1
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Michelacci YM, Baccarin RYA, Rodrigues NNP. Chondrocyte Homeostasis and Differentiation: Transcriptional Control and Signaling in Healthy and Osteoarthritic Conditions. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1460. [PMID: 37511835 PMCID: PMC10381434 DOI: 10.3390/life13071460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes are the main cell type in articular cartilage. They are embedded in an avascular, abundant, and specialized extracellular matrix (ECM). Chondrocytes are responsible for the synthesis and turnover of the ECM, in which the major macromolecular components are collagen, proteoglycans, and non-collagen proteins. The crosstalk between chondrocytes and the ECM plays several relevant roles in the regulation of cell phenotype. Chondrocytes live in an avascular environment in healthy cartilage with a low oxygen supply. Although chondrocytes are adapted to anaerobic conditions, many of their metabolic functions are oxygen-dependent, and most cartilage oxygen is supplied by the synovial fluid. This review focuses on the transcription control and signaling responsible for chondrocyte differentiation, homeostasis, senescence, and cell death and the changes that occur in osteoarthritis. The effects of chondroitin sulfate and other molecules as anti-inflammatory agents are also approached and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara M Michelacci
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Y A Baccarin
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Nubia N P Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
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2
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Gill AK, McCormick PJ, Sochart D, Nalesso G. Wnt signalling in the articular cartilage: A matter of balance. Int J Exp Pathol 2023; 104:56-63. [PMID: 36843204 PMCID: PMC10009303 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradation of the articular cartilage is a hallmark of osteoarthritis, a progressive and chronic musculoskeletal condition, affecting millions of people worldwide. The activation of several signalling cascades is altered during disease development: among them, the Wnt signalling plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Increasing evidence is showing that its activation needs to be maintained within a certain range to avoid the triggering of degenerative mechanisms. In this review, we summarise our current knowledge about how a balanced activation of the Wnt signalling is maintained in the articular cartilage, with a particular focus on receptor-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Kaur Gill
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Peter J McCormick
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - David Sochart
- South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, Epsom, UK
| | - Giovanna Nalesso
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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3
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Wnt signaling in stem cells during development and cell lineage specification. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 153:121-143. [PMID: 36967192 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
During embryo development, cell proliferation, cell fate specification and tissue patterning are coordinated and tightly regulated by a handful of evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways activated by secreted growth factor families including fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Nodal/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Hedgehog and Wnt. The spatial and temporal activation of these signaling pathways elicit context-specific cellular responses that ultimately shape the different tissues of the embryo. Extensive efforts have been dedicated to identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying these signaling pathways during embryo development, adult tissue homeostasis and regeneration. In this review, we first describe the role of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway during early embryo development, axis specification and cell differentiation as a prelude to highlight how this knowledge is being leveraged to manipulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity with small molecules and biologics for the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into various cell lineages that are physiologically relevant for stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine.
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4
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Sheng R, Chen J, Wang H, Luo Y, Liu J, Chen Z, Mo Q, Chi J, Ling C, Tan X, Yao Q, Zhang W. Nanosilicate-Reinforced Silk Fibroin Hydrogel for Endogenous Regeneration of Both Cartilage and Subchondral Bone. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200602. [PMID: 35749970 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Osteochondral defects are characterized by injuries to both cartilage and subchondral bone, which is a result of trauma, inflammation, or inappropriate loading. Due to the unique biological properties of subchondral bone and cartilage, developing a tissue engineering scaffold that can promote dual-lineage regeneration of cartilage and bone simultaneously remains a great challenge. In this study, a microporous nanosilicate-reinforced enzymatically crosslinked silk fibroin (SF) hydrogel is fabricated by introducing montmorillonite (MMT) nanoparticles via intercalation chemistry. In vitro studies show that SF-MMT nanocomposite hydrogel has improved mechanical properties and hydrophilicity, as well as the bioactivities to promote the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and maintain chondrocyte phenotype compared with SF hydrogel. Global proteomic analysis verifies the dual-lineage bioactivities of SF-MMT nanocomposite hydrogel, which are probably regulated by multiple signaling pathways. Furthermore, it is observed that the biophysical interaction of cells and SF-MMT nanocomposite hydrogel is partially mediated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and its downstream processes. In vivo, the SF-MMT nanocomposite hydrogel effectively promotes osteochondral regeneration as evidenced by macroscopic, micro-CT, and histological evaluation. In conclusion, a functionalized SF-MMT nanocomposite hydrogel is developed with dual-lineage bioactivity for osteochondral regeneration, indicating its potential in osteochondral tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renwang Sheng
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jialin Chen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yifan Luo
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhixuan Chen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qingyun Mo
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jiayu Chi
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chen Ling
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Xin Tan
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qingqiang Yao
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, 310058, China
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5
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Yang L, Wang ZA, Zuo H, Guo Z, Weng S, He J, Xu X. Wnt5b plays a negative role in antibacterial response in Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 133:104411. [PMID: 35447159 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt family genes are essentially implicated in development and growth in animals. Accumulating clues have pointed to the importance of Wnts in invertebrate immunity, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear to date. The Wnt5b has been known to promote white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in shrimp but its role in antibacterial response remains unclear. In the current study, we focused on the involvement of Wnt5b in Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei. We demonstrated that the expression of Wnt5b was regulated by the IMD-Relish and JAK-STAT pathways but not the Dorsal pathway and was suppressed upon bacterial infection. Although Wnt5b did not affect the cellular immunity in shrimp, it was involved in regulation of humoral immunity. Silencing of Wnt5b in vivo significantly increased expression of several antimicrobial peptides but decreased that of many immune functional proteins including C-type lectins and lysozymes. Treatment with recombinant Wnt5b protein increased the susceptibility of shrimp to V. parahaemolyticus infection, while silencing of Wnt5b in vivo showed an opposite result. These suggested that Wnt5b plays a negative role in antibacterial response in shrimp. Together with previous reports, the current study shows that Wnt5b functions as an inhibitor for shrimp immunity, which is a potential target for improving immune responses against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zi-Ang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongliang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhixun Guo
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, PR China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute (CAFS), Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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6
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Zhu M, Zhong W, Cao W, Zhang Q, Wu G. Chondroinductive/chondroconductive peptides and their-functionalized biomaterials for cartilage tissue engineering. Bioact Mater 2022; 9:221-238. [PMID: 34820567 PMCID: PMC8585793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The repair of articular cartilage defects is still challenging in the fields of orthopedics and maxillofacial surgery due to the avascular structure of articular cartilage and the limited regenerative capacity of mature chondrocytes. To provide viable treatment options, tremendous efforts have been made to develop various chondrogenically-functionalized biomaterials for cartilage tissue engineering. Peptides that are derived from and mimic the functions of chondroconductive cartilage extracellular matrix and chondroinductive growth factors, represent a unique group of bioactive agents for chondrogenic functionalization. Since they can be chemically synthesized, peptides bear better reproducibility, more stable efficacy, higher modifiability and yielding efficiency in comparison with naturally derived biomaterials and recombinant growth factors. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge in the designs of the chondroinductive/chondroconductive peptides, the underlying molecular mechanisms and their-functionalized biomaterials for cartilage tissue engineering. We also systematically compare their in-vitro and in-vivo efficacies in inducing chondrogenesis. Our vision is to stimulate the development of novel peptides and their-functionalized biomaterials for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Zhu
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam Movement Science (AMS), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wenchao Zhong
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam Movement Science (AMS), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Qingbin Zhang
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam Movement Science (AMS), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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7
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Yang C, Luo M, Chen Y, You M, Chen Q. MicroRNAs as Important Regulators Mediate the Multiple Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:619842. [PMID: 34164391 PMCID: PMC8215576 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.619842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short non-encoding RNAs which play a critical role on the output of the proteins, and influence multiple biological characteristics of the cells and physiological processes in the body. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent stem cells and characterized by self-renewal and multidifferentiation and have been widely used for disease treatment and regenerative medicine. Meanwhile, MSCs play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis in the body, and dysfunction of MSC differentiation leads to many diseases. The differentiation of MSCs is a complex physiological process and is the result of programmed expression of a series of genes. It has been extensively proven that the differentiation process or programmed gene expression is also regulated accurately by miRNAs. The differentiation of MSCs regulated by miRNAs is also a complex, interdependent, and dynamic process, and a full understanding of the role of miRNAs will provide clues on the appropriate upregulation or downregulation of corresponding miRNAs to mediate the differentiation efficiency. This review summarizes the roles and associated signaling pathways of miRNAs in adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis of MSCs, which may provide new hints on MSCs or miRNAs as therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine and biotherapy for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Stem Cell Bank/Sichuan Neo-Life Stem Cell Biotech Inc., Chengdu, China
| | - Maowen Luo
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Stem Cell Bank/Sichuan Neo-Life Stem Cell Biotech Inc., Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Stem Cell Bank/Sichuan Neo-Life Stem Cell Biotech Inc., Chengdu, China
| | - Min You
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Stem Cell Bank/Sichuan Neo-Life Stem Cell Biotech Inc., Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Stem Cell Bank/Sichuan Neo-Life Stem Cell Biotech Inc., Chengdu, China.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
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8
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Li Y, Liu G, Xiao F, Gu W, Gao Z, Wu Y, Wang P, Shi M, Yang M, Zhong Z, Liu B. Dual Role of Caveolin-1 in β-Catenin Signaling During Fracture Healing Induced by Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound in Rabbits. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2021.2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We did this research to observe the effect of LIPUS on long bone fracture repair and caveolin-1, β-catenin signaling expression in the radius defects of rabbits, to explore its possible molecular mechanisms. 24 male New Zealand rabbits with bilateral radial bone defects
were divided into 4 groups randomly, n = 6. The right side had daily LIPUS exposure for 20 minutes, while the left received sham treatment. After 7, 14, 21, 28 days, respectively, fracture healing was observed by X-ray imaging and Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scan, specimens
were harvested for histology, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression analysis. We found that LIPUS brought forward endochondral ossification, increased the bone callus size without changes in Bone Mineral Density (BMD). The caveolin-1 expression increased first then decreased, while the
β-catenin kept growing during the process. These demonstrated that caveolin-1 participated in fracture healing accelerated by LIPUS, which was speculated to play a dual role in β-catenin signaling expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guanghua Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Seventh People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Wenqin Gu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhengdong Gao
- Department of Radiology, Fenglin Community Health Service Center, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yiming Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mingfang Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mingzhen Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zongye Zhong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bangzhong Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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9
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Long F, Shi H, Li P, Guo S, Ma Y, Wei S, Li Y, Gao F, Gao S, Wang M, Duan R, Wang X, Yang K, Sun W, Li X, Li J, Liu Q. A SMOC2 variant inhibits BMP signaling by competitively binding to BMPR1B and causes growth plate defects. Bone 2021; 142:115686. [PMID: 33059102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification is the major process of long bone formation, and chondrogenesis is the final step of this process. Several studies have indicated that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are required for chondrogenesis and regulate multiple growth plate features. Abnormal BMP pathways lead to growth plate defects, resulting in osteochondrodysplasia. The SPARC-related modular calcium binding 2 (SMOC2) gene encodes an extracellular protein that is considered to be an antagonist of BMP signaling. In this study, we generated a mouse model by knocking-in the SMOC2 mutation (c.1076 T > G), which showed short-limbed dwarfism, reduced, disorganized, and hypocellular proliferative zones and expanded hypertrophic zones in tibial growth plates. To determine the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of SMOC2 mutation, we used knock-in mice to investigate the interaction between SMOC2 and the BMP-SMAD1/5/9 signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. Eventually, we found that mutant SMOC2 could not bind to COL9A1 and HSPG. Furthermore, mutant SMOC2 inhibited BMP signaling by competitively binding to BMPR1B, which lead to defects in growth plates and short-limbed dwarfism in knock-in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Long
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Hongbiao Shi
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Pengyu Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shaoqiang Guo
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yuer Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shijun Wei
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shang Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Meitian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ruonan Duan
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xi Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jiangxia Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qiji Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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10
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Song X, Hu H, Zhao M, Ma T, Gao L. Prospects of circadian clock in joint cartilage development. FASEB J 2020; 34:14120-14135. [PMID: 32946614 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001597r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Altering the food intake, exercise, and sleep patterns have a great influence on the homeostasis of the biological clock. This leads to accelerated aging of the articular cartilage, susceptibility to arthropathy and other aspects. Deficiency or overexpression of certain circadian clock-related genes accelerates the cartilage deterioration and leads to phenotypic variation in different joints. The process of joint cartilage development includes the formation of joint site, interzone, joint cavitation, epiphyseal ossification center, and cartilage maturation. The mechanism by which, biological clock regulates the cell-cycle, growth, metabolism, and other biological processes of chondrocytes is poorly understood. Here, we summarized the interaction between biological clock proteins and developmental pathways in chondrogenesis and provided the evidence from other tissues that further predicts the molecular patterns of these protein-protein networks in activation, proliferation, and differentiation. The purpose of this review is to gain deeper understanding of the evolution of cartilage and its irreversibility seen in damage and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Song
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hailong Hu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingchao Zhao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianwen Ma
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Gao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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11
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Multifactor dimensionality reduction reveals a strong gene-gene interaction between STC1 and COL11A1 genes as a possible risk factor of knee osteoarthritis. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2627-2634. [PMID: 32140959 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is an avascular tissue with a structure that allows it to support and cushion the overload of the surfaces in contact. It maintains its metabolic functions due to the contribution of different signaling pathways. However, several factors play a role in its deterioration, allowing to the development of osteoarthritis (OA), and one of the major factors is genetic. Our goal was to identify gene-gene interactions (epistasis) between five signaling pathways involved in the articular cartilage metabolism as possible indicators of OA risk. We applied the Multifactor-Dimensionality Reduction (MDR) method to identify and characterize the epistasis between 115 SNPs located in 73 genes related to HIF-1α, Wnt/β-catenin, cartilage extracellular matrix metabolism, oxidative stress, and uric acid transporters. Ninety three patients diagnosed with primary knee OA and 150 healthy controls were included in the study. Genotyping was performed with the OpenArray system, the statistical analysis was carried out with the STATA software v14, and epistasis was analyzed with the MDR software v3.0.2. The MDR analysis revealed that the best interaction model was between polymorphisms rs17786744 of the STC1 gene and rs2615977 of the COL11A1 gene, with an entropy value of 4.44%, CVC 8/10, OR 5.60, 95% CI 3.27-9.59, p < 0.0001. Under this interaction model, we identified high and low risk genotypes involved in OA development. Our results suggest complex interactions between STC1 and COL11A1 genes that might have an impact on genetic susceptibility to develop OA. Further studies are required to confirm it.
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Gu Y, Ren K, Wang L, Yao Q. Loss of Klotho contributes to cartilage damage by derepression of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in osteoarthritis mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:12793-12809. [PMID: 31895692 PMCID: PMC6949099 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Caducity is known to be an independent risk factor in osteoarthritis (OA), yet the molecular basis behind caducity and OA remains unclear. Klotho, an anti-caducity protein, is an endogenous antagonist of the transduction of Wnt/β-catenin signal which can stimulate the articular cartilage degradation, indicating that deficiency in Klotho may increase Wnt/β-catenin activity and consequently accelerate the development of OA. We found that expression of Klotho was markedly higher in normal mouse cartilage than in the OA model, and in this model the activity of Wnt/β-catenin and its target gene was up-regulated. Decrease in Klotho expression was closely associated with the increase of β-catenin in OA, indicating that there was a negative correlation between Klotho and Wnt signal transduction. In the vitro and in vivo experiments, Klotho was found to bind to multiple Wnt, including Wnt1, Wnt4 and Wnt7a. It was additionally found that cyclic tenisle strain (CTS) inhibited the expression of Klotho and activated β-catenin. On the contrary, over-expression of Klotho would reduce the degradation of articular cartilage induced by CTS. These results suggest that Klotho is an antagonist of endogenous Wnt/β-catenin activity. In OA cartilage, decrease in expression of Klotho can activate Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction and consequently induce cartilage injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kewei Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Medical School of Southeast University, Jiangyin, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Cartilage Regeneration Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Digital Medicine Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingqiang Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Cartilage Regeneration Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Digital Medicine Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Schizas NP, Savvidou O, Diamantopoulou K, Papadakis S, Papagelopoulos PJ, Triantafyllopoulos IK. The combination of microfracture with induction of Wnt / β- Catenin pathway, leads to enhanced cartilage regeneration. J Orthop Surg Res 2019; 14:428. [PMID: 31829205 PMCID: PMC6907130 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-019-1484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microfracture does not lead to complete healing of full-thickness cartilage defects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of modifying Wnt/β-catenin signaling following microfracture, on the restoration of a full-thickness cartilage defect in a rabbit model. The modification of the canonical Wnt pathway was achieved through per os administration of lithium carbonate, which is an intracellular inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (Gsk3-β) and therefore induces Wnt/β-catenin signaling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Full-thickness cartilage defects of 4 mm in diameter were created in the patellar groove of the right femurs of 18 male New Zealand white rabbits. The rabbits were divided into three groups of six (n = 6) based on post-surgery treatment differences, as follows: microfracture only (group 1), microfracture plus lithium carbonate 7 mM in the drinking water for 1 week (group 2), microfracture plus lithium carbonate 7 mM in the drinking water for 4 weeks (group 3). All animals were sacrificed 9 weeks after surgery. The outcome was assessed histologically, by using the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) visual histological scale. Immunohistochemistry for type II collagen was also conducted. RESULTS Statistical analysis of the histological ICRS scores showed that group 3 was significantly superior to group 1 in four out of six ICRS categories, while group 2 was superior to 1 in only two out of six. CONCLUSION The combination of microfracture and systematic administration of lithium carbonate 7 mM for 4 weeks shows statistically significant superiority in four out of six ICRS categories compared with microfracture only for the treatment of full-thickness cartilage defects in a rabbit experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikitas P Schizas
- Laboratory for the Research of Musculoskeletal System, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10 Athinas Street, 14561, Kifissia, Greece.
| | - Olga Savvidou
- First Department of Orthopaedics, Athens University Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 41 Ventouri Street, 15562, Holargos, Athens, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Diamantopoulou
- Pathology Department, KAT Hospital Kifissia, 2 Nikis Street, 14561, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatios Papadakis
- 2nd Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, KAT Hospital Kifissia, 2 Nikis Street, 14561, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Panayiotis J Papagelopoulos
- First Department of Orthopaedics, Athens University Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 41 Ventouri Street, 15562, Holargos, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis K Triantafyllopoulos
- Laboratory for the Research of Musculoskeletal System, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10 Athinas Street, 14561, Kifissia, Greece
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Nordberg RC, Mellor LF, Krause AR, Donahue HJ, Loboa EG. LRP receptors in chondrocytes are modulated by simulated microgravity and cyclic hydrostatic pressure. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223245. [PMID: 31584963 PMCID: PMC6777824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loading is essential for the maintenance of musculoskeletal homeostasis. Cartilage has been demonstrated to be highly mechanoresponsive, but the mechanisms by which chondrocytes respond to mechanical stimuli are not clearly understood. The goal of the study was to determine how LRP4, LRP5, and LRP6 within canonical Wnt-signaling are regulated in simulated microgravity and cyclic hydrostatic pressure, and to investigate the potential role of LRP 4/5/6 in cartilage degeneration. Rat chondrosacroma cell (RCS) pellets were stimulated using either cyclic hydrostatic pressure (1Hz, 7.5 MPa, 4hr/day) or simulated microgravity in a rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor (11RPM, 24hr/day). LRP4/5/6 mRNA expression was assessed by RT-qPCR and LRP5 protein expression was determined by fluorescent immunostaining. To further evaluate our in vitro findings in vivo, mice were subjected to hindlimb suspension for 14 days and the femoral heads stained for LRP5 expression. We found that, in vitro, LRP4/5/6 mRNA expression is modulated in a time-dependent manner by mechanical stimulation. Additionally, LRP5 protein expression is upregulated in response to both simulated microgravity and cyclic hydrostatic pressure. LRP5 is also upregulated in vivo in the articular cartilage of hindlimb suspended mice. This is the first study to examine how LRP4/5/6, critical receptors within musculoskeletal biology, respond to mechanical stimulation. Further elucidation of this mechanism could provide significant clinical benefit for the identification of pharmaceutical targets for the maintenance of cartilage health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. Nordberg
- College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Andrew R. Krause
- Sport Health and Physical Education, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Henry J. Donahue
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth G. Loboa
- College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Deshmukh V, O'Green AL, Bossard C, Seo T, Lamangan L, Ibanez M, Ghias A, Lai C, Do L, Cho S, Cahiwat J, Chiu K, Pedraza M, Anderson S, Harris R, Dellamary L, Kc S, Barroga C, Melchior B, Tam B, Kennedy S, Tambiah J, Hood J, Yazici Y. Modulation of the Wnt pathway through inhibition of CLK2 and DYRK1A by lorecivivint as a novel, potentially disease-modifying approach for knee osteoarthritis treatment. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:1347-1360. [PMID: 31132406 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Wnt pathway upregulation contributes to knee osteoarthritis (OA) through osteoblast differentiation, increased catabolic enzymes, and inflammation. The small-molecule Wnt pathway inhibitor, lorecivivint (SM04690), which previously demonstrated chondrogenesis and cartilage protection in an animal OA model, was evaluated to elucidate its mechanism of action. DESIGN Biochemical assays measured kinase activity. Western blots measured protein phosphorylation in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), chondrocytes, and synovial fibroblasts. siRNA knockdown effects in hMSCs and BEAS-2B cells on Wnt pathway, chondrogenic genes, and LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines was measured by qPCR. In vivo anti-inflammation, pain, and function were evaluated following single intra-articular (IA) lorecivivint or vehicle injection in the monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced rat OA model. RESULTS Lorecivivint inhibited intranuclear kinases CDC-like kinase 2 (CLK2) and dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A). Lorecivivint inhibited CLK2-mediated phosphorylation of serine/arginine-rich (SR) splicing factors and DYRK1A-mediated phosphorylation of SIRT1 and FOXO1. siRNA knockdowns identified a role for CLK2 and DYRK1A in Wnt pathway modulation without affecting β-catenin with CLK2 inhibition inducing early chondrogenesis and DYRK1A inhibition enhancing mature chondrocyte function. NF-κB and STAT3 inhibition by lorecivivint reduced inflammation. DYRK1A knockdown was sufficient for anti-inflammatory effects, while combined DYRK1A/CLK2 knockdown enhanced this effect. In the MIA model, lorecivivint inhibited production of inflammatory cytokines and cartilage degradative enzymes, resulting in increased joint cartilage, decreased pain, and improved weight-bearing function. CONCLUSIONS Lorecivivint inhibition of CLK2 and DYRK1A suggested a novel mechanism for Wnt pathway inhibition, enhancing chondrogenesis, chondrocyte function, and anti-inflammation. Lorecivivint shows potential to modify structure and improve symptoms of knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - T Seo
- Samumed, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | | | - M Ibanez
- Samumed, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - A Ghias
- Samumed, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - C Lai
- Samumed, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - L Do
- Samumed, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - S Cho
- Samumed, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | | | - K Chiu
- Samumed, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - R Harris
- Samumed, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | | | - S Kc
- Samumed, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - B Tam
- Formerly Samumed, LLC, USA.
| | | | | | - J Hood
- Formerly Samumed, LLC, USA.
| | - Y Yazici
- Samumed, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Saud B, Malla R, Shrestha K. A Review on the Effect of Plant Extract on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:7513404. [PMID: 31428160 PMCID: PMC6681598 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7513404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell has immense potential in regenerative cellular therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can become a potential attractive candidate for therapy due to its remarkable ability of self-renewal and differentiation into three lineages, i.e., ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Stem cell holds tremendous promises in the field of tissue regeneration and transplantation for disease treatments. Globally, medicinal plants are being used for the treatment and prevention of a variety of diseases. Phytochemicals like naringin, icariin, genistein, and resveratrol obtained from plants have been extensively used in traditional medicine for centuries. Certain bioactive compounds from plants increase the rate of tissue regeneration, differentiation, and immunomodulation. Several studies show that bioactive compounds from plants have a specific role (bioactive mediator) in regulating the rate of cell division and differentiation through complex signal pathways like BMP2, Runx2, and Wnt. The use of plant bioactive phytochemicals may also become promising in treating diseases like osteoporosis, neurodegenerative disorders, and other tissue degenerative disorders. Thus, the present review article is aimed at highlighting the roles and consequences of plant extracts on MSCs proliferation and desired lineage differentiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvan Saud
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
- Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Rajani Malla
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Kanti Shrestha
- Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
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miR-892b Inhibits Hypertrophy by Targeting KLF10 in the Chondrogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:310-322. [PMID: 31284128 PMCID: PMC6612925 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the functional role of miR-892b as a novel inhibitor of chondrocyte hypertrophy during TGF-β-mediated chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The expression of miR-892b during TGF-β-mediated chondrogenesis of hMSCs and the effects of miR-892b overexpression on chondrogenic and hypertrophic marker genes in the chondrogenesis of hMSCs were investigated. Targets of miR-892b were identified and verified by overexpression of synthetic miRNA mimics and luciferase assays. Cross-talk between Kruppel-like factor 10 (KLF10) and Indian hedgehog (Ihh) was investigated using KLF10 knockdown (KD). miR-892b enhanced chondrogenic makers and suppressed hypertrophy in hMSC chondrogenesis, mimicking parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP). KLF10, a transcription factor and miR-892b target, directly regulated Ihh promoter activity. Like miR-892b, KLF10 KD enhanced hMSC chondrogenesis and inhibited hypertrophy. Our findings suggest a key role of miR-892b in targeting the KLF10-Ihh axis as a regulator of hypertrophy in TGF-β-mediated chondrogenesis of hMSCs and provide a novel strategy for preventing hypertrophy in chondrogenesis from MSCs.
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18
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MicroRNA-320c inhibits development of osteoarthritis through downregulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Life Sci 2019; 228:242-250. [PMID: 31075235 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of deformity in aging people. Emerging evidence suggests that microRNAs and Wnt signaling pathway are associated with its pathogenesis. We aimed to determine whether microRNA-320c inhibits the development of osteoarthritis by suppressing Wnt signaling pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS MiR-320c and β-catenin expression was assessed in human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) model of chondrogenesis and in normal and OA primary human chondrocytes. OA chondrocytes were transfected with miR-320c or its antisense inhibitor and β-catenin siRNA respectively. Direct interaction between miR-320c and β-catenin mRNA as well as activity of β-catenin/TCF complex were confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. Mmu-miR-320-3p agomir was intra-articularly injected in collagenase-induced OA mouse model. OA progression was evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically. KEY FINDINGS MiR-320c was decreased and β-catenin was increased in OA chondrocytes and late stage of hADSCs chondrogenesis. Overexpression of miR-320c and knockdown of β-catenin had similar effects that the cartilage-specific genes were elevated and hypertrophy-related genes were down-regulated in OA chondrocytes. Luciferase reporter assay confirm that miR-320c regulated the expression of β-catenin by directly targeting 3'UTR of β-catenin mRNA and decreased the relative transcriptional activity of the β-catenin/TCF complex. Injection of mmu-miR-320-3p attenuated OA progression in the OA mouse model. SIGNIFICANCE Our results supports that miR-320c can inhibits the degeneration of osteoarthritis chondrocytes via suppressing the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and indicates the potential of miR-320c as a novel therapeutic agent for osteoarthritis treatment.
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Tong W, Zeng Y, Chow DHK, Yeung W, Xu J, Deng Y, Chen S, Zhao H, Zhang X, Ho KK, Qin L, Mak KKL. Wnt16 attenuates osteoarthritis progression through a PCP/JNK-mTORC1-PTHrP cascade. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 78:551-561. [PMID: 30745310 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Wnt16 is implicated in bone fracture and bone mass accrual both in animals and humans. However, its functional roles and molecular mechanism in chondrocyte differentiation and osteoarthritis (OA) pathophysiology remain largely undefined. In this study, we analysed its mechanistic association and functional relationship in OA progression in chondrocyte lineage. METHODS The role of Wnt16 during skeletal development was examined by Col2a1-Wnt16 transgenic mice and Wnt16fl/fl;Col2a1-Cre (Wnt16-cKO) mice. OA progression was assessed by micro-CT analysis and Osteoarthritis Research Society International score after anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) surgery with Wnt16 manipulation by adenovirus intra-articular injection. The molecular mechanism was investigated in vitro using 3D chondrocyte pellet culture and biochemical analyses. Histological analysis was performed in mouse joints and human cartilage specimens. RESULTS Wnt16 overexpression in chondrocytes in mice significantly inhibited chondrocyte hypertrophy during skeletal development. Wnt16 deficiency exaggerated OA progression, whereas intra-articular injection of Ad-Wnt16 markedly attenuated ACLT-induced OA. Cellular and molecular analyses showed that, instead of β-catenin and calcium pathways, Wnt16 activated the planar cell polarity (PCP) and JNK pathway by interacting mainly with AP2b1, and to a lesser extend Ror2 and CD146, and subsequently induced PTHrP expression through phosphor-Raptor mTORC1 pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that Wnt16 activates PCP/JNK and crosstalks with mTORC1-PTHrP pathway to inhibit chondrocyte hypertrophy. Our preclinical study suggests that Wnt16 may be a potential therapeutic target for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Tong
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yelin Zeng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dick Ho Kiu Chow
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiankun Xu
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yujie Deng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shihui Chen
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Kevin Kiwai Ho
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kingston King-Lun Mak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China .,The Joint Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
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Xu L, Shunmei E, Lin S, Hou Y, Lin W, He W, Wang H, Li G. Sox11-modified mesenchymal stem cells accelerate cartilage defect repair in SD rats. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 376:247-255. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-02979-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yang K, Sun J, Guo Z, Yang J, Wei D, Tan Y, Guo L, Luo H, Fan H, Zhang X. Methacrylamide-modified collagen hydrogel with improved anti-actin-mediated matrix contraction behavior. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:7543-7555. [PMID: 32254756 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02314j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For an ideal biomimetic microenvironment to realize reliable cartilage regeneration, the ability to induce mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) differentiation along the chondrogenic lineage and prevent further dedifferentiation is expected. With native bioactivity, collagen has been proved to be preferential for inducing the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. However, the phenotypic maintenance of differentiated chondrocytes in a collagen matrix is still a challenge. Actin traction, which causes drastic contraction of the collagen matrix, is frequently observed and might be an important factor that affects cell fates including chondrogenic differentiation and phenotypic maintenance. In this study, photochemical modification was applied to acquire collagen hydrogels with improved mechanical strength and creep behavior. Accompanied by inherited bioactivity, the photo-crosslinked collagen hydrogel well supported the actin cytoskeleton functionalization while resisting the actin-mediated matrix contraction. Benefitting from this, the hydrogel system promoted MSCs proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation, and more importantly, prevented further dedifferentiation. By exploring the mesenchymal development-related signal transduction markers, it was revealed that the promoted chondrogenesis was achieved through inhibiting the over-expression of MAPK and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways that up-regulated dedifferentiated gene expression. The strategy of applying the hydrogel system to cartilage regeneration is foreseeable based on the positive heterotopic and orthotopic chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, P. R. China.
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The Role of Wnt Pathway in the Pathogenesis of OA and Its Potential Therapeutic Implications in the Field of Regenerative Medicine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7402947. [PMID: 30410938 PMCID: PMC6205317 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7402947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degradation, subchondral damage, and bone remodelling, affecting most commonly weight-bearing joints, such as the knee and hip. The loss of cartilage leads to joint space narrowing, pain, and loss of function which could ultimately require total joint replacement. The Wnt/β catenin pathway is involved in the pathophysiology of OA and has been proposed as a therapeutic target. Endogenous and pharmacological inhibitors of this pathway were recently investigated within innovative therapies including the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Methods A review of the literature was performed on the PubMed database based on the following inclusion criteria: article written in English language in the last 20 years and dealing with (1) the role of Wnt-β catenin pathway in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and (2) pharmacologic or biologic strategies modulating the Wnt-β catenin pathway in the OA setting. Results Evidences support that Wnt signalling pathway is likely linked to OA progression and severity. Its inhibition through natural antagonists and new synthetic or biological drugs shares the potential to improve the clinical condition of the patients by affecting the pathological activity of Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Conclusions While further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms regulating the molecular interaction between OA regenerative therapies and Wnt, it seems that biologic therapies for OA exert modulation on Wnt/β catenin pathway that might be relevant in achieving the beneficial clinical effect of those therapeutic strategies.
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Mao G, Zhang Z, Hu S, Zhang Z, Chang Z, Huang Z, Liao W, Kang Y. Exosomes derived from miR-92a-3p-overexpressing human mesenchymal stem cells enhance chondrogenesis and suppress cartilage degradation via targeting WNT5A. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:247. [PMID: 30257711 PMCID: PMC6158854 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background WNT5A is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. This study investigated the molecular mechanism of exosomal miR-92a-3p and WNT5A in chondrogenesis and cartilage degeneration. Methods Exosomal miR-92a-3p expression was assessed in vitro in a human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) model of chondrogenesis and in normal and OA primary human chondrocytes (PHCs). MSCs and PHCs were treated with exosomes derived from MSC-miR-92a-3p (MSC-miR-92a-3p-Exos) or its antisense inhibitor (MSC-anti-miR-92a-3p-Exos), respectively. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and luciferase reporter assay were used to reveal the molecular role of exosomal miR-92a-3p and WNT5A in chondrogenesis. The protective effect of exosomes in vivo was measured using Safranin-O and Fast Green staining and immunohistochemical staining. Results Exosomal miR-92a-3p expression was elevated in the MSC chondrogenic exosome, while it was significantly reduced in the OA chondrocyte-secreted exosome compared with normal cartilage. Treatment with MSC-miR-92a-3p-Exos promoted cartilage proliferation and matrix genes expression in MSCs and PHCs, respectively. In contrast, treatment with MSC-anti-miR-92a-3p-Exos repressed chondrogenic differentiation and reduced cartilage matrix synthesis by enhancing the expression of WNT5A. Luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-92a-3p suppressed the activity of a reporter construct containing the 3’-UTR and inhibited WNT5A expression in both MSCs and PHCs. MSC-miR-92a-3p-Exos inhibit cartilage degradation in the OA mice model. Conclusions Our results suggest that exosomal miR-92a-3p regulates cartilage development and homeostasis by directly targeting WNT5A. This indicates that exosomal miR-92a-3p may act as a Wnt inhibitor and exhibits potential as a disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-1004-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guping Mao
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ziji Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shu Hu
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhiqi Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zongkun Chang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weiming Liao
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Yan Kang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Fernández-Torres J, Zamudio-Cuevas Y, López-Reyes A, Garrido-Rodríguez D, Martínez-Flores K, Lozada CA, Muñóz-Valle JF, Oregon-Romero E, Martínez-Nava GA. Gene-gene interactions of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in knee osteoarthritis. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:1089-1098. [PMID: 30083988 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate whether genetic polymorphisms of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and its interactions are involved in the development of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Patients with KOA (n = 131) and healthy individuals (n = 190) with different ancestry from two Mexican populations (Mexico City and Guadalajara City) were analyzed. Twenty-five SNPs from thirteen genes (WISP1, DKK1, SOST, FRZB, LRP1, LRP4, LRP5, LRP6, GSKB, ADAMTS5, GDF5, FMN2 and COL11A1) involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were genotyped. Genetic and allelic frequencies and gene-gene interactions were performed for this study. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI and admixture, significant associations were found for five SNPs in Mexico City: LRP6 rs12314259 (G/G genotype OR 0.22, P = 0.029; and G allele OR 0.48, P = 0.022), SOST rs851054 (C/T genotype OR 0.42, P = 0.027; and T allele OR 0.62, P = 0.026), FMN2 rs986690 (G/A genotype OR 0.42, P = 0.034; and A allele OR 0.50, P = 0.015), FRZB rs409238 (A/G genotype, OR 2.41, P = 0.022), and COL11A1 rs2615977 (A/C genotype OR 2.39, P = 0.024); no associations for Guadalajara City were found. With respect to gene-gene interactions, the pairwise interactions of WISP1-COL11A1, COL11A1-FRZB, FRZB-SOST and WISP1-FMN2 make it possible to visualize the synergistic or antagonistic effect of their genotypes or alleles in both populations. These results suggest that gene-gene interactions in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway play a role in the etiology of KOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández-Torres
- Synovial Fluid Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yessica Zamudio-Cuevas
- Synovial Fluid Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alberto López-Reyes
- Synovial Fluid Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniela Garrido-Rodríguez
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Calz de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, Belisario Domínguez Sección 16, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karina Martínez-Flores
- Synovial Fluid Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alberto Lozada
- Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases Division, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñóz-Valle
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Edith Oregon-Romero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Angélica Martínez-Nava
- Synovial Fluid Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico.
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25
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Shu CC, Smith MM, Appleyard RC, Little CB, Melrose J. Achilles and tail tendons of perlecan exon 3 null heparan sulphate deficient mice display surprising improvement in tendon tensile properties and altered collagen fibril organisation compared to C57BL/6 wild type mice. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5120. [PMID: 30042881 PMCID: PMC6056265 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the role of the perlecan (Hspg2) heparan sulphate (HS) side chains on cell and matrix homeostasis in tail and Achilles tendons in 3 and 12 week old Hspg2 exon 3 null HS deficient (Hspg2Δ3 − ∕Δ3 −) and C57 BL/6 Wild Type (WT) mice. Perlecan has important cell regulatory and matrix organizational properties through HS mediated interactions with a range of growth factors and morphogens and with structural extracellular matrix glycoproteins which define tissue function and allow the resident cells to regulate tissue homeostasis. It was expected that ablation of the HS chains on perlecan would severely disrupt normal tendon organization and functional properties and it was envisaged that this study would better define the role of HS in normal tendon function and in tendon repair processes. Tail and Achilles tendons from each genotype were biomechanically tested (ultimate tensile stress (UTS), tensile modulus (TM)) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen (hydroxyproline) compositional analyses were undertaken. Tenocytes were isolated from tail tendons from each mouse genotype and grown in monolayer culture. These cultures were undertaken in the presence of FGF-2 to assess the cell signaling properties of each genotype. Total RNA was isolated from 3–12 week old tail and Achilles tendons and qRT-PCR was undertaken to assess the expression of the following genes Vcan, Bgn, Dcn, Lum, Hspg2, Ltbp1, Ltbp2, Eln and Fbn1. Type VI collagen and perlecan were immunolocalised in tail tendon and collagen fibrils were imaged using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FGF-2 stimulated tenocyte monolayers displayed elevated Adamts4, Mmp2, 3, 13 mRNA levels compared to WT mice. Non-stimulated tendon Col1A1, Vcan, Bgn, Dcn, Lum, Hspg2, Ltbp1, Ltbp2, Eln and Fbn1 mRNA levels showed no major differences between the two genotypes other than a decline with ageing while LTBP2 expression increased. Eln expression also declined to a greater extent in the perlecan exon 3 null mice (P < 0.05). Type VI collagen and perlecan were immunolocalised in tail tendon and collagen fibrils imaged using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This indicated a more compact form of collagen localization in the perlecan exon 3 null mice. Collagen fibrils were also smaller by TEM, which may facilitate a more condensed fibril packing accounting for the superior UTS displayed by the perlecan exon 3 null mice. The amplified catabolic phenotype of Hspg2Δ3 − ∕Δ3 − mice may account for the age-dependent decline in GAG observed in tail tendon over 3 to 12 weeks. After Achilles tenotomy Hspg2Δ3 − ∕Δ3 − and WT mice had similar rates of recovery of UTS and TM over 12 weeks post operatively indicating that a deficiency of HS was not detrimental to tendon repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy C Shu
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Margaret M Smith
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard C Appleyard
- Murray Maxwell Biomechanics Laboratory, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.,Surgical Skills Laboratory, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Meo Burt P, Xiao L, Hurley MM. FGF23 Regulates Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling-Mediated Osteoarthritis in Mice Overexpressing High-Molecular-Weight FGF2. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2386-2396. [PMID: 29718273 PMCID: PMC6457004 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although humans with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) and the Hyp mouse, a murine homolog of XLH, are known to develop degenerative joint disease, the exact mechanism that drives the osteoarthritis (OA) phenotype remains unclear. Mice that overexpress high-molecular-weight fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 isoforms (HMWTg mice) phenocopy both XLH and Hyp, including OA with increased FGF23 production in bone and serum. Because HMWTg cartilage also has increased FGF23 and there is cross-talk between FGF23-Wnt/β-catenin signaling, the purpose of this study was to determine if OA observed in HMWTg mice is due to FGF23-mediated canonical Wnt signaling in chondrocytes, given that both pathways are implicated in OA pathogenesis. HMWTg OA joints had decreased Dkk1, Sost, and Lrp6 expression with increased Wnt5a, Wnt7b, Lrp5, Axin2, phospho-GSK3β, Lef1, and nuclear β-catenin, as indicated by immunohistochemistry or quantitative PCR analysis. Chondrocytes from HMWTg mice had enhanced alcian blue and alkaline phosphatase staining as well as increased FGF23, Adamts5, Il-1β, Wnt7b, Wnt16, and Wisp1 gene expression and phospho-GSK3β protein expression as indicated by Western blot, compared with chondrocytes of vector control and chondrocytes from mice overexpressing the low-molecular-weight isoform, which were protected from OA. Canonical Wnt inhibitor treatment rescued some of those parameters in HMWTg chondrocytes, seemingly delaying the initially accelerated chondrogenic differentiation. FGF23 neutralizing antibody treatment was able to partly ameliorate OA abnormalities in subchondral bone and reduce degradative/hypertrophic chondrogenic marker expression in HMWTg joints in vivo. These results demonstrate that osteoarthropathy of HMWTg is at least partially due to FGF23-modulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patience Meo Burt
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Liping Xiao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Marja M Hurley
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
- Correspondence: Marja M. Hurley, MD, Department of Medicine MC-3023, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030. E-mail:
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Jiang YY, Wen J, Gong C, Lin S, Zhang CX, Chen S, Cheng W, Li H. BIO alleviated compressive mechanical force-mediated mandibular cartilage pathological changes through Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1228-1237. [PMID: 28960426 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis induced by compressive mechanical force is characterized by decreased chondrocyte proliferation and degradation of the ECM. To examine underlying mechanisms of the pathological changes of mandibular cartilage induced by compressive mechanical force, an established animal model was used to examine Wnt signaling activation by glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β) inhibitor 6-Bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO) injection in vivo. Histological changes in mandibular cartilage were assessed via hematoxylin & eosin (HE), masson, and alcian blue staining. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR were performed to evaluate activation of the Wnt signaling pathway and chondrocytes proliferation markers. Chondrocytes apoptosis was examined by TUNEL staining. During the compressive mechanical force loading-mediated process, Wnt signaling was largely inhibited, which showed the inhibited expression of β-catenin and the increased expression of GSK-3β. The expression of chondrocytes proliferation markers Ki67, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) also decreased. With BIO injection, the Wnt signaling was restored and the proliferation of mandibular chondrocytes was also increased in the late stage (7 days) of compressive mechanical force loading. Finally, the decreasing mandibular cartilage thickness, the degradation of extracellular matrix, and the erosion of bone trabecula were subsequently restored. Also, the changes of extracellular matrix markers such as collagen II and collagen X, matrix metalloproteases, and inflammatory cytokines were reversed followed by the injection of BIO. In summary, compressive mechanical force decreased endogenously Wnt signaling, leading to impaired proliferation in chondrocytes and degradation in cartilage matrix. Restoration of Wnt signaling largely recovered the proliferation defects and alleviated the pathological changes of mandibular cartilage. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1228-1237, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Jiang
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Wen
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Gong
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuang Lin
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cai Xia Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huang Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
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28
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Adapala NS, Kim HKW. A genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of articular cartilage during normal maturation in pigs. Gene 2017; 627:508-518. [PMID: 28687335 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The articular cartilage undergoes dramatic changes in structure and composition during post-natal maturation, but the associated transcriptional changes are not well characterized. Compared to a mature stage, the immature articular cartilage shows developmental features such as increased thickness, presence of blood vessels, and the presence of a deep layer of growth cartilage which undergoes endochondral ossification. These features decrease during normal development. Following maturation, the articular cartilage is known to undergo few minor modifications. Since mature articular cartilage has poor regenerative and repair capacity compared to the immature articular cartilage, a better understanding of the molecular changes during the normal postnatal articular cartilage development might reveal insights on the molecular adaptation. It may also provide new therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this study was to determine the differential expression of genes in the femoral head articular cartilage of 6-weeks old and 6-months old pigs using a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis. METHODS The articular cartilage of the femoral head of 6-weeks and 6-months old normal pigs was assessed for thickness and vascularity (number of vascular canals) using Safranin O/Fast Green staining of paraffin sections (n=4 pigs/age group). The measurements were determined using Image J software. RNA was isolated from the femoral head articular cartilage from 6-weeks and 6-months old pigs (n=8 pigs/age group). A microarray analysis was performed using an Affymetrix Porcine GeneChip Array. A gene enrichment analysis and a functional clustering analysis were performed by DAVID and STRING software, respectively. The differential expression of selected genes was confirmed by a quantitative RTPCR analysis. RESULTS The femoral head articular cartilage showed a significant decrease in thickness and number of vascular canals in 6-months old compared to 6-weeks old pigs. A microarray analysis revealed a differential gene expression of 576 genes, with 206 genes that were significantly upregulated and 370 genes that were significantly downregulated (>2-fold change, p<0.05) at 6-months compared to 6-weeks of age. Among the upregulated genes, DAVID analysis revealed that a significant number of genes represented the biological processes of responses to external stimuli, and wounding and inflammation at 6-months of age. These processes involved genes representing secretory and signaling proteins such as MMP-1, MMP-3, IL-8 and STAT3 suggesting increased inflammatory activity. In addition, an assessment of the downregulated genes indicated a decrease in the expression of genes representing the biological processes of developmental processes (e.g. BMPR1A, BMPR2, ACVR2, periostin, SFRP2, COL5A3) and regulation of blood vessel size (e.g. alpha adrenergic receptor 1B, alpha-SMA) at 6-months of age. A real-time qRTPCR analysis of selected upregulated genes, fibronectin, MMP-3, IL-8 and downregulated genes, BMPR2, PECAM, CCL2, TLR4 confirmed the differential gene expression in the microarray analysis. CONCLUSION During the process of articular cartilage maturation from 6-weeks to 6-months of age in normal pigs, genes associated with inflammatory responses to injury were upregulated and genes involved in the development and vascular responses were downregulated. These findings suggest that during articular cartilage maturation, the transcriptional changes might increase the susceptibility of cartilage to inflammatory damage and decrease the regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Suresh Adapala
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8883, USA
| | - Harry K W Kim
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8883, USA.
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Fibulin-4 reduces extracellular matrix production and suppresses chondrocyte differentiation via DKK1- mediated canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 99:293-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Tanthaisong P, Imsoonthornruksa S, Ngernsoungnern A, Ngernsoungnern P, Ketudat-Cairns M, Parnpai R. Enhanced Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Umbilical Cord Wharton's Jelly Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells by GSK-3 Inhibitors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168059. [PMID: 28060847 PMCID: PMC5217863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is an avascular, alymphatic, and aneural system with very low regeneration potential because of its limited capacity for self-repair. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the preferred choice for cell-based therapies. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) inhibitors are compounds that can induce the Wnt signaling pathway, which is involved in chondrogenesis and cartilage development. Here, we investigated the influence of lithium chloride (LiCl) and SB216763 synergistically with TGF-β3 on chondrogenic differentiation in human mesenchymal stem cells derived from Wharton’s jelly tissue (hWJ-MSCs). hWJ-MSCs were cultured and chondrogenic differentiation was induced in monolayer and pellet experiments using chondrogenic medium, chondrogenic medium supplemented with LiCl, or SB216763 for 4 weeks. After in vitro differentiation, cultured cells were examined for the expression of Sox9, ACAN, Col2a1, and β-catenin markers. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) accumulation was also examined by Alcian blue staining. The results indicated that SB216763 was more effective than LiCl as evidenced by a higher up-regulation of the expression of cartilage-specific markers, including Sox9, ACAN, Col2a1 as well as GAG accumulation. Moreover, collagen type II expression was strongly observed in cells cultured in the chondrogenic medium + SB216763 as evidenced by western blot analysis. Both treatments appeared to mediate the Wnt signaling pathway by up-regulating β-catenin gene expression. Further analyses showed that all treatments suppressed the progression of chondrocyte hypertrophy, determined by decreased expression of Col10a1 and Runx2. These results indicate that LiCl and SB216763 are potential candidates for further in vivo therapeutic trials and would be of great importance for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapot Tanthaisong
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center and School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Sumeth Imsoonthornruksa
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center and School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Apichart Ngernsoungnern
- School of Anatomy, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Piyada Ngernsoungnern
- School of Anatomy, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Mariena Ketudat-Cairns
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center and School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Rangsun Parnpai
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center and School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Lin Y, Ohkawara B, Ito M, Misawa N, Miyamoto K, Takegami Y, Masuda A, Toyokuni S, Ohno K. Molecular hydrogen suppresses activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31986. [PMID: 27558955 PMCID: PMC5001535 DOI: 10.1038/srep31986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2) is effective for many diseases. However, molecular bases of H2 have not been fully elucidated. Cumulative evidence indicates that H2 acts as a gaseous signal modulator. We found that H2 suppresses activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling by promoting phosphorylation and degradation οf β-catenin. Either complete inhibition of GSK3 or mutations at CK1- and GSK3-phosphorylation sites of β-catenin abolished the suppressive effect of H2. H2 did not increase GSK3-mediated phosphorylation of glycogen synthase, indicating that H2 has no direct effect on GSK3 itself. Knock-down of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) or Axin1, which form the β-catenin degradation complex, minimized the suppressive effect of H2 on β-catenin accumulation. Accordingly, the effect of H2 requires CK1/GSK3-phosphorylation sites of β-catenin, as well as the β-catenin degradation complex comprised of CK1, GSK3, APC, and Axin1. We additionally found that H2 reduces the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Oral intake of H2 water tended to ameliorate cartilage degradation in a surgery-induced rat osteoarthritis model through attenuating β-catenin accumulation. We first demonstrate that H2 suppresses abnormally activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which accounts for the protective roles of H2 in a fraction of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingni Lin
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Bisei Ohkawara
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mikako Ito
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Misawa
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Graduate school of Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kentaro Miyamoto
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Takegami
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Masuda
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Graduate school of Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kinji Ohno
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Takegami Y, Ohkawara B, Ito M, Masuda A, Nakashima H, Ishiguro N, Ohno K. R-spondin 2 facilitates differentiation of proliferating chondrocytes into hypertrophic chondrocytes by enhancing Wnt/β-catenin signaling in endochondral ossification. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:255-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Green JD, Tollemar V, Dougherty M, Yan Z, Yin L, Ye J, Collier Z, Mohammed MK, Haydon RC, Luu HH, Kang R, Lee MJ, Ho SH, He TC, Shi LL, Athiviraham A. Multifaceted signaling regulators of chondrogenesis: Implications in cartilage regeneration and tissue engineering. Genes Dis 2015; 2:307-327. [PMID: 26835506 PMCID: PMC4730920 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects of articular cartilage present a unique clinical challenge due to its poor self-healing capacity and avascular nature. Current surgical treatment options do not ensure consistent regeneration of hyaline cartilage in favor of fibrous tissue. Here, we review the current understanding of the most important biological regulators of chondrogenesis and their interactions, to provide insight into potential applications for cartilage tissue engineering. These include various signaling pathways, including: fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, Notch, hypoxia, and angiogenic signaling pathways. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of chondrogenesis will also be discussed. Advances in our understanding of these signaling pathways have led to promising advances in cartilage regeneration and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D. Green
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Viktor Tollemar
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mark Dougherty
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhengjian Yan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Liangjun Yin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jixing Ye
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zachary Collier
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Maryam K. Mohammed
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rex C. Haydon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hue H. Luu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard Kang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael J. Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sherwin H. Ho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lewis L. Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aravind Athiviraham
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Barter MJ, Tselepi M, Gómez R, Woods S, Hui W, Smith GR, Shanley DP, Clark IM, Young DA. Genome-Wide MicroRNA and Gene Analysis of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Chondrogenesis Identifies an Essential Role and Multiple Targets for miR-140-5p. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3266-80. [PMID: 26175215 PMCID: PMC4737122 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are abundantly expressed in development where they are critical determinants of cell differentiation and phenotype. Accordingly miRNAs are essential for normal skeletal development and chondrogenesis in particular. However, the question of which miRNAs are specific to the chondrocyte phenotype has not been fully addressed. Using microarray analysis of miRNA expression during mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenic differentiation and detailed examination of the role of essential differentiation factors, such as SOX9, TGF-β, and the cell condensation phase, we characterize the repertoire of specific miRNAs involved in chondrocyte development, highlighting in particular miR-140 and miR-455. Further with the use of mRNA microarray data we integrate miRNA expression and mRNA expression during chondrogenesis to underline the particular importance of miR-140, especially the -5p strand. We provide a detailed identification and validation of direct targets of miR-140-5p in both chondrogenesis and adult chondrocytes with the use of microarray and 3'UTR analysis. This emphasizes the diverse array of targets and pathways regulated by miR-140-5p. We are also able to confirm previous experimentally identified targets but, additionally, identify a novel positive regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway by miR-140-5p. Wnt signaling has a complex role in chondrogenesis and skeletal development and these findings illustrate a previously unidentified role for miR-140-5p in regulation of Wnt signaling in these processes. Together these developments further highlight the role of miRNAs during chondrogenesis to improve our understanding of chondrocyte development and guide cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt J. Barter
- Institute of Cellular MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Maria Tselepi
- Institute of Cellular MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Rodolfo Gómez
- Institute of Cellular MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Steven Woods
- Institute of Cellular MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Wang Hui
- Institute of Cellular MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Graham R. Smith
- Institute of Cellular MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Daryl P. Shanley
- Institute for Ageing and HealthNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Clark
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - David A. Young
- Institute of Cellular MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
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Guimarães DM, Antunes DM, Saturno JL, Massuda F, Paiva KBDS, Nunes FD. Immunohistochemical expression of WNT5A and MMPs in odontogenic epithelial tumors and cysts. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:667-74. [PMID: 26558991 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was compare the expression of WNT5A and MMP2, 7 and 20, in frequent benign odontogenic tumors and odontogenic cysts, since these lesions have a different biological behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-one paraffin-embedded specimens of odontogenic tumors, including ameloblastoma and keratocystic odontogenic tumor, and thirty-two odontogenic cysts were used for immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS The expression of WNT5A in odontogenic tumors and inflammatory cyst was higher than in developmental odontogenic cyst. There was no statistical difference (p<0.05) in the expression of WNT5A when comparing the analyzed tumors. The expression of MMP7 was lower in RC with a statistical difference when compared with all tumors and cysts. Statistical differences also occurred when comparing glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) to keratocyst odontogenic tumor (KOT) and calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor (CCOT). MMP20 expression was higher in ameloblastoma when compared to adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT), DC and GOC. The expression of MMP20 was lower in CCOT when compared to all tumors and cysts. CONCLUSIONS The expression of WNT5A in a group of odontogenic lesions suggests the participation of a non-canonical WNT signaling pathway in the progression and maintenance of these lesions. These molecules are possibly involved in the biological differences between odontogenic tumors and cysts. Considering previous studies, WNT5A may help promote the calcification seen in AOT, CCOT and CEOT by activating MMP7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Magno Guimarães
- University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology, Av Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniella Moraes Antunes
- University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology, Av Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juvani Lago Saturno
- University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology, Av Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiola Massuda
- University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology, Av Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katiúcia Batista da Silva Paiva
- University of São Paulo, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Anatomy, Av Professor Lineu Prestes, 2415 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Daumas Nunes
- University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology, Av Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227 São Paulo, Brazil.
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De Leonardis F, Monti L, Gualeni B, Tenni R, Forlino A, Rossi A. Altered signaling in the G1 phase deregulates chondrocyte growth in a mouse model with proteoglycan undersulfation. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1779-86. [PMID: 24820054 PMCID: PMC4262066 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In several skeletal dysplasias defects in extracellular matrix molecules affect not only the structural and mechanical properties of cartilage, but also the complex network of signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. Sulfated proteoglycans, besides playing an important structural role in cartilage, are crucial in modulating the transport, diffusion, and interactions of growth factors with their specific targets, taking part in the regulation of signaling pathways involved in skeletal development and growth. In this work, we investigated by real time PCR and Western blots of the microdissected growth plate and by immunohistochemistry the molecular basis of reduced chondrocyte proliferation in the growth plate of the dtd mouse, a chondrodysplastic model with defective chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan sulfation of articular and growth plate cartilage. We detected activation of the Wnt pathway, leading to an increase in the non-phosphorylated form of nuclear β-catenin and subsequent up-regulation of cyclin D1 expression in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. β-Catenin was further stabilized by up-regulation of Smad3 expression through TGF-β pathway synergistic activation. We demonstrate that notwithstanding cyclin D1 expression increase, cell cycle progression is compromised in the G1 phase due to reduced phosphorylation of the pocket protein p130 leading to inhibition of transcription factors of the E2F family which are crucial for cell cycle progression and DNA replication. These data, together with altered Indian hedgehox signaling detected previously, explain at the molecular level the reduced chondrocyte proliferation rate of the dtd growth plate leading to reduced skeletal growth. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 1779–1786, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio De Leonardis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Tsai TT, Ho NYJ, Fang HC, Lai PL, Niu CC, Chen LH, Chen WJ, Pang JHS. Increased sulfatase 1 gene expression in degenerative intervertebral disc cells. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:312-7. [PMID: 25469740 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sulfatase 1 (SULF1) plays a key role in cell signaling involving in cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, and migration. Abnormal SULF1 expression has been implicated in the development of various cancers and diseases of the skeletal and nervous systems. The present study aims to examine the difference in SULF1 expression between degenerative and non-degenerative intervertebral discs (IVDs) to provide an enhanced understanding of disc degeneration. Degenerative and non-degenerative disc tissues were surgically harvested from patients and experimental rats. Disc degeneration-specific genes were identified by microarray analysis. The gene expression of SULF1 was measured by sulfatase assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time RT-PCR, and western blotting. Also, the presence of SULF1 in human and rat discs was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. More specifically in human cells, an increase of SULF1 gene expression was observed in degenerative cells at both mRNA and protein levels, as well as in time- and dose-dependent manner in response to TNF-α treatment. Increased staining of SULF1 was detected in degenerative discs compared to non-degenerative discs for humans and rats. These findings show an upregulation of SULF1 in degenerative discs for the first time, and suggest that there is a link between SULF1 and disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ting Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Section, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Kim J, Lin B, Kim S, Choi B, Evseenko D, Lee M. TGF-β1 conjugated chitosan collagen hydrogels induce chondrogenic differentiation of human synovium-derived stem cells. J Biol Eng 2015; 9:1. [PMID: 25745515 PMCID: PMC4350967 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-9-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike bone tissue, articular cartilage regeneration has not been very successful and has many challenges ahead. We have previously developed injectable hydrogels using photopolymerizable chitosan (MeGC) that supported growth of chondrocytes. In this study, we demonstrate a biofunctional hydrogel for specific use in cartilage regeneration by conjugating transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), a well-documented chondrogenic factor, to MeGC hydrogels impregnating type II collagen (Col II), one of the major cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Results TGF-β1 was delivered from MeGC hydrogels in a controlled manner with reduced burst release by chemically conjugating the protein to MeGC. The hydrogel system did not compromise viability of encapsulated human synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hSMSCs). Col II impregnation and TGF-β1 delivery significantly enhanced cellular aggregation and deposition of cartilaginous ECM by the encapsulated cells, compared with pure MeGC hydrogels. Conclusions This study demonstrates successful engineering of a biofunctional hydrogel with a specific microenvironment tailored to promote chondrogenesis. This hydrogel system can provide promising efficacious therapeutics in the treatment of cartilage defects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1754-1611-9-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinku Kim
- Department of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, 339-701 South Korea
| | - Brian Lin
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Soyon Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Bogyu Choi
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Denis Evseenko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Min Lee
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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Asai N, Ohkawara B, Ito M, Masuda A, Ishiguro N, Ohno K. LRP4 induces extracellular matrix productions and facilitates chondrocyte differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 451:302-7. [PMID: 25091481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification is an essential step for skeletal development, which requires chondrocyte differentiation in growth cartilage. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4), a member of LDLR family, is an inhibitor for Wnt signaling, but its roles in chondrocyte differentiation remain to be investigated. Here we found by laser capture microdissection that LRP4 expression was induced during chondrocyte differentiation in growth plate. In order to address the roles, we overexpressed recombinant human LRP4 or knocked down endogenous LRP4 by lentivirus in mouse ATDC5 chondrocyte cells. We found that LRP4 induced gene expressions of extracellular matrix proteins of type II collagen (Col2a1), aggrecan (Acan), and type X collagen (Col10a1), as well as production of total proteoglycans in ATDC5 cells, whereas LRP4 knockdown had opposite effects. Interestingly, LRP4-knockdown reduced mRNA expression of Sox9, a master regulator for chondrogenesis, as well as Dkk1, an extracellular Wnt inhibitor. Analysis of Wnt signaling revealed that LRP4 blocked the Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity in ATDC5 cells. Finally, the reduction of these extracellular matrix productions by LRP4-knockdown was rescued by a β-catenin/TCF inhibitor, suggesting that LRP4 is an important regulator for extracellular matrix productions and chondrocyte differentiation by suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Asai
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Bisei Ohkawara
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mikako Ito
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Masuda
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kinji Ohno
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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Bougault C, Priam S, Houard X, Pigenet A, Sudre L, Lories RJ, Jacques C, Berenbaum F. Protective role of frizzled-related protein B on matrix metalloproteinase induction in mouse chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R137. [PMID: 24984954 PMCID: PMC4226985 DOI: 10.1186/ar4599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Our objective was to investigate whether a lack of frizzled-related protein B (FrzB), an extracellular antagonist of the Wnt signaling pathways, could enhance cartilage degradation by facilitating the expression, release and activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by chondrocytes in response to tissue-damaging stimuli. Methods Cartilage explants from FrzB−/− and wild-type mice were challenged by excessive dynamic compression (0.5 Hz and 1 MPa for 6 hours). Load-induced glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release and MMP enzymatic activity were assessed. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (10, 100 and 1000 pg/mL for 24 hours) was used to stimulate primary cultures of articular chondrocytes from FrzB−/− and wild-type mice. The expression and release of MMP-3 and −13 were determined by RT-PCR, western blot and ELISA. The accumulation of β-catenin was assessed by RT-PCR and western blot. Results Cartilage degradation, as revealed by a significant increase in GAG release (2.8-fold, P = 0.014) and MMP activity (4.5-fold, P = 0.014) by explants, was induced by an excessive load. Load-induced MMP activity appeared to be enhanced in FrzB−/− cartilage explants compared to wild-type (P = 0.17). IL-1β dose-dependently induced Mmp-13 and −3 gene expression and protein release by cultured chondrocytes. IL-1β-mediated increase in MMP-13 and −3 was slightly enhanced in FrzB−/− chondrocytes compared to wild-type (P = 0.05 and P = 0.10 at gene level, P = 0.17 and P = 0.10 at protein level, respectively). Analysis of Ctnn1b and Lef1 gene expression and β-catenin accumulation at protein level suggests that the enhanced catabolic response of FrzB−/− chondrocytes to IL-1β and load may be associated with an over-stimulation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Conclusions Our results suggest that FrzB may have a protective role on cartilage degradation and MMP induction in mouse chondrocytes by attenuating deleterious effects of the activation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Signaling pathways in cartilage repair. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:8667-98. [PMID: 24837833 PMCID: PMC4057753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15058667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult healthy cartilage, chondrocytes are in a quiescent phase characterized by a fine balance between anabolic and catabolic activities. In ageing, degenerative joint diseases and traumatic injuries of cartilage, a loss of homeostatic conditions and an up-regulation of catabolic pathways occur. Since cartilage differentiation and maintenance of homeostasis are finely tuned by a complex network of signaling molecules and biophysical factors, shedding light on these mechanisms appears to be extremely relevant for both the identification of pathogenic key factors, as specific therapeutic targets, and the development of biological approaches for cartilage regeneration. This review will focus on the main signaling pathways that can activate cellular and molecular processes, regulating the functional behavior of cartilage in both physiological and pathological conditions. These networks may be relevant in the crosstalk among joint compartments and increased knowledge in this field may lead to the development of more effective strategies for inducing cartilage repair.
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Patterson SE, Dealy CN. Mechanisms and models of endoplasmic reticulum stress in chondrodysplasia. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:875-93. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Patterson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development; Department of Reconstructive Sciences; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington Connecticut
| | - Caroline N. Dealy
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development; Department of Reconstructive Sciences; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington Connecticut
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development; Department of Orthopedic Surgery; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington Connecticut
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Liao J, Hu N, Zhou N, Lin L, Zhao C, Yi S, Fan T, Bao W, Liang X, Chen H, Xu W, Chen C, Cheng Q, Zeng Y, Si W, Yang Z, Huang W. Sox9 potentiates BMP2-induced chondrogenic differentiation and inhibits BMP2-induced osteogenic differentiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89025. [PMID: 24551211 PMCID: PMC3923876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) is one of the key chondrogenic growth factors involved in the cartilage regeneration. However, it also exhibits osteogenic abilities and triggers endochondral ossification. Effective chondrogenesis and inhibition of BMP2-induced osteogenesis and endochondral ossification can be achieved by directing the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) towards chondrocyte lineage with chodrogenic factors, such as Sox9. Here we investigated the effects of Sox9 on BMP2-induced chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. We found exogenous overexpression of Sox9 enhanced the BMP2-induced chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs in vitro. Also, it inhibited early and late osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in vitro. Subcutaneous stem cell implantation demonstrated Sox9 potentiated BMP2-induced cartilage formation and inhibited endochondral ossification. Mouse limb cultures indicated that BMP2 and Sox9 acted synergistically to stimulate chondrocytes proliferation, and Sox9 inhibited BMP2-induced chondrocytes hypertrophy and ossification. This study strongly suggests that Sox9 potentiates BMP2-induced MSCs chondrogenic differentiation and cartilage formation, and inhibits BMP2-induced MSCs osteogenic differentiation and endochondral ossification. Thus, exogenous overexpression of Sox9 in BMP2-induced mesenchymal stem cells differentiation may be a new strategy for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Liao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nian Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangbo Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shixiong Yi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingxu Fan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Liang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongming Zeng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weike Si
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhong Yang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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van den Bosch MH, Blom AB, van Lent PL, van Beuningen HM, Blaney Davidson EN, van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB. Canonical Wnt signaling skews TGF-β signaling in chondrocytes towards signaling via ALK1 and Smad 1/5/8. Cell Signal 2014; 26:951-8. [PMID: 24463008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both Wnt signaling and TGF-β signaling have been implicated in the regulation of the phenotype of many cell types including chondrocytes, the only cell type present in the articular cartilage. A changed chondrocyte phenotype, resulting in chondrocyte hypertrophy, is one of the main hallmarks of osteoarthritis. TGF-β signaling via activin-like kinase (ALK)5, resulting in Smad 2/3 phosphorylation, inhibits chondrocyte hypertrophy. In contrast, TGF-β signaling via ALK1, leading to Smad 1/5/8 phosphorylation, has been shown to induce chondrocyte hypertrophy. In this study, we investigated the capability of Wnt3a and WISP1, a protein downstream in canonical Wnt signaling, to skew TGF-β signaling in chondrocytes from the protective Smad 2/3 towards the Smad 1/5/8 pathway. RESULTS Stimulation with Wnt3a, either alone or in combination with its downstream protein WISP1, decreased TGF-β-induced C-terminal phosphorylation of Smad 2/3. In addition, both Wnt3a and WISP1 increased Smad 1/5/8 phosphorylation at the C-terminal domain in both murine and human chondrocytes. DKK-1, a selective inhibitor of canonical Wnt signaling, abolished these effects. TGF-β signaling via Smad 2/3, measured by the functional CAGA12-Luc reporter construct activity, was decreased by stimulation with Wnt3a in accordance with the decrease in Smad 2/3 phosphorylation found on Western blot. Furthermore, in vivo overexpression of the canonical Wnt8a decreased Smad 2/3 phosphorylation and increased Smad 1/5/8 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that canonical Wnt signaling is able to skew TGF-β signaling towards dominant signaling via the ALK1/Smad 1/5/8 pathway, which reportedly leads to chondrocyte hypertrophy. In this way canonical Wnts and WISP1, which we found to be increased during experimental osteoarthritis, may contribute to osteoarthritis pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn H van den Bosch
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Arjen B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter L van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Henk M van Beuningen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Esmeralda N Blaney Davidson
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim B van den Berg
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Heilmann A, Schinke T, Bindl R, Wehner T, Rapp A, Haffner-Luntzer M, Nemitz C, Liedert A, Amling M, Ignatius A. The Wnt serpentine receptor Frizzled-9 regulates new bone formation in fracture healing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84232. [PMID: 24391920 PMCID: PMC3877253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is a key regulator of bone metabolism and fracture healing. The canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway is regarded as the dominant mechanism, and targeting this pathway has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of osteoporosis and poorly healing fractures. In contrast, little is known about the role of non-canonical Wnt signaling in bone. Recently, it was demonstrated that the serpentine receptor Fzd9, a Wnt receptor of the Frizzled family, is essential for osteoblast function and positively regulates bone remodeling via the non-canonical Wnt pathway without involving β-catenin-dependent signaling. Here we investigated whether the Fzd9 receptor is essential for fracture healing using a femur osteotomy model in Fzd9−/− mice. After 10, 24 and 32 days the fracture calli were analyzed using biomechanical testing, histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry, and micro-computed tomography. Our results demonstrated significantly reduced amounts of newly formed bone at all investigated healing time points in the absence of Fzd9 and, accordingly, a decreased mechanical competence of the callus tissue in the late phase of fracture healing. In contrast, cartilage formation and numbers of osteoclasts degrading mineralized matrix were unaltered. β-Catenin immunolocalization showed that canonical Wnt-signaling was not affected in the absence of Fzd9 in osteoblasts as well as in proliferating and mature chondrocytes within the fracture callus. The expression of established differentiation markers was not altered in the absence of Fzd9, whereas chemokines Ccl2 and Cxcl5 seemed to be reduced. Collectively, our results suggest that non-canonical signaling via the Fzd9 receptor positively regulates intramembranous and endochondral bone formation during fracture healing, whereas it does not participate in the formation of cartilage or in the osteoclastic degradation of mineralized matrix. The finding that Fzd9, in addition to its role in physiological bone remodeling, regulates bone repair may have implications for the development of treatments for poorly or non-healing fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Heilmann
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronny Bindl
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tim Wehner
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna Rapp
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie Haffner-Luntzer
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Claudia Nemitz
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Astrid Liedert
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Stock M, Böhm C, Scholtysek C, Englbrecht M, Fürnrohr BG, Klinger P, Gelse K, Gayetskyy S, Engelke K, Billmeier U, Wirtz S, van den Berg W, Schett G. Wnt inhibitory factor 1 deficiency uncouples cartilage and bone destruction in tumor necrosis factor α-mediated experimental arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:2310-22. [PMID: 23784913 DOI: 10.1002/art.38054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wnt signaling plays a pivotal role in skeletal development and in the control of cartilage and bone turnover. We have recently shown that the secreted Wnt antagonist Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF-1) is mainly expressed in the upper layers of epiphyseal and articular cartilage and, to a lesser extent, in bone. Nevertheless, WIF-1(-/-) mice develop normally. In light of these findings, we undertook this study to analyze the role of WIF-1 in arthritis. METHODS Expression analyses for WIF-1 were performed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). WIF-1(-/-) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-transgenic mice were crossbred, and the progression of arthritis in TNF-transgenic WIF-1(-/-) mice and littermate controls was evaluated. Structural joint damage was analyzed by histologic staining, histomorphometry, and micro-computed tomography. Wnt/β-catenin signaling was investigated by real-time RT-PCR and immunofluorescence on primary chondrocytes. RESULTS WIF-1 expression was repressed by TNFα in chondrocytes and osteoblasts and down-regulated in experimental arthritis and in articular cartilage from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. WIF-1 deficiency partially protected TNF-transgenic mice against bone erosion and loss of trabecular bone, probably as a result of less osteoclast activity. In contrast, arthritis-related cartilage damage was aggravated by WIF-1 deficiency, while overexpression of WIF-1 attenuated cartilage degradation in TNF-transgenic mice. In chondrocytes, TNFα stimulated canonical Wnt signaling, which could be blocked by WIF-1, indicating a direct effect of TNFα and WIF-1 on Wnt signaling in this system. CONCLUSION These data suggest that WIF-1 may take part in the fine-tuning of cartilage and bone turnover, promoting the balance of cartilage versus bone anabolism.
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D'Souza DG, Rana K, Milley KM, MacLean HE, Zajac JD, Bell J, Brenner S, Venkatesh B, Richardson SJ, Danks JA. Expression of Wnt signaling skeletal development genes in the cartilaginous fish, elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 193:1-9. [PMID: 23871650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Jawed vertebrates (Gnasthostomes) are broadly separated into cartilaginous fishes (Chondricthyes) and bony vertebrates (Osteichthyes). Cartilaginous fishes are divided into chimaeras (e.g. ratfish, rabbit fish and elephant shark) and elasmobranchs (e.g. sharks, rays and skates). Both cartilaginous fish and bony vertebrates are believed to have a common armoured bony ancestor (Class Placodermi), however cartilaginous fish are believed to have lost bone. This study has identified and investigated genes involved in skeletal development in vertebrates, in the cartilaginous fish, elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii). Ctnnb1 (β-catenin), Sfrp (secreted frizzled protein) and a single Sost or Sostdc1 gene (sclerostin or sclerostin domain-containing protein 1) were identified in the elephant shark genome and found to be expressed in a number of tissues, including cartilage. β-catenin was also localized in several elephant shark tissues. The expression of these genes, which belong to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, is required for normal bone formation in mammals. These findings in the cartilaginous skeleton of elephant shark support the hypothesis that the common ancestor of cartilaginous fishes and bony vertebrates had the potential for making bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian G D'Souza
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia; Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia
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Joiner DM, Less KD, Van Wieren EM, Hess D, Williams BO. Heterozygosity for an inactivating mutation in low-density lipoprotein-related receptor 6 (Lrp6) increases osteoarthritis severity in mice after ligament and meniscus injury. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:1576-85. [PMID: 23756208 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an integral and complex role in cartilage development and maintenance. β-catenin signaling has been linked to osteoarthritis (OA), but the role of Lrp6-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling during OA remains unexplored. Mutations in the Wnt/β-catenin co-receptors LRP5 and LRP6 (low-density lipoprotein-related receptors 5 and 6) result in skeletal abnormalities, which tend to be more severe in Lrp6 mutant mice. We examined OA development, chondrocyte and osteoblast behavior, and β-catenin signaling after ligament and meniscus damage in mice with global heterozygous deletion of Lrp6. DESIGN Ligament and meniscus damage was surgically induced in Lrp6(+/-) and wild-type (WT) mice, and evidence of joint disease was assessed by Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and histology. Wnt/β-catenin signaling, proliferation, apoptosis, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and catabolic enzyme activity were measured. RESULTS Relative to WT mice, Lrp6(+/-) mice had lower nuclear β-catenin signaling within articular cartilage. After surgery, osteophytes and reduced articular cartilage were apparent in WT mice, but more severe in Lrp6(+/-) animals. Impairments to trabecular bone geometry occurred for WT and Lrp6(+/-) mice after surgery. Relative to WT mice, Lrp6(+/-) mice had reduced trabecular BMD and thickness, and Cyclin D1 and Lrp6 gene expression after surgery. There was an increase in apoptotic cells and serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) for Lrp6(+/-) mice after surgery, but no differences in cell proliferation occurred. CONCLUSIONS Heterozygous loss-of-function mutation in Lrp6 leads to less β-catenin signaling within articular cartilage and to increased degenerative joint disease after ligament and meniscus injury. Modulation of Lrp6 function could attenuate joint disease after damage to ligaments and the meniscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Joiner
- Center for Skeletal Disease Research, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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Beazley KE, Lima F, Borras T, Nurminskaya M. Attenuation of chondrogenic transformation in vascular smooth muscle by dietary quercetin in the MGP-deficient mouse model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76210. [PMID: 24098781 PMCID: PMC3786963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Cartilaginous metaplasia of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) is characteristic for arterial calcification in diabetes and uremia and in the background of genetic alterations in matrix Gla protein (MGP). A better understanding of the molecular details of this process is critical for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to VSM transformation and arterial calcification. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify the effects of bioflavonoid quercetin on chondrogenic transformation and calcification of VSM in the MGP-null mouse model and upon TGF-β3 stimulation in vitro, and to characterize the associated alterations in cell signaling. METHODS AND RESULTS Molecular analysis revealed activation of β-catenin signaling in cartilaginous metaplasia in Mgp-/- aortae in vivo and during chondrogenic transformation of VSMCs in vitro. Quercetin intercepted chondrogenic transformation of VSM and blocked activation of β-catenin both in vivo and in vitro. Although dietary quercetin drastically attenuated calcifying cartilaginous metaplasia in Mgp-/- animals, approximately one-half of total vascular calcium mineral remained as depositions along elastic lamellae. CONCLUSION Quercetin is potent in preventing VSM chondrogenic transformation caused by diverse stimuli. Combined with the demonstrated efficiency of dietary quercetin in preventing ectopic chondrogenesis in the MGP-null vasculature, these findings indicate a potentially broad therapeutic applicability of this safe for human consumption bioflavonoid in the therapy of cardiovascular conditions linked to cartilaginous metaplasia of VSM. Elastocalcinosis is a major component of MGP-null vascular disease and is controlled by a mechanism different from chondrogenic transformation of VSM and not sensitive to quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E. Beazley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Florence Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Teresa Borras
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maria Nurminskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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50
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Zhang X, Zhu J, Li Y, Lin T, Siclari VA, Chandra A, Candela EM, Koyama E, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Qin L. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling regulates epiphyseal cartilage development through β-catenin-dependent and -independent pathways. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32229-32240. [PMID: 24047892 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.463554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an essential player in the development of multiple organs during embryonic and postnatal stages. To understand its role in epiphyseal cartilage development, we generated transgenic mice with conditionally inactivated EGFR in chondrocytes. Postnatally, these mice exhibited a normal initiation of cartilage canals at the perichondrium, but the excavation of these canals into the cartilage was strongly suppressed, resulting in a delay in the formation of the secondary ossification center (SOC). This delay was accompanied by normal chondrocyte hypertrophy but decreased mineralization and apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes and reduced osteoclast number at the border of marrow space. Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that inactivation of chondrocyte-specific EGFR signaling reduced the amounts of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP9, -13, and -14) and RANKL (receptor activator of NF-κB ligand) in the hypertrophic chondrocytes close to the marrow space and decreased the cartilage matrix degradation in the SOC. Analyses of EGFR downstream signaling pathways in primary epiphyseal chondrocytes revealed that up-regulation of MMP9 and RANKL by EGFR signaling was partially mediated by the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway, whereas EGFR-enhanced MMP13 expression was not. Further biochemical studies suggested that EGFR signaling stimulates the phosphorylation of LRP6, increases active β-catenin level, and induces its nuclear translocation. In line with these in vitro studies, deficiency in chondrocyte-specific EGFR activity reduced β-catenin amount in hypertrophic chondrocytes in vivo. In conclusion, our work demonstrates that chondrocyte-specific EGFR signaling is an important regulator of cartilage matrix degradation during SOC formation and epiphyseal cartilage development and that its actions are partially mediated by activating the β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianrong Zhang
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,; the Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ji Zhu
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Yumei Li
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,; the Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tiao Lin
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,; the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Valerie A Siclari
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Abhishek Chandra
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Elena M Candela
- the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Eiki Koyama
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,; the Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,; the Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Ling Qin
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,.
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