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Hoteit M, Mansour R, Mohsen H, Bookari K, Hammouh F, Allehdan S, AlKazemi D, Al Sabbah H, Benkirane H, Kamel I, Qasrawi R, Tayyem R. Status and correlates of food and nutrition literacy among parents-adolescents' dyads: findings from 10 Arab countries. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1151498. [PMID: 37200945 PMCID: PMC10186151 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1151498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Food literacy is capturing the attention worldwide and gaining traction in the Arab countries. Strengthening food and nutrition literacy among Arab teenagers are important promising empowering tools which can protect them from malnutrition. This study aims to assess the nutrition literacy status of adolescents with the food literacy of their parents in 10 Arab countries. Methods This cross-sectional study involving a convenient sample of 5,401 adolescent-parent dyads (adolescents: mean age ± SD: 15.9 ± 3.0, females: 46.8%; parents: mean age ± SD: 45.0 ± 9.1, mothers: 67.8%) was launched between 29 April and 6 June 2022 in 10 Arab nations. The Adolescent Nutrition Literacy Scale (ANLS) and the Short Food Literacy Questionnaire (SFLQ) were used to meet the study aims. Results More than one-quarter (28%) of adolescents had poor nutrition literacy, with 60% of their parents being food illiterate. The top three countries with nutritionally" less literate" adolescents were Qatar (44%), Lebanon (37.4%), and Saudi Arabia (34.9%). Adolescents' age, gender, education level, primary caregivers, employment status, and the inclusion of nutrition education in the schools' curriculum predicted the nutrition literacy levels of Arab adolescents. Besides, parental weight status, health status, parent's food literacy level, and the number of children per household were significant determinants too. Adolescents studying at a university and having parents with adequate food literacy had the highest odds of being nutritionally literate (OR = 4.5, CI = 1.8-11.5, p = 0.001, OR = 1.8, CI = 1.6-2.1, p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion Nutrition literacy inadequacy among Arab adolescents is a prioritized challenge to be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Hoteit
- Food Science Unit, National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS), Beirut, Lebanon
- PHENOL Research Group (Public Health Nutrition Program Lebanon), Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- *Correspondence: Maha Hoteit,
| | - Rania Mansour
- School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, Program of Social Work, Doha, Qatar
- Rania Mansour,
| | - Hala Mohsen
- PHENOL Research Group (Public Health Nutrition Program Lebanon), Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Khlood Bookari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
- National Nutrition Committee, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadwa Hammouh
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Madaba, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sabika Allehdan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain
| | - Dalal AlKazemi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Haleama Al Sabbah
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hasnae Benkirane
- Joint Research Unit in Nutrition and Food, RDC-Nutrition AFRA/IAEA, Ibn Tofail University-CNESTEN, Kenitra, Rabat-Salé-Kénitra, Morocco
| | | | - Radwan Qasrawi
- Department of Computer Science, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
- Department of Computer Engineering, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reema Tayyem
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Gaskell C, Sarada P, Aleem E, Bendriss G. Identifying lifestyle factors associated to co-morbidity of obesity and psychiatric disorders, a pilot study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1132994. [PMID: 37206863 PMCID: PMC10188954 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1132994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and psychiatric disorders are linked through a bidirectional association. Obesity rates have tripled globally in the past decades, and it is predicted that by 2025, one billion people will be affected by obesity, often with a co-morbidity such as depression. While this co-morbidity seems to be a global health issue, lifestyle factors associated to it differ between countries and are often attributed to more than one factor. Prior obesity studies were performed in Western populations; this is the first study that investigates lifestyle factors relating to obesity and mental health of the diverse population in Qatar, a country that has witnessed tremendous lifestyle change in a short time. In this pilot study, we surveyed 379 respondents to assess and compare the lifestyles of Qatar residents to the global population. However due to the high proportion of responses from the United Kingdom (UK) residents, we have made comparisons between Qatar residents and UK residents. We used chi-square analysis, spearman rank correlation and logistic regression to compare the lifestyle factors of individuals suffering from both increased BMI and mental health conditions. The types of food consumed, stress, exercise frequency and duration, alcohol and tobacco consumption, and sleep duration, were explored and results argue that different lifestyle factors can contribute to the same health condition, suggesting different mechanisms involved. We found that both groups reported similar sleep durations (p = 0.800), but that perception of sleep (p = 0.011), consumption of alcohol (p = 0.001), consumption of takeaway food (p = 0.007), and physical activity significantly varied between the groups (p = 0.0001). The study examined the predictors of comorbidity in Qatar as well as UK populations using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The result of the study showed no statistical association between comorbidity and the predictors drinking habit, smoking, physical activity, vegetable consumption, eat outs, and sleep perception for the Qatar population, and for the combined population. This study, however showed a significant association (p = 0.033) between sleep perception and comorbidity for the UK population. We conclude that further analysis is needed to understand the relationship between specific lifestyle factors and multimorbidity in each country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eiman Aleem
- Biomedical Science, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ghizlane Bendriss
- Premedical Division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Ghizlane Bendriss,
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Alisi M. Obesity among children and adolescents in Qatar: protocol for a scoping review. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e057427. [PMID: 35173008 PMCID: PMC8852752 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately half of the school-aged children are overweight or obese in Qatar. Childhood obesity is associated with health conditions in adulthood, such as hypertension, diabetes, metabolic defects, cardiovascular risks and psychological challenges. Existing obesity studies have limitations; thus, there is a need for further research with improved quality, wider representation of population including children and adolescents and methodological diversity. As Qatar moves towards a preventive evidence-based approach in tackling obesity, this scoping review aims to support the efforts of obesity prevention among children and adolescents in Qatar by providing an up-to-date research map that systematically highlights existing knowledge, research gaps and methodological range. In addition, this will be the first scoping review that analyses how obesity research has evolved in Qatar since 2000. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This scoping review follows the guidelines of Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews for both developing the protocol and reporting the findings. It will use the System for the Unified Management, Assessment and Review of Information-JBI software for synthesis. The review will include any study in Arabic or English published between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2021 on obesity/overweight among children and/or adolescents in Qatar. Studies without specific data on the concept of obesity, the population of children and adolescents or the context of Qatar will be excluded. The following databases will be searched: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, IBSS, Scopus, J-STOR, APA PsycNET and Google Scholar. In addition, Arabic literature via Dar Almanthomah, Dar Almanhal and E-Marefah will be searched. A search strategy to identify grey literature will be adopted for a wider reach. The screening process will be conducted by two independent reviewers. Extracted data will be analysed descriptively and analytically using simple frequency counts and qualitative content analysis. The results will be presented using maps, tables and diagrams. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval is not required as data will be collected from publicly available published research. The results of this review will be disseminated via a peer-reviewed publication, national and international conferences, workshops and knowledge mobilisation activities among key stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Alisi
- Department of Social & Policy Sciences, University of Bath - Department of Social & Policy Sciences, Bath, UK
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Khondaker MTI, Khan JY, Refaee MA, Hajj NE, Rahman MS, Alam T. Obesity in Qatar: A Case-Control Study on the Identification of Associated Risk Factors. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10110883. [PMID: 33138081 PMCID: PMC7693222 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10110883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an emerging public health problem in the Western world as well as in the Gulf region. Qatar, a tiny wealthy county, is among the top-ranked obese countries with a high obesity rate among its population. Compared to Qatar's severity of this health crisis, only a limited number of studies focused on the systematic identification of potential risk factors using multimodal datasets. This study aims to develop machine learning (ML) models to distinguish healthy from obese individuals and reveal potential risk factors associated with obesity in Qatar. We designed a case-control study focused on 500 Qatari subjects, comprising 250 obese and 250 healthy individuals- the later forming the control group. We obtained the most extensive collection of clinical measurements for the Qatari population from the Qatar Biobank (QBB) repertoire, including (i) Physio-clinical Biomarkers, (ii) Spirometry, (iii) VICORDER, (iv) DXA scan composition, and (v) DXA scan densitometry readings. We developed several machine learning (ML) models to distinguish healthy from obese individuals and applied multiple feature selection techniques to identify potential risk factors associated with obesity. The proposed ML model achieved over 90% accuracy, thereby outperforming the existing state of the art models. The outcome from the ablation study on multimodal clinical datasets revealed physio-clinical measurements as the most influential risk factors in distinguishing healthy versus obese subjects. Furthermore, multiple feature ranking techniques confirmed known obesity risk factors (c-peptide, insulin, albumin, uric acid) and identified potential risk factors linked to obesity-related comorbidities such as diabetes (e.g., HbA1c, glucose), liver function (e.g., alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase), lipid profile (e.g., triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol), etc. Most of the DXA measurements (e.g., bone area, bone mineral composition, bone mineral density, etc.) were significantly (p-value < 0.05) higher in the obese group. Overall, the net effect of hypothesized protective factors of obesity on bone mass seems to have surpassed the hypothesized harmful factors. All the identified factors warrant further investigation in a clinical setup to understand their role in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Tawkat Islam Khondaker
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (M.T.I.K.); (J.Y.K.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Junaed Younus Khan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (M.T.I.K.); (J.Y.K.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Mahmoud Ahmed Refaee
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar;
- Geriatric Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Alabasia 38, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nady El Hajj
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar;
| | - M. Sohel Rahman
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (M.T.I.K.); (J.Y.K.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Tanvir Alam
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar;
- Correspondence:
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Fakeeh MI, Shanawaz M, Azeez FK, Arar IA. Overweight and obesity among the boys of primary public schools of Baish City in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Indian J Public Health 2020; 63:330-333. [PMID: 32189653 DOI: 10.4103/ijph.ijph_355_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overweight and obesity are important modifiable risk factors for various noncommunicable diseases. The link between obesity, poor health outcomes, and all-cause mortality is well established. Overweight and obesity during childhood increases the likelihood of diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, certain cancers, obstructive sleep apnea, and osteoarthritis more early in younger age groups. Objectives The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence and some correlates of overweight and obesity in the study population. Methods The present study was a cross-sectional study conducted during October 2017 among 300 boys of primary public schools from Baish City of Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Weight and height were measured using standard tools. The WHO Z-score reference values of body mass index-for-age were used for the screening of overweight and obesity. Analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 19.0). Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 10.1% and 12.4%, respectively, among the study participants. There was a significant difference in the overweight and obesity between urban and rural study population. Overweight and obesity was found higher among children who took frequently junk food. Conclusions Overweight and obesity was substantially prevalent among primary schoolboys with a significant rural-urban difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ibrahim Fakeeh
- Lecturer, Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Shanawaz
- Assistant Professor, Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Khan Azeez
- Lecturer, Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Ali Arar
- Health Education Intern, Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Hammoudeh S, Gadelhak W, Janahi IA. Asthma and obesity in the Middle East region: An overview. Ann Thorac Med 2019; 14:116-121. [PMID: 31007762 PMCID: PMC6467016 DOI: 10.4103/atm.atm_115_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper aims to cover the current status of asthma and obesity in the Middle East, as well as to introduce the various studies tying the two diseases; further expanding on the proposed mechanisms. Finally, the paper covers recent literature related to sphingolipids and its role in asthma, followed by recommendations and future directions. In preparation of this paper, we searched PubMed and Google Scholar, with no restrictions, using the following terms; asthma, obesity, Middle East, sphingolipids. We also used the reference list of retrieved articles to further expand on the pool of articles that were used for this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Hammoudeh
- Medical Research Center, Research Affairs, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wessam Gadelhak
- Medical Research Center, Research Affairs, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ibrahim A. Janahi
- Medical Research Center, Research Affairs, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Khidir N, Al Dhaheri M, El Ansari W, Al Kuwari M, Sargsyan D, Bashah M. Outcomes of Laparoscopic Gastric Greater Curvature Plication in Morbidly Obese Patients. J Obes 2017; 2017:7989714. [PMID: 28900545 PMCID: PMC5576404 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7989714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laparoscopic gastric greater curvature plication (LGGCP) is a restrictive bariatric procedure without gastrectomy. However, limited literature on effectiveness of gastric plication exists. OBJECTIVES We assessed LGGCP's efficacy, effects on associated comorbidities, safety and the rate of complications, and patient satisfaction with LGGCP's outcomes among morbidly obese patients. METHOD Analysis of retrospectively data collected from medical records of 26 patients who had undergone LGGCP at Hamad General Hospital, Qatar, during 2011-2012. RESULTS Most patients (92%) were Qatari nationals. The sample's mean age was 35.1 years. Mean duration of hospital stay was 3.9 ± 1.2 days. Mean preoperative BMI was 40.7 kg/m2 that decreased at 2 years to 34.6 kg/m2. LGGCP's effects on comorbidities were such that 7.6% of patients experienced resolutions of their comorbidities. There were no mortality or postoperative complications that required reoperation. Six patients (23%) were satisfied with the LGGCP's outcomes while 10 patients (38.5%) underwent sleeve gastrectomy subsequently. CONCLUSION LGGCP had acceptable short term weight loss results, exhibited almost no postoperative complications, and improved patients' comorbidities. Despite the durability of the gastric fold, some patients regained weight. Future research may assess the possibility of an increase in the gastric pouch size postplication associated with weight regain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Khidir
- Department of Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- *N. Khidir:
| | - M. Al Dhaheri
- Department of Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - W. El Ansari
- Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- School of Health and Education, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - M. Al Kuwari
- Department of Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - D. Sargsyan
- Department of Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - M. Bashah
- Department of Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Doha, Qatar
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Hollensted M, Ahluwalia TS, Have CT, Grarup N, Fonvig CE, Nielsen TRH, Trier C, Paternoster L, Pedersen O, Holm JC, Sørensen TIA, Hansen T. Common variants in LEPR, IL6, AMD1, and NAMPT do not associate with risk of juvenile and childhood obesity in Danes: a case-control study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2015; 16:105. [PMID: 26558825 PMCID: PMC4642628 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-015-0253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Childhood obesity is a highly heritable disorder, for which the underlying genetic architecture is largely unknown. Four common variants involved in inflammatory-adipokine triggering (IL6 rs2069845, LEPR rs1137100, NAMPT rs3801266, and AMD1 rs2796749) have recently been associated with obesity and related traits in Indian children. The current study aimed to examine the effect of these variants on risk of childhood/juvenile onset obesity and on obesity-related quantitative traits in two Danish cohorts. Methods Genotype information was obtained for 1461 young Caucasian men from the Genetics of Overweight Young Adults (GOYA) study (overweight/obese: 739 and normal weight: 722) and the Danish Childhood Obesity Biobank (TDCOB; overweight/obese: 1022 and normal weight: 650). Overweight/obesity was defined as having a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2; among children and youths, this cut-off was defined using age and sex-specific cut-offs corresponding to an adult body mass index ≥25 kg/m2. Risk of obesity was assessed using a logistic regression model whereas obesity-related quantitative measures were analyzed using a general linear model (based on z-scores) stratifying on the case status and adjusting for age and gender. Meta-analyses were performed using the fixed effects model. Results No statistically significant association with childhood/juvenile obesity was found for any of the four gene variants among the individual or combined analyses (rs2069845 OR: 0.94 CI: 0.85–1.04; rs1137100 OR: 1.01 CI: 0.90–1.14; rs3801266: 0.96 CI: 0.84–1.10; rs2796749 OR: 1.02 CI: 0.90–1.15; p > 0.05). However, among normal weight children and juvenile men, the LEPR rs1137100 A-allele significantly associated with lower BMI (β = −0.12, p = 0.0026). Conclusions The IL6, LEPR, NAMPT, and AMD1 gene variants previously found to associate among Indian children did not associate with risk of obesity or obesity-related quantitative measures among Caucasian children and juvenile men from Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Hollensted
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Ledreborg Allé 34, DK-2820, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.
| | - Christian Theil Have
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Cilius Esmann Fonvig
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark.
| | - Tenna Ruest Haarmark Nielsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark.
| | - Cæcilie Trier
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark.
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. .,Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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