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Sindato C, Mboera LEG, Beda E, Mwabukusi M, Karimuribo ED. Community Health Workers and Disease Surveillance in Tanzania: Promoting the Use of Mobile Technologies in Detecting and Reporting Health Events. Health Secur 2020; 19:116-129. [PMID: 33217238 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2019.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Kilosa, Morogoro Urban, Ngorongoro, and Ulanga districts of Tanzania to investigate the practices of community health workers (CHWs) related to disease surveillance functions and to establish their needs and technology capacities. We also established the strength of mobile phone networks and internet connections in the study areas to inform the feasibility of using mobile-based applications in community-based disease surveillance. A total of 135 CHWs from 85 villages participated in the study. Health events captured at the community level were entirely paper-based. CHWs submitted reports to higher-level health authorities mainly on foot (100%), but they also used public transport (65%) and telephone calls (56%). The median number of days between the onset of a suspected disease outbreak at the community level and reporting to a primary healthcare facility was 10 days (interquartile range [IQR] 2-30). The median number of days between submitting a report and receiving a response was 7 days (IQR 2-30). Of the 53 CHWs who reported the most recent health events to a higher-level health authority, 39 (74%) never received feedback. All 85 villages had a reliable mobile phone network and 74 (87%) had a mobile phone internet connection that was strong enough to support data transmission using digital technology. Almost all (n = 132, 98%) of the CHWs owned mobile phones. The practices related to detection and reporting of health events could be improved to enhance early warning disease surveillance. Reliable mobile networks and internet connections and the ownership of mobile phones among CHWs in the study areas present opportunities to strengthen community event-based surveillance using mobile-based solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Sindato
- Calvin Sindato, PhD, is a Principal Research Scientist, National Institute for Medical Research, Tabora, Tanzania. At the time this work was conducted, he was a Postdoctoral Research Associate and One Health Epidemiologist with the SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. Leonard E. G. Mboera, PhD, is Leader, Emerging and Vector-Borne Diseases Community of Practice; Eric Beda, MSc, is Regional ICT Specialist; and Mpoki Mwabukusi is an ICT Specialist/Computer System Analyst; all with SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. Esron D. Karimuribo, PhD, is a One Health Epidemiologist, Professor, and Director of the Directorate of Postgraduate Studies, Research, Technology Transfer and Consultancy, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Leonard E G Mboera
- Calvin Sindato, PhD, is a Principal Research Scientist, National Institute for Medical Research, Tabora, Tanzania. At the time this work was conducted, he was a Postdoctoral Research Associate and One Health Epidemiologist with the SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. Leonard E. G. Mboera, PhD, is Leader, Emerging and Vector-Borne Diseases Community of Practice; Eric Beda, MSc, is Regional ICT Specialist; and Mpoki Mwabukusi is an ICT Specialist/Computer System Analyst; all with SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. Esron D. Karimuribo, PhD, is a One Health Epidemiologist, Professor, and Director of the Directorate of Postgraduate Studies, Research, Technology Transfer and Consultancy, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Eric Beda
- Calvin Sindato, PhD, is a Principal Research Scientist, National Institute for Medical Research, Tabora, Tanzania. At the time this work was conducted, he was a Postdoctoral Research Associate and One Health Epidemiologist with the SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. Leonard E. G. Mboera, PhD, is Leader, Emerging and Vector-Borne Diseases Community of Practice; Eric Beda, MSc, is Regional ICT Specialist; and Mpoki Mwabukusi is an ICT Specialist/Computer System Analyst; all with SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. Esron D. Karimuribo, PhD, is a One Health Epidemiologist, Professor, and Director of the Directorate of Postgraduate Studies, Research, Technology Transfer and Consultancy, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Mpoki Mwabukusi
- Calvin Sindato, PhD, is a Principal Research Scientist, National Institute for Medical Research, Tabora, Tanzania. At the time this work was conducted, he was a Postdoctoral Research Associate and One Health Epidemiologist with the SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. Leonard E. G. Mboera, PhD, is Leader, Emerging and Vector-Borne Diseases Community of Practice; Eric Beda, MSc, is Regional ICT Specialist; and Mpoki Mwabukusi is an ICT Specialist/Computer System Analyst; all with SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. Esron D. Karimuribo, PhD, is a One Health Epidemiologist, Professor, and Director of the Directorate of Postgraduate Studies, Research, Technology Transfer and Consultancy, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Esron D Karimuribo
- Calvin Sindato, PhD, is a Principal Research Scientist, National Institute for Medical Research, Tabora, Tanzania. At the time this work was conducted, he was a Postdoctoral Research Associate and One Health Epidemiologist with the SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. Leonard E. G. Mboera, PhD, is Leader, Emerging and Vector-Borne Diseases Community of Practice; Eric Beda, MSc, is Regional ICT Specialist; and Mpoki Mwabukusi is an ICT Specialist/Computer System Analyst; all with SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. Esron D. Karimuribo, PhD, is a One Health Epidemiologist, Professor, and Director of the Directorate of Postgraduate Studies, Research, Technology Transfer and Consultancy, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Clara A, Ndiaye SM, Joseph B, Nzogu MA, Coulibaly D, Alroy KA, Gourmanon DC, Diarrassouba M, Toure-Adechoubou R, Houngbedji KA, Attiey HB, Balajee SA. Community-Based Surveillance in Côte d'Ivoire. Health Secur 2020; 18:S23-S33. [PMID: 32004127 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2019.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Community-based surveillance can be an important component of early warning systems. In 2016, the Côte d'Ivoire Ministry of Health launched a community-based surveillance project in 3 districts along the Guinea border. Community health workers were trained in detection and immediate reporting of diseases and events using a text-messaging platform. In December 2017, surveillance data from before and after implementation of community-based surveillance were analyzed in intervention and control districts. A total of 3,734 signals of priority diseases and 4,918 unusual health events were reported, of which 420 were investigated as suspect diseases and none were investigated as unusual health events. Of the 420 suspected cases reported, 23 (6%) were laboratory confirmed for a specific pathogen. Following implementation of community-based surveillance, 5-fold and 8-fold increases in reporting of suspected measles and yellow fever clusters, respectively, were documented. Reporting incidence rates in intervention districts for suspected measles, yellow fever, and acute flaccid paralysis were significantly higher after implementation, with a difference of 29.2, 19.0, and 2.5 cases per 100,000 person-years, respectively. All rate differences were significantly higher in intervention districts (p < 0.05); no significant increase in reporting was noted in control districts. These findings suggest that community-based surveillance strengthened detection and reporting capacity for several suspect priority diseases and events. However, the surveillance program was very sensitive, resulting in numerous false-positives. Learning from the community-based surveillance implementation experience, the ministry of health is revising signal definitions to reduce sensitivity and increase specificity, reviewing training materials, considering scaling up sustainable reporting platforms, and standardizing community health worker roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Clara
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Serigne M Ndiaye
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Benie Joseph
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Maurice A Nzogu
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Daouda Coulibaly
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Karen A Alroy
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Djebo C Gourmanon
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Mamadou Diarrassouba
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Koffi Ange Houngbedji
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Henry Banny Attiey
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - S Arunmozhi Balajee
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Clara A, Dao ATP, Do TT, Tran PD, Tran QD, Ngu ND, Ngo TH, Phan HC, Nguyen TTP, Bernadotte-Schmidt C, Nguyen HT, Alroy KA, Balajee SA, Mounts AW. Factors Influencing Community Event-based Surveillance: Lessons Learned from Pilot Implementation in Vietnam. Health Secur 2019; 16:S66-S75. [PMID: 30480498 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2018.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Community event-based surveillance aims to enhance the early detection of emerging public health threats and thus build health security. The Ministry of Health of Vietnam launched a community event-based surveillance pilot program in 6 provinces to improve the early warning functions of the existing surveillance system. An evaluation of the pilot program took place in 2017 and 2018. Data from this evaluation were analyzed to determine which factors were associated with increased detection and reporting. Results show that a number of small, local events were detected and reported through community event-based surveillance, supporting the notion that it would also facilitate the rapid detection and reporting of potentially larger events or outbreaks. The study showed the value of supportive supervision and monitoring to sustain community health worker reporting and the importance of conducting evaluations for community event-based surveillance programs to identify barriers to effective implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Clara
- Alexey Clara, MD, MPH, is an Epidemiologist, Global Health Sciences, the Division of Viral Diseases; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anh T P Dao
- Anh T. P. Dao, MPH, is GHSA Surveillance Officer, Surveillance & Response Team, the Division of Global Health Protection , US CDC, U.S. Embassy Annex, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trang T Do
- Trang T. Do, PhD, is Surveillance & Response Team Lead, the Division of Global Health Protection , US CDC, U.S. Embassy Annex, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phu D Tran
- Phu D. Tran, PhD, is General Director, and Quang D. Tran, PhD, is EBS focal point, Communicable Disease Control Division; both are in the General Department of Preventive Medicine, Vietnam Ministry of Health , Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Quang D Tran
- Phu D. Tran, PhD, is General Director, and Quang D. Tran, PhD, is EBS focal point, Communicable Disease Control Division; both are in the General Department of Preventive Medicine, Vietnam Ministry of Health , Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nghia D Ngu
- Nghia D. Ngu, PhD, is Acting Head, and Tu H. Ngo, MPM, is a Researcher; both in the Department of Communicable Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology , Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tu H Ngo
- Nghia D. Ngu, PhD, is Acting Head, and Tu H. Ngo, MPM, is a Researcher; both in the Department of Communicable Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology , Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hung C Phan
- Hung C. Phan, MD, and Thuy T. P. Nguyen, MD, are Researchers, Department of Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thuy T P Nguyen
- Hung C. Phan, MD, and Thuy T. P. Nguyen, MD, are Researchers, Department of Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Christina Bernadotte-Schmidt
- Christina Bernadotte-Schmidt, MPH, is a Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning Officer, Results Management, Measurement, and Learning, PATH, Seattle, Washington
| | - Huyen T Nguyen
- Huyen T. Nguyen, MSPH, BPharm, is Senior M&E Officer, Global Health Security Partnership, PATH, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Karen Ann Alroy
- Karen Ann Alroy, DVM, MPH, is an Epidemiologist Global Health Sciences, the Division of Viral Diseases; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - S Arunmozhi Balajee
- S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director for Global Health Sciences, Office of the Director, the Division of Viral Diseases; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anthony W Mounts
- Anthony W. Mounts, MD, is Country Director, Division of Global Health Protection, US CDC, Hanoi, Vietnam
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