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Ma Y, Han J, Wang K, Han H, Hu Y, Li H, Wu S, Zhang L. Research progress of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide in prevention and treatment of Atherosclerosis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33307. [PMID: 39022015 PMCID: PMC11253544 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease resulting from dysregulated lipid metabolism, constituting the pathophysiological foundation of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. AS has a high incidence rate and mortality rate worldwide. As such, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely used recently due to its stable therapeutic effect and high safety. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) are the main active ingredients of Ganoderma lucidum, a Chinese herbal medicine. Research has also shown that GLP has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, regulates gut microbiota, improves blood glucose and lipid levels, and inhibits obesity. Most of the current research on GLP anti-AS is focused on animal models. Thus, its clinical application remains to be discovered. In this review, we combine relevant research results and start with the pathogenesis and risk factors of GLP on AS, proving that GLP can prevent and treat AS, providing a scientific basis and reference for the future prevention and treatment of AS with GLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiZheng Ma
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 250355, Jinan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - JingBo Han
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - KangFeng Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - Huan Han
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 250355, Jinan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - YiBin Hu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 250355, Jinan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - He Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 250355, Jinan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - ShengXian Wu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - LiJuan Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 250014, Jinan, China
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Fang H, Lin D, Li X, Wang L, Yang T. Therapeutic potential of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide in Doxorubicin-induced nephropathy: modulation of renin-angiotensin system and proteinuria. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1287908. [PMID: 37841924 PMCID: PMC10570435 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1287908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In the Doxorubicin (DOX)-induced nephropathy model, proteinuria is a manifestation of progressive kidney injury. The pathophysiology of renal illness is heavily influenced by the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). To reduce renal RAS activation and proteinuria caused by DOX, this study evaluated the effectiveness of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide (GL-PP), a new glycopeptide produced from Ganoderma lucidum grown on grass. Methods: Three groups of BALB/c male mice were created: control, DOX, and DOX + GL-PP. GL-PP (100 mg/kg) was administered to mice by intraperitoneal injection for 4 weeks following a single intravenous injection of DOX (10 mg/kg via the tail vein). Results: After 4 weeks, full-length and soluble pro(renin) receptor (fPRR/sPRR) overexpression in DOX mouse kidneys, which is crucial for the RAS pathway, was dramatically inhibited by GL-PP therapy. Additionally, GL-PP successfully reduced elevation of urinary renin activity and angiotensin II levels, supporting the idea that GL-PP inhibits RAS activation. Moreover, GL-PP showed a considerable downregulation of nicotinamide adenine nucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (NOX4) expression and a decrease in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels. GL-PP treatment effectively reduced glomerular and tubular injury induced by DOX, as evidenced by decreased proteinuria, podocyte damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrosis. Discussion: GL-PP inhibits intrarenal PRR/sPRR-RAS activation and upregulation of NOX4 and H2O2, suggesting potential therapeutic approaches against DOX-induced nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Dongmei Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xinxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Lianfu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Teng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
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Jiang CL, Li XY, Shen WD, Pan LH, Li QM, Luo JP, Zha XQ. Bioactive polysaccharides and their potential health benefits in reducing the risks of atherosclerosis: A review. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14337. [PMID: 35945814 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a kind of lipid-driven chronic inflammatory disease of arteries and is the principal pathological basis of life-threatening cardiovascular disease events, such as strokes and heart attacks. Clinically, statins are the most commonly prescribed drugs for the treatment of atherosclerosis, but prolonged use of these drugs exhibit many adverse reactions and have limited efficacy. Polysaccharides are important natural biomacromolecules widely existing in plants, animals, microorganisms and algae. They have drawn considerable attention worldwide due to their multiple healthy functions, along with their non-toxic property. Importantly, a growing number of studies have demonstrated that bioactive polysaccharides exhibit prominent efficiency in controlling atherosclerotic risk factors like hyperlipemia, hypertension, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In recent decades, various bioactive polysaccharides with different structural features and anti-atherosclerotic potential from natural sources have been isolated, purified, and characterized. The aim of this review is to focus on the research progress of natural polysaccharides in reducing the risks of atherosclerosis based on evidence of in vitro and in vivo studies from 1966 to 2022. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In the future, it is still necessary to strengthen the research on the development and mechanism of polysaccharides with anti-atherosclerotic potential. These anti-atherosclerotic polysaccharides with different structural characteristics and physiochemical properties from different sources will constitute a huge source of materials for future applications, especially in functional foods and drugs. The information summarized here may serve as useful reference materials for further investigation, production, and application of these polysaccharides in functional foods and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Li Jiang
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ying Li
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Di Shen
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Pan
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang-Ming Li
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Luo
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qiang Zha
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Disease of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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Ahmad R, Riaz M, Khan A, Aljamea A, Algheryafi M, Sewaket D, Alqathama A. Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) an edible mushroom; a comprehensive and critical review of its nutritional, cosmeceutical, mycochemical, pharmacological, clinical, and toxicological properties. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6030-6062. [PMID: 34411377 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reishi owes an exceptional value in nutritional, cosmeceutical, and medical treatments; however, none of the studies has provided its future-driven critical assessment. This study documents an up-to-date review (2015-2020, wherever applicable) and provide valuable insights (preclinical and clinical evidence-based) with comprehensive and critical assessments. Various databases 'Google scholar', 'Web of Science', 'ScienceDirect', 'PubMed', 'Springer Link', books, theses, and library resources were used. The taxonomic chaos of G. lucidum and its related species was discussed in detail with solution-oriented emphasis. Reishi contains polysaccharides (α/β-D-glucans), alkaloids, triterpenoids (ganoderic acids, ganoderenic acids, ganoderol, ganoderiol, lucidenic acids), sterols/ergosterol, proteins (LZ-8, LZ-9), nucleosides (adenosine, inosine, uridine), and nucleotides (guanine, adenine). Some active drugs are explored at an optimum level to make them potential drug candidates. The pharmacological potential was observed in diabetes, inflammation, epilepsy, neurodegeneration, cancer, anxiety, sedation, cardiac diseases, depression, hepatic diseases, and immune disorders; however, most of the studies are preclinical with a number of drawbacks. In particular, quality clinical data are intensely needed to support pharmacological activities for human use. The presence of numerous micro-, macro, and trace elements imparts an essential nutritional and cosmeceutical value to Reishi, and various marketed products are available already, but the clinical studies regarding safety and efficacy, interactions with foods/drinks, chronic use, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, and genotoxicity are missing for Reishi. Reishi possesses many valuable pharmacological activities, and the number of patents and clinical trials is increasing for Reishi. Yet, a gap in research exists for Reishi, which is discussed in detail in the forthcoming sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicines, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir, Bhutto University, Sheringal Dir (U), Pakistan
| | - Aslam Khan
- Basic Sciences Department, College of Science and Health Professions, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Aljamea
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Algheryafi
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deya Sewaket
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aljawharah Alqathama
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacy College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Seweryn E, Ziała A, Gamian A. Health-Promoting of Polysaccharides Extracted from Ganoderma lucidum. Nutrients 2021; 13:2725. [PMID: 34444885 PMCID: PMC8400705 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal mushrooms are rich sources of pharmacologically active compounds. One of the mushrooms commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine is Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. Ex Fr.) Karst. In Asian countries it is treated as a nutraceutical, whose regular consumption provides vitality and improves health. Ganoderma lucidum is an important source of biologically active compounds. The pharmacologically active fraction of polysaccharides has antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antineurodegenerative and antidiabetic activities. In this review, we summarize the activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Seweryn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Anna Ziała
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland;
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Li Y, Tang J, Gao H, Xu Y, Han Y, Shang H, Lu Y, Qin C. Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids and polysaccharides attenuate atherosclerotic plaque in high-fat diet rabbits. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:1929-1938. [PMID: 33992512 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Atherosclerosis is characterized by lipid deposition, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the arterial intima. Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids (GLTs) and polysaccharides (GLPs) are traditional Chinese medicines with potential cardiovascular benefits. We aimed to comprehensively evaluate the effect of GLTs and GLPs on atherosclerosis and the associated underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Japanese big-ear white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups of blank, model, and treatment, and the treatment group was fed with GLSO and GLSP (0.3 g/kg body-weight/day) for 4 months. Serum levels of triglyceride (TG), total (TC), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in GL treatment group were significantly lower than those in the model group. The area of aortic plaques was significantly reduced in the treatment group. Further, GL administration in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) by inhibiting the upregulation of the nuclear transcription factor (NF)-κB p65 and the relative receptor LOX-1. In THP-1 cells treated with phorbol myristate acetate, GL inhibited the inflammatory polarization of macrophages (as evidenced by reduced TNF-α levels) via regulation of Notch1 and DLL4 pathways. Ox-LDL-stimulated THP-1 cells treated with GL showed an increase in the apoptosis of foam cells. CONCLUSIONS GLTs and GLPs attenuated the progression of atherosclerosis by alleviating endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory polarization of macrophages, thus promoting apoptosis of foam cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS & PUMC, Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS & PUMC, Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Hongling Gao
- Department of Pathology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Qinghai, 810007, China
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS & PUMC, Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yunlin Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS & PUMC, Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Haiquan Shang
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS & PUMC, Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yaozeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS & PUMC, Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS & PUMC, Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100021, China.
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Shaito A, Thuan DTB, Phu HT, Nguyen THD, Hasan H, Halabi S, Abdelhady S, Nasrallah GK, Eid AH, Pintus G. Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:422. [PMID: 32317975 PMCID: PMC7155419 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a significant health burden with an ever-increasing prevalence. They remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The use of medicinal herbs continues to be an alternative treatment approach for several diseases including CVDs. Currently, there is an unprecedented drive for the use of herbal preparations in modern medicinal systems. This drive is powered by several aspects, prime among which are their cost-effective therapeutic promise compared to standard modern therapies and the general belief that they are safe. Nonetheless, the claimed safety of herbal preparations yet remains to be properly tested. Consequently, public awareness should be raised regarding medicinal herbs safety, toxicity, potentially life-threatening adverse effects, and possible herb–drug interactions. Over the years, laboratory data have shown that medicinal herbs may have therapeutic value in CVDs as they can interfere with several CVD risk factors. Accordingly, there have been many attempts to move studies on medicinal herbs from the bench to the bedside, in order to effectively employ herbs in CVD treatments. In this review, we introduce CVDs and their risk factors. Then we overview the use of herbs for disease treatment in general and CVDs in particular. Further, data on the ethnopharmacological therapeutic potentials and medicinal properties against CVDs of four widely used plants, namely Ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Ganoderma lucidum, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, are gathered and reviewed. In particular, the employment of these four plants in the context of CVDs, such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, peripheral vascular diseases, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and dyslipidemias has been reviewed, analyzed, and critically discussed. We also endeavor to document the recent studies aimed to dissect the cellular and molecular cardio-protective mechanisms of the four plants, using recently reported in vitro and in vivo studies. Finally, we reviewed and reported the results of the recent clinical trials that have been conducted using these four medicinal herbs with special emphasis on their efficacy, safety, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shaito
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Duong Thi Bich Thuan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hoa Thi Phu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hieu Dung Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hiba Hasan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah Halabi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Abdelhady
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Sharma P, Tulsawani R, Agrawal U. Pharmacological effects of Ganoderma lucidum extract against high-altitude stressors and its subchronic toxicity assessment. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13081. [PMID: 31609024 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acclimatization is a major pathophysiological concern during ascent to high altitude and may cause mortality in unacclimatized individuals. Absence of target drugs, especially prophylactics, emphasizes the need for development of herbal agents. Present study revealed that animals pre-administered with aqueous extract of Ganoderma lucidum (GLAQ) dose dependently (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) delayed onset of convulsion following severe hypoxia (SH) and restored rectal temperature post-cold restraint (CR) and hypobaric hypoxia (HBH). The compromised antioxidant status (MDA, GSH, SOD, GPx), biochemical (ALT, AST, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea), and hematological parameters (red blood cells, white blood cells) were ameliorated with GLAQ treatment. Further, extract modulated inflammatory and thermogenic response by attenuating pro-inflammatory cytokines (NFĸB, TNFα, IL6) and restoring UCP1, SIRT1, respectively. Notably, extract did not produce any noxious effects subchronically in rats of both sexes with GLAQ administered at 100, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg in a single dose/day for 90 days, deeming it fit for therapeutic purpose. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: GLAQ exhibited better efficacy compared to internal control (gallic acid) suggest that array of bioactive compounds in extract might contribute toward efficacy. Further, antistress properties of GLAQ against multiple stressors including SH, CR, and HBH demonstrate its therapeutic potential for inducing rapid acclimatization and preventing mountain sickness. Conclusively, the present study based on Ganoderma lucidum extract intents to fill the lacunae behind development of nontoxic therapeutic agent for controlling high altitude-related maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Sharma
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Delhi, India
| | - Rajkumar Tulsawani
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Delhi, India
| | - Usha Agrawal
- Department of Histopathology, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
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Heriansyah T, Nurwidyaningtyas W, Sargowo D, Tjahjono CT, Wihastuti TA. Polysaccharide peptide (PsP) G anoderma lucidum: a potential inducer for vascular repair in type 2 diabetes mellitus model. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2019; 15:419-427. [PMID: 31632046 PMCID: PMC6781740 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s205996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasing blood glucose level due to insulin resistance which occurs in diabetes mellitus (DM) may cause vascular damage. This study aims to prove the effect of the polysaccharide peptide (PsP) Ganoderma lucidum on improving vascular damage through an increase of circulating endothelial cells and circulating endothelial cells (CEC) ratio, decreased H2O2, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and insulin resistance in type 2 DM. METHODS Our study is a true experimental study with randomized posttest control group design that used 35 Wistar rats divided into five groups: normal, control (+) and three groups of different variant PsP doses 50, 150 and 300 mg/kg BW (n=7). RESULTS By using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Duncan test, the results show a significant increase of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) concentration (p=0.000) and ratio EPC:CEC (0.000) by dose-dependent fashion and also reduced CEC concentration (p=0.001), H2O2 (p=0.03), TG (p=0.001), TC (p=0.01) and insulin resistance (p=0.003). CONCLUSION In this study, PsP induced endothelial repairing process and reduced the risk factor with 300 mg/kg BW as optimum dose. However, further research on EPC and CEC detection markers is important. Further research on PsP and clinical trial for commercial uses is also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teuku Heriansyah
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Syah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | | | - Djanggan Sargowo
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Cholid Tri Tjahjono
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Titin Andri Wihastuti
- Department of Biomedical Nursing Science, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
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Bezek Š, Brnoliaková Z, Sotníková R, Knezl V, Paulovičová E, Navarová J, Bauer V. Monotherapy of experimental metabolic syndrome: I. Efficacy and safety. Interdiscip Toxicol 2017; 10:81-85. [PMID: 30174530 PMCID: PMC6107645 DOI: 10.1515/intox-2017-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma cholesterol, especially low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, is one of the major risk factors for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Hereditary hypertriglyceridemic rats (hHTG) were developed as a new inbred model for the study of relationships between blood pressure and metabolic abnormalities. The aim of this work was to determine the cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant effects of the novel pyridoindol derivative SMe1EC2, compared to the cholesterol-lowering drug atorvastatin, in rats fed either standard or high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFC; 1% cholesterol and 7.5% lard fat). Male hHTG rats fed HFC (HTG+HFC) were administered with SMe1EC2 or atorvastatin (both 50 mg/kg/day p.o.) for 4 weeks. Physiological status of animals was monitored by the measurement of preprandial glucose levels and blood pressure. Lipid profile was characterized by the serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), HDL-, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides (TRG). The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was evaluated in the kidney, liver and serum. Further, the assessment of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in the serum was completed. Feeding the animals with HFC diet resulted in increased serum levels of TC, LDL and TRG. SMe1EC2 ameliorated serum levels of LDL in hHTG rats, both on standard and HFC diet. These effects were comparable with those of the standard hypolipidemicum atorvastatin. SMe1EC2 lowered blood pressure, tissue TBARS concentrations and serum IL-1 levels of HTG+HFC rats. Beneficial effects together with very good toxicity profile predestinate SMe1EC2 to be promising agent for further surveys related to metabolic syndrome features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štefan Bezek
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Brnoliaková
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ružena Sotníková
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Knezl
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ema Paulovičová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Navarová
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viktor Bauer
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
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