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Pezzali JG, Shoveller AK. Herbal paw-sibilities: potential use and challenges of Astragalus membranaceus and Panax species (ginseng) in diets intended for cats and dogs. Anim Front 2024; 14:17-27. [PMID: 38910952 PMCID: PMC11188985 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Guazzelli Pezzali
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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2
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Chen B, Vijayakumar A, Park C, Choi U, Nah SY, Kim JH. Gintonin upregulates cytokine production and expression of NKp30, NKp44 and NKp44 related to natural killer cell activity on immunosuppressive rat. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:341-345. [PMID: 38707639 PMCID: PMC11068941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study is to estimate the potential of gintonin, as an immune enhancing agent through natural killer cell (NK cell) activity in cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced immunosuppressive animals. Accumulated results reveals that, gintonin attenuated CY-induced immunosuppression and it might modulate NK cell activity to boost the immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- BaiCheng Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajay Vijayakumar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ulsoo Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
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Jędrejko K, Catlin O, Stewart T, Muszyńska B. Mexidol, Cytoflavin, and succinic acid derivatives as antihypoxic, anti-ischemic metabolic modulators, and ergogenic aids in athletes and consideration of their potential as performance enhancing drugs. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38403950 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Emoxypine (ethylmethylhydroxypyridine) is a synthetic derivative of vitamin B6 . Emoxypine succinate is a registered drug in Russia and Ukraine under various trade names including Mexidol, Mexicor, and Armadin Long. Mexidol demonstrates antihypoxic and anti-ischemic effects and also modulates metabolism. The use of Mexidol by Russian athletes has been confirmed in the past. Current use by athletes is unknown as this drug is not monitored or included in drug testing protocol. Metabotropic and antihypoxic effects of Mexidol were compared to the effects of meldonium or trimetazidine, both of which are included on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List in category S4.4. Metabolic Modulators. The conjugation of emoxypine with succinate elevates the therapeutic effectiveness of the Mexidol formulation as succinic acid itself has important impacts to consider despite being a common food additive and drug excipient. Other succinic acid salts like ammonium succinate, found as dietary supplement, have been patented as performance enhancers. Available research on healthy subjects suggests that combinations of selected 3-substituted pyridine derivatives with succinate including Mexidol and a related drug Cytoflavin can enhance the performance of athletes. Cytoflavin is a multi-component formula containing meglumine sodium succinate, nicotinamide (vitamin B3 ), inosine (riboxin), and riboflavin. Other related succinate-based drugs include Remaxol, Reamberin, and Cogitum. Mexidol and Cytoflavin and related substances exhibit similar biological effects as drugs on the WADA Prohibited List, and if they are used for performance enhancement by athletes, they could be worthy of consideration as prohibited substances in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Jędrejko
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Oliver Catlin
- Banned Substances Control Group (BSCG), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Timothy Stewart
- Banned Substances Control Group (BSCG), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bożena Muszyńska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Xu X, Hou X, Xing Y, Feng T, Chai L, Guo Y, Chen L, Shi Y, Qin X. Dibazol-induced relaxation of ophthalmic artery in C57BL/6J mice is correlated with the potency to inhibit voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels. Exp Eye Res 2023; 231:109468. [PMID: 37031875 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to explore the effect of dibazol on the ophthalmic artery (OA) and ophthalmic artery smooth muscle cells (OASMCs) of C57BL/6J mice as well as the underlying mechanisms. The OA of C57BL/6J mice was isolated under a dissecting microscope for primary OASMCs culture and myogenic tests. OASMCs were identified through morphological and immunofluorescence analyses. Morphology changes in the OASMCs were examined by staining using rhodamine-phalloidin. We performed a collagen gel contraction assay to measure the contractile and relaxant activities of the OASMCs. The molecular probe Fluo-4 AM was used to examine intracellular free Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]in). The myogenic effects of OA were examined using wire myography. Additionally, the whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to investigate the mechanisms underlying the relaxant effect of dibazol on L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (LVGC) in isolated cells. 10-5 M dibazol significantly inhibited the contraction of OASMCs and increased the [Ca2+]in response to 30 mM KCl in a concentration-dependent manner. Dizabol had a more significant relaxant effect than 10-5 M isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN). Similarly, dibazol showed a significant dose-dependent relaxant effect on OA contraction induced by 60 mM KCl or 0.3 μM 9,11-Dideoxy-9α,11α-methanoepoxy prostaglandin F2α (U46619). The current-voltage (I-V) curve revealed that dibazol decreased Ca2+ currents in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, dibazol exerted relaxant effects on the OA and OASMCs, which may involve the inhibition of the Ca2+ influx through LVGC in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Xu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Xiaomin Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China; China Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Ye Xing
- Sichuan Herbease Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Sichuan, 610000, China
| | | | - Lina Chai
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Yunting Guo
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Liangjing Chen
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Yiwei Shi
- Shanxi Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China.
| | - Xiaojiang Qin
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China; China Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shanxi, 030001, China.
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Yin J, Zhuang J, Zhang X, Xu C, Lv S. Ginseng of different ages is affected by the accumulation of heavy metals in ginseng soil. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269238. [PMID: 35696360 PMCID: PMC9191705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy-metal pollution has been established to affect ginseng quality. However, this effect is still unknown in ginseng of different ages, emphasizing the need to investigate the effects of heavy metals in soils on ginseng growth. Herein, we determined the content of heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg, and As) in ginseng of different ages (2 to 6-year-old) and the corresponding soil samples. Then, the total ginsenosides content of ginseng and rate-limiting enzyme (HMGR, SQE, CYP450) activity in the synthesis of ginsenosides were assessed. Results from 200 differently-aged Chinese ginseng showed that increased ginsenoside content in 3 to 5-year-old ginseng was paralleled by increased heavy metal element content in ginseng and its soil. The activity of rate-limiting enzymes increased in the first four years of ginseng growth and then exhibited a steady or downward trend. Further analysis suggested that heavy metal elements in soils could directly affect ginsenoside content. Moreover, we found that Cu significantly affected the rate-limiting enzyme CYP450 activity. Further principal component analysis and correlation analysis found that heavy metals could obviously inhibit ginseng growth during the 5th and 6th years. Heavy metal content in soils has huge prospects for predicting ginsenoside, Cu and As content in ginseng. This study provided support for ginseng cultivation, quality research and quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxin Yin
- School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjian Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (SL)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chaojian Xu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaowu Lv
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (SL)
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Azizi E, Moradi F. The effect of ginseng supplementation on anabolic index, muscle strength, body composition, and testosterone and cortisol response to acute resistance exercise in male bodybuilders. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhang Z, Song Z, Shen F, Xie P, Wang J, Zhu AS, Zhu G. Ginsenoside Rg1 Prevents PTSD-Like Behaviors in Mice Through Promoting Synaptic Proteins, Reducing Kir4.1 and TNF-α in the Hippocampus. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1550-1563. [PMID: 33215390 PMCID: PMC7676862 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 is efficient to prevent or treat mental disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are still not known. In this study, single-prolonged stress (SPS) regime, as well as injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), was used to produce PTSD-like behaviors in C57 mice, and the effects of ginsenoside Rg1 (10, 20, 40 mg/kg/d, ip, for 14 days) on PTSD-like behaviors were evaluated. Our results showed that ginsenoside Rg1 promoted fear extinction and prevented depression-like behaviors in both LPS and SPS models. Importantly, ginsenoside Rg1 alleviated LPS- or SPS-stimulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α), activation of astrocytes and microglia, and reduction of hippocampal synaptic proteins (PSD95, Arc, and GluA1). Ginsenoside Rg1 also reduced the increase of hippocampal Kir4.1 and GluN2A induced by PTSD regime. Importantly, reducing hippocampal astroglial Kir4.1 expression promoted fear extinction and improved depression-like behaviors in LPS-treated mice. Additionally, intracerebroventricular injection of TNF-α caused an impairment of fear extinction and promoted Kir4.1 expression in the hippocampus. Together, our study reveals novel protective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 against PTSD-like behaviors in mice, likely via promoting synaptic proteins, reducing Kir4.1 and TNF-α in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Meishan Road 103, Hefei, 230038, China
| | - Zhujin Song
- Basic Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Fengming Shen
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Meishan Road 103, Hefei, 230038, China
| | - Pan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Meishan Road 103, Hefei, 230038, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Meishan Road 103, Hefei, 230038, China
| | - Ai-Song Zhu
- Basic Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Guoqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Meishan Road 103, Hefei, 230038, China.
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Choi JH, Oh J, Lee MJ, Ko SG, Nah SY, Cho IH. Gintonin mitigates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by stabilization of Nrf2 signaling via stimulation of lysophosphatidic acid receptors. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:384-398. [PMID: 33309911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gintonin (GT), a glycolipoprotein fraction isolated from ginseng, exerts neuroprotective effects in models of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. However, the in vivo role of GT in multiple sclerosis (MS) has not been clearly resolved. We investigated the effect of GT in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. GT alleviated behavioral symptoms of EAE associated with reduced demyelination, diminished infiltration and activation of immune cells (microglia and macrophage), and decreased expression of inflammatory mediators in the spinal cord of the EAE group compared to that of the sham group. GT reduced the percentages of CD4+/IFN-γ+ (Th1) and CD4+/IL-17+ (Th17) cells but increased the population of CD4+/CD25+/Foxp3+ (Treg) cells in the spinal cord, in agreement with altered mRNA expression of IFN-γ, IL-17, and TGF-ß in the spinal cord in concordance with mitigated blood-brain barrier disruption. The underlying mechanism is related to inhibition of the ERK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways and the stabilization of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) via increased expression of lysophosphatidic acid receptor (LPAR) 1-3. Impressively, these beneficial effects of GT were completely neutralized by inhibiting LPARs with Ki16425, a LPAR1/3 antagonist. Our results strongly suggest that GT may be able to alleviate EAE due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities through LPARs. Therefore, GT is a potential therapeutic option for treating autoimmune disorders including MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hee Choi
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Oh
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Lee
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Korean Medicine-based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Jean Baptiste S, Le THY, Le TKV, Vu DN, Nguyen DD. Anti-cancer Immune-modulatory Activities of Panax Genus Extracts and Bioactive Compounds. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1817065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thi Hoang Yen Le
- Fungal Technology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T. K. V. Le
- Faculty of Medicinal Processing, National Institution of Medicinal Materials, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duy Nhan Vu
- Institute of Chemistry, Military Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duc Doan Nguyen
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Bocharova OA, Karpova RV, Bocharov EV, Vershinskaya AA, Baryshnikova MA, Kazeev IV, Kucheryanu VG, Kiselevskiy MV. PHYTOADAPTOGENS IN THE TUMOURS BIOTHERAPY AND GERIATRICS (PART 1). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.17650/1726-9784-2019-19-2-13-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The review reflects the history of phytoadaptogens studies (ginseng, eleutherococcus, etc.), which are considered to be geroprotectors by Eastern medicine for centures. They have a complex of protective effects on the body, as well as increasing its antitumor resistance. The first part of the review describes the antistress, immuno- and hormone-modulating, cognitive and neuroprotective properties of adapto gens. Together with the synchronizing effects on biorthms adaptogens are essential for preventive oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. A. Bocharova
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - R. V. Karpova
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - E. V. Bocharov
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - A. A. Vershinskaya
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - M. A. Baryshnikova
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - I. V. Kazeev
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | | | - M. V. Kiselevskiy
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
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Abdul Majid N, Abdul Hamid A, Salleh SZ, Saari N, Abas F, Pak Dek MS, Ramli NS, Jaafar AH. Metabolomics approach to investigate the ergogenic effect of Morinda citrifolia L. leaf extract on obese Sprague Dawley rats. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2020; 31:191-203. [PMID: 31381209 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural products are obtaining much acceptance as ergogenic aid, not only among athletes but also among the general population including people with excess body fat. Under normal circumstances, an obese person will have the desire and ability to exercise reduced; mainly because they are easily fatigued. Thus, they need to boost their energy production so that they can be more active and healthier. OBJECTIVE In this present work, Morinda citrifolia L. leaf extract (MLE) which is believed to possess ergogenic property, was evaluated on its effect on an obese animal model using 1 H-NMR based metabolomics. MATERIAL AND METHODS Rats were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks for obese development. Once this was achieved, all the rats underwent endurance exercise (forced swimming test) every 2 weeks for 8 weeks together with treatment. The time to exhaustion was recorded for each rat. Three different dosages of MLE: 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of body weight were used together with two positive controls: 5 mg/kg caffeine and 100 mg/kg green tea. Blood was collected before and after treatments for metabolomics study. RESULTS Findings showed that feeding the rats at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight MLE significantly prolonged the exhaustive swimming time of the rats, and altered the metabolites present in their serum. Discriminating metabolites involved were the product of various metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate, lipids metabolism and energy metabolism. Treatment with 200 mg/kg body weight MLE resulted in significant improvement in the metabolic perturbations where the proximity of the obese exercised treated group to that of normal exercised group in the partial least squares discriminant analysis score plot was observed. CONCLUSION The present work demonstrated ergogenic property of MLE based on the improved metabolic perturbation in exercised obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nordiana Abdul Majid
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azizah Abdul Hamid
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syafiq Zikri Salleh
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Abas
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sabri Pak Dek
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Shazini Ramli
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Haniff Jaafar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Abarikwu SO, Onuah CL, Singh SK. Plants in the management of male infertility. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13509. [PMID: 31989693 DOI: 10.1111/and.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review attempts to collate existing data and provide the perspectives for future studies on the effects of plants on the male gonads. For many of these medicinal plants such as Lepidium meyenii, Rupus coreanus, Tribulus terrestres, Panax ginseng, Petasites japonicas, Apium graveolens, Eurycoma longifólia, Pedalium murex, Corchorus depressus, Mucuna pruriens, Astragalus membranaceus, Nigella sativa, Crataegus monogyna, Fagara tessmannii, Phaleria macrocarpa, Anacyclus pyrethrum, Cynomorium songaricum and Morinda officinalis, the mechanism of actions of their active principles and crude extracts has been shown in both laboratory animals, in vitro, and human studies, and includes their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, spermatogenesis-inducing, aphrodisiac, smooth muscle relaxing and androgenic properties. Several active chemical leads including glucosinolates, anthocyanins, protodioscin, ginsenosides, sesquiterpenes, phyto-oestrogens, quassinoids, diosgenin, thymoquinone, proanthocyanidins and bajijiasu isolated from these plants are known to have target effects on the testis, but efforts have been limited in their application at the clinical level. There still appear to be many more extracts of medicinal plants that have not been characterised to determine the phytochemicals unique to them that have target effects on the gonads. Further, collaborative efforts at isolating pro-drug candidates from medicinal plants for studies at the molecular, cellular and clinical level towards elucidating their mechanisms of action on the testes are therefore warranted in the light of the current male fertility crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny O Abarikwu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Chigozie Linda Onuah
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Shio Kumar Singh
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Ku JY, Park MJ, Park HJ, Park NC, Joo BS. Combination of Korean Red Ginseng Extract and Hydrogen-Rich Water Improves Spermatogenesis and Sperm Motility in Male Mice. Chin J Integr Med 2020; 26:361-369. [PMID: 31919748 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-019-3047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of hydrogen-rich Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) water (HRGW) mixture on the spermatogenesis and sperm motility of mice of different ages. METHODS Eighty young (3 month-old) and aged (12 month-old) male mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n =10 per group) including control group, hydrogen-rich water (HRW) group (10 mL/kg daily), KRG group (50 mg/kg daily) and HRGW group (10 mL/kg and 50 mg/kg daily) by an oral zoned needle for 4 weeks. Sperm count and motility were measured using sperm suspension released from cauda epididymis. Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in serum have also been estimated. Tubular changes were examined through histological hematoxylin and eosin staining. Expression of antioxidation (PPx3, PPx4, GSTm5 and GPx4), spermatogenesis (inhibin-a, neptin-2 and CREM), antiaging (SIRT1 and SIRT2), and angiogenesis [visfatin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] related genes were examined through real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS HRW and KRG treatment stimulated spermatogenesis followed by increasing sperm production and sperm motility (P <0.05). These effects were strengthened synergistically by a HRGW mixture (P <0.05 or P <0.01). HRGW greatly increased the expressions of antioxidation, antiaging, spermatogenesis related genes and VEGF especially in aged mice (P <0.05). Serum testosterone and FSH levels also increased, while serum ROS level decreased (all P <0.05). CONCLUSION HRGW increases sperm production and motility by enhancing antioxidation and stimulating spermatogenesis and sex hormone production, particularly in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Yoon Ku
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Park
- The Korea Institute for Public Sperm Bank, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jun Park
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Cheol Park
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea.,The Korea Institute for Public Sperm Bank, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Sun Joo
- The Korea Institute for Public Sperm Bank, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Ryu S, Jeon H, Kim HY, Koo S, Kim S. Korean red ginseng promotes hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:887-893. [PMID: 31719254 PMCID: PMC6990786 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.268905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus plays a major role in cognitive ability of animals including learning and memory. Korean red ginseng (KRG) has long been known as a medicinal herb with the potential to improve learning and memory; however, the mechanisms are still elusive. Therefore, we evaluated whether KRG can promote cognitive function and enhance neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice received 50 mg/kg of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) intraperitoneally and 100 mg/kg of KRG or vehicle orally once a day for 14 days. Pole, Rotarod and Morris water maze tests were performed and the brains were collected after the last behavioral test. Changes in the numbers of BrdU- and BrdU/doublecortin (DCX; a marker for neuronal precursor cells and immature neurons)-positive cells in the dentate gyrus and the gene expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (a marker for cell differentiation), cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus were then investigated. KRG-treated mice came down the pole significantly faster and stood on the rotarod longer than vehicle-treated mice. The Morris water maze test showed that KRG administration enhanced the learning and memory abilities significantly. KRG also significantly increased BrdU- and BrdU/DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus as well as the proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor mRNA expression levels in the hippocampus compared to vehicle. Administration of KRG promotes learning and memory abilities, possibly by enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis. This study was approved by the Pusan National University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (approval No. PNU-2016-1071) on January 19, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ryu
- Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyongjun Jeon
- Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging; Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Young Kim
- Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungtae Koo
- Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging; Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungtae Kim
- Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging; Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
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15
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Melnikov VN. A quantitative method for estimating the adaptedness in a physiological study. Theor Biol Med Model 2019; 16:15. [PMID: 31477131 PMCID: PMC6721256 DOI: 10.1186/s12976-019-0111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Existed mathematical models of individual adaptation are mostly reductionist by nature. Researchers usually a priori consider the subject adapted basing only on the fact of continued or prolonged influence of the harmful factor. This paper describes a method that allows assessing the physiological adaptedness to experimental challenges on the basis of holistic approach and quantitative criteria. Methods The suggested method comprises simple equations and incorporates into the model an indicator that differentiates functions in regard to their significance for determining physiological adaptedness considered as an outcome of the adaptive process. Results The proposed empirical model affords the possibility of comparing subjects in respect to their resistance to several loads. Physiological parameters were differentiated with regard to their significance for assessing adaptedness. Two examples of animal adaptation to exercise after physical training and plant adaptogen administration are considered. Conclusion The calculated index of adaptedness is useful in that it replaces wordy descriptions of large tables that reveal alterations in numerous parameters of many subjects under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Melnikov
- Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, P.O. Box 237, 4, Timakov Str, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia.
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16
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Shi ZY, Zeng JZ, Wong AST. Chemical Structures and Pharmacological Profiles of Ginseng Saponins. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132443. [PMID: 31277214 PMCID: PMC6651355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is a group of cosmopolitan plants with more than a dozen species belonging to the genus Panax in the family Araliaceae that has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Among the bioactive constituents extracted from ginseng, ginseng saponins are a group of natural steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins found exclusively throughout the plant. Studies have shown that these ginseng saponins play a significant role in exerting multiple therapeutic effects. This review covers their chemical structure and classification, as well as their pharmacological activities, including their regulatory effects on immunomodulation, their anticancer effects, and their functions in the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. The general benefits of ginseng saponins for boosting physical vitality and improving quality of life are also discussed. The review concludes with fruitful directions for future research in the use of ginseng saponins as effective therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yu Shi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jin-Zhang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Alice Sze Tsai Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Han X, Li M, Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Guan S, Chu L. Mechanisms underlying the cardio-protection of total ginsenosides against myocardial ischemia in rats in vivo and in vitro: Possible involvement of L-type Ca 2+ channels, contractility and Ca 2+ homeostasis. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 139:240-248. [PMID: 30826245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we aimed to observe the effects of total ginsenosides (TG) against isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial ischemia (MI) and to explore its underlying mechanisms based on L-type Ca2+ current (ICa-L), intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and contraction in isolated rat myocytes. Rat model of MI was induced by subcutaneously injection of ISO (85 mg/kg) for 2 consecutive days. J-point elevation, heart rate, serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and lactated dehydrogenase (LDH), and heart morphology changes were observed. Influences of TG on ICa-L, [Ca2+]i and contraction in isolated rat myocytes were observed by the patch-clamp technique and IonOptix detection system. TG significantly reduced J-point elevation, heart rate, serum levels of CK and LDH, and improved heart pathologic morphology. TG decreased ICa-L in concentration-dependent manner with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 31.65 μg/mL. TG (300 μg/mL) decreased ICa-L of normal and ischemic ventricular myocytes by 64.33 ± 1.28% and 61.29 ± 1.38% respectively. At 30 μg/mL, TG reduced Ca2+ transient by 21.67 ± 0.94% and cell shortening by 38.43 ± 6.49%. This study showed that TG displayed cardioprotective effects on ISO-induced MI rats and the underlying mechanisms may be related to inhibition of ICa-L, damping of [Ca2+]i and decrease of contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China
| | - Mengying Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China
| | - Shengjiang Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China
| | - Li Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China.
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18
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Le QU, Lay HL, Wu MC, Nguyen THH, Nguyen DL. Phytoconstituents and Biological Activities of Panax vietnamensis (Vietnamese Ginseng): A Precious Ginseng and Call for Further Research-A systematic review. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801301036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv., a Vietnamese ginseng, is a well-known plant, naturally distributed in the Ngoc Linh and Hoang Lien Son mountain areas in Vietnam. It is used as a tonic and medicinal food in traditional folk medicine because it possesses wondrous health benefits. To support its functional attributes, various investigations have been carried out to find out its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-stress, anti-nociception, psychomotor and sedative-hypnotic effects and anxiolytic activities. Also similar to other ginsengs, Vietnamese ginseng is a rich source of saponins and it has higher content of protopanaxadiol-, protopanaxatrial- and ocotillol-type saponins compared to other ginsengs in the world. Majonoside R2 is a main saponin in Vietnamese ginseng but this compound does not exist in Panax ginseng. Based on this systematic review, we discussed for future prospects and suggest that thorough scientific scrutiny is necessary in future researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang-Ung Le
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and international Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Liang Lay
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Wu
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Thi Hong-Hanh Nguyen
- International Program in Food Science International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Duy-Lam Nguyen
- Department of Agriculture, Thai Nguyen College of Economics and Techniques, Thinh Dan, Thai Nguyen City, Viet Nam
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Kang YK, Lee BY, Bucci LR, Stohs SJ. Effect of a Fibroin Enzymatic Hydrolysate on Memory Improvement: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:E233. [PMID: 29462997 PMCID: PMC5852809 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of a specifically prepared silk fibroin protein enzymatic hydrolysate (FPEH) has been reported to improve cognitive function in healthy humans. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the dose-dependent effects of the FPEH on memory. Healthy adults with an average age of approximately 55 years were administered doses of 0, 280, 400 and 600 mg of FPEH per day in two divided doses for 3 weeks. The Rey-Kim Auditory Verbal Learning Test and the Rey-Kim Complex Figure Test of the Rey-Kim Memory Test were used to evaluate memory at baseline and after 3 weeks. The scores for each test were combined into the memory quotient score (MQ). Learning gradient, memory maintenance, retrieval efficacy, and drawing/recall scores were also compared. After 3 weeks of FPEH, dose-dependent increases were observed for the MQ, the learning gradient, the numbers of words remembered, the retrieval efficiency, and drawing/recall. The optimal dose for FPEH was 400 or 600 mg, depending on the end point measured. No adverse effects were reported. FPEH significantly improved measurements of memory in healthy adults by 3 weeks at doses over 280 mg daily, with an apparent plateau effect at 400-600 mg daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Koo Kang
- BrainOn Inc., Ltd., 403 Isbiz Tower, 23 Seonyuro49-gil, Youngdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07206, Korea.
| | - Boo Yong Lee
- BrainOn Inc., Ltd., 403 Isbiz Tower, 23 Seonyuro49-gil, Youngdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07206, Korea.
| | | | - Sidney J Stohs
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha 68178 NE, USA.
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20
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Ahuja A, Kim JH, Kim JH, Yi YS, Cho JY. Functional role of ginseng-derived compounds in cancer. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:248-254. [PMID: 29983605 PMCID: PMC6026353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is a natural product best known for its curative properties in diverse physiological processes such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, hypertension, and maintenance of hemostasis in the immune system. In previous decades, there have been some promising studies into the pharmacology and chemistry of ginseng components and the relationship between their structure and function. The emerging use of modified ginseng and development of new compounds from ginseng for clinical studies have been topics of study for many researchers. The present review deals with the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and chemopreventive effects, and recent advances in microRNA technology related to red ginseng. The review also summarizes the current knowledge on the effect of ginsenosides in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Ahuja
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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21
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Effect of high-dose ginsenoside complex (UG0712) supplementation on physical performance of healthy adults during a 12-week supervised exercise program: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:192-198. [PMID: 29719466 PMCID: PMC5925617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng has been used as an ergogenic agent, although evidence for its effectiveness is weak. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of a ginsenoside complex (UG0712) on changes in exercise performance. Methods Sedentary individuals (n = 117) were randomly assigned into one of three groups: low-dose ginsenoside supplementation (100 mg/d, n = 39), high-dose ginsenoside supplementation (500 mg/d, n = 39), or a placebo group (500 mg/d, n = 39). All participants underwent a supervised 12-wk aerobic and resistance exercise training course. To assess the effects of supplementation on physical performance, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), anaerobic threshold (AT), lactic acid, and muscle strength of the dominant knee were measured at baseline, every visit, and after the training program. Results Both ginsenoside groups showed significant increases in VO2max and muscular strength during exercise training. There were no definite changes in AT and lactic acid levels over time. After exercise training, there were definite differences in the VO2max (28.64.9 to 33.7 ± 4.9 ml/kg/min in high-dose group vs. 30.4 ± 6.7 to 32.8 ± 6.6 ml/kg/min in placebo, p = 0.029) and AT (19.3 ± 4.2 to 20.9 ± 3.5 ml/kg/min in high-dose group vs. 20.0 ± 5.1 to 20.0 ± 4.9 ml/kg/min in placebo, p = 0.038) between the high-dose ginsenoside and placebo groups. However, there was no difference in VO2max between the low-dose ginsenoside and placebo groups (p = 0.254). There were no differences in muscular strength during exercise training among the three groups. Conclusion High-dose ginsenoside supplementation (UG0712) augmented the improvement of aerobic capacity by exercise training.
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22
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Patel S, Rauf A. Adaptogenic herb ginseng (Panax) as medical food: Status quo and future prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:120-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Yayeh T, Yun K, Jang S, Oh S. Morphine dependence is attenuated by red ginseng extract and ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K. J Ginseng Res 2016; 40:445-452. [PMID: 27746699 PMCID: PMC5052441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red ginseng and ginsenosides have shown plethoric effects against various ailments. However, little is known regarding the effect of red ginseng on morphine-induced dependence and tolerance. We therefore investigated the effect of red ginseng extract (RGE) and biotransformed ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K on morphine-induced dependence in mice and rats. METHODS While mice were pretreated with RGE and then morphine was injected intraperitoneally, rats were infused with ginsenosides and morphine intracranially for 7 days. Naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal syndrome was estimated and conditioned place preference test was performed for physical and psychological dependence, respectively. Western blotting was used to measure protein expressions. RESULTS Whereas RGE inhibited the number of naloxone-precipitated jumps and reduced conditioned place preference score, it restored the level of glutathione in mice. Likewise, ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K attenuated morphine-dependent behavioral patterns such as teeth chattering, grooming, wet-dog shake, and escape behavior in rats. Moreover, activated N-methyl-D-aspartate acid receptor subunit 1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the frontal cortex of rats, and cultured cortical neurons from mice were downregulated by ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K despite their differential effects. CONCLUSION RGE and biotransformed ginsenosides could be considered as potential therapeutic agents against morphine-induced dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Seikwan Oh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Dela Peña IJI, Kim HJ, Botanas CJ, de la Peña JB, Van Le TH, Nguyen MD, Park JH, Cheong JH. The psychopharmacological activities of Vietnamese ginseng in mice: characterization of its psychomotor, sedative-hypnotic, antistress, anxiolytic, and cognitive effects. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:201-208. [PMID: 28413325 PMCID: PMC5386119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. or Vietnamese ginseng (VG) is a recently discovered ginseng species. Studies on its chemical constituents have shown that VG is remarkably rich in ginseng saponins, particularly ocotillol saponins. However, the psychopharmacological effects of VG have not been characterized. Thus, in the present study we screened the psychopharmacological activities of VG in mice. Methods VG extract (VGE) was orally administered to mice at various dosages to evaluate its psychomotor (open-field and rota-rod tests), sedative–hypnotic (pentobarbital-induced sleeping test), antistress (cold swimming test), anxiolytic (elevated plus-maze test), and cognitive (Y-maze and passive-avoidance tests) effects. Results VGE treatment increased the spontaneous locomotor activity, enhanced the endurance to stress, reduced the anxiety-like behavior, and ameliorated the scopolamine-induced memory impairments in mice. In addition, VGE treatment did not alter the motor balance and coordination of mice and did not potentiate pentobarbital-induced sleep, indicating that VGE has no sedative-hypnotic effects. The effects of VGE were comparable to those of the Korean Red Ginseng extract. Conclusion VG, like other ginseng products, has significant and potentially useful psychopharmacological effects. This includes, but is not limited to, psychomotor stimulation, anxiolytic, antistress, and memory enhancing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Joy I Dela Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chrislean Jun Botanas
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - June Bryan de la Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Thi Hong Van Le
- School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Minh Duc Nguyen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Wong AST, Che CM, Leung KW. Recent advances in ginseng as cancer therapeutics: a functional and mechanistic overview. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:256-72. [PMID: 25347695 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00080c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Ginseng, a key ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine, shows great promise as a new treatment option. As listed by the U.S. National Institutes of Health as a complementary and alternative medicine, its anti-cancer functions are being increasingly recognized. This review covers the mechanisms of action of ginsenosides and their metabolites, which can modulate signaling pathways associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, metastasis, and stem/progenitor-like properties of cancer cells. The emerging use of structurally modified ginsenosides and recent clinical studies on the use of ginseng either alone or in combination with other herbs or Western medicines which are exploited as novel therapeutic strategies will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice S T Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Kopalli SR, Hwang SY, Won YJ, Kim SW, Cha KM, Han CK, Hong JY, Kim SK. Korean red ginseng extract rejuvenates testicular ineffectiveness and sperm maturation process in aged rats by regulating redox proteins and oxidative defense mechanisms. Exp Gerontol 2015; 69:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Background It has been known that ginseng can be applied as a potential nutraceutical for memory impairment; however, experiments with animals of old age are few. Methods To determine the memory enhancing effect of red ginseng, C57BL/6 mice (21 mo old) were given experimental diet pellets containing 0.12% red ginseng extract (approximately 200 mg/kg/d) for 3 mo. Young and old mice (4 mo and 21 mo old, respectively) were used as the control group. The effect of red ginseng, which ameliorated memory impairment in aged mice, was quantified using Y-maze test, novel objective test, and Morris water maze. Red ginseng ameliorated age-related declines in learning and memory in older mice. In addition, red ginseng's effect on the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and proinflammatory cytokines was investigated in the hippocampus of aged mice. Results Red ginseng treatment suppressed the production of age-processed inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β expressions. Moreover, it was observed that red ginseng had an antioxidative effect on aged mice. The suppressed glutathione level in aged mice was restored with red ginseng treatment. The antioxidative-related enzymes Nrf2 and HO-1 were increased with red ginseng treatment. Conclusion The results revealed that when red ginseng is administered over long periods, age-related decline of learning and memory is ameliorated through anti-inflammatory activity.
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Baker LB, Nuccio RP, Jeukendrup AE. Acute effects of dietary constituents on motor skill and cognitive performance in athletes. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:790-802. [PMID: 25400063 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance in many sports is at least partially dependent on motor control, coordination, decision-making, and other cognitive tasks. This review summarizes available evidence about the ingestion of selected nutrients or isolated compounds (dietary constituents) and potential acute effects on motor skill and/or cognitive performance in athletes. Dietary constituents discussed include branched-chain amino acids, caffeine, carbohydrate, cocoa flavanols, Gingko biloba, ginseng, guarana, Rhodiola rosea, sage, L-theanine, theobromine, and tyrosine. Although this is not an exhaustive list, these are perhaps the most researched dietary constituents. Caffeine and carbohydrate have the greatest number of published reports supporting their ability to enhance acute motor skill and cognitive performance in athletes. At this time, there is insufficient published evidence to substantiate the use of any other dietary constituents to benefit sports-related motor skill or cognitive performance. The optimal dose and timing of caffeine and carbohydrate intake promoting enhanced motor skill and cognitive performance remain to be identified. Valid, reliable, and sensitive batteries of motor skills and cognitive tests should be developed for use in future efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Barrington, Illinois, USA
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