Effect of rosmarinic and caffeic acids on inflammatory and nociception process in rats

A Paintable Small-Molecule Hydrogel with Antimicrobial and ROS Scavenging Activities for Burn Wound Healing

Delayed wound healing induced by bacterial infection and a persistent inflammatory response remains a great clinical challenge. Herein, we reported a paintable, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory Nap-F3K-CA (Nap-Phe-Phe-Phe-Lys-Caffeic Acid) hydrogel for burn wound management based on caffeic acid (CA)-functionalized short peptides (Nap-Phe-Phe-Phe-Lys). Hydrogels are assembled by non-covalent interactions between gelators, and the incorporation of CA promotes the self-assembly of the hydrogel. After being applied to burn wounds, the hydrogel effectively adapted to irregular wound beds and maintained a moist protective environment at the wound. The Nap-F3K-CA hydrogel can scavenge ROS to relieve oxidative damage and downregulate proinflammatory levels. The Nap-F3K-CA hydrogel also displayed potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which reduced the incidence of wound infections. Moreover, the hydrogel exhibited good biocompatibility and hemostatic function. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the Nap-F3K-CA hydrogel significantly accelerated the repair of the skin structure including promoting collagen deposition, vascular regeneration, and hair follicle formation. These findings proved the clinical application potential of the Nap-F3K-CA hydrogel as a promising burn wound dressing.

Exploring of Chemical Profile and Biological Activities of Three Ocimum Species From Comoros Islands: A Combination of In Vitro and In Silico Insights

Ocimum species have a great interest in different traditional medicinal systems. This study examined the chemical composition, antioxidant properties, enzyme inhibitory effects, and antibacterial and antifungal activities of the aerial parts of Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum americanum, and Ocimum basilicum from the Comoros Islands. The extracts were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) to determine their chemical composition. Antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), chelating ability, and phosphomolybdenum radical scavenging assays. Enzyme inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butrylcholinesterase (BChE), tyrosinase, amylase, and glucosidase were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were tested using the broth microdilution method against selected pathogenic microorganisms. The selected enzymes and proteins were evaluated using in silico methods with biomolecules from these plants. In addition, 111 different metabolites were identified in the tested extracts using advanced HPLC/MS techniques. The most significant number of detected compounds were derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acids, followed by flavonoid glycosides and aglycones and derivatives of hydroxybenzoic acids. All three Ocimum species exhibited significant antioxidant activities, O. gratissimum exhibited the best-reducing abilities in CUPRAC and FRAP assays. In addition, enzyme inhibitory assays revealed that O. americanum had the most potent inhibitory effect on tyrosinase (48.01 ± 3.89 mg kojic acid equivalent [KAE]/g), and amylase (1.08 ± 0.02 mmol acarbose equivalent [ACAE]/g). Antibacterial and antifungal tests demonstrated that the extracts possess broad-spectrum activity. Molecular docking results showed that compounds exhibited remarkable binding energies with target enzymes and proteins. The molecular dynamics simulations identified chicoric acid with MurE of Staphylococcus aureus complex as the most promising drug candidate. These findings support their traditional medical and nutraceutical uses and suggest possibilities for natural functional applications.

A novel cinnamic and caffeic acid-conjugated peptide analogs with anticonvulsant and analgesic potency: Comparative analyses of trans/cis isomers

The novel cinnamic acid (CA) (H4-CA, H5-CA, and H7-CA) and caffeic acid (KA) (H4-KA, H5-KA, and H7-KA) hemorphin analogs have recently been synthesized and their trans isomers have been tested for antiseizure and antinociceptive activity. In the present study, the cis forms of these compounds were tested and compared with their trans isomers in seizure and nociception tests in mice. The cis-H5-CA and H7-CA compounds showed efficacy against psychomotor seizures, whereas the trans isomers were ineffective. Both the cis and trans KA isomers were ineffective in the 6-Hz test. In the maximal electroshock (MES) test, the cis isomers showed superior antiseizure activity to the trans forms of CA and KA conjugates, respectively. The suppression of seizure propagation by cis-H5-CA and the cis-H5-KA was reversed by a kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist. Naloxone and naltrindole were not effective. The cis-isomers of CA conjugates and cis-H7-KA produced significantly stronger antinociceptive effects than their trans-isomers. The cis-H5-CA antinociception was blocked by naloxone in the acute phase and by naloxone and KOR antagonists in the inflammatory phase of the formalin test. The antinociception of the KA conjugates was not abolished by opioid receptor blockade. None of the tested conjugates affected the thermal nociceptive threshold. The results of the docking analysis also suggest a model-specific mechanism related to the activity of the cis-isomers of CA and KA conjugates in relation to opioid receptors. Our findings pave the way for the further development of novel opioid-related antiseizure and antinociceptive therapeutics.

Unlocking the Immunomodulatory Potential of Rosmarinic Acid Isolated from Punica granatum L. using Bioactivity-Guided Approach: In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Approaches

BACKGROUND

Punica granatum L. is well-known for its multifaceted therapeutic potential, including anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities.

AIM

This study aimed to characterize an immunomodulatory compound isolated from Punica granatum L. using a bioactivity-guided approach.

METHODS

Chromatographic techniques were adopted for isolation and purification of secondary metabolites. In silico, in vitro, and in vivo methods were performed to characterize the therapeutic potential of the isolated compound.

RESULTS

Using preparative thin-layer chromatography, rosmarinic acid was isolated from F4 (column chromatography product obtained from a butanolic fraction of the extract). The impact of rosmarinic acid was assessed in rats using the neutrophil adhesion test, DTH response, and phagocytic index. In immunized rats, rosmarinic acid demonstrated significant immunomodulatory potential. Computational experiments, like molecular docking and molecular dynamics, were also conducted against two targeted receptors, Cereblon (PDB ID: 8AOQ) and human CD22 (PDB ID: 5VKM). Computational studies suggested that an increase in phagocytic index by rosmarinic acid could be attributed to inhibiting Cereblon and CD22. Pharmacokinetics and toxicity prediction also suggested the drug-likeness of rosmarinic acid.

CONCLUSION

Rosmarinic acid is a potential candidate, but extensive research needs to be done to translate this molecule from bench to bedside.

Deciphering morphological and biochemical responses of Salvia leriifolia to seed cold plasma treatment, priming, and foliar spraying with nano-salicylic acid

The pretreatment of seeds with cold plasma (CP) (0 and 100 w for 240 s), and salicylic acid priming (SA) (0 and 2 mM normal and nano form), and foliar spraying of SA at the six-leaf stage (0 and 2 mM normal and nano form) of Salvia leriifolia plants in field condition was studied. Compared to the control plants of S. leriifolia, the results showed that CP + both forms of SA priming + nano-SA spraying increased plant height, leaf length, plant dry weight, total phenol, and the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) enzymes. The chlorophyll a and b contents in all treated plants remained either unchanged or decreased when compared to the control. The highest PAL activity was obtained in CP-free + hydro-priming + nano-SA foliar spraying. The highest content of caffeic acid was achieved in CP + SA priming + SA foliar spraying in the leaf. The maximum contents of rosmarinic and salvianolic acid were obtained in the control plants. In conclusion, CP and nano-SA can increase PAL and TAL activity and total phenol accumulation in S. leriifolia plants, but not rosmarinic and salvianolic acid contents. Other phenolic compound enzymes and their production require further study.

Antioxidant Properties and Secondary Metabolites Profile of Hyptis colombiana at Various Phenological Stages

Hyptis colombiana (Lamiaceae family), a species also treated as Cantinoa colombiana in a recently segregated genus from Hyptis, is a perennial herb or subshrub native to the Andes of northern South America. H. colombiana leaves are commonly used in traditional medicine to treat respiratory and digestive illnesses. In this study, H. colombiana plants at different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and post-flowering) were harvested to obtain essential oils (EOs) and extracts (from fresh plant materials or post-distillation waste) whose chemical compositions and antioxidant activities were determined. H. colombiana EOs distilled by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation were analyzed by GC/MS/FID, and hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from fresh plant materials or post-distillation waste were analyzed by UHPLC-ESI+/--Orbitrap-MS. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the ABTS+• and ORAC assays. The principal compounds found in EOs were sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (65%); specifically, (E)-β-caryophyllene and germacrene D. Pyranone, rosmarinic acid, rutin, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were the main constituents in H. colombiana extracts. After analyzing the chemical composition and antioxidant activity (ORAC) of EOs and hydroethanolic extracts from flowering H. colombiana plants, minimal variations were found. It is advisable to harvest H. colombiana plants during their flowering stage to acquire EOs and extracts that can be utilized in the agro-industry of EOs and their natural derivatives.

Prunella vulgaris L.: An Updated Overview of Botany, Chemical Composition, Extraction Methods, and Biological Activities

Prunella vulgaris L. (PV) is a well-known renewable drug resource full of different groups of biologically active substances with a wide range of pharmacological actions and applications in medicine. In this review, we present an updated comprehensive overview of the botany, extracting methods, chemical composition, and pharmacological activity of different parts of PV extracts. As a result of this review, it was found that chemical composition of PV depends on various factors ranging from the part of the plant to the method of extraction. We also highlight extraction methods that have not been previously used for obtaining PV extracts and may have high scientific interest. With this review, we hope to guide present and future professionals and provide possible previously unexplored areas to find new solutions associated with PV plant.

Effects of a Losartan-Antioxidant Hybrid (GGN1231) on Vascular and Cardiac Health in an Experimental Model of Chronic Renal Failure

Drugs providing antihypertensive and protective cardiovascular actions are of clinical interest in controlling cardiovascular events and slowing the progression of kidney disease. We studied the effect of a hybrid compound, GGN1231 (derived from losartan in which a powerful antioxidant was attached), on the prevention of cardiovascular damage, cardiac hypertrophy, and fibrosis in a rat model of severe chronic renal failure (CRF). CRF by a 7/8 nephrectomy was carried out in male Wistar rats fed with a diet rich in phosphorous (0.9%) and normal calcium (0.6%) for a period of 12 weeks until sacrifice. In week 8, rats were randomized in five groups receiving different drugs including dihydrocaffeic acid as antioxidant (Aox), losartan (Los), dihydrocaffeic acid+losartan (Aox+Los) and GGN1231 as follows: Group 1 (CRF+vehicle group), Group 2 (CRF+Aox group), Group 3 (CRF+Los group), Group 4 (CRF+Aox+Los group), and Group 5 (CRF+GGN1231 group). Group 5, the CRF+GGN1231 group, displayed reduced proteinuria, aortic TNF-α, blood pressure, LV wall thickness, diameter of the cardiomyocytes, ATR1, cardiac TNF-α and fibrosis, cardiac collagen I, and TGF-β1 expression. A non-significant 20% reduction in the mortality was also observed. This study showed the possible advantages of GGN1231, which could help in the management of cardiovascular and inflammatory processes. Further research is needed to confirm and even expand the positive aspects of this compound.

Beneficial Effects of Rosmarinic Acid In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Epileptiform Activity Induced by Pilocarpine

Epilepsy is characterized by a predisposition to generate recurrent and spontaneous seizures; it affects millions of people worldwide. Status epilepticus (SE) is a severe type of seizure. In this context, screening potential treatments is very important. In the present study, we evaluated the beneficial effects of rosmarinic acid (RA) in pilocarpine-induced in vitro and in vivo models of epileptiform activity. Using an in vitro model in combined entorhinal cortex-hippocampal from Wistar rats we evaluated the effects of RA (10 µg/mL) on the lactate release and a glucose fluorescent analogue, 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose (2-NDBG), after incubation in high potassium aCSF supplemented or not with pilocarpine. In the in vivo model, SE was induced in male C57BL/6 mice by pilocarpine. At 1, 24, and 48 h after the end of SE mice were treated with RA (30 mg/kg/v.o.). We evaluated the neuromotor impairment by neuroscore tests and protein carbonyl levels in the cerebral cortex. In both in vitro models, RA was able to decrease the stimulated lactate release, while no effect on 2-NBDG uptake was found. RA has beneficial effects in models of epileptiform activity in vivo and in vitro. We found that RA treatment attenuated SE-induced neuromotor impairment at the 48 h timepoint. Moreover, post-SE treatment with RA decreased levels of protein carbonyls in the cerebral cortex of mice when compared to their vehicle-treated counterparts. Importantly, RA was effective in a model of SE which is relevant for the human condition. The present data add to the literature on the biological effects of RA, which could be a good candidate for add-on therapy in epilepsy.

The Genus Alternanthera: Phytochemical and Ethnopharmacological Perspectives

Ethnopharmacological relevance: The genus Alternanthera (Amaranthaceae) comprises 139 species including 14 species used traditionally for the treatment of various ailments such as hypertension, pain, inflammation, diabetes, cancer, microbial and mental disorders.

Aim of the review: To search research gaps through critical assessment of pharmacological activities not performed to validate traditional claims of various species of Alternanthera. This review will aid natural product researchers in identifying Alternanthera species with therapeutic potential for future investigation.

Materials and methods: Scattered raw data on ethnopharmacological, morphological, phytochemical, pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical studies of various species of the genus Alternanthera have been compiled utilizing search engines like SciFinder, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Open J-Gate for 100 years up to April 2021.

Results: Few species of Alternanthera genus have been exhaustively investigated phytochemically, and about 129 chemical constituents related to different classes such as flavonoids, steroids, saponins, alkaloids, triterpenoids, glycosides, and phenolic compounds have been isolated from 9 species. Anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, CNS depressive, antidiabetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulator effects have been explored in the twelve species of the genus. A toxicity study has been conducted on 3 species and a clinical study on 2 species.

Conclusions: The available literature on pharmacological studies of Alternanthera species reveals that few species have been selected based on ethnobotanical surveys for scientific validation of their traditional claims. But most of these studies have been conducted on uncharacterized and non-standardized crude extracts. A roadmap of research needs to be developed for the isolation of new bioactive compounds from Alternanthera species, which can emerge out as clinically potential medicines.

Biomedical features and therapeutic potential of rosmarinic acid

For decades, the use of secondary metabolites of various herbs has been an attractive strategy in combating human diseases. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a bioactive phenolic compound commonly found in plants of Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae families. RA is biosynthesized using amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine via enzyme-catalyzed reactions. However, the chemical synthesis of RA involves an esterification reaction between caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl lactic acid contributing two phenolic rings to the structure of RA. Several studies have ascertained multiple therapeutic benefits of RA in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, inflammatory disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and liver diseases. Many previous scientific papers indicate that RA can be used as an anti-plasmodic, anti-viral and anti-bacterial drug. In addition, due to its high anti-oxidant capacity, this natural polyphenol has recently gained attention for its possible application as a nutraceutical compound in the food industry. Here we provide state-of-the-art, flexible therapeutic potential and biomedical features of RA, its implications and multiple uses. Along with various valuable applications in safeguarding human health, this review further summarizes the therapeutic advantages of RA in various human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, the challenges associated with the clinical applicability of RA have also been discussed.

Involvement of the adenosine A1 receptor in the hypnotic effect of rosmarinic acid

Insomnia, the most common sleep disorder, is characterized by a longer sleep latency, greater sleep fragmentation, and consequent excessive daytime fatigue. Due to the various side effects of prescribed hypnotics, demand for new drugs is still high. Recent studies have suggested the adenosine receptor (AR) as a potential therapeutic target for insomnia, however, clinically useful hypnotics targeting AR are not yet available. In the present study, we evaluated the hypnotic effect of rosmarinic acid, a phenolic compound widely found in medicinal plants, through pentobarbital-induced sleep test, electroencephalography/electromyography (EEG/EMG), and immunohistochemistry in mice. The underlying mechanisms were assessed by pharmacological approach using 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) and SCH5826, antagonists for A1R and A2AR, respectively. Receptor-binding assay and functional agonism were also performed. Our study provides a new evidence that rosmarinic acid has a direct binding activity (Ki = 14.21 ± 0.3 μM) and agonistic activity for A1R. We also found that rosmarinic acid significantly decreased sleep fragmentation and onset latency to NREM sleep, and these effects were abolished by DPCPX. The results from c-Fos immunostaining showed that rosmarinic acid decreased the neuronal activity in wake-promoting brain regions, such as the basal forebrain and the lateral hypothalamus, while increasing the neuronal activity in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, a sleep-promoting region; all these effects were significantly inhibited by DPCPX. Taken together, this study suggests that rosmarinic acid possesses novel activity as an A1R agonist and thereby exerts a hypnotic effect, and thus it may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for insomnia through targeting A1R.

Plectranthus ecklonii Benth: A Comprehensive Review Into its Phytochemistry and Exerted Biological Activities

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Plectranthus genus (Lamiaceae family) contain several species with acknowledged ethnopharmacological uses, such as, for gastrointestinal and respiratory-related problems, due to their anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal properties. The bioactivity of isolated medicinal compounds from this genus justifies the increased interest in recent times for species of Plectranthus, placing them in the spotlight for natural product drug development. Aim of the study: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review on the biological activities of Plectranthus ecklonii Benth. As such, the aim of this review was three-fold: 1) to summarize the chemical compounds isolated from P. ecklonii; 2) to collate the biological activities and mechanisms of action of these compounds from in vitro studies; and 3) to evaluate the documented uses and potential applications of this species, in order to postulate on the direction of pharmaceutical uses of this species. Materials and methods: An extensive database retrieval was performed using the electronic databases Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect. The search criteria consisted of the keywords "Plectranthus ecklonii", "Plectranthus ecklonii + review", "Plectranthus ecklonii + diterpenes" or "Plectranthus ecklonii + abietanes", "ecklonii + parviflorone D", searched individually and as combinations. Eligibility criteria were set out and titles in English, Portuguese and Spanish were reviewed, with all references included dating from 1970 to 2021. A total of 169 papers were selected and included. Chemical structures were drawn using ChemDraw 20.0, CID numbers were searched in PubChem and the PRISMA diagram was created using PowerPoint 2012. Results: To date, a total of 28 compounds have been isolated from P. ecklonii, including diterpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids. Most focused on the antimicrobial action of its constituents, although compounds have demonstrated other bioactivities, namely antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor. The most recent studies emphasize the diterpenoids, particularly parviflorone D, with the help of nanotechnology. Conclusions: The widespread ethnobotanical and traditional uses of P. ecklonii can be scientifically justified by a range of biological activities, demonstrated by isolated secondary metabolites. These bioactivities showcase the potential of this species in the development of economically important active pharmaceutical ingredients, particularly in anticancer therapy.

Chimarrão, terere and mate-tea in legitimate technology modes of preparation and consume: A comparative study of chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-anxiety properties of the mostly consumed beverages of Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae) is a medicinal plant widely used by South American populations for centuries and is popularly attributed to stimulating and detoxifying properties. Nowadays, their consume traditionally occurs through three different beverages: chimarrão, terere and mate-tea.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Although its composition and properties are well studied, literature lacks work comparing the potential of their extracts obtained by a legitimate preparation mode of their popular beverages. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate changes in chemical composition, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory efficacy and anxiolytic effect from lyophilized aqueous extracts obtained simulating the legitimate popular preparation mode of chimarrão, terere and mate-tea.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this work, were investigated differences related to preparation technology and dry material used through chemical composition analysis, with the lyophilized aqueous extracts obtained simulating the chimarrão, terere and mate-tea preparation. The chemical composition analysis comprises the total soluble phenolics content, chemical profiles by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, and quantitative component detection by HPLC-UV/DAD. Moreover, evaluations of comparative antioxidant activity of the extracts (DPPH and ORAC_FL assays), anti-inflammatory efficacy and anxiolytic effect were performed in vivo.

RESULTS

Our results showed that chimarrão extracts presented a richer composition in terms of phenolic compounds and purine alkaloids, and better antioxidant activity when compared to the other extracts. In pleurisy test, all products showed anti-inflammatory properties in the dose of 60 mg/kg. In the anxiolytic evaluation, although all extracts presented some effect, chimarrão and terere were better than mate-tea in general. No sign of toxicity was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings support that the beverage made as chimarrão has the best composition and the most promising properties overall.

Antioxidant Activity and Anti-Photoaging Effects on UVA-Irradiated Human Fibroblasts of Rosmarinic Acid Enriched Extract Prepared from Thunbergia laurifolia Leaves

The current study investigated the inhibiting effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) production in a cell-based study of standardized rosmarinic acid enriched extract (SRAEE) prepared from Thunbergia laurifolia leaves. HPLC chromatogram revealed that rosmarinic acid is a major component in prepared SRAEE, followed by caffeic acid. SRAEE exhibited antioxidant activity both in vitro and cell-based studies. SRAEE showed scavenging effects on nitric oxide and superoxide anion and inhibition effects on lipid peroxidation in vitro. SRAEE also inhibited ROS and MMP-1 production in normal human dermal fibroblast cells induced by H₂O₂ and UVA, respectively, without exerted cytotoxicity. Additionally, collagen degradation was protected by SRAEE induced by UVA. Nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) productions were also inhibited by SRAEE in RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells induced by combined lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The results indicated that SRAEE is a potential candidate as a natural pharmaceutical active ingredient for cosmeceutical product application.

Effects of rosmarinic acid on nervous system disorders: an updated review

Nowadays, the worldwide interest is growing to use medicinal plants and their active constituents to develop new potent medicines with fewer side effects. Precise dietary compounds have prospective beneficial applications for various neurodegenerative ailments. Rosmarinic acid is a polyphenol and is detectable most primarily in many Lamiaceae families, for instance, Rosmarinus officinalis also called rosemary. This review prepared a broad and updated literature review on rosmarinic acid elucidating its biological activities on some nervous system disorders. Rosmarinic acid has significant antinociceptive, neuroprotective, and neuroregenerative effects. In this regard, we classified and discussed our findings in different nervous system disorders including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, depression, Huntington's disease, familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, spinal cord injury, stress, anxiety, and pain.

Caffeoyl-Prolyl-Histidine Amide Inhibits Fyn and Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis-Like Phenotypes via Suppression of NF-κB Activation

Caffeic acid (CA) is produced from a variety of plants and has diverse biological functions, including anti-inflammation activity. It has been recently demonstrated that caffeoyl-prolyl-histidine amide (CA-PH), which is CA conjugated with proline-histidine dipeptide, relieves atopic dermatitis (AD)-like phenotypes in mouse. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying CA-PH-mediated alleviation of AD-like phenotypes using cell line and AD mouse models. We confirmed that CA-PH suppresses AD-like phenotypes, such as increased epidermal thickening, infiltration of mast cells, and dysregulated gene expression of cytokines. CA-PH suppressed up-regulation of cytokine expression through inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Using a CA-PH affinity pull-down assay, we found that CA-PH binds to Fyn. In silico molecular docking and enzyme kinetic studies revealed that CA-PH binds to the ATP binding site and inhibits Fyn competitively with ATP. CA-PH further suppressed spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK)/inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase (IKK)/inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (IκB) signaling, which is required for nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation. In addition, chronic application of CA-PH, in contrast with that of glucocorticoids, did not induce up-regulation of regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 (REDD1), reduction of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, or skin atrophy. Thus, our study suggests that CA-PH treatment may help to reduce skin inflammation via down-regulation of NF-κB activation, and Fyn may be a new therapeutic target of inflammatory skin diseases, such as AD.

Health-Promoting Effects of Thymus Phenolic-Rich Extracts: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antitumoral Properties

Thymus genus comprises numerous species that are particularly abundant in the West Mediterranean region. A growing body of evidence suggests that many of these species are a rich source of bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds such as rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acids and luteolin glycosides, able to render them potential applications in a range of industrial fields. This review collects the most relevant studies focused on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer of phenolic-rich extracts from Thymus plants, highlighting correlations made by the authors with respect to the main phenolic players in such activities.

Synthesis of Lipophilic Caffeoyl Alkyl Ester Using a Novel Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent

In this work, a novel method for lipophilic caffeoyl alkyl ester production was developed using a natural deep eutectic solvent (DES) consisting of choline chloride and caffeic acid (CA) as the caffeoyl donor. Cation-exchange resins were used as the catalyst to catalyze the esterification of fatty alcohols with the DES. Effects of the caffeoyl donor and reaction variables were investigated. Reaction thermodynamics were also analyzed. The results showed that the lipophilic caffeoyl alkyl ester production can be enhanced using the DES as the caffeoyl donor, and cation-exchange resin A-35 showed the best catalytic activity for the reaction. Under the optimized conditions (85 °C, stearyl alcohol/CA 8:1 (mol/mol), A-35 load 5% and 24 h), the maximum octodecyl caffeate (OC) yield (90.69 ± 2.71%) and CA conversion (95.17 ± 2.76%) were obtained with the DES as the caffeoyl donor, which were much higher than those obtained with solid CA as the caffeoyl donor (OC yield 40.97 ± 2.37% and CA conversion 44.26 ± 1.69%). The activation energy of CA conversion (67.57 kJ/mol) with the DES was lower than that with solid CA (90.19 kJ/mol). In addition, the mass transfer limitation can be decreased with the DES. Compared with solid CA as the caffeoyl donor, a fast reaction rate and low mass transfer limitation were obtained using the DES as the caffeoyl donor.

Development of high-performance thin layer chromatography method for identification of phenolic compounds and quantification of rosmarinic acid content in some species of the Lamiaceae family

Aim:

Representatives of Nepetoideae Burnett subfamily are promising species of the Lamiaceae Martinov family because of accumulating such valuable groups of secondary metabolites as terpenoids and polyphenols. A high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint method for the qualitative determination of phenolic compounds and for the quantification of rosmarinic acid (RA) content in methanol extracts of five species of this subfamily was developed for the first time.

Materials and Methods:

Dried aerial parts of Dracocephalum moldavica L., Ocimum americanum L., Lophanthus anisatus (Nutt.) Benth., Monarda fistulosa L., and Satureja hortensis L. collected in flowering period were macerated with methanol. The HPTLC analysis was conducted using the CAMAG analytical system (Muttenz, Switzerland). The comparative analysis of RA contents was performed by HPTLC densitometric detection at λ = 366nm.

Results:

Identification of polyphenols in the investigated herbs was performed by comparison of a color and R_f of the chromatographic zones with six reference standards: rutin, apigenin, luteolin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and RA. HPTLC method was also validated for the quantification of RA in the extracts of investigated herbs. RA contents decreased in such a sequence: D. moldavica (24.83 ± 0.78mg/g) > M. fistulosa (20.32 ± 0.64mg/g) > O. americanum (19.59 ± 0.61mg/g) > S. hortensis (18.77 ± 0.52mg/g) > L. anisatus (12.61 ± 0.43mg/g).

Conclusion:

Obtained data can facilitate the differentiation of investigated species using the chromatographic fingerprints of their phenolic compounds. Developed and validated HPTLC method provides an approach to estimate RA content as a common marker of investigated herbs.

Inosine protects against impairment of memory induced by experimental model of Alzheimer disease: a nucleoside with multitarget brain actions

RATIONALE

Inosine is a naturally occurring purine nucleoside formed by adenosine breakdown. This nucleoside is reported to exert potent effects on memory and learning, possibly through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

OBJECTIVE

The objective is to evaluate the effects of inosine on the behavioral and neurochemical parameters in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) induced by streptozotocin (STZ).

METHODS

Adult male rats were divided into four groups: control (saline), STZ, STZ plus inosine (50 mg/kg), and STZ plus inosine (100 mg/kg). STZ (3 mg/kg) was administered by bilateral intracerebroventricular injection. The animals were treated intraperitoneally with inosine for 25 days. Memory, oxidative stress, ion pump activities, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activities and expression were evaluated in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.

RESULTS

The memory impairment induced by STZ was prevented by inosine. An increase in the Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase, and Mg-ATPase activities and a decrease in the Ca²⁺-ATPase activity were induced by STZ in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, and inosine could prevent these alterations in ion pump activities. Inosine also prevented the increase in AChE activity and the alterations in AChE and ChAT expression induced by STZ. STZ increased the reactive oxygen species, nitrite levels, and superoxide dismutase activity and decreased the catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities. Inosine treatment conferred protection from these oxidative alterations in the brain.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrate that inosine affects brain multiple targets suggesting that this molecule may have therapeutic potential against cognitive deficit and tissue damage in AD.

The Effect of Rosmarinic Acid on Apoptosis and nNOS Immunoreactivity Following Intrahippocampal Kainic Acid Injections in Rats

Introduction:

Kainic Acid (KA) is an ionotropic glutamate receptor agonist. KA can induce neuronal overactivity and excitotoxicity. Rosmarinic Acid (RA) is a natural polyphenolic compound with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-neurodegenerative, and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to assess the effect of RA on apoptosis, nNOS-positive neurons number, as well as Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) immunoreactivity, following intrahippocampal Kainic acid injection in rats.

Methods:

The study rats were randomly assigned to three groups of sham, KA (KA was injected into the right side of the hippocampus) and KA+RA (a dose of 10 mg/kg/day through a gavage needle for one week before KA injection). Then, histopathological changes, including apoptosis [Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT) dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay], nNOS-positive neurons number, as well as COX-2 and MAPK immunoreactivity were evaluated in the hippocampus.

Results:

In the RA pretreated group, nNOS-positive neurons and TUNEL-positive cells were significantly reduced compared to the KA group (P<0.05). COX-2and MAPK immunoreactivity demonstrated no significant changes compared to the KA group. They indicated a significant higher reactivity for COX-2 (P<0.01) and MAPK (P<0.005) versus the sham group.

Conclusion:

RA had neuroprotective effects, compared to KA, through reduced apoptosis and nNOS-positive neurons, but not MAPK and COX-2.

A Polyphenolic Complex Attenuates Inflammatory Response and Blood- Brain Barrier Disruption

BACKGROUND

Cerebral ischemia causes a strong inflammatory response. Neumentix is a dietary supplement containing 14.9% rosmarinic acid and 29.9% total phenolic content, which has been proved to be beneficial against inflammatory response. Therefore, Neumentix's effect on anti-inflammatory and blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model mice is investigated in this study.

METHODS

After the pretreatment of vehicle or Neumentix 134 mg/kg/d, intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) (containing rosmarinic acid 20 mg/kg/d) for 14 days, mice were subjected to tMCAO for 60 min and kept receiving vehicle or Neumentix daily 5 days afterward.

RESULTS

Neumentix treatment ameliorated neurobehavioral impairment in the corner test (5d after tMCAO, **P<0.01), reduced infarct volume (#P<0.05), suppressed expression of ionized calciumbinding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (###P<0.001), and improved the integrity of BBB (§P<0.05) at 5 days after tMCAO.

CONCLUSION

The present study provided an evidence of Neumentix's anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection effect against BBB disruption on experimental tMCAO model mice, suggesting that Neumentix could be a potential therapeutic agent for stroke.

Caffeic acid reduces A53T α-synuclein by activating JNK/Bcl-2-mediated autophagy in vitro and improves behaviour and protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease

The human A53T mutant of α-synuclein tends to aggregate and leads to neurotoxicity in familial Parkinson's disease (PD). The aggregation of α-synuclein is also found in sporadic PD. Thus, targeting α-synuclein clearance could be used as a drug-discovery strategy for PD treatment. Caffeic acid (CA) has shown neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease or cerebral ischaemia; however, it is unclear whether CA confers neuroprotection in α-synuclein-induced PD models. Here we focus on whether and how A53T α-synuclein is affected by CA. We assessed the effect of CA on cell viability in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing A53T α-synuclein. Pathway-related inhibitors were used to identify the autophagy mechanisms. Seven-month-old A53T α-synuclein transgenic mice (A53T Tg mice) received CA daily for eight consecutive weeks. Behaviour tests including the buried food pellet test, the pole test, the Rotarod test, open field analysis, and gait analysis were used to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of CA. Tyrosine hydroxylase and α-synuclein were assessed by immunohistochemistry or western blot in the substantia nigra (SN). We found that CA alleviated the cell damage induced by overexpressing A53T α-synuclein and that CA reduced A53T α-synuclein by activating the JNK/Bcl-2-mediated autophagy pathway. The efficacy of CA on A53T α-synuclein degradation was reversed by the autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin A1 and the JNK inhibitor SP600125. In A53T Tg mice, CA improved behavioural impairments, attenuated loss of dopaminergic neurons, enhanced autophagy and reduced α-synuclein in the SN. Thus, the results provide scientific evidence for the neuroprotective effect of CA in PD. Our work lays the foundation for CA clinical trials to treat PD in the future.

Agro-ecological cultivation, secondary metabolite characteristics and microbiological tests of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) – the variety Citronella

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) is a native of the eastern Mediterranean region southward to Israel and Syria and eastward through the Crimea, the Caucasus, and Northern Iran to the Tien Shan and the Pamirs. It appears to have been naturalized in the Central Europe including the Carpathian Ukraine and Eastern Slovakia. The objective of this study was characterization of the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Melissa officinalis L. variety Citronella in the conditions of cultivation in a lowland region of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Plant material, balm dry leaves and leafy tops of the shoots, were grown in a small-scale cultivation ground at the Zakarpatian Institute of Agroindustrial Production in Velikaja Bakta, Carpathian-Ukraine. The Citronella variety is used for herb production. Essential oil from balm parts (herb and leaves) was isolated by distillation with boiled water. Hydro-distillation lasted for 4 hours, sample weights were 10 g of dry drug matter. A modified Coocking & Middleton distillation apparatus was used. Identification and evaluation of balm essential oil were carried out using the selected analytical method of HPLC-DAD analysis. The final balm extract was analyzed directly on a Dionex UltiMate 3000 system. The analysis of balm essential oil was carried out using a gas chromatograph Varian 3090, connected to a MS Saturn 2100T integrator. The sensitivity of microorganisms to plant extracts was determined by the disk diffusion test (with disk diameter of 6 mm). The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of balm essential oil (0.05–0.12% v/w) and its composition show very high content of α-citrale (geranial) (44%), β-citrale (neral) (29%) and citronellal (9%). Rosmarinic acid can be extracted from leaves and its content equals up to 1.7 ± 0.1%. Composition of the natural substances depends on the balm taxon, origin, soil and climatic growing conditions, and methods of harvest and isolation and effective weed control which are used. Antibacterial effect of the oil showed low activity against all bacterial strains. Our results confirmed higher activity of EOs against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative. The balm essential oil displayed antimitotic effect especially towards Candida glabrata clinical strain. Thus, studies have shown that Melissa officinalis variety of Citronella in the conditions of cultivation in the lowland region of Carpathian-Ukraine according to biochemical characteristics and microbiological properties corresponds to world analogues.

Cardio-protective and antioxidant properties of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid: Mechanistic role of angiotensin converting enzyme, cholinesterase and arginase activities in cyclosporine induced hypertensive rats

Caffeic acid (CAA) and chlorogenic acid (CHA) are important members of hydroxycinnamic acid with natural antioxidant and cardio-protective properties. The present study aimed to determine the effect of CAA and CHA on systolic blood pressure, heart rates (HR) as well as on the activity of the angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butrylcholinesterase (BChE) and arginase in cyclosporine-induced hypertensive rats. Experimental rats were distributed into 7 groups (n = 6): normotensive control rats; hypertensive rats (induced rats) as well as hypertensive- treated groups with captopril (10 mg/kg/day), CAA (10 and 15 mg/kg/day) and CHA (10 and 15 mg/kg/day), respectively. The experiment lasted for 7 days and the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rates were recorded using tail-cuff method. Oral administration of captopril, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid normalized hypertensive effect caused by cyclosporine administration. CAA and CHA significantly (P < 0.05) reduced SBP and HR, activity of ACE, AChE, BChE and arginase in the treated hypertensive rats compared with cyclosporine induced-hypertensive rats. Likewise, CAA and CHA improved nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, increased catalase activity and reduced glutathione content while malondialdehyde (MDA) level was reduced compared with cyclosporine hypertensive rats. Findings from this study shows that CAA and CHA exhibited blood pressure lowering properties and reduced activities of key enzymes linked to the pathogenesis of hypertension in cyclosporine-induced rats. These might be some of the possible mechanisms of action by which their cardio-protective properties are exhibited.

Rosmarinic Acid Mitigates Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Spinal Glial Activation in Oxaliplatin-induced Peripheral Neuropathy

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a dose-limiting complication which develops as a consequence of treatment with chemotherapeutic agents like oxaliplatin and is a mainstay of therapy for colorectal cancer. Ever since CIPN was identified, understanding its exact pathomechanisms remains a clinical challenge. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction and glial cell activation has surfaced in the etiology of CIPN. Rosmarinic acid (RA), a known mitoprotectant exerts neuroprotection against the oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in various disease conditions. Hence, in the present study, we investigated the effect using rosmarinic acid (25 and 50 mg/kg, po) in the experimental model of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN) in rats. Results showed that RA significantly (p < 0.001) prevented the functional deficits, reversed oxaliplatin-induced mechanical allodynia and cold hyperalgesia in rats. It reduced the oxidative stress, improved the mitochondrial function, and prevented the oxaliplatin-induced loss of ATP levels. RA significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited the spinal glial cell activation and suppressed the expression of inflammatory markers. RA treatment also resulted in the activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the peripheral nerves and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) which also might have contributed to its neuroprotective actions. In vitro screening also revealed that RA did not compromise the anti-cancer activity of oxaliplatin in colon cancer cells (HT-29). Taken together, the above results demonstrate the therapeutic activity of RA against the oxaliplatin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation and thus, suggest its potential for the management of OIPN. Graphical Abstract Schematic representation of neuroprotective mechanisms of rosmarinic acid via AMPK activation in oxaliplatin-evoked peripheral neuropathy.

Evaluation on monoamine neurotransmitters changes in depression rats given with sertraline, meloxicam or/and caffeic acid

Inflammation drives the development of depression and may affect neurotransmitters and thus neurocircuits increase the risk of depression. To investigate the influence of inhibition of inflammatory pathways on the biogenic amine neurotransmitters metabolism in depressive rats, sertraline, and meloxicam, the inhibitors of arachidonic acid - cyclooxygenase-2/lipoxygenase (AA-COX-2/5-LO) pathways, were given to depressive rats. After the development of depression model by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 6 weeks, Successful modeling rats were selected and randomly divided into CUMS group and medication administration group. After given medicine, The biogenic amine neurotransmitters in rat cortex and hippocampus were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with an electrochemical detector (HPLC-ECD). Compared with the normal group, the concentration of norepinephrine (NE) significantly decreased and the concentrations of Tyrosine (Tyr), Tryptophan (Trp), 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) significantly increased in the CUMS group. Sertraline significantly inhibited the elevation of 5-HIAA. Meloxicam inhibited the decrease of NE level in CUMS-induced rat and the increase of Trp, MHPG, and 5-HIAA level in a dose-dependent manner. Caffeic acid inhibited the decrease of NE and the increase of Trp and MHPG in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of AA-COX-2/5-LO pathways can improve the behaviors of depression rats and suppress CUMS-induced changes in biogenic amines. Compared with the single-dose lipoxygenase (5-LO) or Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, the combination treatment with meloxicam 1 mg/kg and caffeic acid 10 mg/kg have no significant improvement in CUMS-induced depression behavior and the level of cortical monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites.

Tyrosine biosynthesis, metabolism, and catabolism in plants

L-Tyrosine (Tyr) is an aromatic amino acid (AAA) required for protein synthesis in all organisms, but synthesized de novo only in plants and microorganisms. In plants, Tyr also serves as a precursor of numerous specialized metabolites that have diverse physiological roles as electron carriers, antioxidants, attractants, and defense compounds. Some of these Tyr-derived plant natural products are also used in human medicine and nutrition (e.g. morphine and vitamin E). While the Tyr biosynthesis and catabolic pathways have been extensively studied in microbes and animals, respectively, those of plants have received much less attention until recently. Accumulating evidence suggest that the Tyr biosynthetic pathways differ between microbes and plants and even within the plant kingdom, likely to support the production of lineage-specific plant specialized metabolites derived from Tyr. The interspecies variations of plant Tyr pathway enzymes can now be used to enhance the production of Tyr and Tyr-derived compounds in plants and other synthetic biology platforms.

Enhanced production of phenolic acids in cell suspension culture of Salvia leriifolia Benth. using growth regulators and sucrose

Salvia leriifolia Benth. (Lamiaceae) is an endangered medicinal plant with hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Many of the beneficial effects of Salvia spp. are attributed to the phenolic compounds. In the present study, an efficient procedure has been developed for establishment of cell suspension culture of S. leriifolia as a strategy to obtain an in vitro phenolic acids producing cell line for the first time. The effect of growth regulators and various concentrations of sucrose have been analyzed, to optimize biomass growth and phenolic acids production. The callus used for this purpose was obtained from leaves of 15-day-old in vitro seedlings, on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with different hormone balances including benzylaminopurine (BAP) and indole butyric acid (IBA); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin (KIN); naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and BAP. Modified MS medium supplemented with 5 mg/L BAP and 5 mg/L NAA was the optimal condition for callus formation with the highest induction rate (100%), the best callus growth and the highest phenolic acids content. No callus induction was observed in combinations of IBA and BAP. Cell suspension cultures were established by transferring 0.5 g of callus to 30 mL liquid MS medium supplemented with 5 mg/L BAP and 5 mg/L NAA. Dynamics of phenolic acids production has been investigated during the growth cycle of the suspension cultures. The maximum content of caffeic acid and salvianolic acid B were observed on the 15th day of the cultivation cycle while the highest amount of rosmarinic acid was observed on the first day. In response to various sucrose concentrations, cell cultures with 40 g/L sucrose not only produced the highest dry biomass but also the highest induction of caffeic acid and salvianolic acid B. The highest amount of rosmarinic acid was observed in media containing 50 g/L sucrose. These prepared cell suspension cultures provided a useful system for further enhanced production of phenolic acids at a large scale.

Modulation of T-type Ca2+ channels by Lavender and Rosemary extracts

Medicinal plants represent a significant reservoir of unexplored substances for early-stage drug discovery. Of interest, two flowering Mediterranean plants have been used for thousands of years for their beneficial effects on nervous disorders, including anxiety and mood. However, the therapeutic potential of these plants regarding their ability to target ion channels and neuronal excitability remains largely unknown. Towards this goal, we have investigated the ability of Lavender and Rosemary to modulate T-type calcium channels (TTCCs). TTCCs play important roles in neuronal excitability, neuroprotection, sensory processes and sleep. These channels are also involved in epilepsy and pain. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, we have characterized how Lavender and Rosemary extracts, as well as their major active compounds Linalool and Rosmarinic acid, modulate the electrophysiological properties of recombinant TTCCs (CaV3.2) expressed in HEK-293T cells. Both the methanolic and essential oil extracts as well as the active compounds of these plants inhibit Cav3.2 current in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, these products also induce a negative shift of the steady-state inactivation of CaV3.2 current with no change in the activation properties. Taken together, our findings reveal that TTCCs are a molecular target of the Lavender and Rosemary compounds, suggesting that inhibition of TTCCs could contribute to the anxiolytic and the neuroprotective effects of these plants.

Ellagic acid and rosmarinic acid attenuate doxorubicin-induced testicular injury in rats

The anticancer drug doxorubicin causes testicular toxicity as an undesirable effect. The present study was undertaken to investigate the possible protection of ellagic acid and rosmarinic acid during doxorubicin administration. For this purpose eight groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were used (n = 10), one group received vehicle served as control, and other groups received 5 mg/kg doxorubicin twice a week for 2 weeks for a cumulative dose of 20 mg/kg, ellagic acid (10 mg/kg/day, 14 consecutive days p.o.), rosmarinic acid (75 mg/kg/day, 14 consecutive days p.o.), ellagic acid and rosmarinic acid. The latter three regimens were given to control and doxorubicin-received rats. Doxorubicin decreased testicular relative weight, sperm count, motility, serum testosterone, testicular glycogen, and sialic acid with increased incidence of histopathological changes, oxidative stress, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, as well as cholinesterase activity. Conversely, ellagic and rosmarinic acid treatment ameliorated such damage, thus showing the possibility to use as an adjuvant during doxorubicin treatment.

Rosmarinic acid attenuates hepatic fibrogenesis via suppression of hepatic stellate cell activation/proliferation and induction of apoptosis

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the antifibrotic role of rosmarinic acid (RA), a natural polyphenolic compound, on HSCs activation/proliferation and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS

The impact of RA on stellate cell line (HSC-T6) proliferation, activation and apoptosis was assessed along with its safety on primary hepatocytes. In vivo, rats were divided into: (i) normal; (ii) thioacetamide (TAA)-intoxicated rats for 12 weeks; (iii) TAA + silymarin or (iv) TAA + RA. At the end of experiment, liver functions, oxidative stress, inflammatory and profibrogenic markers, tissue inhibitor metalloproteinases type-1 (TIMP-1) and hydroxyproline (HP) levels were evaluated. Additionally, liver histopathology and immunohistochemical examinations of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), caspase-3 and proliferation cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) were determined.

RESULTS

RA exhibited anti-proliferative effects on cultured HSCs in a time and concentration dependent manner showing an IC₅₀ of 276 μg/mL and 171 μg/mL for 24 h and 48 h, respectively, with morphological reversion of activated stellate cell morphology to quiescent form. It significantly improved ALT, AST, oxidative stress markers and reduced TIMP-1, HP levels, inflammatory markers and fibrosis score (S1 vs S4). Furthermore, reduction in α-SMA plus elevation in caspase-3 expressions of HSCs in vitro and in vivo associated with an inhibition in proliferation of damaged hepatocytes were recorded.

CONCLUSIONS

RA impeded the progression of liver fibrosis through inhibition of HSCs activation/proliferation and induction of apoptosis with preservation of hepatic architecture.

The estimation of the traditionally used yarrow (Achillea millefolium L. Asteraceae) oil extracts with anti-inflamatory potential in topical application

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Olive or sunflower oil yarrow extracts have been extensively used against inflammatory disorders and skin wound healing in traditional medicine.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To evaluate oil yarrow extracts traditional use in treatment of topical/dermatological skin impairments, sodium lauryl sulfate test was applied, and in vivo measuring of the biophysical parameters (erythema index, skin capacitance and the pH of the skin) in the artificially irritated skin was performed. As traditionally olive and sunflower oil have been used equally for extracts production, the experiment was carried out to investigate whether any of the oil extractants has the advantage over the other, and if the method of extraction might influence the desired activity. The observed activity has been connected to the chemical profile of the investigated extracts and their antioxidative properties.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In vivo measurements were performed using the appropriate probes for measuring skin capacitance, pH of the skin and erythema index (EI). The designed experiment enabled the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of a seven-day application of oil yarrow extracts known in traditional medicine, on artificially irritated skin of volunteers. The chemical profile for the investigated samples was achieved applying the HPLC and UHPLC-MS methods. Also, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) test was performed to assess the antioxidant properties of the investigated samples.

RESULTS

The application of tested oil extracts on artificially irritated skin in vivo demonstrated the ability to re-establish their optimal pH and hydration of skin to the values measured prior to the irritation. Considering the EI transition, the investigated samples succeeded in re-establishing the baseline values, with no significant difference after three- and seven-day application.

CONCLUSIONS

The data obtained in the study showed that the oil yarrow extracts had an evident anti-inflammatory property. Namely, the investigated extracts demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effect in an in vivo double blind randomized study, using a sodium lauryl sulfate test. The skin parameters assessed in the study (skin capacitance, pH and EI) were restored to the basal values after three- and seven-day treatment with the tested extracts. The shown effects were attributed to yarrow oil extracts composition. The yarrow oil extracts might be used as promising base in the phytopreparations designed for dermatological application as anti-inflammatory agents with a positive impact on the skin pH and its moisture content.

Cinnamic Acid Derivatives Enhance the Efficacy of Transarterial Embolization in a Rat Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

INTRODUCTION

We hypothesize that the combination of transarterial embolization (TAE) plus inhibition of lactate export will limit anaerobic metabolism and reduce tumor survival compared to TAE alone. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis in a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODS

Rat N1-S1 hepatoma cells were assayed in vitro using the Seahorse XF analyzer to measure extracellular acidification (lactate excretion) comparing effects of the addition of caffeic acid (CA) or ferulic acid (FA) or UK-5099 with control. Monocarboxylate transporter Slc16a3 was knocked down by RNAi. N1S1 tumors were orthotopically implanted in rats and 4 groups evaluated: (1) Control, (2) TAE-only, (3) TAE plus CA, and (4) TAE plus FA. Tumor size was determined by ultrasound and analyzed by repeated measures statistics. Tumors harvested at 4 weeks were examined by microscopy.

RESULTS

Seahorse assays showed that CA and FA caused a significant reduction by >90% in lactate efflux by N1S1 tumor cells (p < 0.01). Knockdown of Slc16a3 prevented inhibition by CA. In vivo tumors grew 30-fold in volume over 4 weeks in untreated controls. By comparison, TAE resulted in near cessation of growth (10% in 4-week time period). However, both TAE + CA and TAE + FA caused a significant reduction of tumor volumes (87 and 72%, respectively) compared to control and TAE (p < 0.05). Pathologic evaluation revealed residual tumor in the TAE group but no residual viable tumor cells in the TAE + CA and TAE + FA groups.

CONCLUSION

Addition of CA or FA enhances the effectiveness of TAE therapy for HCC in part by blocking lactate efflux.

Polyphenol compounds and PKC signaling

BACKGROUND

Naturally occurring polyphenols found in food sources provide huge health benefits. Several polyphenolic compounds are implicated in the prevention of disease states, such as cancer. One of the mechanisms by which polyphenols exert their biological actions is by interfering in the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathways. PKC belongs to a superfamily of serine-threonine kinase and are primarily involved in phosphorylation of target proteins controlling activation and inhibition of many cellular processes directly or indirectly.

SCOPE OF REVIEW

Despite the availability of substantial literature data on polyphenols' regulation of PKC, no comprehensive review article is currently available on this subject. This article reviews PKC-polyphenol interactions and its relevance to various disease states. In particular, salient features of polyphenols, PKC, interactions of naturally occurring polyphenols with PKC, and future perspective of research on this subject are discussed.

MAJOR CONCLUSIONS

Some polyphenols exert their antioxidant properties by regulating the transcription of the antioxidant enzyme genes through PKC signaling. Regulation of PKC by polyphenols is isoform dependent. The activation or inhibition of PKC by polyphenols has been found to be dependent on the presence of membrane, Ca(2+) ion, cofactors, cell and tissue types etc. Two polyphenols, curcumin and resveratrol are in clinical trials for the treatment of colon cancer.

GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE

The fact that 74% of the cancer drugs are derived from natural sources, naturally occurring polyphenols or its simple analogs with improved bioavailability may have the potential to be cancer drugs in the future.

Inhibitory effect of caffeic acid on ADP-induced thrombus formation and platelet activation involves mitogen-activated protein kinases

Caffeic acid (CA), one of the active constituents of Radix Salvia miltiorrhizae, exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, few studies have assessed the ability of CA to inhibit platelet mediated thrombus generation in vivo. In this study, we investigated the antithrombotic effect of CA in mouse cerebral arterioles and venules using intravital microscopy. The antiplatelet activity of CA in ADP stimulated mouse platelets in vitro was also examined in attempt to explore the underlying mechanism. Our results demonstrated that CA (1.25–5 mg/kg) significantly inhibited thrombus formation in vivo. In vitro, CA (25–100 μM) inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation, P-selectin expression, ATP release, Ca²⁺ mobilization, and integrin αIIbβ3 activation. Additionally, CA attenuated p38, ERK, and JNK activation, and enhanced cAMP levels. Taken together, these data provide evidence for the inhibition of CA on platelet-mediated thrombosis in vivo, which is, at least partly, mediated by interference in phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK leading to elevation of cAMP and down-regulation of P-selectin expression and αIIbβ3 activation. These results suggest that CA may have potential for the treatment of aberrant platelet activation-related diseases.

Rosmarinic acid modulates the antioxidant status and protects pancreatic tissues from glucolipotoxicity mediated oxidative stress in high-fat diet: streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Persistent hyperglycemia and elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFA) contribute to oxidative stress, a proximate cause for the onset and progression of diabetes and its complications. The present study was hypothesized to evaluate the anti-diabetic potential of Rosmarinic acid (RA) during high-fat diet (HFD)-streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 Diabetes (T2D) in wistar albino rats. Oral administration of RA (100 mg/kg b.w) significantly (p < 0.05) increased the insulin sensitivity index (ISI0,120), while the levels of blood glucose, HbA1c, advanced glycation end products (AGE), TNF-α, IL-1β, IL 6, NO, p-JNK, P38 MAPK and NF-κB were significantly reduced, with a concomitant elevation in the plasma insulin levels in diabetic rats. Furthermore, RA treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the levels of triglycerides, FFA and cholesterol in serum, and reduced the levels of lipid peroxides, AOPP's and protein carbonyls in the plasma and pancreas of diabetic rats. The diminished activities of pancreatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and the decreased levels of plasma ceruloplasmin, vitamin C, vitamin E and reduced glutathione (GSH) in diabetic rats were also significantly (p < 0.05) recovered upon RA treatment denoting its antioxidant potential which was confirmed by Nrf-2, hemeoxyenase (HO-1) levels. Histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical data demonstrate that oral administration of RA protects pancreatic β-cells from oxidative niche in HFD-STZ-induced experimental diabetes. Our findings suggest that the oral treatment with RA alleviates pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and glucolipotoxicity-mediated oxidative stress during HFD-STZ-induced T2DM, perhaps through its antioxidant potential.

Antiepileptogenic, antioxidant and genotoxic evaluation of rosmarinic acid and its metabolite caffeic acid in mice

AIMS

Antioxidant compounds have been extensively investigated as a pharmacological alternatives to prevent epileptogenesis. Rosmarinic acid (RA) and caffeic acid (CA) are compounds with antioxidant properties, and RA has been shown to inhibit GABA transaminase activity (in vitro). Our aim was to evaluate the effect of RA and CA on seizures induced by pentylenotetrazole (PTZ) using the kindling model in mice.

MAIN METHODS

Male CF-1 mice were treated once every three days during 16days with RA (1, 2 or 4mg/kg; i.p.), or CA (1, 4 or 8mg/kg; i.p.), or positive controls diazepam (1mg/kg; i.p.) or vigabatrin (600mg/kg; p.o.), 30min before PTZ administration (50mg/kg; s.c.). After the last treatment, animals were sacrificed and the cortex was collected to evaluate free radicals (determined by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate probe), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and genotoxic activity (Alkaline Comet Assay).

KEY FINDINGS

Rosmarinic acid 2mg/kg increased latency and decreased percentage of seizures, only on the 4th day of observation. The other tested doses of RA and CA did not show any effect. Rosmarinic acid 1mg/kg, CA 4mg/kg and CA 8mg/kg decreased free radicals, but no dose altered the levels of enzyme SOD. In the comet assay, RA 4mg/kg and CA 4mg/kg reduced the DNA damage index.

SIGNIFICANCE

Some doses of rosmarinic acid and CA tested showed neuroprotective action against oxidative and DNA damage produced in the kindling epilepsy model, although they did not produce antiepileptogenic effect in vivo.

Multifunctional tunable p(inulin) microgels

Inulin, inulin-silica and modified inulin microgels were prepared in a single step via crosslinking within microemulsion, and used as drug delivery devices. Inulin-silica composite micro particles were also synthesized in the presence of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) via a water-in-oil microemulsion polymerization/crosslinking technique. To generate porous inulin particles, inulin-silica particles were treated with 0.5M NaOH solution to dissolve silica particles. Furthermore, virgin inulin (p(inulin)) and porous inulin microgels (por-p(inulin)) were quaternized successfully by treatment with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHPTMAC) in aqueous solution, generating positive charges on the biopolymer as q-p(inulin). Rosmarinic acid (RA) was used as model drug for loading and release studies by synthesized inulin-based microgels in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at pH7.4. It was shown that the absorption and release rate are influenced by zeta potential and porosity of the microgels.

In vivo anti-inflammatory properties of aerial parts of Nasturtium officinale

CONTEXT

Nasturtium officinale R. Br. (watercress) has long been used in Iranian folk medicine to treat hypertension, hyperglycemia, and renal colic. Moreover, anticancer, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties of N. officinale have been reported.

OBJECTIVE

In this study, anti-inflammatory activity of the hydro-alcoholic extract from aerial parts of N. officinale was investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Oral administration of the hydro-alcoholic extract of N. officinale (250, 500 and 750 mg kg(-1)) was investigated on two well-characterized animal models of inflammation, including carrageenan- or formalin-induced paw edema in rats. Then, the topical anti-inflammatory effect of N. officinale (2 and 5 mg/ear) was studied on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear edema. Finally, biopsy of the paw or ear was performed for pathological evaluation.

RESULTS

Acute toxicity tests of N. officinale in rats established an oral LD50 of >5 g kg(-1). The extract of watercress (250, 500 and 750 mg kg(-1)) significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after carrageenan challenge (p < 0.001). The extract (500 mg kg(-1)) also showed considerable activity against formalin-evoked paw edema over a period of 24 h (p < 0.001). Furthermore, topical application of N. officinale (5 mg/ear) reduced TPA-induced ear edema (p < 0.05). Histopathologically, the extract decreased swelling and the tissue damage induced by carrageenan or TPA.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate potent anti-inflammatory activity of N. officinale in systemic and topical application and propose its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent for treatment of inflammatory conditions.

Antinociceptive Effect of Aqueous Extract of Origanum vulgare L. in Male Rats: Possible Involvement of the GABAergic System

The objective of the present investigation was to assess the possible involvement of GABAergic mechanism in analgesic effect of aqueous extract of Origanum Vulgare (ORG) in a rat model of acute pain test. Sixty-three anaesthetized male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were cannulated into the left ventricle. Five to seven days after the recovery from surgery, ORG extract was intraventricularly injected at dose of 3 μg/rat i.c.v. Then, baclofen (10 mg/Kg, IP), CGP35348 (100 nmol/Kg, i.c.v), muscimol (1 mg/Kg IP) and bicuculline (5 mg/Kg IP) were separately injected 20 min before the injection of ORG. The experimental groups were compared with intact (control) group (n = 7). The response latency of rats to thermal stimulation was recorded using Tail-Flick test. Injection of ORG extract resulted in a significant and dose-dependent increase in the response latency. There was also a significant increase in the response latency after co-administration of ORG extract with baclofen when compared with control group. However, following co-administration of ORG extract/bicuculline, a significant decrease in the response latency was observed compared to control group. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that aqueous extract of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. viridis possesses antinociceptive activity in a dose-dependent manner and ORG-induced antinociception might be mediated, at least in part, by both GABA receptors.

Sarcandra glabra Extract Reduces the Susceptibility and Severity of Influenza in Restraint-Stressed Mice

Sarcandra glabra, as a type of “antipyretic-detoxicate drugs”, has always been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The Sarcandra glabra extract (SGE) is applied frequently as anti-inflammatory and anti-infectious drug in folk medicine. However, relative experiment data supporting this effective clinical consequence was limited. In order to mimic the physiological conditions of the susceptible population, we employed restraint stress mouse model to investigate the effect of SGE against influenza. Mice were infected with influenza virus three days after restraint, while SGE was orally administrated for 10 consecutive days. Body weight, morbidity, and mortality were recorded daily. Histopathologic changes, susceptibility genes expressions and inflammatory markers in lungs were determined. Our results showed that restraint stress significantly increased susceptibility and severity of influenza virus. However, oral administration of SGE could reduce morbidity, mortality and significantly prolonged survival time. The results further showed that SGE had a crucial effect on improving susceptibility markers levels to recover the balance of host defense system and inhibiting inflammatory cytokines levels through down-regulation of NF-κB protein expression to ameliorate the lung injury. These data showed that SGE reduced the susceptibility and severity of influenza.

Protective effect of Heliotropium foertherianum (Boraginaceae) folk remedy and its active compound, rosmarinic acid, against a Pacific ciguatoxin

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Senescent leaves of Heliotropium foertherianum Diane & Hilger (Boraginaceae) are traditionally used in the Pacific region to treat Ciguatera Fish Poisoning. This plant contains rosmarinic acid that is known for its multiple biological activities. In the present study, H. foertherianum aqueous extract, rosmarinic acid and its derivatives were evaluated for their capacity to reduce the effect of ciguatoxins.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Aqueous extract of H. foertherianum leaves was prepared and studied for its effects against a Pacific ciguatoxin (P-CTX-1B) in the neuroblastoma cell assay and the receptor binding assay. Rosmarinic acid and six derivatives were also evaluated by means of these bioassays. For this purpose, we have developed an improved synthetic route for caffeic acid 3,4-dihydroxy-phenethyl ester (CADPE).

RESULTS

Both the aqueous extract of H. foertherianum leaves and rosmarinic acid showed inhibitory activities against a Pacific ciguatoxin in the above bioassays. Among all the molecules that were evaluated, rosmarinic acid was the most active compound.

CONCLUSION

These results confirm further the potential of H. foertherianum in the treatment of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning.

Polyphenolic profile and biological activity of Salvia splendens leaves

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate a new flavone triglycoside, together with eleven phenolic metabolites from 80% aqueous methanol extract of S. splendens leaves (AME) and assessment of its hypoglycemic and antiinflammatory activities along with in vitro antioxidant effect.

Methods

The phenolic composition of S. splendens leaves was analyzed using UV, 1D and 2D NMR and negative ESI-MS spectroscopy. Hypoglycemic activity of AME was assessed by measuring blood glucose in streptozotocin induced-diabetic rats. Antiinflammatory activity was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema test. Antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro using DPPH test.

Key findings

Twelve phenolic metabolites including three phenolic acids, namely caffeic acid 1, rosmarinic acid 2 and methyl rosmarinate 3; four flavone glycosides viz the new compound luteolin 7-O-(4″,6″-di-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside 4, apigenin 7-O-β-D-rutinoside 5, cosmosiin 6 and cinaroside 7, together with four flavones aglycone, luteolin 8, apigenin 9, pedalitin 10 and crisiliol 11 in addition to one coumarin, 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin 12 were isolated from the leaves of S. splendens Sellow ex Roem & Schult. The AME of S. splendens was non toxic to mice up to 5 g/kg b.wt. it exhibited a significant hypoglycemic activity at 250 and 500 mg/kg as compared with control pre-drug (zero time) for each group as well as the diabetic control. Moreover, AME exhibited a significant antiinflammatory activity only at 1000 mg/kg in comparison to indomethacin. Finally, AME exhibited a marked significant scavenging activity against DPPH; the maximum reactive reaction rate after 5 min was 62.9, 82.5, 83.7, 84.3 and 85.1% for the concentrations 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/ml, respectively in comparison to L-ascorbic acid (86.8%).

Conclusions

This is the first study reporting the identification of a new flavone triglycoside, along with eleven known phenolic metabolites from AME of S. splendens. It showed significant hypoglycemic and antiinflammatory effects in dose dependant manner. Moreover it showed an in vitro antioxidant activity.

Administration of rosmarinic acid reduces cardiopathology and blood pressure through inhibition of p22phox NADPH oxidase in fructose-fed hypertensive rats

Rosmarinic acid (RA), a caffeic acid ester, has insulin-sensitizing and antioxidant effects in high fructose-fed model of insulin resistance (IR). This study investigated whether RA supplementation prevents cardiac abnormalities and hypertension in fructose-fed rats (FFR). Rats fed with fructose diet (60 g/100 g) for 60 days exhibited metabolic abnormalities and rise in plasma and cardiac lipids and whole body IR. The levels of cardiac antioxidants and plasma ferric reducing antioxidant power were significantly reduced in FFR concomitant with increased levels of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation products. A significant rise in troponin T, creatine kinase-MB, aspartate transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase in plasma of FFR was noted. RA supplementation to FFR (10 mg/kg from the 16th day) significantly improved insulin sensitivity, reduced lipid levels, oxidative damage, and the expression of p22phox subunit of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced oxidase, and prevented cardiac hypertrophy. Fructose-induced rise in blood pressure was also lowered by RA through decrease in endothelin-1 and angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and increase in nitric oxide levels. Histology revealed a reduction in myocardial damage in RA-supplemented FFR. These findings suggest that RA acts as a vasoactive substance and a cardioprotector through its antioxidant property. Thus, RA may be useful in reducing the cardiovascular risk associated with IR.