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Shin J, Lee Y, Ju SH, Jung YJ, Sim D, Lee SJ. Unveiling the Potential of Natural Compounds: A Comprehensive Review on Adipose Thermogenesis Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4915. [PMID: 38732127 PMCID: PMC11084502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The process of adipocyte browning has recently emerged as a novel therapeutic target for combating obesity and obesity-related diseases. Non-shivering thermogenesis is the process of biological heat production in mammals and is primarily mediated via brown adipose tissue (BAT). The recruitment and activation of BAT can be induced through chemical drugs and nutrients, with subsequent beneficial health effects through the utilization of carbohydrates and fats to generate heat to maintain body temperature. However, since potent drugs may show adverse side effects, nutritional or natural substances could be safe and effective as potential adipocyte browning agents. This review aims to provide an extensive overview of the natural food compounds that have been shown to activate brown adipocytes in humans, animals, and in cultured cells. In addition, some key genetic and molecular targets and the mechanisms of action of these natural compounds reported to have therapeutic potential to combat obesity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeeun Shin
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.H.J.); (Y.J.J.); (D.S.)
| | - Yeonho Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.H.J.); (Y.J.J.); (D.S.)
| | - Seong Hun Ju
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.H.J.); (Y.J.J.); (D.S.)
| | - Young Jae Jung
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.H.J.); (Y.J.J.); (D.S.)
| | - Daehyeon Sim
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.H.J.); (Y.J.J.); (D.S.)
| | - Sung-Joon Lee
- Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, BK21 Four Institute of Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02846, Republic of Korea
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2
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Phung HM, Jang D, Trinh TA, Lee D, Nguyen QN, Kim CE, Kang KS. Regulation of appetite-related neuropeptides by Panax ginseng: A novel approach for obesity treatment. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:609-619. [PMID: 35818423 PMCID: PMC9270656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a primary factor provoking various chronic disorders, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer, and causes the death of 2.8 million individuals each year. Diet, physical activity, medications, and surgery are the main therapies for overweightness and obesity. During weight loss therapy, a decrease in energy stores activates appetite signaling pathways under the regulation of neuropeptides, including anorexigenic [corticotropin-releasing hormone, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), cholecystokinin (CCK), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript] and orexigenic [agouti-related protein (AgRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and melanin-concentrating hormone] neuropeptides, which increase food intake and lead to failure in attaining weight loss goals. Ginseng and ginsenosides reverse these signaling pathways by suppressing orexigenic neuropeptides (NPY and AgRP) and provoking anorexigenic neuropeptides (CCK and POMC), which prevent the increase in food intake. Moreover, the results of network pharmacology analysis have revealed that constituents of ginseng radix, including campesterol, beta-elemene, ginsenoside Rb1, biotin, and pantothenic acid, are highly correlated with neuropeptide genes that regulate energy balance and food intake, including ADIPOQ, NAMPT, UBL5, NUCB2, LEP, CCK, GAST, IGF1, RLN1, PENK, PDYN, and POMC. Based on previous studies and network pharmacology analysis data, ginseng and its compounds may be a potent source for obesity treatment by regulating neuropeptides associated with appetite.
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Miao L, Yang Y, Li Z, Fang Z, Zhang Y, Han CC. Ginsenoside Rb2: A review of pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:206-213. [PMID: 35509822 PMCID: PMC9058830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb2 is an active protopanaxadiol-type saponin, widely existing in the stem and leave of ginseng. Rb2 has recently been the focus of studies for pharmaceutical properties. This paper provides an overview of the preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetics for Rb2, which exhibit poor absorption, rapid tissue distribution and slow excretion through urine. Pharmacological studies indicate a beneficial role of Rb2 in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, obesity, tumor, photoaging, virus infection and cardiovascular problems. The underlying mechanism is involved in an inhibition of oxidative stress, ROS generation, inflammation and apoptosis via regulation of various cellular signaling pathways and molecules, including AKT/SHP, MAPK, EGFR/SOX2, TGF-β1/Smad, SIRT1, GPR120/AMPK/HO-1 and NF-κB. This work would provide a new insight into the understanding and application of Rb2. However, its therapeutic effects have not been clinically evaluated. Further studies should be aimed at the clinical treatment of Rb2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxing Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yijun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Medical College, Jinan, China
| | - Zhongwen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Medical College, Jinan, China
| | - Zengjun Fang
- The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, China
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Control and Construction of the Whole Industrial Chain of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Corresponding author. School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, PR China.
| | - Chun-chao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Control and Construction of the Whole Industrial Chain of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Corresponding author. School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, PR China. Tel.: +86 531 82613129; Fax: +86 86 531 82613129.
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Aminifard T, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. The effects of ginseng on the metabolic syndrome: An updated review. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5293-5311. [PMID: 34532035 PMCID: PMC8441279 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors including high blood glucose, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and high body weight. It can increase the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disorders, which are the important reasons for death around the world. Nowadays, there are numerous demands for herbal medicine because of less harmful effects and more useful effects in comparison with chemical options. Ginseng is one of the most famous herbs used as a drug for a variety of disorders in humans. The antihyperlipidemia, antihypertension, antihyperglycemic, and anti-obesity effects of ginseng and its active constituents such as ginsenosides have been shown in different studies. In this review article, the different in vitro, in vivo, and human studies concerning the effects of ginseng and its active constituents in metabolic syndrome have been summarized. According to these studies, ginseng can control metabolic syndrome and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Aminifard
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and ToxicologySchool of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and ToxicologySchool of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research CenterPharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and ToxicologySchool of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Pharmaceutical Research CenterPharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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5
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Wang W, Ha L, Li X, Zheng W, Yang E. Pharmacokinetic and metabolism study of ginsenoside Rb2 in rat by liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5191. [PMID: 34110039 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a simple and rapid ultra-fast liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was established and validated to determine ginsenosides Rb2 in rat plasma. Acetonitrile-mediated protein precipitant was applied to the sample preparation. Chromatographic separation was carried out on an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm). The analytes were monitored using multiple reactions monitoring mode with precursor-to-product ion transitions at m/z 1077.4-945.3 and m/z 799.8 → 637.8 for ginsenoside Rb2 and internal standard, respectively. The mobile phase was composed of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile. The assay showed excellent linearity over the concentration range of 2-1,000 ng/ml, with correlation coefficient >0.995. The method was further validated for selectivity, precision, accuracy, recovery, and stability according to the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. The validated method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies of ginsenoside Rb2 in rat plasma. Based on the pharmacokinetic results, ginsenoside Rb2 showed slow clearance and low oral bioavailability (0.15%). In addition, the metabolites of ginsenoside Rb2 in rat urine and feces were characterized according to their accurate masses and fragment ions. The proposed metabolic pathway was deglycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Ha
- Department of Pharmacy, First Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, First Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weiwan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, First Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Encheng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Zhang X, Zhang B, Zhang C, Sun G, Sun X. Effect of Panax notoginseng Saponins and Major Anti-Obesity Components on Weight Loss. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:601751. [PMID: 33841133 PMCID: PMC8027240 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.601751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of individuals who are overweight or obese is rising rapidly globally. Currently, majority of drugs used to treat obesity are ineffective or are accompanied by obvious side effects; hence, the options are very limited. Therefore, it is necessary to find more effective and safer anti-obesity drugs. It has been proven in vivo and in vitro that the active ingredient notoginsenosides isolated from traditional Chinese medicine Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen exhibits anti-obesity effects. Notoginsenosides can treat obesity by reducing lipid synthesis, inhibiting adipogenesis, promoting white adipose tissue browning, increasing energy consumption, and improving insulin sensitivity. Although notoginsenosides are potential drugs for the treatment of obesity, their effects and mechanisms have not been analyzed in depth. In this review, the anti-obesity potential and mechanism of action of notoginsenosides were analyzed; thus laying emphasis on the timely prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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7
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Gao Y, Yan J, Li J, Li X, Yang S, Chen N, Li L, Zhang L. Ginsenoside Rg3 ameliorates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:322-331. [PMID: 33793882 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Improper usage of acetaminophen (APAP) leads to morbidity and also mortality secondary to liver damage. Ginseng could suppress APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and ginsenoside Rg3 is a kind of major component in ginseng against liver damage. Herein, we intended to estimate the beneficial function and molecular mechanism of Rg3 on APAP-caused hepatotoxicity and identified hepatoprotection. METHODS A total of 50 C57BL/6J mice were divided into five random groups, and each contains 10 mice as the control, acetaminophen (350 mg/kg) and Rg3 (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) + acetaminophen (350 mg/kg) groups. These mice were intragastric administration a single dose of acetaminophen by oral treatment behind pre-administered with several doses of ginsenoside Rg3 for six hours. KEY FINDINGS According to our data, the injection of APAP (350 mg/kg) enhanced the basal levels of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactic dehydrogenase. However, these abnormal added were alleviated by Rg3. Moreover, Rg3 treatment obviously relieved APAP-caused inflammation and oxidant in liver tissues. The depletion of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity and generation of malondialdehyde induced by APAP treatment were reduced by Rg3. By H&E staining, Rg3 effectively reduced APAP-caused apoptosis and inflammatory infiltration. Moreover, Rg3 attenuated APAP-caused hepatic damage in part by regulating the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, we found that Rg3 could bind to NLRP3 suggesting the anti-inflammatory effects of Rg3 by molecular docking study. CONCLUSIONS In summary, Rg3 showed hepatic protective function in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity as evidenced by a reduction of the oxidant and the inflammatory reply, relieve of hepatocellular damage, showing potential in Rg3 as a potential therapeutic medicine to prevent hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juntong Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Songwei Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Naihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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8
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Changhong K, Peng Y, Yuan Z, Cai J. Ginsenoside Rb1 protected PC12 cells from Aβ 25-35-induced cytotoxicity via PPARγ activation and cholesterol reduction. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 893:173835. [PMID: 33359145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidences suggest that amyloid β (Aβ)-peptide plays a key role in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through aggregation and deposition into plaques in neuronal cells. Membrane components such as cholesterol and gangliosides not only enhance the production of amyloidogenic Aβ fragments, but also appear to strengthen Aβ-membrane interaction. Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) is a major active component of Panax, which is widely used to improve learning and memory. In the present study, whether ginsenoside Rb1 could protect pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) from Aβ25-35-induced cytotoxicity including inhibiting cell growth, inducing apoptosis, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), destroying the cytoskeleton and bringing about membrane toxicity was investigated. Our results indicated that ginsenoside Rb1 could serve as an agonist of peroxisom proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and reduce the level of cholesterol in AD model cells. Reduction of the Aβ25-35-induced cytotoxicity by lowering cholesterol was evidenced by reduction of ROS production, lipid peroxidation, and protection of cytoskeleton and membrane surface rigidity. Most importantly, the viability of PC12 cells increased from 50.42 ± 5.51% for the AD group to 102.72 ± 4.34% for the 50 μM ginsenoside Rb1 group with cholesterol reduction. Our results suggested that ginsenoside Rb1 might function as an effective candidate to promote reverse cholesterol transport and lower ROS production, therefore providing a new insight into prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Changhong
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; YZ Health-tech Inc., Hengqin District, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhengqiang Yuan
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 51006, China.
| | - Jiye Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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9
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Abstract
Pyroptosis plays a critical role in the development of obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistantance (IR). Ginsenoside Rb2 (Rb2), the main component of ginsenosides has drawn appreciable interest in the context of glucose metabolism. In the present study, we investigated Rb2-mediated protection against obesity-induced IR and the related mechanisms. Rb2 could significantly reduce high-fat diet (HFD)-induced body weight changes, fat accumulation and IR. In addition, Rb2 treatment inhibited pyroptosis-related genes and proteins, such as caspase-1, ASC, NLRP3, IL-1β and GSDMD in HFD-fed mice. The above results were recapitulated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and demonstrated that Rb2 improved TNF-α induced IR and pyroptosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, Rb2 reduced the phosphorylation levels of p65 and IκBα both in vitro and in vivo. The present study showed that Rb2, which could serve as a promising agent for the treatment of IR and obesity, ameliorated IR by inhibiting pyroptosis in adipocytes in vivo and in vitro through the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yepeng Hu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Hu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Xuejiang Gu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
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10
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Xue Y, Fu W, Liu Y, Yu P, Sun M, Li X, Yu X, Sui D. Ginsenoside Rb2 alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats through SIRT1 activation. J Food Sci 2020; 85:4039-4049. [PMID: 33073372 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cardioprotective effects of ginsenoside Rb2 on oxidative stress, which is induced by hydrogen peroxide and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury, have been studied. The mechanisms were associated with the inhibition of cardiomyocyte apoptosis, a high concentration of antioxidant defense enzymes, and scavenging oxidative stress products. Because of the association with oxidative reaction and cardioprotection, sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) was selected as a promising target for investigating whether MI/R injury can be alleviated by ginsenoside Rb2 pretreatment through SIRT1 activation. The rats were exposed to ginsenoside Rb2 with or without SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 before ligation of coronary artery. Ginsenoside Rb2 reduced myocardial superoxide generation; downregulated gp91phox expression; and decreased the mRNA expression levels and activities of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. The results demonstrated that ginsenoside Rb2 significantly attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation induced by MI/R injury. In addition, ginsenoside Rb2 upregulated SIRT1 expression and downregulated Ac-p53 expression. However, EX527 blocked the protective effects, indicating that the pharmacological action of ginsenoside Rb2 involves SIRT1. Our results thus revealed that ginsenoside Rb2 alleviated MI/R injury in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory response through SIRT1 activation. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Ginsenoside Rb2 has a protective effect on MI/R injury by activating SIRT1 expression, reducing myocardium inflammation, and alleviating oxidative stress. Thus, ginsenoside Rb2 is a promising novel agent for ameliorating MI/R injury in ischemic heart diseases and cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China.,Department of Burn Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Wenwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Yanzhe Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Mingyang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Dayun Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
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11
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Sun JL, Abd El-Aty AM, Jeong JH, Jung TW. Ginsenoside Rb2 Ameliorates LPS-Induced Inflammation and ER Stress in HUVECs and THP-1 Cells via the AMPK-Mediated Pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:967-985. [PMID: 32431178 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress have been documented to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Ginsenoside Rb2 has been reported to exhibit antidiabetic effects. However, the effects of Rb2 on atherosclerotic responses such as inflammation and ER stress in endothelial cells and monocytes remain unclear. In this study, the expression of inflammation and ER stress markers was determined using a Western blotting method. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF[Formula: see text]) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in culture media were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and apoptosis was evaluated by a cell viability assay and a caspase-3 activity measurement kit. We found that exposure of HUVECs and THP-1 monocytes to Rb2 attenuated inflammation and ER stress, resulting in amelioration of apoptosis and THP-1 cell adhesion to HUVECs under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) condition. Increased AMPK phosphorylation and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression, including GPR120 expression were observed in Rb2-treated HUVECs and THP-1 monocytes. Downregulation of both, AMPK phosphorylation and HO-1expression rescued these observed changes. Furthermore, GPR120 siRNA mitigated Rb2-induced AMPK phosphorylation. These results suggest that Rb2 inhibits LPS-mediated apoptosis and THP-1 cell adhesion to HUVECs by GPR120/AMPK/HO-1-associated attenuating inflammation and ER stress. Therefore, Rb2 can be used as a potential therapeutic molecule for treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaw Long Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Lim S, Park J, Um JY. Ginsenoside Rb1 Induces Beta 3 Adrenergic Receptor-Dependent Lipolysis and Thermogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and db/db Mice. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1154. [PMID: 31680950 PMCID: PMC6803469 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is constantly rising into a major health threat worldwide. Activation of brown-like transdifferentiation of white adipocytes (browning) has been proposed as a promising molecular target for obesity treatment. In this study, we investigated the effect of ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), a saponin derived from Panax ginseng Meyer, on browning. We used 3T3-L1 murine adipocytes and leptin receptor mutated db/db mice. The lipid accumulation, AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα)-related pathways, lipolytic and thermogenic factors were measured after Rb treatment in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Body weight change and lipolysis-thermogenesis factors were investigated in Rb1-treated db/db mice. Beta 3 adrenergic receptor activation (β3AR) changes were measured in Rb1-treated 3T3-L1 cells with or without β3AR inhibitor L748337 co-treatment. As a result, Rb1 treatment decreased lipid droplet size in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Rb1 also induced phosphorylations of AMPKα pathway and sirtuins. Moreover, lipases and thermogenic factors such as uncoupling protein 1 were increased by Rb1 treatment. Through these results, we could expect that the non-shivering thermogenesis program can be induced by Rb1. In db/db mice, 6-week injection of Rb1 resulted in decreased inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) weight associated with shrunken lipid droplets and increased lipolysis and thermogenesis. The thermogenic effect of Rb1 was possibly due to β3AR, as L748337 pre-treatment abolished the effect of Rb1. In conclusion, we suggest Rb1 as a potential lipolytic and thermogenic therapeutic agent which can be used for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seona Lim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinbong Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Research and Comorbidity Research Institute, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Um
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Research and Comorbidity Research Institute, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Ji X, Shi S, Liu B, Shan M, Tang D, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhang H, Lu C, Wang Y. Bioactive compounds from herbal medicines to manage dyslipidemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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14
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Nan B, Liu YL, You Y, Li WC, Fan JJ, Wang YS, Piao CH, Hu DL, Lu GJ, Wang YH. Protective effects of enhanced minor ginsenosides in Lactobacillus fermentum KP-3-fermented ginseng in mice fed a high fat diet. Food Funct 2019; 9:6020-6028. [PMID: 30397690 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01056k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus fermentum KP-3 was isolated from Korean pickle and used to ferment ginseng. The changes in the minor ginsenosides in the fermented ginseng were analyzed and the material was evaluated in high fat diet-fed mice. Total ginsenosides increased from 0.746 mg g-1 to 0.939 mg g-1 after fermentation, and the levels of minor ginsenosides (Rg2, Rg3, Rh1, Rh2, F2, and Ro) increased from 0.186 mg g-1 to 0.704 mg g-1. In an animal study, the serum TC and LDL levels in the HFD group were significantly higher than those of the control group. Compared with the HFD group, the probiotic-fermented ginseng significantly decreased the serum TC and LDL levels. In addition, the serum and liver ALT and AST levels were dramatically increased in the HFD group, but these increases were significantly inhibited by treatment with the probiotic-fermented ginseng. Furthermore, fermented ginseng reduced high fat diet-induced liver lipid accumulation. Overall, fermentation with L. fermentum KP-3 enhanced minor ginsenosides in ginseng and this probiotic-fermented ginseng ameliorated hyperlipidemia and liver injury induced by a high fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Nan
- College of Food science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
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15
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Song Y, Li X, Liu Y, Hu Y, Yang R. Arctigenin improves lipid metabolism by regulating AMP-activated protein kinase and downstream signaling pathways. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:13275-13288. [PMID: 30891825 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been reported that arctigenin (ARG) can reduce the body weight and inhibit adipogenic differentiation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the exact signals responsible for the ARG-mediated antiobesity mechanism through AMPK are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the potential improvement of AGR on lipid metabolism using a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemia rats and 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes. The levels of AMPK and its downstream factors were examined by Western blot analysis and real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We observed that ARG lowered the HFD-induced body weight and the levels of serum lipid. Moreover, ARG clearly alleviated fat deposition in the liver and reduced epididymal fat accumulation. ARG also suppressed lipogenesis and lipolysis but promoted fatty acid β-oxidation in adipocytes. Most importantly, ARG increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and upregulated the messenger RNA levels of downstream genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation, such as carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 but downregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP1c) and their targets, including lipogenesis-related genes such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, lipoprotein lipase, adipocyte protein 2, and fatty acid synthase (FAS), as well as lipolysis-related genes such as adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase. The activity of FAS was also decreased by ARG. We conclude that AMPK activation is important for the pharmacological effects of ARG. ARG may improve lipid metabolism by regulating the AMPK-ACC and AMPK-PPARγ/SREBP1c signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Song
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunyun Liu
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingjie Hu
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruiyi Yang
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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16
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Hong Y, Lin Y, Si Q, Yang L, Dong W, Gu X. Ginsenoside Rb2 Alleviates Obesity by Activation of Brown Fat and Induction of Browning of White Fat. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:153. [PMID: 30930854 PMCID: PMC6428988 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb2 (Rb2), the most abundant saponin contained in Panax ginseng, has been used to treat variety of metabolic diseases. However, its effects in obesity and potential mechanisms are not well-understood. In the present study, we investigated metabolic performance with a Rb2 supplement in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, focusing on the effects and mechanisms of Rb2 on brown and beige fat functions. Our results demonstrated that Rb2 effectively reduced body weight, improved insulin sensitivity, as well as induced energy expenditure in DIO mice. Histological and gene analysis revealed that Rb2 induced activation of brown fat and browning of white fat by reducing lipid droplets, stimulating uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) staining, and increasing expression of thermogenic and mitochondrial genes, which could be recapitulated in 3T3-L1, C3H10T1/2, and primary adipocytes. In addition, Rb2 induced phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) both in vitro and in vivo. These effects were shown to be dependent on AMPK since its inhibitor blocked Rb2 from inducing expressions of Pgc1α and Ucp1. Overall, the present study revealed that Rb2 activated brown fat and induced browning of white fat, which increased energy expenditure and thermogenesis, and consequently ameliorated obesity and metabolic disorders. These suggest that Rb2 holds promise in treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilian Hong
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiya Si
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weisong Dong
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuejiang Gu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xuejiang Gu
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Ginsenosides: the need to move forward from bench to clinical trials. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:361-367. [PMID: 31308807 PMCID: PMC6606839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng, known as Koran ginseng, one of the most commonly used traditional plants, has been demonstrated to show a wide range of pharmacological applications. Ginsenosides are the major active ingredients found in ginseng and are responsible for the biological and pharmacological activities, such as antioxidation, antiinflammation, vasorelaxation, and anticancer actions. Existing studies have mostly focused on identifying and purifying single ginsenosides and investigating pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms in cells and animal models. However, ginsenoside studies based on clinical trials have been very limited. Therefore, this review aimed to discuss the currently available clinical trials on ginsenosides and provide insights and future directions for developing ginsenosides as efficacious and safe drugs for human disease.
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18
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Ginsenoside Rb2 promotes glucose metabolism and attenuates fat accumulation via AKT-dependent mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 100:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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19
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Mancuso C, Santangelo R. Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius: From pharmacology to toxicology. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107:362-372. [PMID: 28698154 PMCID: PMC7116968 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius in traditional Chinese medicine dates back to about 5000 years ago thanks to its several beneficial and healing properties. Over the past few years, extensive preclinical and clinical evidence in the scientific literature worldwide has supported the beneficial effects of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius in significant central nervous system, metabolic, infectious and neoplastic diseases. There has been growing research on ginseng because of its favorable pharmacokinetics, including the intestinal biotransformation which is responsible for the processing of ginsenosides - contained in the roots or extracts of ginseng - into metabolites with high pharmacological activity and how such principles act on numerous cell targets. The aim of this review is to provide a simple and extensive overview of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius, focusing on the clinical evidence which has shown particular effectiveness in specific diseases, such as dementia, diabetes mellitus, respiratory infections, and cancer. Furthermore, the review will also provide data on toxicological factors to support the favorable safety profile of these medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Mancuso
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo F. Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Santangelo
- Institute of Microbiology, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo F. Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
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20
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Cong F, Liu J, Wang C, Yuan Z, Bi L, Liang J, Su K, Qiu Y, Song T, Fan J, Chao G. Ginsenoside Rb2 inhibits osteoclast differentiation through nuclear factor-kappaB and signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 3 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:927-934. [PMID: 28605877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside-Rb2 (Rb2) is a 20(S)-protopanaxadiol glycoside extracted from ginseng possessing various bioactivities which has drawn considerable interest regarding the area of bone metabolism. However, the effect of Rb2 on osteoclast differentiation remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential role of Rb2 in regulating osteoclast differentiation and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Osteoclast differentiation was induced by receptor activator nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in mouse RAW 264.7 cells. The results showed that Rb2 dose-dependently inhibited the formation of the tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated cells and TRAP expression. Furthermore, Rb2 promoted osteoprotegerin expression and bone resorption. The expression of osteoclast marker genes including nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1), c-Fos, OSCAR, and cathepsin K were also markedly inhibited by Rb2 treatment. Moreover, Rb2 significantly inhibited the RANKL-induced NF-κB activation. In addition, Rb2 also markedly suppressed the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. Interestingly, the knockdown of STAT3 significantly strengthened the inhibitory effect of Rb2 on osteoclast differentiation. Taken together, our study suggests that Rb2 inhibits osteoclast differentiation associated with blocking NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cong
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhi Yuan
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Long Bi
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jidong Liang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ke Su
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yucheng Qiu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jinzhu Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Gao Chao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
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21
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Wang M, Gao F, Zheng H, Zhang T, Guo M. Microencapsulation of ginsenosides using polymerised whey protein (PWP) as wall material and its application in probiotic fermented milk. Int J Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mu Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Jilin University; Changchun Jilin 130062 China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Jilin University; Changchun Jilin 130062 China
| | - Huajie Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Jilin University; Changchun Jilin 130062 China
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Jilin University; Changchun Jilin 130062 China
| | - Mingruo Guo
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Jilin University; Changchun Jilin 130062 China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences; The University of Vermont; Burlington Vermont 05405 USA
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Abstract
Although ginseng has been shown to have an antiobesity effect, antiobesity-related mechanisms are complex and have not been completely elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated ginseng’s effects on food intake, the digestion, and absorption systems, as well as liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle in order to identify the mechanisms involved. A review of previous in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that ginseng and ginsenosides can increase energy expenditure by stimulating the adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase pathway and can reduce energy intake. Moreover, in high fat diet-induced obese and diabetic individuals, ginseng has shown a two-way adjustment effect on adipogenesis. Nevertheless, most of the previous studies into antiobesity effects of ginseng have been animal based, and there is a paucity of evidence supporting the suggestion that ginseng can exert an antiobesity effect in humans.
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Gum SI, Rahman MK, Won JS, Cho MK. A Distinctive Pattern of Beauveria bassiana-biotransformed Ginsenoside Products Triggers Mitochondria/FasL-mediated Apoptosis in Colon Cancer Cells. Phytother Res 2015; 30:136-43. [PMID: 26609787 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng is one of the most commonly used adaptogens. Transformation into the minor ginsenosides produces compounds with more effective action. Beauveria bassiana, a teleomorph of Cordyceps bassiana, is a highly efficient producer of mammalian steroids and produces large amounts of sugar-utilizing enzymes. However, the fermentation of steroid glycosides in ginseng with B. bassiana has never been studied. Thus, we evaluated the bioconversion of the major ginsenosides in white ginseng by B. bassiana. Interestingly, B. bassiana increased the total amount of protopanaxadiols and hydrolyzed Rb1 into minor ginsenosides, exhibiting high levels of Rd and Rg3, as well as moderate levels of Rb2 and Rc analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light-scattering detection. The β-glucosidase activity was highly increased, which led to the selective elimination of sugar moiety at the 20-C position of Rb1 to Rd, followed by Rg3. Rb2 and Rc accumulated because of the minimal activities of α-L-arabinopyranosidase and α-L-arabinofuranosidase, respectively. The fermentation product exerted dose-dependent cytotoxicity in HCT-15 cells, which are resistant to ginseng. The product, but not white ginseng, exhibited apoptotic effects via the Fas ligand and caspase 8/9. This study demonstrates for the first time that the B. bassiana-fermented metabolites have potent apoptotic activity in colon cancer cells, linking to a therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Il Gum
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Kyungju, 780-714, Korea
| | - Md Khalilur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Kyungju, 780-714, Korea
| | - Jong Soon Won
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Kyungju, 780-714, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Kyungju, 780-714, Korea
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Lee MS, Jung S, Oh S, Shin Y, Kim CT, Kim IH, Kim Y. Effect of high hydrostatic pressure extract of fresh ginseng on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:2409-2415. [PMID: 25323802 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red ginseng is produced by steaming and drying fresh ginseng. Through this processing, chemical compounds are modified, and then biological activities are changed. In the food-processing industry, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) has become an alternative to heat processing to make maximum use of bioactive compounds in food materials. This study comparatively investigated the anti-adipogenic effects of water extract of red ginseng (WRG) and high hydrostatic pressure extract of fresh ginseng (HPG) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. RESULTS Both WRG and HPG inhibited the accumulation of intracellular lipids and triglycerides, and the activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), a key enzyme in triglyceride biosynthesis. Intracellular lipid content and GPDH activity were significantly lower in the HPG group compared to the WRG group. In addition, mRNA expression of adipogenic genes, including CEBP-α, SREBP-1c and aP2, were lower in HPG-treated cells compared to WRG-treated cells. HPG significantly increased the activity of AMPK, and WRG did not. CONCLUSION Results suggested that HPG may have superior beneficial effects on the inhibition of adipogenesis compared with WRG. The anti-adipogenic effects of HPG were partially associated with the inhibition of GPDH activity, suppression of adipogenic gene expression and activation of AMPK in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mak-Soon Lee
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoon Jung
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojung Oh
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjin Shin
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Tai Kim
- Convergence Technology Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-746, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hwan Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangha Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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25
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Xu D, Huang P, Yu Z, Xing DH, Ouyang S, Xing G. Efficacy and Safety of Panax notoginseng Saponin Therapy for Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Meta-Analysis, and Mini Review of Potential Mechanisms of Action. Front Neurol 2015; 5:274. [PMID: 25620952 PMCID: PMC4288044 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial/intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a leading cause of death and disability in people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke. No proven drug is available for ICH. Panax notoginseng (total saponin extraction, PNS) is one of the most valuable herb medicines for stroke and cerebralvascular disorders in China. We searched for randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) involving PNS injection to treat cerebral hemorrhage for meta-analysis from various databases including the Chinese Stroke Trials Register, the trials register of the Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Chinese BioMedical disk, and China Doctorate/Master Dissertations Databases. The quality of the eligible trials was assessed by Jadad’s scale. Twenty (20) of the 24 identified randomized controlled trials matched the inclusive criteria including 984 ICH patients with PNS injection and 907 ICH patients with current treatment (CT). Compared to the CT groups, PNS-treated patients showed better outcomes in the effectiveness rate (ER), neurological deficit score, intracranial hematoma volume, intracerebral edema volume, Barthel index, the number of patients died, and incidence of adverse events. Conclusion: PNS injection is superior to CT for acute ICH. A review of the literature shows that PNS may exert multiple protective mechanisms against ICH-induced brain damage including hemostasis, anti-coagulation, anti-thromboembolism, cerebral vasodilation, invigorated blood dynamics, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and anti-hyperglycemic effects. Since vitamin C and other brain cell activators (BCA) that are not considered common practice were also used as parts of the CT in several trials, potential PNS and BCA interactions could exist that may have made the effect of PNS therapy less or more impressive than by PNS therapy alone. Future PNS trials with and without the inclusion of such controversial BCAs as part of the CT could clarify the situation. As PNS has a long clinical track record in Asia, it could potentially become a therapy option to treat ICH in the US and Europe. Further clinical trials with better experimental design could determine the long-term effects of PNS treatment for TBI and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Xu
- Faculty of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine , Nanning , China
| | - Ping Huang
- Faculty of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine , Nanning , China
| | - Zhaosheng Yu
- Department of Oncology, Huanggang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Huanggang , China
| | | | - Shuai Ouyang
- School of Business, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
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26
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Gao B, Huang Q, Jie Q, Zhang HY, Wang L, Guo YS, Sun Z, Wei BY, Han YH, Liu J, Yang L, Luo ZJ. Ginsenoside-Rb2 inhibits dexamethasone-induced apoptosis through promotion of GPR120 induction in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 24:781-90. [PMID: 25314926 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) is an essential pathogenic factor of osteoporosis. Ginsenoside-Rb2 (Rb2), a 20(S)-protopanaxadiol glycoside extracted from ginseng, is a potent treatment for bone loss, which raises interest regarding the bone metabolism area. In the present study, we found that dose-response Rb2 inhibited high dosage of dexamethasone (Dex)-induced apoptosis in primary murine BMMSCs. Interestingly, Rb2 promoted GPR120 induction, which is the unsaturated long-chain fatty acid receptor. We further confirmed that GPR120-specific ShRNA reversed the inhibition of Rb2 on Dex-induced apoptosis by activating caspase-3 and reducing cell viability. In addition, Rb2 notably increased phosphorylated ERK1/2 levels and Ras kinase activity dependently through the GPR120. The ERK1/2 activity-specific inhibitor U0126 remarkably blocked the Rb2-induced antiapoptotic effect in response to Dex-induced apoptosis. Together, dose-response Rb2 protected BMMSCs against Dex-induced apoptosis dependently by inducing GPR120 promoted Ras-ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Therefore, in the prevalence of the abuse of Dex in the clinic, our findings suggest for the first time that Rb2 is not only a key to understand the link between Chinese medicine and the pathology of osteoporosis but also an underlying target for the treatment of bone complications in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Huang Q, Gao B, Jie Q, Wei BY, Fan J, Zhang HY, Zhang JK, Li XJ, Shi J, Luo ZJ, Yang L, Liu J. Ginsenoside-Rb2 displays anti-osteoporosis effects through reducing oxidative damage and bone-resorbing cytokines during osteogenesis. Bone 2014; 66:306-14. [PMID: 24933344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a significant pathogenic factor of osteoporosis. Ginsenoside-Rb2 (Rb2), a 20(S)-protopanaxadiol glycoside extracted from ginseng, is a potent antioxidant that generates interest regarding the bone metabolism area. We tested the potential anti-osteoporosis effects of Rb2 and its underlying mechanism in this study. We produced an oxidative damage model induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells to test the essential anti-osteoporosis effects of Rb2in vitro. The results indicated that treatment of 0.1 to 10μM Rb2 promoted the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells, improved alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression, elevated calcium mineralization and mRNA expressions of Alp, Col1a1, osteocalcin (Ocn) and osteopontin (Opn) against oxidative damage induced by H2O2. Importantly, Rb2 reduced the expression levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and IL-6 and inhibited the H2O2-induced production of ROS. The in vivo study indicated that the Rb2 administered for 12weeks partially decreased blood malondialdehyde (MDA) activity and elevated the activity of reduced glutathione (GSH) in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Moreover, Rb2 improved the micro-architecture of trabecular bones and increased bone mineral density (BMD) of the 4th lumbar vertebrae (L4) and the distal femur. Altogether, these results demonstrated that the potential anti-osteoporosis effects of Rb2 were linked to a reduction of oxidative damage and bone-resorbing cytokines, which suggests that Rb2 might be effective in preventing and alleviating osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Huang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Gao
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Jie
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Yuan Wei
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Fan
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Kang Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jie Li
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Shi
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo-Jing Luo
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China.
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Jung S, Lee MS, Shin Y, Kim CT, Kim IH, Kim YS, Kim Y. Anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects of high hydrostatic pressure extracts of ginseng in high-fat diet induced obese rats. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Gum SI, Cho MK. Korean red ginseng extract prevents APAP-induced hepatotoxicity through metabolic enzyme regulation: the role of ginsenoside Rg3, a protopanaxadiol. Liver Int 2013; 33:1071-84. [PMID: 23750847 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inappropriate use of acetaminophen (APAP) can lead to morbidity and mortality secondary to hepatic necrosis. AIMS We evaluated the beneficial effect and molecular mechanism of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on the APAP-mediated hepatotoxicity and identified a major component of KRG for hepatoprotection. METHODS Survival test, liver function test, histopathological study, APAP-metabolic profiling and gene expression were examined in mice. We determined the enzyme expression and upstream signalling in H4IIE cells analysed by RT-PCR, immunoblotting, siRNA gene knockdown and promoter-luciferase assay. RESULTS High doses of KRG reduced mortality at the LD50 of APAP. APAP increased AST and ALT activities, which were abrogated by low doses of KRG. These protective effects were consistent with the results from histopathological examinations. KRG altered APAP metabolic profiles through inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1 and induction of glutathione S-transferase A2 (GSTA2). Knockdown of GSTA2 catalyses the conjugation of glutathione reversed KRG-mediated protection against N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine in H4IIE cells. The nuclear Nrf2 and C/EBPβ, which are essential transcriptional factors for GSTA2 were increased by KRG. These effects were downstream of multiple signalling, including PI3K, JNK or PKA. Ginsenoside Rg3 but not Rb1, Rc and Rg1 significantly increased GSTA2 protein expression. Rg3 resulted in the transcriptional activation of GSTA2 downstream of the multiple cellular signalling. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that KRG is efficacious in protection against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and mortality through metabolic regulation and that Rg3 is a major component of KRG for the GST induction, implying that Rg3 should be considered to be a potential hepatoprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Il Gum
- Department of Pharmacology, Dongguk University, Kyungju, Korea
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Kim ST, Kim HB, Lee KH, Choi YR, Kim HJ, Shin IS, Gyoung YS, Joo SS. Steam-dried ginseng berry fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum controls the increase of blood glucose and body weight in type 2 obese diabetic db/db mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5438-5445. [PMID: 22563735 DOI: 10.1021/jf300460g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether steam-dried ginseng berries fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum (FSGB) could improve the indices of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in obese db/db mice. FSGB was shown to have an effect on body weight and blood glucose/serum parameters when administered at a dose of 0.5 g/kg. In the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT), FSGB was clearly shown to improve insulin tolerance and glucose tolerance. Moreover, FSGB was shown to enhance immune activities by increasing the immune cell population, and glucose transpoter 1 (GLUT1) mRNA expression in L6 cells was up-regulated, suggesting that FSGB can increase glucose transport activity in target cells. These results indicate that steam- and dry-processed ginseng berries fermented with L. plantarum can be used to effectively control blood sugar metabolism via improving insulin and glucose tolerance and body weight gain in db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Tae Kim
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon 210-702, Republic of Korea
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Lee KT, Jung TW, Lee HJ, Kim SG, Shin YS, Whang WK. The antidiabetic effect of ginsenoside Rb2 via activation of AMPK. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1201-8. [PMID: 21811928 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, which are active compounds found in ginseng (Panax ginseng), are used as antidiabetic treatments. The aim of this study was to determine whether Rb2, a type of ginsenoside, regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP) in hyperlipidemic conditions used as an in vitro model of type 2 diabetes. Considering these results, we concluded that Rb2 may inhibit palmitate-induced gluconeogenesis via AMPK-induced SHP by relieving ER stress, a cause of gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Tae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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Yeo CR, Yang C, Wong TY, Popovich DG. A quantified ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) extract influences lipid acquisition and increases adiponectin expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Molecules 2011; 16:477-92. [PMID: 21221064 PMCID: PMC6259216 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A Panax ginseng extract (PGE) with a quantified amount of ginsenosides was utilized to investigate its potential to inhibit proliferation, influence lipid acquisition and adiponectin expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Seven fingerprint ginsenosides were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography and their respective molecular weights were further confirmed via LC-ESI-MS analysis from four different extraction methods. Extraction using methanol under reflux produced significantly higher amounts of ginsenosides. The methanol extract consisted of Rg1 (47.40 ± 4.28 mg/g, dry weight of extract), Re (61.62 ± 5.10 mg/g), Rf (6.14 ± 0.28 mg/g), Rb1 (21.73 ± 1.29 mg/g), Rc (78.79 ± 4.15 mg/g), Rb2 (56.80 ± 3.79 mg/g), Rd (5.90 ± 0.41 mg/g). MTT analysis showed that PGE had a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect on 3T3-L1 preadipocyte and the LC(50) value was calculated to be 18.2 ± 5 µg/mL. Cell cycle analysis showed minimal changes in all four phases. Differentiating adipocytes treated with ginseng extract had a visible decrease in lipid droplets formation measured by Oil red O staining. Consequently, triglycerides levels in media significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by 39.5% and 46.1% when treated at concentrations of 1 µg/mL and 10 µg/mL compared to untreated control cells. Western blot analysis showed that the adiponectin protein expression was significantly (P < 0.05) increased at 10 µg/mL, but not at 1 µg/mL. A quantified PGE reduced the growth of 3T3-L1 cells, down-regulated lipid accumulation and up-regulated adiponectin expression in the 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David G. Popovich
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Hu C, Wei H, Kong H, Bouwman J, Gonzalez-Covarrubias V, van der Heijden R, Reijmers TH, Bao X, Verheij ER, Hankemeier T, Xu G, van der Greef J, Wang M. Linking biological activity with herbal constituents by systems biology-based approaches: effects of Panax ginseng in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:3094-103. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05254c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhang L, Liu Y, Lu XT, Wu YL, Zhang C, Ji XP, Wang R, Liu CX, Feng JB, Jiang H, Xu XS, Zhao YX, Zhang Y. Traditional Chinese medication Tongxinluo dose-dependently enhances stability of vulnerable plaques: a comparison with a high-dose simvastatin therapy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H2004-14. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00208.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to test the hypothesis that Tongxinluo (TXL) as a Chinese herbal medicine enhances stability of vulnerable plaque dose dependently via lipid-lowering and anti-inflammation effects, similar to a high-dose simvastatin therapy. After abdominal aortic balloon injury, 75 rabbits were fed a 1% cholesterol diet for 10 wk and were then divided into five groups for 8-wk treatment: control group, low-dose TXL group, moderate-dose TXL group, high-dose TXL group, and high-dose simvastatin group. At the end of week 16, an adenovirus containing p53 was injected into the abdominal aortic plaques. Two weeks later, plaque rupture was induced by pharmacological triggering. The incidence of plaque rupture in all treatment groups (14.3%, 7.1%, 7.7%, and 7.1%) was significantly lower than that in control group (73.3%; P > 0.01). TXL dose-dependently lowered serum lipid levels and inhibited systemic inflammation. Corrected acoustic intensity and fibrous cap thickness of the aortic plaques were significantly increased, whereas plaque area, plaque burden, vulnerable index, and expression of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) receptor 1, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), MMP-3, tissue inhibitor of MMP 1, and NF-κB in plaques were markedly reduced in all treatment groups when compared with the control group. Similar to high-dose simvastatin group, high-dose TXL group exhibited a low serum level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and ox-LDL, a low expression level of systemic and local inflammatory factors and a low plaque vulnerability index, with no differences in the incidence of plaque rupture among all treatment groups. TXL dose-dependently enhances the stability of vulnerable plaques and prevents plaques from rupture. Simvastatin and TXL offer similar protection in terms of lipid-lowering, anti-inflammation, and antioxidation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health and
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan
| | - Xiao Ting Lu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan
| | - Yi Ling Wu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Research, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health and
| | - Xiao Ping Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health and
| | - Rong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health and
| | - Chun Xi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health and
| | - Jin Bo Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health and
| | - Hong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health and
| | - Xin Sheng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong; and
| | - Yu Xia Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health and
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Park CH, Cho EJ, Yokozawa T. Protection Against Hypercholesterolemia by Corni Fructus Extract and Its Related Protective Mechanism. J Med Food 2009; 12:973-81. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hum Park
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Takako Yokozawa
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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