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Relvas M, Mendes-Frias A, Gonçalves M, Salazar F, López-Jarana P, Silvestre R, Viana da Costa A. Salivary IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 Are Key Biomarkers of Periodontitis Severity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8401. [PMID: 39125970 PMCID: PMC11312971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To explore severity and progression biomarkers, we examined the clinical relevance of multiple cytokines and mediators involved in the inflammatory response in periodontitis. A cohort of 68 patients was enrolled in the study and periodontal status assessed by the current classification of periodontal diseases. Immune mediators present in saliva, of both patients and healthy controls, were quantified using a Legendplex-13 panel. Clinic parameters were significantly higher in PD patients compared with HC, with a strong significant association with the disease severity (stage) (p < 0.001), but not with progression (grade). The panel of immune mediators evidenced elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β as disease established (p < 0.01). IL-1β/IL-1RA ratio was increased in PD patients, being associated with disease stage. An anti-inflammatory response was spotted by higher IL-10. Lower levels of IL-23 and IP-10 were associated with disease severity. No significant statistical differences were found by grade classification. Moreover, salivary IL-1β and IL-6 exhibited significant positive correlations with several clinical measurements (PI, BOP, PPD, CAL), while IP-10 showed a statistical negative correlation with BOP, PPD, and CAL. These insights highlight the complexity of the periodontitis inflammatory network and the potential of cytokines as biomarkers for refined diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Relvas
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (M.G.); (F.S.); (P.L.-J.); (A.V.d.C.)
- Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit (UNIPRO), University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Ana Mendes-Frias
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.M.-F.); (R.S.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Gonçalves
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (M.G.); (F.S.); (P.L.-J.); (A.V.d.C.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Toxicologic Pathology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Filomena Salazar
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (M.G.); (F.S.); (P.L.-J.); (A.V.d.C.)
- Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit (UNIPRO), University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Paula López-Jarana
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (M.G.); (F.S.); (P.L.-J.); (A.V.d.C.)
- Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit (UNIPRO), University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.M.-F.); (R.S.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Viana da Costa
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (M.G.); (F.S.); (P.L.-J.); (A.V.d.C.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Toxicologic Pathology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
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Relvas M, Silvestre R, Gonçalves M, Cabral C, Mendes-Frias A, Monteiro L, Viana da Costa A. Analysis of Salivary Levels of IL-1β, IL17A, OPG and RANK-L in Periodontitis Using the 2017 Classification of Periodontal Diseases-An Exploratory Observational Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031003. [PMID: 36769650 PMCID: PMC9918260 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic disease with a high overall prevalence. It involves a complex interplay between the immune-inflammatory pathways and biofilm changes, leading to periodontal attachment loss. The aims of this study were (i) to assess whether the salivary IL-1β, IL-17A, RANK-L and OPG levels have the potential to discriminate between the mild and severe periodontitis conditions; and (ii) to enable diagnostic/prognostic actions to differentiate between distinct levels of the disease. The analysis of the clinical parameters and the evaluation of the salivary immunomediators levels by means of a multiplex flow assay revealed a statistically significantly higher level of IL-1β in the periodontitis III/IV patients, as well as a higher level of RANK-L in the periodontitis III/IV and I/II patients, when compared to the healthy controls. Furthermore, the grade C periodontitis patients presented a significantly higher level of RANK-L compared to the grade B and grade A patients. In the grade C patients, IL-1β had a positive correlation with the PPD and CAL indices and RANK_L had a positive correlation with CAL. The evidence emerging from this study associates the salivary IL-1β and RANK-L levels with an advanced stage of periodontitis, stage III/IV, and with grade C, suggesting the possible cooperative action of both in the inflammatory and bone loss events. In addition to IL-1β, RANK-L could be considered a combined diagnostic biomarker for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Relvas
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit (UNIPRO), (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria Gonçalves
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit (UNIPRO), (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Cabral
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit (UNIPRO), (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Ana Mendes-Frias
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Luís Monteiro
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit (UNIPRO), (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Viana da Costa
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- TOXRUN–Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, Advanced Polytechnic and University Cooperative (CESPU), CRL, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116, Gandra, PRD, Portugal
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Seneviratne CJ, Balan P, de Alwis R, Udawatte NS, Herath T, Toh JZ, Tin GB, Ooi EE, Hong JLG, Ying JSX. BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine–Induced Immune Response in Oral Fluids and Serum. Int Dent J 2022; 73:435-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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El-Patal MAE, Khalil MA, Shipl W, Barakat I, Youssef EMI, El Attar S, Fathi A, Abdallah AA. Detection of soluble urokinase type plasminogen activator receptors in children with gingivitis and normal subjects. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:436. [PMID: 36192745 PMCID: PMC9531525 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gingivitis is a reversible condition; however, if left untreated, it progresses to periodontitis, which a serious infection that leads to bone destruction. Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) measurement may be of value in the early assessment of gingivitis in children, thereby minimizing risk of tooth loss. OBJECTIVES In this observational study, we assessed salivary and serum concentrations of suPAR for the diagnosis of gingivitis and correlation of salivary suPAR with the periodontal clinical parameters. METHODS Ninety children participated in the study, with 20 healthy subjects as controls and 70 patients with gingivitis. The gingivitis group was divided into mild, moderate, and severe cases. According to the gingival index (GI), salivary and serum samples were analyzed for the suPAR and C-reactive protein levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The salivary suPAR was significantly higher in patients with gingivitis (10.8 ± 2.9 ng/mL) than in the control group (7.0 ± 1.1 ng/mL) as P < 0.001. SuPAR was correlated with gingivitis severity. It was 7.7 ± 1.5 1 ng/mL in mild cases, 10.9 ± 1.2 ng/mL in moderate cases, and 14.4 ± 0.9 ng/mL in severe cases. The difference was significantly high (P < 0.001) between the groups; however, the difference between the mild cases and the control was nonsignificant as P < 0.066. The salivary suPAR was correlated with periodontal clinical parameters, which included GI and simple oral hygiene index (SOHI). Conversely the serum suPAR was not correlated with the salivary suPAR or the periodontal clinical parameters. CONCLUSION The results of the present study demonstrated that the salivary suPAR is increased in proportionate with the degree of severity of gingivitis in children. Moreover, salivary suPAR was correlated with the periodontal clinical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mona A Khalil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Walaa Shipl
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Barakat
- Department of Pedodontics and Oral Health, College of Dentistry, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman M I Youssef
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahinaz El Attar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Adel Fathi
- Department of Pedodontics and Oral Health, College of Dentistry, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa A Abdallah
- Department of Pedodontics and Oral Health, College of Dentistry, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Kibune R, Muraoka K, Morishita M, Ariyoshi W, Awano S. Relationship between Dynamics of TNF-α and Its Soluble Receptors in Saliva and Periodontal Health State. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10020025. [PMID: 35200250 PMCID: PMC8870908 DOI: 10.3390/dj10020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 (sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2) are reported to protect against excessive TNF-α, a primary mediator of systemic responses to infection. This study aimed to investigate the levels of TNF-α, sTNF-R1, and sTNF-R2 in saliva and to verify whether their dynamics are associated with periodontal health. The study population comprised 28 adult patients. Probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing were assessed, and periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) was calculated. Stimulated saliva was collected before the oral examinations. The levels of TNF-α, sTNF-R1, sTNF-R2, and total protein (TP) in saliva samples were determined. There were significant positive correlations between TNF-α, sTNF-R1, and sTNF-R2 to TP (/TP) in stimulated saliva. Moreover, there were significant positive correlations between PISA and sTNF-R2/TP. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that PISA was significantly associated with sTNF-R2/TP in saliva; however, TNF-α/TP was not significantly associated with PISA. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that significant relationships exist between the salivary levels of TNF-α and sTNF-R1, and that salivary sTNF-R2 is associated with the expansion of inflamed periodontal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kibune
- Department of Clinical Education Development and Research, School of Dentistry, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan; (R.K.); (K.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Kosuke Muraoka
- Department of Clinical Education Development and Research, School of Dentistry, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan; (R.K.); (K.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Masaki Morishita
- Department of Clinical Education Development and Research, School of Dentistry, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan; (R.K.); (K.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Wataru Ariyoshi
- Department of Infections and Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan;
| | - Shuji Awano
- Department of Clinical Education Development and Research, School of Dentistry, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan; (R.K.); (K.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Riis JL, Ahmadi H, Hamilton KR, Hand T, Granger DA. Best practice recommendations for the measurement and interpretation of salivary proinflammatory cytokines in biobehavioral research. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:105-116. [PMID: 32931871 PMCID: PMC8164445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the integration of salivary inflammatory cytokines into research across the biobehavioral, psychological, clinical, and health-related disciplines, there is little guidance regarding the biospecimen collection, handling, and storage practices that maximize the quality and validity of salivary cytokine data. Furthermore, associations between salivary cytokines and measures related to oral health are rarely assessed and accounted for in studies outside the oral health fields. To address these gaps, we examine the sensitivity of salivary interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) to changes in saliva sample collection technique and cold chain management procedures. Using subsets of saliva samples collected from 150 healthy adults, we measure salivary IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and other oral health-related indices (i.e., blood contamination [transferrin], and salivary matrixmallotprotienase-8). In addition to examining changes in cytokine levels associated with sample collection technique and cold chain management procedures, we assess relations between cytokine concentrations and levels of other oral health-related measures. We found that IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 were more robust to changes in sample collection and cold chain management procedures than TNF-α, and all cytokines were positively associated with other oral health-related measures. Based on our findings, we recommend analyte-specific guidance for measuring and interpreting salivary cytokine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Riis
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Correspondence: Jenna L. Riis (), Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California at Irvine, 4201 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine CA 92697-7085
| | - Hedyeh Ahmadi
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Katrina R. Hamilton
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tracey Hand
- Center for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Douglas A. Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Department of Acute and Chronic Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Pediatrics Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Salivary Bioscience Laboratory and Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
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7
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Monteiro MF, Casati MZ, Sallum EA, Silvério KG, Nociti-Jr FH, Casarin RCV. The familial trend of the local inflammatory response in periodontal disease. Oral Dis 2020; 28:202-209. [PMID: 33252790 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The imbalanced host response in front of a dysbiotic biofilm is one of the major aspects of severe periodontitis, which also presents a strong familial aggregation related to the susceptibility factors transmission within family members. This study hypothesized that aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) patients and their descendants could present a similar trend of a local inflammatory response that is different from healthy controls. METHODS Fifteen GAgP subjects and their children and fifteen healthy subjects and their children were clinically assessed, and the concentration of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-17, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was evaluated in the gingival fluid using the multiplexed bead immunoassay. RESULTS Children from the GAgP group presented lower IL-10 and IFN-γ subgingival concentration than Health children, despite no difference in the clinical parameters. GAgP parents showed a lower IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-6 than healthy subjects. IL-10/IL-1β and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratios were reduced in GAgP dyads, suggesting a familial trend in the subgingival cytokine's profile. The cytokines correlated to the clinical data and were predictors of probing depth increase. CONCLUSION GAgP parents and their children presented a similar cytokine profile and an imbalance in the subgingival response characterized by decreased IFN-γ/IL-4 and IL10/IL-1β ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabelle Freitas Monteiro
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Periodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Márcio Zaffalon Casati
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Periodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Enilson Antonio Sallum
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Periodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Karina Gonzales Silvério
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Periodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Francisco Humberto Nociti-Jr
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Periodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Renato Corrêa Viana Casarin
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Periodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Medara N, Lenzo JC, Walsh KA, Reynolds EC, Darby IB, O'Brien-Simpson NM. A review of T helper 17 cell-related cytokines in serum and saliva in periodontitis. Cytokine 2020; 138:155340. [PMID: 33144024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a complex underlying immunopathology. Cytokines, as molecular mediators of inflammation, play a role in all stages of disease progression. T helper 17 (Th17) cells are thought to play a role in periodontitis. Th17 cell development and maintenance requires a pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu, with many of the cytokines implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Serum and saliva are easily accessible biofluids which can represent the systemic and local environment to promote the development of Th17 cells. Here we review human clinical studies that investigate IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-25, IL-31, IL-33, IFN-γ, sCD40L and TNF-α in serum and saliva in periodontitis. We highlight their putative role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and place them within a wider context of animal and other clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Medara
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Jason C Lenzo
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Katrina A Walsh
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia.
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Ivan B Darby
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
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Reiss S, Chouinard MC, Frias Landa D, Nanda R, Chandhoke T, Sobue T, Allareddy V, Kuo CL, Mu J, Uribe F. Biomarkers of orthodontic tooth movement with fixed appliances and vibration appliance therapy: a pilot study. Eur J Orthod 2020; 42:378-386. [PMID: 32572439 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental vibratory force on biomarkers of bone remodelling during orthodontic tooth movement, the rate of mandibular anterior alignment (RMAA), and compliance with a vibration device. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS Forty patients between the ages 15-35 undergoing fixed appliance treatment that presented to a university orthodontic clinic were randomly allocated to supplemental use of an intraoral vibrational device (n = 20, AcceleDent®) or fixed appliance only (n = 20). Salivary multiplex assay was completed to analyse the concentration of selected biomarkers of bone remodelling before treatment (T0) and at three following time points (T1, T2, T3), 4-6 weeks apart. Irregularity of the mandibular anterior teeth and compliance was assessed at the same trial time points. Data were analysed blindly on an intention-to-treat basis with descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and linear mixed effects regression modelling. RESULTS No difference in the changes in salivary biomarkers of bone remodelling and RMAA between groups at any time point over the trial duration was observed. No correlation was found between changes in irregularity and biomarker level from baseline to another time point. Lastly, there was no association between RMAA and compliance with the AcceleDent® device. CONCLUSIONS Supplemental vibratory force during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances does not affect biomarkers of bone remodelling or the RMAA. LIMITATIONS The main limitation of the study was the small sample size and the large variability in the salivary biomarkers. HARMS No harms were observed during the duration of the trial. PROTOCOL The protocol was not published prior to trial commencement. REGISTRATION The study was registered in Clinical Trials.gov (NCT02119455) first posted on April 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Reiss
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Marie Claude Chouinard
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Dasha Frias Landa
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Ravindra Nanda
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Taranpreet Chandhoke
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Takanori Sobue
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Veerasathpurush Allareddy
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Kuo
- CICATS/Department of Community Medicine/Institute for System Genomics, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jinjian Mu
- CICATS/Department of Community Medicine/Institute for System Genomics, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Flavio Uribe
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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Greabu M, Giampieri F, Imre MM, Mohora M, Totan A, Pituru SM, Ionescu E. Autophagy, One of the Main Steps in Periodontitis Pathogenesis and Evolution. Molecules 2020; 25:E4338. [PMID: 32971808 PMCID: PMC7570503 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis represents a complex inflammatory disease that compromises the integrity of the tooth-supporting tissue through the interaction of specific periodontal pathogens and the host's immune system. Experimental data help to outline the idea that the molecular way towards periodontitis initiation and progression presents four key steps: bacterial infection, inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy. The aim of this review is to outline the autophagy involvement in the pathogenesis and evolution of periodontitis from at least three points of view: periodontal pathogen invasion control, innate immune signaling pathways regulation and apoptosis inhibition in periodontal cells. The exact roles played by reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the molecular mechanisms for autophagy initiation in periodontitis still require further investigation. However, clarifying the role and the mechanism of redox regulation of autophagy in the periodontitis context may be particularly beneficial for the elaboration of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Greabu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri 65, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Marina Melescanu Imre
- Department of Complete Denture, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Maria Mohora
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of General Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Totan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Silviu Mirel Pituru
- Department of Professional Organization and Medical Legislation-Malpractice, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ecaterina Ionescu
- Department of Orthodontics and Dento-Facial Orthopedics’, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
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Stańdo M, Piatek P, Namiecinska M, Lewkowicz P, Lewkowicz N. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids EPA and DHA as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Treatment of Periodontitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2614. [PMID: 32867199 PMCID: PMC7551834 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease that leads to the loss of supportive tissues around the teeth with gradual deterioration of masticatory function and esthetics, resulting eventually in the decrease of the life quality. Host immune response triggered by bacterial biofilm is responsible for the chronic periodontal inflammation and ongoing tissue loss. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have anti-inflammatory properties, thus may be used for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 PUFA in the patients with stage III and IV periodontitis. Thirty otherwise healthy patients were treated with scaling and root planning (SRP). In the test group (n = 16), patients were additionally supplemented with 2.6 g of EPA and 1.8 g of DHA. In the control group (n = 14), patients received only SRP. Periodontal examination was performed at baseline and three months following initial therapy. Salivary samples were taken twice at baseline and at the end of the experiment. We found that there was a statistically significant reduction in the bleeding on probing (BOP) and improvement of clinical attachment loss (CAL) at three months in the test group compared to the control group. Moreover, a statistically significant higher percentage of closed pockets (probing depth ≤ 4 mm without BOP) was achieved in the test group vs. control group after three months of treatment. Accordingly, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-17 were markedly lower, while the level of anti-inflammatory IL-10 was significantly higher in the salivary samples of the patients supplemented with omega-3 PUFA at three months in comparison to the patients treated with SRP alone. Our findings demonstrate that dietary intervention with high-dose of omega-3 PUFA during non-surgical therapy may have potential benefits in the management of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Stańdo
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Paweł Piatek
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (P.P.); (M.N.); (P.L.)
| | - Magdalena Namiecinska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (P.P.); (M.N.); (P.L.)
| | - Przemysław Lewkowicz
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (P.P.); (M.N.); (P.L.)
| | - Natalia Lewkowicz
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
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12
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Medara N, Lenzo JC, Walsh KA, Darby IB, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Reynolds EC. T helper 17 cell-related cytokines in serum and saliva during management of periodontitis. Cytokine 2020; 134:155186. [PMID: 32717609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM T helper (Th)17 cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. This study investigated the effect of periodontal management on fifteen Th17-related cytokines in serum and saliva in periodontitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Periodontal parameters, serum and saliva were collected from 40 healthy controls and 54 periodontitis subjects before treatment, and 3-, 6- and 12-months post-treatment. Cytokine concentrations of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-25, IL-31, IL-33, IFN-γ, sCD40L and TNF-α were determined by Luminex assay. RESULTS IL-1β, IL-6, sCD40L and TNF-α in serum, and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-25 and IL-31 in saliva were significantly higher at baseline compared to health and decreased with treatment. In contrast, serum IL-31 was significantly lower at baseline compared to health and increased with treatment. In addition, salivary IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-23, IL-33, IFN-γ and TNF-α also displayed treatment-related reduction. Correlation networks showed that cytokines in saliva displayed a higher number of correlations compared to serum in periodontitis. CONCLUSION Treatment generally decreased cytokine concentrations except for serum IL-31 which showed a treatment-related increase. Serum cytokine concentrations may not be reflective of salivary cytokines. Saliva may be a better medium for cytokine detection compared to serum. Serum IL-31 and salivary IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were significant predictors for mean probing depth and may be potential biomarkers of interest in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Medara
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Jason C Lenzo
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Katrina A Walsh
- Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Rd, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia.
| | - Ivan B Darby
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
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13
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Taşdemir İ, Erbak Yılmaz H, Narin F, Sağlam M. Assessment of saliva and gingival crevicular fluid soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), galectin-1, and TNF-α levels in periodontal health and disease. J Periodontal Res 2020; 55:622-630. [PMID: 32166745 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to evaluate saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of suPAR and galectin-1 in different periodontal health status and relationship between these molecules and TNF-α to understand the roles of these molecules in periodontal inflammation process. BACKGROUND Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) has been described as a biological marker of inflammation and immunological activation. Galectin-1, a member of the galectin family, is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. However, to date, levels of these two molecules in periodontal health and disease have not been well documented. METHODS A total of 60 individuals, 20 with chronic periodontitis (group P), 20 with gingivitis (group G), and 20 with healthy periodontium (group H) were recruited for this study. Full-mouth clinical periodontal measurements were recorded in periodontal charts. GCF and whole saliva samples were collected to determine the levels of suPAR, galectin-1, and TNF-α in study groups using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. RESULTS The GCF total amount of suPAR, galectin-1, and TNF-α in GCF was similar in group P and G (P > .05). The GCF total amounts of these molecules in GCF were higher in the group G and P compared to the group H (P < .05), whereas the GCF concentrations of suPAR and galectin-1 were lower in the group G and P compared to the group H (P < .05).The saliva concentration of suPAR was significantly higher in group P compared to the group G and H (P < .05). It was also higher in the group G compared to the group H but there is no significant difference between the groups (P > .05). Salivary galectin-1 levels were similar in the study groups (P > .05). CONCLUSION Increased levels of GCF suPAR, galectin-1, and saliva suPAR in periodontal disease suggest that these molecules may play a role in the periodontal inflammation. suPAR and galectin-1 may be considered as potential biomarkers in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- İsmail Taşdemir
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Huriye Erbak Yılmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Figen Narin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sağlam
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
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14
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Jayaprakash PK, Basavanna JM, Grewal H, Modi P, Sapawat P, Bohara PD. Elevated levels of Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, epidermal growth factor, and β2-microglobulin levels in gingival crevicular fluid during human Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:1602-1606. [PMID: 31198722 PMCID: PMC6559102 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_204_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to identify and quantify the various cytokines in human gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and to investigate the changes in their levels during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). MATERIALS AND METHODS A statistically significant no. of subjects (n = 10 and mean age = 15.6 years) were included in the study. A maxillary cuspid of each subject having one treatment for distal orthodontic tooth movement served as the experimental tooth, whereas the contralateral cuspids were used as controls. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) around the experimental and the two control teeth was collected from each subject immediately before activation, and at 1, 24, and 168 hours after the initiation of tooth movement. RESULT ELISAs were used to determine cytokine levels. The concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1lβ, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, epidermal growth factor, and β2-microglobulin were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the controls at 24 hr after the experiment was initiated. All the cytokines remained at baseline levels throughout the experiment for the control groups. CONCLUSION Since all cytokines in GCF play an important role in the bone remodelling processes in vivo, the present results indicate that the changes in cytokines in GCF are associated with OTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam K. Jayaprakash
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Center, Mora Mustaqueem, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Harpreet Grewal
- Department of Dentistry, University College of Medical Sciences and Guruteg Bahadur Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Palash Modi
- Consultant Orthodontist, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Phoenix Hospital, Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Pranav Sapawat
- Consultant Orthodontist, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Ambedkar Marg, Rajnagar Extension II, Palam Colony, New Delhi, India
| | - Parag D. Bohara
- Consultant Orthodontist, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Jalagaon, Maharashtra, India
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15
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Madureira DF, Lucas De Abreu Lima I, Costa GC, Lages EMB, Martins CC, Aparecida Da Silva T. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in Gingival Crevicular Fluid as a Diagnostic Marker for Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2018; 18:315-331. [PMID: 30514445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate human gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) as a potential biomarker for diagnosis of periodontal disease (International prospective register of systematic reviews [PROSPERO] number: CRD42015020199). METHODS An electronic search for TNF-α in human GCF was conducted until May 17, 2018. Data from systemically healthy patients with healthy periodontium or periodontal disease were incorporated. Risk bias was assessed by Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for case-control studies and Jadad scale for clinical trials. RESULTS Twenty-six studies were included (12 case-control studies, 7 clinical trials, and 7 randomized controlled trials). Most case-control studies showed increased TNF-α concentration in GCF of patients with periodontal disease. The clinical trials and randomized controlled trials demonstrated no consistent modification of TNF-α level after periodontal intervention. CONCLUSION The present data support the use of TNF-α in GCF as a potential biomarker for diagnosis of periodontal disease but not to monitor the healing after therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davidson Fróis Madureira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Izabella Lucas De Abreu Lima
- Department of Morphology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Giselle Cabral Costa
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Maria Bastos Lages
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carolina Castro Martins
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tarcília Aparecida Da Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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16
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Zein Elabdeen HR, Mustafa M, Ali R, Bolstad AI. Cytokine profile in gingival crevicular fluid and plasma of patients with aggressive periodontitis. Acta Odontol Scand 2017; 75:616-622. [PMID: 28868949 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2017.1372623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the content of cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) as well as in plasma of Sudanese patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and healthy controls (HC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Nineteen AgP patients and 19 HC were included. The mean probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level of the GCF sampled sites in patients were both ≥5 mm. The GCF and plasma levels of 27 cytokines were determined using 27-multiplex fluorescent bead-based immunoassays. Ratios were calculated among cytokines of the T-helper cell subsets Th1 and Th2. Descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman's rho rank correlation coefficient analysis were used. RESULTS Interferon-γ was the only cytokine found in significantly lower levels in GCF of patients compared with HC. Levels of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-13, IL-1Ra, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF) were significantly lower in plasma of AgP compared with HC. The ratios of Th1:Th2 in GCF and Treg:Th17 in plasma were significantly lower in AgP. CONCLUSIONS The lower levels of cytokines detected systemically in plasma of AgP patients may have an impact on the immune response. The lower ratio of Th1:Th2 cytokines in GCF samples of AgP patients suggests a role for Th2 at the local site of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manal Mustafa
- Department of Clinical Dentistry – Periodontics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Oral Health Centre of Expertise in Western Norway, Bergen, Norway
| | - Raouf Ali
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Anne Isine Bolstad
- Department of Clinical Dentistry – Periodontics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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17
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Periodontal Disease-Induced Atherosclerosis and Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2015; 4:577-90. [PMID: 26783845 PMCID: PMC4665422 DOI: 10.3390/antiox4030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a highly prevalent disorder affecting up to 80% of the global population. Recent epidemiological studies have shown an association between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease, as oxidative stress plays an important role in chronic inflammatory diseases such as periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms by which periodontopathic bacteria cause chronic inflammation through the enhancement of oxidative stress and accelerate cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, we comment on the antioxidative activity of catechin in atherosclerosis accelerated by periodontitis.
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18
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Sonnenschein SK, Meyle J. Local inflammatory reactions in patients with diabetes and periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:221-54. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Inflammatory Mediators of Leprosy Reactional Episodes and Dental Infections: A Systematic Review. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:548540. [PMID: 26339136 PMCID: PMC4539113 DOI: 10.1155/2015/548540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactional episodes in leprosy are a result of complex interactions between the immune system, Mycobacterium leprae, and predisposing factors, including dental infections. To determine the main inflammatory mediators in the immunopathological process of dental infections and leprosy reactions, we conducted a systematic review of primary literature published between 1996 and 2013. A three-stage literature search was performed (Stage I, "leprosy reactions" and "inflammatory mediators"; Stage II, "dental infections" and "inflammatory mediators"; and Stage III, "leprosy reactions," "dental infections," and "inflammatory mediators"). Of the 911 eligible publications, 10 were selected in Stage I, 68 in Stage II, and 1 in Stage III. Of the 27 studied inflammatory mediators, the main proinflammatory mediators were IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-17; the main anti-inflammatory mediators were IL-10 and IL-4. Serum IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations were significant during periodontal and reactional lesion evolution; IFN-γ and IL-1β were associated with types 1 and 2 reactions and chronic periodontal disease. The proinflammatory mediators in dental infections and leprosy reactions, especially IL-6 and TNF-α, were similar across studies, regardless of the laboratory technique and sample type. IFN-γ and IL-1β were significant for leprosy reactions and periodontal diseases. This pattern was maintained in serum.
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20
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Lombardo Bedran TB, Palomari Spolidorio D, Grenier D. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate and cranberry proanthocyanidins act in synergy with cathelicidin (LL-37) to reduce the LPS-induced inflammatory response in a three-dimensional co-culture model of gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:845-53. [PMID: 25791329 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The human antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (LL-37) possesses anti-inflammatory properties that may contribute to attenuating the inflammatory process associated with chronic periodontitis. Plant polyphenols, including those from cranberry and green tea, have been reported to reduce inflammatory cytokine secretion by host cells. In the present study, we hypothesized that A-type cranberry proanthocyanidins (AC-PACs) and green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) act in synergy with LL-37 to reduce the secretion of inflammatory mediators by oral mucosal cells. METHODS A three-dimensional (3D) co-culture model of gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts treated with non-cytotoxic concentrations of AC-PACs (25 and 50 μg/ml), EGCG (1 and 5 μg/ml), and LL-37 (0.1 and 0.2 μM) individually and in combination (AC-PACs+LL-37 and EGCG+LL-37) were stimulated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Multiplex ELISA assays were used to quantify the secretion of 54 host factors, including chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). RESULTS LL-37, AC-PACs, and EGCG, individually or in combination, had no effect on the regulation of MMP and TIMP secretion but inhibited the secretion of several cytokines. AC-PACs and LL-37 acted in synergy to reduce the secretion of CXC-chemokine ligand 1 (GRO-α), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and had an additive effect on reducing the secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8), interferon-γ inducible protein 10 (IP-10), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in response to LPS stimulation. EGCG and LL-37 acted in synergy to reduce the secretion of GRO-α, G-CSF, IL-6, IL-8, and IP-10, and had an additive effect on MCP-1 secretion. CONCLUSION The combination of LL-37 and natural polyphenols from cranberry and green tea acted in synergy to reduce the secretion of several cytokines by an LPS-stimulated 3D co-culture model of oral mucosal cells. Such combinations show promising results as potential adjunctive therapies for treating inflammatory periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Blanca Lombardo Bedran
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School, State University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Palomari Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Araraquara Dental School, State University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Kapoor P, Kharbanda OP, Monga N, Miglani R, Kapila S. Effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival crevicular fluid: a systematic review. Prog Orthod 2014; 15:65. [PMID: 25487828 PMCID: PMC4259981 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-014-0065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to generate evidence on role of potent markers of inflammation [cytokines, chemokines, their associated receptors and antagonists] following the application of orthodontic forces. Subsequent to registration with PROSPERO, literature search followed a predetermined search strategy to key databases along with hand search (HS). Seventy-seven articles from PubMed (P), 637 from Scopus (S), 51 from Embase (E), and 3 from hand search (HS) were identified. A total of 39 articles were shortlisted that met strict inclusion and exclusion criteria and quality assessment. Each study was evaluated for participant characteristics, study design, oral hygiene regimen, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) handling. Among these studies, biomarkers in the order of frequency were interleukin (IL)-1β (N = 21), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (N = 10), IL-8,IL-6(N=8), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) (N = 7), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 (N = 3), IL-2 (N=4), IL-4, IL-10, RANTES (N = 2), IL-1, IL-5, IL-1α, IP-10, osteopontin (OPN) (N = 1) and receptors and their antagonists in the order of osteoprotegerin (OPG) (N = 8), IL-1RA (N = 5), and RANK (N = 1). Results revealed an immediate release of inflammatory bone-resorptive mediators, IL-1β and TNF-α, where IL-1β increased as early as 1 min to 1 h reaching peak at 24 h while TNF-α increased at 1 h or 1 day. This was accompanied by a fall in bone-protective mediator (OPG) levels at 1 h and 24 h after orthodontic force application. Continuous forces were accompanied by a decrease in mediator levels after attaining peak levels (most commonly at 24 h) while repeated activations in interrupted force upregulated their secretion. Significant correlations of IL-1β levels with pain intensity, rate of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and of activity index (AI) (IL-1β/IL-1RA) with velocity of tooth movement and growth status of individuals have also been deduced. A greater AI and RANKL/OPG ratio was seen in juveniles as compared to adults or non-growers that were associated with faster rate of OTM in juveniles. None of the studies addressed the effect of estrous cycle in female subjects. Lack of homogeneity in several parameters calls for a better controlled research on the biology of OTM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Om Prakash Kharbanda
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Deformities, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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22
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Kosaka T, Kokubo Y, Ono T, Sekine S, Kida M, Kikui M, Yamamoto M, Watanabe M, Amano A, Maeda Y, Miyamoto Y. Salivary inflammatory cytokines may be novel markers of carotid atherosclerosis in a Japanese general population: the Suita study. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:123-8. [PMID: 25238219 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Salivary biomarkers have been recently useful of periodontal disease, which is also risk factor of atherosclerosis. However, there are few studies of the association between salivary inflammatory cytokines and carotid atherosclerosis. We aimed to clarify the association between salivary inflammatory cytokines and periodontal disease and carotid atherosclerosis in a general urban population. METHODS We studied 608 Japanese men and women (mean age: 65.4 years) in the Suita study. Carotid atherosclerosis was evaluated by high-resolution ultrasonography with atherosclerotic indexes of intima-media thickness (IMT). Periodontal status was evaluated by the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Salivary levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The risks of carotid atherosclerosis (≥75th percentiles of mean- [0.88 mm] and Max-IMT [1.50 mm]) according to the quartiles of salivary inflammatory cytokines were compared using of adjusted-logistic regression models. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION All salivary inflammatory cytokines were positively associated with CPI. The adjusted odds ratios for carotid atherosclerosis of mean-IMT in the highest quartile of interleukin-6 and TNF-α were higher than those in the lowest quartiles (OR = 2.32 and 2.88; 95% confidence intervals = 1.19-4.51 and 1.51-5.49, respectively). The adjusted odds ratio for carotid atherosclerosis of mean-IMT in the highest quartile of PGE2 was greater than those in the lowest quartile in women (OR = 2.78; 95% confidence intervals = 1.11-6.95). In conclusion, higher levels of salivary inflammatory cytokines were associated with both periodontal disease and carotid atherosclerosis. Selected salivary inflammatory cytokines may be useful screening markers for periodontal disease and carotid atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kosaka
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Kokubo
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Ono
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Sekine
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Momoyo Kida
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Miki Kikui
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Yamamoto
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
| | - Atsuo Amano
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yoshinobu Maeda
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Miyamoto
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
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Yu Y, Yang D, Qiu L, Okamura H, Guo J, Haneji T. Tumor necrosis factor-α induces interleukin-34 expression through nuclear factor‑κB activation in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1371-6. [PMID: 24970360 PMCID: PMC4121411 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts produce various types of cytokines under pathological conditions and control osteoclast differentiation. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) has been demonstrated to exert complex effects in osteoblasts under local inflammatory conditions, including in periodontal and periapical diseases. Interleukin-34 (IL-34) has been recently identified as a novel regulatory factor for the differentiation and function of osteoclasts. The present study provides the first evidence, to the best of our knowledge, that the expression of IL-34 is induced by TNF-α through nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. TNF-α induced IL-34 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Immunocytochemistry with an NF-κB antibody demonstrated that NF-κB was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of the untreated MC3T3-E1 cells. Rapid translocation of NF-κB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus was observed in the cells treated with TNF-α for 15 min. Translocation and transcriptional activity of NF-κB were also determined by western blotting and a luciferase reporter assay, respectively. Pretreatment with 100 μM CAPE, an inhibitor of NF-κB, significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced IL-34 expression. These results indicate that TNF-α induces IL-34 expression via NF-κB in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Yu
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, P.R. China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, P.R. China
| | - Lihong Qiu
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, P.R. China
| | - Hirohiko Okamura
- Department of Histology and Oral Histology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Jiajie Guo
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, P.R. China
| | - Tatsuji Haneji
- Department of Histology and Oral Histology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
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24
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Activation of NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes by Porphyromonas gingivalis infection. Infect Immun 2013; 82:112-23. [PMID: 24126516 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00862-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major periodontopathogen, is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a proinflammatory cytokine, regulates innate immune responses and is critical for the host defense against bacterial infection. However, excessive IL-1β is linked to periodontal destruction. IL-1β synthesis, maturation, and secretion are tightly regulated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and inflammasome activation. We found much higher levels of inflammasome components in the gingival tissues from patients with chronic periodontitis than in those from healthy controls. To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which P. gingivalis infection causes IL-1β secretion, we examined the characteristics of P. gingivalis-induced signaling in differentiated THP-1 cells. We found that P. gingivalis induces IL-1β secretion and inflammatory cell death via caspase-1 activation. We also found that P. gingivalis-induced IL-1β secretion and pyroptic cell death required both NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation. The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome was mediated by ATP release, the P2X7 receptor, and lysosomal damage. In addition, we found that the priming signal via TLR2 and TLR4 activation precedes P. gingivalis-induced IL-1β release. Our study provides novel insight into the innate immune response against P. gingivalis infection which could potentially be used for the prevention and therapy of periodontitis.
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25
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Inflammation markers: new actors in the cancer biomarker tale. Int J Biol Markers 2013; 28:1-2. [PMID: 23629866 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.2013.11045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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