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Bogan JS. Ubiquitin-like processing of TUG proteins as a mechanism to regulate glucose uptake and energy metabolism in fat and muscle. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1019405. [PMID: 36246906 PMCID: PMC9556833 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1019405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to insulin stimulation, fat and muscle cells mobilize GLUT4 glucose transporters to the cell surface to enhance glucose uptake. Ubiquitin-like processing of TUG (Aspscr1, UBXD9) proteins is a central mechanism to regulate this process. Here, recent advances in this area are reviewed. The data support a model in which intact TUG traps insulin-responsive "GLUT4 storage vesicles" at the Golgi matrix by binding vesicle cargoes with its N-terminus and matrix proteins with its C-terminus. Insulin stimulation liberates these vesicles by triggering endoproteolytic cleavage of TUG, mediated by the Usp25m protease. Cleavage occurs in fat and muscle cells, but not in fibroblasts or other cell types. Proteolytic processing of intact TUG generates TUGUL, a ubiquitin-like protein modifier, as the N-terminal cleavage product. In adipocytes, TUGUL modifies a single protein, the KIF5B kinesin motor, which carries GLUT4 and other vesicle cargoes to the cell surface. In muscle, this or another motor may be modified. After cleavage of intact TUG, the TUG C-terminal product is extracted from the Golgi matrix by the p97 (VCP) ATPase. In both muscle and fat, this cleavage product enters the nucleus, binds PPARγ and PGC-1α, and regulates gene expression to promote fatty acid oxidation and thermogenesis. The stability of the TUG C-terminal product is regulated by an Ate1 arginyltransferase-dependent N-degron pathway, which may create a feedback mechanism to control oxidative metabolism. Although it is now clear that TUG processing coordinates glucose uptake with other aspects of physiology and metabolism, many questions remain about how this pathway is regulated and how it is altered in metabolic disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Bogan
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Yale Center for Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Jonathan S. Bogan,
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Eickelschulte S, Hartwig S, Leiser B, Lehr S, Joschko V, Chokkalingam M, Chadt A, Al-Hasani H. AKT/AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of TBC1D4 disrupts the interaction with insulin-regulated aminopeptidase. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100637. [PMID: 33872597 PMCID: PMC8131924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TBC1D4 is a 160 kDa multidomain Rab GTPase-activating protein (RabGAP) and a downstream target of the insulin- and contraction-activated kinases AKT and AMPK. Phosphorylation of TBC1D4 has been linked to translocation of GLUT4 from storage vesicles (GSVs) to the cell surface. However, its impact on enzymatic activity is not well understood, as previous studies mostly investigated the truncated GAP domain lacking the known phosphorylation sites. In the present study, we expressed and purified recombinant full-length TBC1D4 using a baculovirus system. Size-exclusion chromatography and coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that full-length TBC1D4 forms oligomers of ∼600 kDa. Compared with the truncated GAP domain, full-length TBC1D4 displayed similar substrate specificity, but had a markedly higher specific GAP activity toward Rab10. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, we mapped 19 Ser/Thr phosphorylation sites in TBC1D4. We determined Michaelis–Menten kinetics using in vitro phosphorylation assays with purified kinases and stable isotope-labeled γ-[18O4]-ATP. These data revealed that Ser324 (KM ∼6 μM) and Thr649 (KM ∼25 μM) were preferential sites for phosphorylation by AKT, whereas Ser348, Ser577, Ser595 (KM ∼10 μM), Ser711 (KM ∼79 μM), and Ser764 were found to be preferred targets for AMPK. Phosphorylation of TBC1D4 by AKT or AMPK did not alter the intrinsic RabGAP activity, but did disrupt interaction with insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP), a resident protein of GSVs implicated in GLUT4 trafficking. These findings provide evidence that insulin and contraction may regulate TBC1D4 function primarily by disrupting the recruitment of the RabGAP to GLUT4 vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Eickelschulte
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Hartwig
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ben Leiser
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Lehr
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Viola Joschko
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manopriya Chokkalingam
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Chadt
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hadi Al-Hasani
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany.
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Li DT, Habtemichael EN, Julca O, Sales CI, Westergaard XO, DeVries SG, Ruiz D, Sayal B, Bogan JS. GLUT4 Storage Vesicles: Specialized Organelles for Regulated Trafficking. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 92:453-470. [PMID: 31543708 PMCID: PMC6747935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Fat and muscle cells contain a specialized, intracellular organelle known as the GLUT4 storage vesicle (GSV). Insulin stimulation mobilizes GSVs, so that these vesicles fuse at the cell surface and insert GLUT4 glucose transporters into the plasma membrane. This example is likely one instance of a broader paradigm for regulated, non-secretory exocytosis, in which intracellular vesicles are translocated in response to diverse extracellular stimuli. GSVs have been studied extensively, yet these vesicles remain enigmatic. Data support the view that in unstimulated cells, GSVs are present as a pool of preformed small vesicles, which are distinct from endosomes and other membrane-bound organelles. In adipocytes, GSVs contain specific cargoes including GLUT4, IRAP, LRP1, and sortilin. They are formed by membrane budding, involving sortilin and probably CHC22 clathrin in humans, but the donor compartment from which these vesicles form remains uncertain. In unstimulated cells, GSVs are trapped by TUG proteins near the endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC). Insulin signals through two main pathways to mobilize these vesicles. Signaling by the Akt kinase modulates Rab GTPases to target the GSVs to the cell surface. Signaling by the Rho-family GTPase TC10α stimulates Usp25m-mediated TUG cleavage to liberate the vesicles from the Golgi. Cleavage produces a ubiquitin-like protein modifier, TUGUL, that links the GSVs to KIF5B kinesin motors to promote their movement to the cell surface. In obesity, attenuation of these processes results in insulin resistance and contributes to type 2 diabetes and may simultaneously contribute to hypertension and dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don T. Li
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Estifanos N. Habtemichael
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Omar Julca
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Chloe I. Sales
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Xavier O. Westergaard
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Stephen G. DeVries
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Diana Ruiz
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Bhavesh Sayal
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Jonathan S. Bogan
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Jonathan S. Bogan, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208020, New Haven, CT 06520-8020; Tel: 203-785-6319; Fax: 203-785-6462;
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Mafakheri S, Flörke RR, Kanngießer S, Hartwig S, Espelage L, De Wendt C, Schönberger T, Hamker N, Lehr S, Chadt A, Al-Hasani H. AKT and AMP-activated protein kinase regulate TBC1D1 through phosphorylation and its interaction with the cytosolic tail of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase IRAP. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17853-17862. [PMID: 30275018 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, the Rab GTPase-activating (GAP) protein TBC1D1 is phosphorylated by AKT and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in response to insulin and muscle contraction. Genetic ablation of Tbc1d1 or mutation of distinct phosphorylation sites impairs intracellular GLUT4 retention and GLUT4 traffic, presumably through alterations of the activation state of downstream Rab GTPases. Previous studies have focused on characterizing the C-terminal GAP domain of TBC1D1 that lacks the known phosphorylation sites, as well as putative regulatory domains. As a result, it has been unclear how phosphorylation of TBC1D1 would regulate its activity. In the present study, we have expressed, purified, and characterized recombinant full-length TBC1D1 in Sf9 insect cells via the baculovirus system. Full-length TBC1D1 showed RabGAP activity toward GLUT4-associated Rab8a, Rab10, and Rab14, indicating similar substrate specificity as the truncated GAP domain. However, the catalytic activity of the full-length TBC1D1 was markedly higher than that of the GAP domain. Although in vitro phosphorylation of TBC1D1 by AKT or AMPK increased 14-3-3 binding, it did not alter the intrinsic RabGAP activity. However, we found that TBC1D1 interacts through its N-terminal PTB domains with the cytoplasmic domain of the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase, a resident protein of GLUT4 storage vesicles, and this binding is disrupted by phosphorylation of TBC1D1 by AKT or AMPK. In summary, our findings suggest that other regions outside the GAP domain may contribute to the catalytic activity of TBC1D1. Moreover, our data indicate that recruitment of TBC1D1 to GLUT4-containing vesicles and not its GAP activity is regulated by insulin and contraction-mediated phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Mafakheri
- From the Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, 40225 Düsseldorf; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf R Flörke
- From the Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, 40225 Düsseldorf; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sibylle Kanngießer
- From the Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Sonja Hartwig
- From the Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, 40225 Düsseldorf; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lena Espelage
- From the Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, 40225 Düsseldorf; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian De Wendt
- From the Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, 40225 Düsseldorf; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tina Schönberger
- From the Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Nele Hamker
- From the Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Stefan Lehr
- From the Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, 40225 Düsseldorf; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Chadt
- From the Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, 40225 Düsseldorf; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hadi Al-Hasani
- From the Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, 40225 Düsseldorf; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany.
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Woo JR, Kim SJ, Kim KY, Jang H, Shoelson SE, Park S. The carboxy-terminal region of the TBC1D4 (AS160) RabGAP mediates protein homodimerization. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:965-971. [PMID: 28545963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
TBC1D4 (also known as AS160) is a Rab·GTPase-activating protein (RabGAP) which functions in insulin signaling. TBC1D4 is critical for translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), from an inactive, intracellular, vesicle-bound site to the plasma membrane, where it promotes glucose entry into cells. The TBC1D4 protein is structurally subdivided into two N-terminal phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domains, a C-terminal catalytic RabGAP domain, and a disordered segment in between containing potential Akt phosphorylation sites. Structural predictions further suggest that a region C-terminal to the RabGAP domain adopts a coiled-coil motif. We show that C-terminal region (CTR) region is largely α-helical and mediates TBC1D4 RabGAP dimerization. RabGAP catalytic activity and thermal stability appear to be independent of CTR-mediated dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Rang Woo
- Division of Development and Optimization, New Drug Development Center, KBIO Health, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Jong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Chonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Young Kim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyonchol Jang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Steven E Shoelson
- Joslin Diabetes Center & Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - SangYoun Park
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea.
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Au DT, Strickland DK, Muratoglu SC. The LDL Receptor-Related Protein 1: At the Crossroads of Lipoprotein Metabolism and Insulin Signaling. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:8356537. [PMID: 28584820 PMCID: PMC5444004 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8356537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is an escalating worldwide public health concern. Defined by a combination of physiological, metabolic, and biochemical factors, the metabolic syndrome is used as a clinical guideline to identify individuals with a higher risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Although risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease have been known for decades, the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of these diseases and their interrelationship remain unclear. The LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a large endocytic and signaling receptor that is widely expressed in several tissues. As a member of the LDL receptor family, LRP1 is involved in the clearance of chylomicron remnants from the circulation and has been demonstrated to be atheroprotective. Recently, studies have shown that LRP1 is involved in insulin receptor trafficking and regulation and glucose metabolism. This review summarizes the role of tissue-specific LRP1 in insulin signaling and its potential role as a link between lipoprotein and glucose metabolism in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianaly T. Au
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dudley K. Strickland
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Selen C. Muratoglu
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- *Selen C. Muratoglu:
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Hatakeyama H, Kanzaki M. Regulatory mode shift of Tbc1d1 is required for acquisition of insulin-responsive GLUT4-trafficking activity. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:809-17. [PMID: 23325788 PMCID: PMC3596251 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-10-0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tbc1d1 is involved in AICAR-dependent GLUT4 liberation. Tbc1d1 acquires temporal insulin responsiveness with AICAR pretreatment. This shift in regulatory mode requires Ser- 237 phosphorylation and the PTB1 domain. PTB1 mutants exhibit no shift in regulatory mode and thus no insulin responsiveness. Tbc1d1 is key to skeletal muscle GLUT4 regulation. By using GLUT4 nanometry combined with a cell-based reconstitution model, we uncover a shift in the regulatory mode of Tbc1d1 by showing that Tbc1d1 temporally acquires insulin responsiveness, which triggers GLUT4 trafficking only after an exercise-mimetic stimulus such as aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) pretreatment. The functional acquisition of insulin responsiveness requires Ser-237 phosphorylation and an intact phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) 1 domain. Mutations in PTB1, including R125W (a natural mutant), thus result in complete loss of insulin-responsiveness acquisition, whereas AICAR-responsive GLUT4-liberation activity remains intact. Thus our data provide novel insights into temporal acquisition/memorization of Tbc1d1 insulin responsiveness, relying on the PTB1 domain, possibly a key factor in the beneficial effects of exercise on muscle insulin potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Hatakeyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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