Although CK could be generated from major ginsenosides, most ginsenosides, including protopanaxatriol-oleanane and ocotillol-type, are not converted into CK by catalyzing β-glucosidase. Therefore, microbial cell systems have been used as a promising solution, providing a safe and efficient approach to CK production. This review provides a summary of various approaches for the production of CK, including chemical and enzymatic reactions, biotransformation by the human intestinal bacteria and endophytes as well as engineered microbes. Moreover, the approaches for CK production have been discussed to improve the productivity of target compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Luong Chu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Trinh Yen Hanh
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - My Linh Quyen
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Quang Huy Nguyen
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Phuong Lien
- Faculty of Biology and Agricultural Engineering, Hanoi Pagadogical University 2, Vinh Yen City 283460, Vietnam
| | - Khanh Van Do
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
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Yang JJ, Zhang X, Dai JF, Ma YG, Jiang JG. Effect of fermentation modification on the physicochemical characteristics and anti-aging related activities of Polygonatum kingianum polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123661. [PMID: 36796559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In order to fully investigate the anti-aging value of the plants polysaccharides, the fermentation method was applied to modify the Polygonatum kingianum polysaccharides (PKPS), and the ultra-filtration was used to further segment the hydrolyzed polysaccharides. It was found that the fermentation induced an increase in the in vitro anti-aging-related activities of PKPS including antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity, and cellular aging-delaying ability. In particular, the low Mw fraction PS2-4 (10-50 kDa) separated from the fermented polysaccharide exhibited superior anti-aging activity on experimental animals. PS2-4 extended the Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan by 20.70 %, with an increased effect of 10.09 % compared to the original polysaccharide; it was also more effective than the original one in improving movement ability and reducing lipofuscin accumulation of worms. This fraction was screened as the optimal anti-aging active polysaccharide. After fermentation, the main molecular weight distribution of PKPS changed from 50-650 kDa to 2-100 kDa, and the chemical composition and monosaccharide composition also changed; the initial rough and porous microtopography turned into smooth state. These alterations in physicochemical characteristics suggest that fermentation exerted an influence on the structure of PKPS, which contributed to the enhanced anti-aging activity, indicating that fermentation was promising in the structural modification of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Juan Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jin-Feng Dai
- Hunan Provincial Institute of Product and Goods Quality Inspection, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Ya-Ge Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Niu L, Qin X, Wang L, Guo N, Cao H, Li H, Zhao C, Wang H, Fu Y. Upgrading the accumulation of ginsenoside Rd in Panax notoginseng by a novel glycosidase-producing endophytic fungus G11-7. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 68:441-452. [PMID: 36571675 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-01020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel endophytic fungus producing beta-glucosidase was isolated and characterized from pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.), which has excellent properties in converting ginsenoside Rb1 to ginsenoside Rd in Panax notoginseng. According to the 16S rDNA gene sequence, the G11-7 strain was identified as Fusarium proliferatum, and the accession number KY303906 was confirmed in GenBank. The G11-7 immobilized spores, in which the activity of beta-glucosidase could reach 0.95 U/mL, were co-cultured with P. notoginseng plant material to obtain a continuous beta-glucosidase supply for the biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to Rd. Under the liquid-solid ratio (20:1), initial pH (6.0), and temperature (30 °C) constituents, the maximum ginsenoside Rd yield was obtained as 9.15 ± 0.65 mg/g, which was 3.67-fold higher than that without fungal spore co-culture (2.49 ± 0.98 mg/g). Furthermore, immobilized G11-7 spores showed significant beta-glucosidase producing ability which could be recovered and reused for 6 cycles. Overall, these results suggested that immobilized G11-7 offered a promising and effective approach to enhance the production of ginsenoside Rd for possible nutraceutical and pharmaceutical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Niu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,Medicinal Plant Cultivation Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangyu Qin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Litao Wang
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Guo
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hongyan Cao
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanghang Li
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Huimei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yujie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China. .,The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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Neuroprotective Effect and Possible Mechanisms of Ginsenoside-Rd for Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Damage in Experimental Animal: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7650438. [PMID: 36092162 PMCID: PMC9458376 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7650438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, the most common type of stroke, can lead to a long-term disability with the limitation of effective therapeutic approaches. Ginsenoside-Rd (G-Rd) has been found as a neuroprotective agent. In order to investigate and discuss the neuroprotective function and underlying mechanism of G-Rd in experimental animal models following cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury, PubMed, Embase, SinoMed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched from their inception dates to May 2022, with no language restriction. Studies that G-Rd was used to treat cerebral I/R damage in vivo were selected. A total of 18 articles were included in this paper, and it was showed that after cerebral I/R damage, G-Rd administration could significantly attenuate infarct volume (19 studies, SMD = −1.75 [−2.21 to − 1.30], P < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis concluded that G-Rd at the moderate doses of >10- <50 mg/kg reduced the infarct volume to the greatest extent, and increasing the dose beyond 50 mg/kg did not produce better results. The neuroprotective effect of G-Rd was not affected by other factors, such as the animal species, the order of administration, and the ischemia time. In comparison with the control group, G-Rd administration could improve neurological recovery (lower score means better recovery: 14 studies, SMD = −1.50 [−2.00 to − 1.00], P < 0.00001; higher score means better recovery: 8 studies, SMD = 1.57 [0.93 to 2.21], P < 0.00001). In addition, this review suggested that G-Rd in vivo can antagonize the reduced oxidative stress, regulate Ca2+, and inhibit inflammatory, resistance to apoptosis, and antipyroptosis on cerebral I/R damage. Collectively, G-Rd is a promising natural neuroprotective agent on cerebral I/R injury with unique advantages and a clear mechanism of action. More clinical randomized, blind-controlled trials are also needed to confirm the neuroprotective effect of G-Rd on cerebral I/R injury.
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Yang Z, Deng J, Liu M, He C, Feng X, Liu S, Wei S. A review for discovering bioactive minor saponins and biotransformative metabolites in Panax quinquefolius L. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:972813. [PMID: 35979234 PMCID: PMC9376941 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.972813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax quinquefolius L. has attracted extensive attention worldwide because of its prominent pharmacological properties on type 2 diabetes, cancers, central nervous system, and cardiovascular diseases. Ginsenosides are active phytochemicals of P. quinquefolius, which can be classified as propanaxdiol (PPD)-type, propanaxtriol (PPT)-type, oleanane-type, and ocotillol-type oligo-glycosides depending on the skeleton of aglycone. Recently, advanced analytical and isolated methods including ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem with mass detector, preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, and high speed counter-current chromatography have been used to isolate and identify minor components in P. quinquefolius, which accelerates the clarification of the material basis. However, the poor bioavailability and undetermined bio-metabolism of most saponins have greatly hindered both the development of medicines and the identification of their real active constituents. Thus, it is essential to consider the bio-metabolism of constituents before and after absorption. In this review, we described the structures of minor ginsenosides in P. quinquefolius, including naturally occurring protype compounds and their in vivo metabolites. The preclinical and clinical pharmacological studies of the ginsenosides in the past few years were also summarized. The review will promote the reacquaint of minor saponins on the growing appreciation of their biological role in P. quinquefolius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Jiahang Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Mingxin Liu
- College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Mingxin Liu, ; Shuai Wei,
| | - Chuantong He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xinyue Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shucheng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuai Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Mingxin Liu, ; Shuai Wei,
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Li J, Huang Q, Yao Y, Ji P, Mingyao E, Chen J, Zhang Z, Qi H, Liu J, Chen Z, Zhao D, Zhou L, Li X. Biotransformation, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacological Activities of Ginsenoside Rd Against Multiple Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:909363. [PMID: 35928281 PMCID: PMC9343777 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.909363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. has a history of more than 4000 years and is widely used in Asian countries. Modern pharmacological studies have proved that ginsenosides and their compounds have a variety of significant biological activities on specific diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, certain types of cancer, gastrointestinal disease, and metabolic diseases, in which most of the interest has focused on ginsenoside Rd. The evidentiary basis showed that ginsenoside Rd ameliorates ischemic stroke, nerve injury, cancer, and other diseases involved in apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and autophagy. In this review, we summarized available reports on the molecular biological mechanisms of ginsenoside Rd in neurological diseases, cancer, metabolic diseases, and other diseases. We also discussed the main biotransformation pathways of ginsenoside Rd obtained by fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Ji
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - E. Mingyao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zepeng Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Qi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhou, ; Xiangyan Li,
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhou, ; Xiangyan Li,
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Zhang H, Zhang L, Yang C, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang X, Chen J, Huang B, Zhao D, Li X, Zhang W, Qi B. Prevention Effect of Protopanaxadiol-Type Saponins Saponins and Protopanaxatriol-Type Saponins on Myelosuppression Mice Induced by Cyclophosphamide. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:845034. [PMID: 35431938 PMCID: PMC9011104 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.845034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides from ginseng are used as a therapeutic agent for various diseases. They enhance the immunomodulatory effect in cyclophosphamide (CP)-treated tumor disease. The structural characteristics of steroidal saponins are mainly divided into protopanaxadiol-type saponin (PDS) and protopanaxatriol-type saponin (PTS). At present, few researchers have studied which kind of saponin plays a more important role, thus, we compared the prevention effect of PDS and PTS on myelosuppression mice induced by CP. The components and contents of saponin and monosaccharide were analyzed by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-charged aerosol detector (UPLC-CAD) and reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), respectively. Thirty-two mice were randomly divided into four groups, including control, model (CP), CP+PDS, and CP+PTS. The mice were orally administered with PDS or PTS for 28 days and then injected with CP saline solution on 25, 26, 27, and 28 days at a dose of 50 mg × kg-1. After the end of modeling, the whole blood of mice from the ophthalmic venous plexus was collected to detect routine blood tests, inflammatory cytokines, and hematopoiesis-related cytokines. Cell cycle and the apoptosis of bone marrow in the right femur were detected. The spleen and thymus were used to calculate the organ index and histological examination, and splenocytes were used to detect the percentage of CD4+ and CD25+ T cells. In the saponins analysis, PDS mainly included the Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides (accounted for 91.64%), and PTS mainly included the Re, Rg1, and Rf of protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides (accounted for 75.46%). The animal results showed that both PDS and PTS improved the most indicators of myelosuppression mice induced by CP, including increased weight, blood cell numbers, hematopoiesis-related cytokines, and inflammatory cytokines; promoted the cell cycle of bone marrow and inhibited the apoptosis of bone marrow; elevated the spleen and thymus indexes and CD4+ count of splenocytes. The prevention effect of PDS was better than PTS in some indicators, such as red blood cells, hemoglobin, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, CD4+, and thymus index. These results suggest both PDS and PTS can prevent myelosuppression of mice induced by CP. Meanwhile, PDS and its metabolite showed higher bioavailability and bioactivity compared with PTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lancao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Chunhui Yang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Baotai Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Office of Academic Research, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Wei Zhang, ; Bin Qi,
| | - Bin Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Wei Zhang, ; Bin Qi,
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10
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Insights into Recent Studies on Biotransformation and Pharmacological Activities of Ginsenoside Rd. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040512. [PMID: 35454101 PMCID: PMC9031344 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that ginsenosides—major bioactive constituents of Panax ginseng—are attracting more attention due to their beneficial pharmacological activities. Ginsenoside Rd, belonging to protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides, exhibits diverse and powerful pharmacological activities. In recent decades, nearly 300 studies on the pharmacological activities of Rd—as a potential treatment for a variety of diseases—have been published. However, no specific, comprehensive reviews have been documented to date. The present review not only summarizes the in vitro and in vivo studies on the health benefits of Rd, including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, ischemic stroke, immunoregulation, and other pharmacological effects, it also delves into the inclusion of potential molecular mechanisms, providing an overview of future prospects for the use of Rd in the treatment of chronic metabolic diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. Although biotransformation, pharmacokinetics, and clinical studies of Rd have also been reviewed, clinical trial data of Rd are limited; the only data available are for its treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Therefore, clinical evidence of Rd should be considered in future studies.
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11
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Liu J, Wang Y, Yu Z, Lv G, Huang X, Lin H, Ma C, Lin Z, Qu P. Functional Mechanism of Ginsenoside Compound K on Tumor Growth and Metastasis. Integr Cancer Ther 2022; 21:15347354221101203. [PMID: 35615883 PMCID: PMC9152193 DOI: 10.1177/15347354221101203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides, as the most important constituents of ginseng, have been extensively investigated in cancer chemoprevention and therapeutics. Among the ginsenosides, Compound K (CK), a rare protopanaxadiol type of ginsenoside, has been most broadly used for cancer treatment due to its high anticancer bioactivity. However, the functional mechanism of CK in cancer is not well known. This review describes the structure, transformation and pharmacological activity of CK and discusses the functional mechanisms of CK and its metabolites, which regulate signaling pathways related to tumor growth and metastasis. CK inhibits tumor growth by inducing tumor apoptosis and tumor cell differentiation, regulates the tumor microenvironment by suppressing tumor angiogenesis-related proteins, and downregulates the roles of immunosuppressive cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). There is currently much research on the potential development of CK as a new strategy when administered alone or in combination with other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Liu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhun Yu
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guangfu Lv
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - He Lin
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Lin
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Peng Qu
- National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
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12
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Chen YY, Liu QP, An P, Jia M, Luan X, Tang JY, Zhang H. Ginsenoside Rd: A promising natural neuroprotective agent. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:153883. [PMID: 34952508 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological diseases seriously affect human health, which are arousing wider attention, and it is a great challenge to discover neuroprotective drugs with minimal side-effects and better efficacies. Natural agents derived from herbs or plants have become unparalleled resources for the discovery of novel drug candidates. Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, a well-known herbal medicine in China, occupies a very important position in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) with a long history of clinical application. Ginsenoside Rd is the active compound in P. ginseng known to have broad-spectrum pharmacological effects to reduce neurological damage that can lead to neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, depression, cognitive impairment, and cerebral ischemia. PURPOSE To review and discuss the effects and mechanisms of ginsenoside Rd in the treatment of neurological diseases. STUDY DESIGN & METHODS The related information was compiled by the major scientific databases, such as Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Elsevier, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SpringerLink, Web of Science, and GeenMedical. Using 'Ginsenoside Rd', 'Ginsenosides', 'Anti-inflammation', 'Antioxidant', 'Apoptosis' and 'Neuroprotection' as keywords, the correlated literature was extracted and conducted from the databases mentioned above. RESULTS Through summarizing the existing research progress, we found that the general effects of ginsenoside Rd are anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, inhibition of Ca2+ influx and protection of mitochondria, and through these pathways, the compound can inhibit excitatory toxicity, regulate nerve growth factor, and promote nerve regeneration. CONCLUSION Ginsenoside Rd is a promising natural neuroprotective agent. This review would contribute to the future development of ginsenoside Rd as a novel clinical candidate drug for treating neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qiu-Ping Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Pei An
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Min Jia
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xin Luan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jian-Yuan Tang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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13
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Yan C, Hao C, Jin W, Dong WW, Quan LH. Biotransformation of Ginsenoside Rb1 to Ginsenoside F2 by Recombinant β-glucosidase from Rat Intestinal Enterococcus gallinarum. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-021-0008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Two Key Amino Acids Variant of α-l-arabinofuranosidase from Bacillus subtilis Str. 168 with Altered Activity for Selective Conversion Ginsenoside Rc to Rd. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061733. [PMID: 33808840 PMCID: PMC8003784 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
α-l-arabinofuranosidase is a subfamily of glycosidases involved in the hydrolysis of l-arabinofuranosidic bonds, especially in those of the terminal non-reducing arabinofuranosyl residues of glycosides, from which efficient glycoside hydrolases can be screened for the transformation of ginsenosides. In this study, the ginsenoside Rc-hydrolyzing α-l-arabinofuranosidase gene, BsAbfA, was cloned from Bacilus subtilis, and its codons were optimized for efficient expression in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant protein BsAbfA fused with an N-terminal His-tag was overexpressed and purified, and then subjected to enzymatic characterization. Site-directed mutagenesis of BsAbfA was performed to verify the catalytic site, and the molecular mechanism of BsAbfA catalyzing ginsenoside Rc was analyzed by molecular docking, using the homology model of sequence alignment with other β-glycosidases. The results show that the purified BsAbfA had a specific activity of 32.6 U/mg. Under optimal conditions (pH 5, 40 °C), the kinetic parameters Km of BsAbfA for pNP-α-Araf and ginsenoside Rc were 0.6 mM and 0.4 mM, while the Kcat/Km were 181.5 s-1 mM-1 and 197.8 s-1 mM-1, respectively. More than 90% of ginsenoside Rc could be transformed by 12 U/mL purified BsAbfA at 40 °C and pH 5 in 24 h. The results of molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis suggested that the E173 and E292 variants for BsAbfA are important in recognizing ginsenoside Rc effectively, and to make it enter the active pocket to hydrolyze the outer arabinofuranosyl moieties at C20 position. These remarkable properties and the catalytic mechanism of BsAbfA provide a good alternative for the effective biotransformation of the major ginsenoside Rc into Rd.
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15
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Efficient Production of Various Minor Ginsenosides from PPD- and PPT-type Major Ginsenosides Using a Single Recombinant BglFc Isolated from Flavobacterium chilense. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Jiang Y, Li W, Fan D. Biotransformation of Ginsenoside Rb1 to Ginsenoside CK by Strain XD101: a Safe Bioconversion Strategy. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2110-2127. [PMID: 33629278 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 is the main predominant component in Panax species. In this study, an eco-friendly and convenient preparation method for ginsenoside CK has been established, and five strains of β-glucosidase-producing microorganisms were screened out from the soil of a Panax notoginseng planting field using Esculin-R2A agar. Aspergillus niger XD101 showed that it has excellent biocatalytic activity for ginsenosides; one of the isolates can convert ginsenoside Rb1 to CK using extracellular enzyme from the mycelium. Mycelia of A. niger were cultivated in wheat bran media at 30 °C for 11 days. By the removal of mycelia from cultured broth, enzyme salt fractionation by ammonium sulfate (70%, v/v) precipitation, and dialysis, sequentially, crude enzyme preparations from fermentation liquid supernatant were obtained. The enzymatic transformed Rb1 as the following pathways: Rb1→Rd→F2→CK. The optimized reaction conditions are at reaction time of 72 h, in the range of pH 4-5, and temperature of 50-60 °C. Active minor ginsenosides can be obtained by a specific bioconversion via A. niger XD101 producing the ginsenoside-hydrolyzing β-glucosidase. In addition, the crude enzyme can be resulted in producing ginsenoside CK via conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 at high conversion yield (94.4%). FDA generally regarded, A.niger as safe microorganism. Therefore, these results indicate that A. niger XD10 may provide an alternative method to prepare ginsenoside CK without food safety issues in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Jiang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Weina Li
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China.
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17
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Yao L, Wang J, He J, Huang L, Gao W. Endophytes, biotransforming microorganisms, and engineering microbial factories for triterpenoid saponins production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:249-272. [PMID: 33472430 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1869691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are structurally diverse secondary metabolites. They are the main active ingredient of many medicinal plants and have a wide range of pharmacological effects. Traditional production of triterpenoid saponins, directly extracted from cultivated plants, cannot meet the rapidly growing demand of pharmaceutical industry. Microorganisms with triterpenoid saponins production ability (especially Agrobacterium genus) and biotransformation ability, such as fungal species in Armillaria and Aspergillus genera and bacterial species in Bacillus and Intestinal microflora, represent a valuable source of active metabolites. With the development of synthetic biology, engineering microorganisms acquired more potential in terms of triterpenoid saponins production. This review focusses on potential mechanisms and the high yield strategies of microorganisms with inherent production or biotransformation ability of triterpenoid saponins. Advances in the engineering of microorganisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Escherichia coli, for the biosynthesis triterpenoid saponins de novo have also been reported. Strategies to increase the yield of triterpenoid saponins in engineering microorganisms are summarized following four aspects, that is, introduction of high efficient gene, optimization of enzyme activity, enhancement of metabolic flux to target compounds, and optimization of fermentation conditions. Furthermore, the challenges and future directions for improving the yield of triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis in engineering microorganisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junping He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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18
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Lee YC, Wong WT, Li LH, Chu LJ, Menon MP, Ho CL, Chernikov OV, Lee SL, Hua KF. Ginsenoside M1 Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits the Migration of Human Oral Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249704. [PMID: 33352689 PMCID: PMC7766606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for 5.8% of all malignancies in Taiwan, and the incidence of OSCC is on the rise. OSCC is also a common malignancy worldwide, and the five-year survival rate remains poor. Therefore, new and effective treatments are needed to control OSCC. In the present study, we prepared ginsenoside M1 (20-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol), a major deglycosylated metabolite of ginsenoside, through the biotransformation of Panax notoginseng leaves by the fungus SP-LSL-002. We investigated the anti-OSCC activity and associated mechanisms of ginsenoside M1 in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that ginsenoside M1 dose-dependently inhibited the viability of human OSCC SAS and OEC-M1 cells. To gain further insight into the mode of action of ginsenoside M1, we demonstrated that ginsenoside M1 increased the expression levels of Bak, Bad, and p53 and induced apoptotic DNA breaks, G1 phase arrest, PI/Annexin V double-positive staining, and caspase-3/9 activation. In addition, we demonstrated that ginsenoside M1 dose-dependently inhibited the colony formation and migration ability of SAS and OEC-M1 cells and reduced the expression of metastasis-related protein vimentin. Furthermore, oral administration or subcutaneous injection of ginsenoside M1 significantly reduced tumor growth in SAS xenograft mice. These results indicate that ginsenoside M1 can be translated into a potential therapeutic against OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan 260007, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.W.); (M.P.M.)
| | - Wei-Ting Wong
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan 260007, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.W.); (M.P.M.)
| | - Lan-Hui Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linsen, Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 10844, Taiwan;
- National Defense Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Lichieh Julie Chu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Mridula P. Menon
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan 260007, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.W.); (M.P.M.)
| | - Chen-Lung Ho
- Division of Wood Cellulose, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei 100051, Taiwan;
| | - Oleg V. Chernikov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry FEB RAS, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Sheau-Long Lee
- Wellhead Biological Technology Corporation, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan;
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan 260007, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.W.); (M.P.M.)
- National Defense Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3931-7626
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19
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Jeong EB, Kim SA, Shin KC, Oh DK. Biotransformation of Protopanaxadiol-Type Ginsenosides in Korean Ginseng Extract into Food-Available Compound K by an Extracellular Enzyme from Aspergillus niger. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1560-1567. [PMID: 32807754 PMCID: PMC9728230 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2007.07003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Compound K (C-K) is one of the most pharmaceutically effective ginsenosides, but it is absent in natural ginseng. However, C-K can be obtained through the hydrolysis of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides (PPDGs) in natural ginseng. The aim of this study was to obtain the high concentration of food-available C-K using PPDGs in Korean ginseng extract by an extracellular enzyme from Aspergillus niger KACC 46495. A. niger was cultivated in the culture medium containing the inducer carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for 6 days. The extracellular enzyme extracted from A. niger was prepared from the culture broth by filtration, ammonium sulfate, and dialysis. The extracellular enzyme was used for C-K production using PPDGs. The glycoside-hydrolyzing pathways for converting PPDGs into C-K by the extracellular enzyme were Rb1 → Rd → F2 → C-K, Rb2 → Rd or compound O → F2 or compound Y → C-K, and Rc → Rd or compound Mc1 → F2 or compound Mc → C-K. The extracellular enzyme from A. niger at 8.0 mg/ml, which was obtained by the induction of CMC during the cultivation, converted 6.0 mg/ml (5.6 mM) PPDGs in Korean ginseng extract into 2.8 mg/ml (4.5 mM) food-available C-K in 9 h, with a productivity of 313 mg/l/h and a molar conversion of 80%. To the best of our knowledge, the productivity and concentration of C-K of the extracellular enzyme are the highest among those by crude enzymes from wild-type microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Bi Jeong
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-A Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-454-3118 Fax: +82-2-444-5518 E-mail:
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20
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Wang G, Lei C, Tian Y, Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhang R. Rb1, the Primary Active Ingredient in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Exerts Antidepressant-Like Effects via the BDNF-Trkb-CREB Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1034. [PMID: 31572200 PMCID: PMC6753202 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae), a popular tonic and dietetic herbal medicine, has been traditionally prescribed in China and other countries to treat affective disorders. The medicinal parts of ginseng, the roots and flower buds, have become increasingly popular as dietary supplements due to the current holistic healthcare trend. We have investigated for the first time the antidepressive actions of the different medicinal parts, namely, the main roots, fibrous roots, and flower buds (in water extract and powder), of garden-cultivated ginseng through behavioral and drug-induced tests in mice. The water extracts, but not the powders of ginseng fibrous roots, flower buds, and main roots (1.5 g of crude drug per kilogram, p.o.), significantly reduced the immobility time in the forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST); moreover, the water extracts enhanced the 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)-induced head-twitch response and antagonized the action of reserpine in the mouse. We then explored the antidepressive mechanism of action of the ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) related to the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its downstream proteins in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Treatment with Rb1 (20 mg/kg, p.o.) for 21 days significantly attenuated the CUMS-induced decrease in the activities of BDNF, tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular regulatory protein kinase (ERK), and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) in the mouse hippocampal CA3 region and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Interestingly, treatment with the novel TrkB antagonist ANA-12 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) did not alter the level of BDNF but significantly blocked the antidepressive effects of Rb1 on proteins downstream of BDNF in CUMS-treated mice. These results suggest that BDNF–TrkB–CREB signaling may be involved in the antidepressive mechanism of the action of Rb1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Cong Lei
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingping Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Lianxue Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ronghua Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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He Y, Hu Z, Li A, Zhu Z, Yang N, Ying Z, He J, Wang C, Yin S, Cheng S. Recent Advances in Biotransformation of Saponins. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132365. [PMID: 31248032 PMCID: PMC6650892 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Saponins are a class of glycosides whose aglycones can be either triterpenes or helical spirostanes. It is commonly recognized that these active ingredients are widely found in various kinds of advanced plants. Rare saponins, a special type of the saponins class, are able to enhance bidirectional immune regulation and memory, and have anti-lipid oxidation, anticancer, and antifatigue capabilities, but they are infrequent in nature. Moreover, the in vivo absorption rate of saponins is exceedingly low, which restricts their functions. Under such circumstances, the biotransformation of these ingredients from normal saponins—which are not be easily adsorbed by human bodies—is preferred nowadays. This process has multiple advantages, including strong specificity, mild conditions, and fewer byproducts. In this paper, the biotransformation of natural saponins—such as ginsenoside, gypenoside, glycyrrhizin, saikosaponin, dioscin, timosaponin, astragaloside and ardipusilloside—through microorganisms (Aspergillus sp., lactic acid bacteria, bacilli, and intestinal microbes) will be reviewed and prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430023, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Zhuoyu Hu
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Aoran Li
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Zhenzhou Zhu
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430023, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Ning Yang
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Zixuan Ying
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Jingren He
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430023, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Sheng Yin
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
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Fu Y. Biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to Gyp-XVII and minor ginsenoside Rg3 by endophytic bacterium Flavobacterium
sp. GE 32 isolated from Panax ginseng. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 68:134-141. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Fu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science; Anshan Normal University; Anshan China
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Gao Y, Liu J, Ji Q, Zhao Y, Zang P, He Z, Zhu H, Zhang L. Anti-tumor activity and related mechanism study of Bacillus Polymyxa transformed Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Oh J, Kim JS. Compound K derived from ginseng: neuroprotection and cognitive improvement. Food Funct 2018; 7:4506-4515. [PMID: 27801453 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01077f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The evidence for the neuroprotective and cognitive effects of compound K, a metabolite biotransformed from ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rc, is reviewed here. Compound K is more bioavailable than other ginsenosides and therefore has greater potential to exert bioactive functions in the body. Although the capability of compound K to cross the blood-brain barrier is not clear, it has been reported to have neuroprotective and cognition enhancing effects and decrease inflammatory biomarkers in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and cerebral ischemia. The plethora of potential health benefits of compound K warrants further research to evaluate its biochemical mechanisms and its ability to protect healthy populations from neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Oh
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology (BK21 plus), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Sang Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology (BK21 plus), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Bučková M, Puškárová A, Ženišová K, Kraková L, Piknová Ľ, Kuchta T, Pangallo D. Novel insights into microbial community dynamics during the fermentation of Central European ice wine. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 266:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Eom SJ, Hwang JE, Kim HS, Kim KT, Paik HD. Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of ginseng extract bioconverted by Leuconostoc mesenteroides
KCCM 12010P isolated from kimchi. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Eom
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Korea
| | - Ji Eun Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Korea
| | - Kee-Tae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Korea
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Korea
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Korea
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Study on Transformation of Ginsenosides in Different Methods. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8601027. [PMID: 29387726 PMCID: PMC5745656 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8601027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine and has the extensive pharmacological activity. Ginsenosides are the major constituent in ginseng and have the unique biological activity and medicinal value. Ginsenosides have the good effects on antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and inhibition of the cell apoptosis. Studies have showed that the major ginsenosides could be converted into rare ginsenosides, which played a significant role in exerting pharmacological activity. However, the contents of some rare ginsenosides are very little. So it is very important to find the effective way to translate the main ginsenosides to rare ginsenosides. In order to provide the theoretical foundation for the transformation of ginsenoside in vitro, in this paper, many methods of the transformation of ginsenoside were summarized, mainly including physical methods, chemical methods, and biotransformation methods.
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Jung J, Lee NK, Paik HD. Bioconversion, health benefits, and application of ginseng and red ginseng in dairy products. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:1155-1168. [PMID: 30263648 PMCID: PMC6049797 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng and red ginseng are popular as functional foods in Asian countries such as Korea, Japan, and China. They possess various pharmacologic effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, and anti-viral activities. Ginsenosides are a class of pharmacologically active components in ginseng and red ginseng. Major ginsenosides are converted to minor ginsenosides, which have better bioavailability and cellular uptake, by microorganisms and enzymes. Studies have shown that ginseng and red ginseng can affect the physicochemical and sensory properties, ginsenosides content, and functional properties of dairy products. In addition, lactic acid bacteria in dairy products can convert into minor ginsenosides and ginseng and red ginseng improve functionality of products. This review will discuss the characteristics of ginseng and red ginseng, and their bioconversion, functionality, and application in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Jung
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Na-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
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Production of bioactive ginsenoside Rg3(S) and compound K using recombinant Lactococcus lactis. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:412-418. [PMID: 30337801 PMCID: PMC6187048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenoside Rg3(S) and compound K (C-K) are pharmacologically active components of ginseng that promote human health and improve quality of life. The aim of this study was to produce Rg3(S) and C-K from ginseng extract using recombinant Lactococcus lactis. Methods L. lactis subsp. cremoris NZ9000 (L. lactis NZ9000), which harbors β-glucosidase genes (BglPm and BglBX10) from Paenibacillus mucilaginosus and Flavobacterium johnsoniae, respectively, was reacted with ginseng extract (protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside mixture). Results Crude enzyme activity of BglBX10 values comprised 0.001 unit/mL and 0.003 unit/mL in uninduced and induced preparations, respectively. When whole cells of L. lactis harboring pNZBglBX10 were treated with ginseng extract, after permeabilization of cells by xylene, Rb1 and Rd were converted into Rg3(S) with a conversion yield of 61%. C-K was also produced by sequential reactions of the permeabilized cells harboring each pNZBgl and pNZBglBX10, resulting in a 70% maximum conversion yield. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the lactic acid bacteria having specific β-glucosidase activity can be used to enhance the health benefits of Panax ginseng in either fermented foods or bioconversion processes.
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Kim MG, Kim Y, Jeon JY, Kim DS. Effect of fermented red ginseng on cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein activity in healthy subjects, as evaluated using the cocktail approach. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 82:1580-1590. [PMID: 27495955 PMCID: PMC5099554 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims We assessed the drug interaction profile of fermented red ginseng with respect to the activity of major cytochrome (CYP) P450 enzymes and of a drug transporter protein, P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), in healthy volunteers. Methods This study was an open‐label crossover study. The CYP probe cocktail drugs caffeine, losartan, dextromethorphan, omeprazole, midazolam and fexofenadine were administered before and after 2 weeks of fermented red ginseng administration. Plasma samples were collected, and tolerability was assessed. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated, and the 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the geometric mean ratios of the parameters were determined from logarithmically transformed data. Values were compared between before and after fermented red ginseng administration using analysis of variance (anova). Results Fifteen healthy male subjects were evaluated, none of whom were genetically defined as a poor CYP2C9, CYP2C19 or CYP2D6 metabolizer based on genotyping. Before and after fermented red ginseng administration, the geometric least‐square mean metabolic ratio (90% CI) was 0.901 (0.830–0.979) for caffeine (CYP1A2) to paraxanthine, 0.774 (0.720–0.831) for losartan (CYP2C9) to EXP3174, 1.052 (0.925–1.197) for omeprazole (CYP2C19) to 5‐hydroxyomeprazole, 1.150 (0.860–1.538) for dextromethorphan (CYP2D6) to dextrorphan, and 0.816 (0.673–0.990) for midazolam (CYP3A4) to 1‐hydroxymidazolam. The geometric mean ratio of the area under the curve of the last sampling time (AUClast) for fexofenadine (P‐gp) was 1.322 (1.112–1.571). Conclusion No significantly different drug interactions were observed between fermented red ginseng and the CYP probe substrates following the two‐week administration of concentrated fermented red ginseng. However, the inhibition of P‐gp was significantly different between fermented red ginseng and the CYP probe substrates. The use of fermented red ginseng requires close attention due to the potential for increased systemic exposure when it is used in combination with P‐gp substrate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Gul Kim
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Jeon
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal-Sik Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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31
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Zhao Y, Lee HG, Kim SK, Yu H, Jin F, Im WT. Mucilaginibacter pocheonensis sp. nov., with ginsenoside-converting activity, isolated from soil of a ginseng-cultivating field. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:2862-2868. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, 327 Chungang-no, Anseong-si, Kyonggi-do 456-749, South Korea
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggong-yuan No. 1, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Hyung-Gwan Lee
- Bioenergy and Biochemical Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongshan Yu
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggong-yuan No. 1, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Fengxie Jin
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggong-yuan No. 1, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Wan-Taek Im
- Department of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, 327 Chungang-no, Anseong-si, Kyonggi-do 456-749, South Korea
- Genomic Informatics Center, Hankyong National University, 327 Chungang-no, Anseong-si, Kyonggi-do, 456-749, Republic of Korea
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Ahmed T, Raza SH, Maryam A, Setzer WN, Braidy N, Nabavi SF, de Oliveira MR, Nabavi SM. Ginsenoside Rb1 as a neuroprotective agent: A review. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:30-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Li L, Shin SY, Lee SJ, Moon JS, Im WT, Han NS. Production of Ginsenoside F2 by Using Lactococcus lactis with Enhanced Expression of β-Glucosidase Gene from Paenibacillus mucilaginosus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2506-2512. [PMID: 26494255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to produce a pharmacologically active minor ginsenoside F2 from the major ginsenosides Rb1 and Rd by using a recombinant Lactococcus lactis strain expressing a heterologous β-glucosidase gene. The nucleotide sequence of the gene (BglPm) was derived from Paenibacillus mucilaginosus and synthesized after codon optimization, and the two genes (unoptimized and optimized) were expressed in L. lactis NZ9000. Codon optimization resulted in reduction of unfavorable codons by 50% and a considerable increase in the expression levels (total activities) of β-glucosidases (0.002 unit/mL, unoptimized; 0.022 unit/mL, optimized). The molecular weight of the enzyme was 52 kDa, and the purified forms of the enzymes could successfully convert Rb1 and Rd into F2. The permeabilized L. lactis expressing BglPm resulted in a high conversion yield (74%) of F2 from the ginseng extract. Utilization of this microbial cell to produce F2 may provide an alternative method to increase the health benefits of Panax ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Resource Development, Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University , Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - So-Yeon Shin
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Resource Development, Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University , Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Lee
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Resource Development, Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University , Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Jin Seok Moon
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Resource Development, Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University , Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Wan Taek Im
- Department of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University , Kyonggi-do 456-749, Korea
| | - Nam Soo Han
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Resource Development, Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University , Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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Wang DD, Kim YJ, Hoang VA, Nguyen NL, Singh P, Wang C, Chun-Yang D. Paenibacillus puernese sp. nov., a β-glucosidase-producing bacterium isolated from Pu'er tea. Arch Microbiol 2016; 198:211-7. [PMID: 26721586 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A Gram-staining-positive, endospore-forming, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated as DCY97(T), was isolated from ripened Pu'er tea and was identified by using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain DCY97(T) was closely related to Paenibacillus dongdonensis KUDC0114(T) (98.0 %), Paenibacillus oceanisediminis L10(T) (97.7 %), and Paenibacillus barcinonensis BP-23(T) (97.2 %). The phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain DCY97(T) matched with the characteristics of members belonging to the genus Paenibacillus. The major identified polar lipids included phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and diphosphatidylglycerol. The predominant quinone was MK-7. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 (35.1 %), anteiso-C16:0 (19.0 %), and iso-C16:0 (13.9 %). The peptidoglycan cell wall was composed of meso-diaminopimelic acids, alanine, and D-glutamic acid. The genomic DNA G + C content was determined to be 46.7 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain DCY97(T) and Paenibacillus dongdonensis KCTC 33221(T), Paenibacillus oceanisediminis KACC 16023(T), Paenibacillus barcinonensis KCTC 13019(T) were 27, 19, and 10 %, respectively. Based on the genotypic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain DCY97(T) is considered as a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus puernese sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DCY97(T) (=KCTC 33596(T) = JCM 140369(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Wang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Van-An Hoang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc-Lan Nguyen
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Chun-Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea. .,Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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Park SE, Na CS, Yoo SA, Seo SH, Son HS. Biotransformation of major ginsenosides in ginsenoside model culture by lactic acid bacteria. J Ginseng Res 2015; 41:36-42. [PMID: 28123320 PMCID: PMC5223066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some differences have been reported in the biotransformation of ginsenosides, probably due to the types of materials used such as ginseng, enzymes, and microorganisms. Moreover, most microorganisms used for transforming ginsenosides do not meet food-grade standards. We investigated the statistical conversion rate of major ginsenosides in ginsenosides model culture during fermentation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to estimate possible pathways. Methods Ginsenosides standard mix was used as a model culture to facilitate clear identification of the metabolic changes. Changes in eight ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, and Rg2) during fermentation with six strains of LAB were investigated. Results In most cases, the residual ginsenoside level decreased by 5.9–36.8% compared with the initial ginsenoside level. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Re continuously decreased during fermentation. By contrast, Rd was maintained or slightly increased after 1 d of fermentation. Rg1 and Rg2 reached their lowest values after 1–2 d of fermentation, and then began to increase gradually. The conversion of Rd, Rg1, and Rg2 into smaller deglycosylated forms was more rapid than that of Rd from Rb1, Rb2, and Rc, as well as that of Rg1 and Rg2 from Re during the first 2 d of fermentation with LAB. Conclusion Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Re continuously decreased, whereas ginsenosides Rd, Rg1, and Rg2 increased after 1–2 d of fermentation. This study may provide new insights into the metabolism of ginsenosides and can clarify the metabolic changes in ginsenosides biotransformed by LAB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hong-Seok Son
- Corresponding author: School of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University, 185 Geonjae-ro, Naju, Jeonnam, 58245 Korea.
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Wang WN, Yan BX, Xu WD, Qiu Y, Guo YL, Qiu ZD. Highly Selective Bioconversion of Ginsenoside Rb1 to Compound K by the Mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis under Optimized Conditions. Molecules 2015; 20:19291-309. [PMID: 26512632 PMCID: PMC6332142 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201019291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Compound K (CK), a highly active and bioavailable derivative obtained from protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, displays a wide variety of pharmacological properties, especially antitumor activity. However, the inadequacy of natural sources limits its application in the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, we firstly discovered that Cordyceps sinensis was a potent biocatalyst for the biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 into CK. After a series of investigations on the biotransformation parameters, an optimal composition of the biotransformation culture was found to be lactose, soybean powder and MgSO₄ without controlling the pH. Also, an optimum temperature of 30 °C for the biotransformation process was suggested in a range of 25 °C-50 °C. Then, a biotransformation pathway of Rb1→Rd→F2→CK was established using high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Our results demonstrated that the molar bioconversion rate of Rb1 to CK was more than 82% and the purity of CK produced by C. sinensis under the optimized conditions was more than 91%. In conclusion, the combination of C. sinensis and the optimized conditions is applicable for the industrial preparation of CK for medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Nan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Bing-Xiong Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Wen-Di Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Ye Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Yun-Long Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Zhi-Dong Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
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Shin KC, Oh DK. Classification of glycosidases that hydrolyze the specific positions and types of sugar moieties in ginsenosides. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:1036-1049. [PMID: 26383974 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1083942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are the main compounds with pharmacological activities in ginseng. Deglycosylated ginsenosides, which are more pharmacologically active than glycosylated ginsenosides, can be produced by the specific or nonspecific hydrolysis of the sugar moieties in glycosylated ginsenosides using glycosidases. The enzymes that hydrolyze specifically ginsenosides with different types can be classified according to the enzymatic activity on the positions, inner and outer residues and types of sugar moieties in ginsenosides. Glycosylated ginsenosides are also hydrolyzed to deglycosylated ginsenosides with different hydrolytic pathways by cell conversion or fermentation. The biochemical properties of glycosidases involved in ginsenoside hydrolysis - ginsenosidases - were newly arranged and reviewed in accordance with different types. The combination of different-type ginsenosidases is suggested herein as an efficient tool to produce industrially important ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- a Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- a Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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Yang XD, Yang YY, Ouyang DS, Yang GP. A review of biotransformation and pharmacology of ginsenoside compound K. Fitoterapia 2015; 100:208-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Choi HJ, Kim EA, Kim DH, Shin KS. The Bioconversion of Red Ginseng Ethanol Extract into Compound K by Saccharomyces cerevisiae HJ-014. MYCOBIOLOGY 2014; 42:256-261. [PMID: 25346602 PMCID: PMC4206791 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2014.42.3.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A β-glucosidase producing yeast strain was isolated from Korean traditional rice wine. Based on the sequence of the YCL008c gene and analysis of the fatty acid composition, the isolate was identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain HJ-014. S. cerevisiae HJ-014 produced ginsenoside Rd, F2, and compound K from the ethanol extract of red ginseng. The production was increased by shaking culture, where the bioconversion efficiency was increased 2-fold compared to standing culture. The production of ginsenoside F2 and compound K was time-dependent and thought to proceed by the transformation pathway of: red ginseng extract→Rd→F2→compound K. The optimum incubation time and concentration of red ginseng extract for the production of compound K was 96 hr and 4.5% (w/v), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Joo Choi
- Traditional and Biomedical Research Center, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300-716, Korea
| | - Eun A Kim
- Traditional and Biomedical Research Center, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300-716, Korea
| | - Dong Hee Kim
- Traditional and Biomedical Research Center, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300-716, Korea. ; Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300-716, Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Shin
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300-716, Korea
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Highly selective hydrolysis for the outer glucose at the C-20 position in ginsenosides by β-glucosidase from Thermus thermophilus and its application to the production of ginsenoside F2 from gypenoside XVII. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1287-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Kim JK, Choi TE, Liu QM, Park HY, Yi TH, Yoon MH, Kim SC, Im WT. Mucilaginibacter ginsenosidivorax sp. nov., with ginsenoside converting activity isolated from sediment. J Microbiol 2013; 51:394-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-2653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kim BJ. Involvement of melastatin type transient receptor potential 7 channels in ginsenoside Rd-induced apoptosis in gastric and breast cancer cells. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:201-9. [PMID: 23717173 PMCID: PMC3659640 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside, one of the active ingredients of Panax ginseng, has a variety of physiologic and pharmacologic effects. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of ginsenoside Rd (G-Rd) on melastatin type transient receptor potential 7 (TRPM7) channels with respect to the proliferation and survival of AGS and MCF-7 cells (a gastric and a breast cancer cell line, respectively). AGS and MCF-7 cells were treated with different concentrations of G-Rd, and caspase-3 activities, mitochondrial depolarizations, and sub-G1 fractions were analyzed to determine if cell death occurred by apoptosis. In addition, human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells overexpressing TRPM7 channels were used to confirm the role of TRPM7 channels. G-Rd inhibited the proliferation and survival of AGS and MCF-7 cells and enhanced caspase-3 activity, mitochondrial depolarization, and sub-G1 populations. In addition, G-Rd inhibited TRPM7-like currents in AGS and MCF-7 cells and in TRPM7 channel overexpressing HEK 293 cells, as determined by whole cell voltage-clamp recordings. Furthermore, TRPM7 overexpression in HEK 293 cells promoted G-Rd induced cell death. These findings suggest that G-Rd inhibits the proliferation and survival of gastric and breast cancer cells by inhibiting TRPM7 channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Joo Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Korea
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Kim JS, Kim Y, Han SH, Jeon JY, Hwang M, Im YJ, Kim JH, Lee SY, Chae SW, Kim MG. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for determination of compound K in human plasma and clinical application. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:135-41. [PMID: 23717167 PMCID: PMC3659617 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and selective analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of compound K, a major intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginsenosides in human plasma. Liquid-liquid extraction was used for sample preparation and analysis, followed by liquid chromatography tandem spectrometric analysis and an electrospray-ionization interface. Compound K was analyzed on a Phenomenex Luna C18 column (100×2.00 mm, 3 μm) with the mobile phase run isocratically with 10 mM ammonium acetate-methanol-acetonitrile (5:47.5:47.5, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The method was validated for accuracy (relative error <12.63%), precision (coefficient of variation <9.14%), linearity, and recovery. The assay was linear over the entire range of calibration standards i.e., a concentration range of 1 ng/mL to 1,000 ng/ mL (r2 >0.9968). The recoveries of compound K after liquid-liquid extraction at 1, 2, 400, and 800 ng/mL were 106.00±0.08%, 103.50±0.19%, 111.45±5.21%, and 89.62±34.46% for intra-day and 85.40±0.08%, 94.50±0.09%, 112.50±5.21%, and 95.87±34.46% for inter-day, respectively. The lower limit of quantification of the analytical method of compound K was 1 ng/ mL in human plasma. The developed method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of compound K after oral administration in ten of healthy human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Soo Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 561-712, Korea ; Department of Pediatrics, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 561-180, Korea ; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-712, Korea
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Liu QM, Jung HM, Cui CH, Sung BH, Kim JK, Kim SG, Lee ST, Kim SC, Im WT. Bioconversion of ginsenoside Rc into Rd by a novel α-L-arabinofuranosidase, Abf22-3 from Leuconostoc sp. 22-3: cloning, expression, and enzyme characterization. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2012; 103:747-54. [PMID: 23224374 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-012-9856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel α-L-arabinofuranosidase (Abf22-3) that could biotransform ginsenoside Rc into Rd was obtained from the ginsenoside converting Leuconostoc sp. strain 22-3, isolated from the Korean fermented food kimchi. The gene, termed abf22-3, consisting of 1,527 bp and encoding a protein with a predicted molecular mass of 58,486 Da was cloned into the pMAL-c2x (TEV) vector. A BLAST search using the Abf22-3's amino acid sequence revealed significant homology to that of family 51 glycoside hydrolases. The over-expressed recombinant Abf22-3 in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) catalyzed the hydrolysis of the arabinofuranoside moiety attached to the C-20 position of ginsenoside Rc under optimal conditions of pH 6.0 and 30 °C. This result indicated that Abf22-3 selectively converts ginsenoside Rc into Rd, but did not catalyze the hydrolysis of glucopyranosyl groups from Rc or other ginsenosides such as Rb1 and Rb2. Over-expressed recombinant enzymes were purified by two steps with amylose-affinity and DEAE-cellulose chromatography and then characterized. The kinetic parameters for α-L-arabinofuranosidase showed apparent Km and Vmax values of 0.95 ± 0.02 μM and 1.2 ± 0.1 μmol min(-1) mg of protein(-1) against p-nitrophenyl-α-L-arabinofuranoside, respectively. Using a purified MBP-Abf22-3 (10 μg/ml), 0.1 % of ginsenoside Rc was completely converted to ginsenoside Rd within 20 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Mei Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Kim JK, Cui CH, Yoon MH, Kim SC, Im WT. Bioconversion of major ginsenosides Rg1 to minor ginsenoside F1 using novel recombinant ginsenoside hydrolyzing glycosidase cloned from Sanguibacter keddieii and enzyme characterization. J Biotechnol 2012; 161:294-301. [PMID: 22766417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the cloning, expression, and characterization of recombinant ginsenoside hydrolyzing glycosidase from Sanguibacter keddieii in order to biotransform ginsenosides efficiently. The gene, termed bglSk, consists of 1857 bp and revealed significant homology to that of glycoside hydrolase family 3. The enzyme was over-expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using a GST-fused pGEX 4T-1 vector system. The over-expressed recombinant enzymes could convert six major ginsenosides Rb(1), Rb(2), Rc, Rd, Re and Rg(1) into more pharmacologically active rare ginsenosides such as C-Y, C-Mc, C-K, Rg(2)(S), and F(1). Especially, BglSk could completely convert the Rg(1) into F(1). The GST-fused BglSk was purified with GST·bind agarose resin and then characterized. The kinetic parameters for β-glucosidase had apparent K(m) values of 0.456±0.009 and 0.167±0.003 mM and V(max) values of 30.2±0.7 and 4.1±0.1 μmol min(-1) mg of protein(-1) against p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside and Rb(1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kwang Kim
- KAIST Institute for Biocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Whole cell biotransformation of major ginsenosides using Leuconostocs and Lactobacilli. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0108-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Quan LH, Min JW, Jin Y, Wang C, Kim YJ, Yang DC. Enzymatic biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to compound K by recombinant β-glucosidase from Microbacterium esteraromaticum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:3776-3781. [PMID: 22428991 DOI: 10.1021/jf300186a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We cloned and characterized a β-glucosidase (bgp3) gene from Microbacterium esteraromaticum isolated from ginseng field. The bgp3 gene consists of 2,271 bp encoding 756 amino acids which have homology to the glycosyl hydrolase family 3 protein domain. The molecular mass of purified Bgp3 was 80 kDa, as determined by SDS-PAGE. The enzyme (Bgp3) catalyzed the conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 to the more pharmacologically active minor ginsenoside Rd and compound K. The Bgp3 hydrolyzed the outer glucose moiety attached to the C-20 position of ginsenoside Rb1, followed by hydrolysis of the inner glucose moiety attached to the C-3 position. Using 0.1 mg mL(-1) enzyme in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer at 40 °C and pH 7.0, 1.0 mg mL(-1) ginsenoside Rb1 was transformed into 0.46 mg mL(-1) compound K within 60 min with a corresponding molar conversion yield of 77%. Bgp3 hydrolyzed the ginsenoside Rb1 along the following pathway: Rb1 → Rd → compound K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hu Quan
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Material & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea.
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