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Haider SH, Irfan A, Sheikh SM, Abid MT, Naz T, Abbas M, Raza A. Evaluating the impact of testosterone replacement therapy on carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Future Sci OA 2024; 10:2365125. [PMID: 39183456 DOI: 10.1080/20565623.2024.2365125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: This meta-analysis investigates the association between testosterone replacement therapy [TRT] and carotid artery atherosclerosis. Methods: 3 databases were searched for studies up to June 2023 per the PRISMA guidelines. The eligibility criteria comprised RCTs and observational studies involving hypogonadal males receiving exogenous testosterone, in which CIMT was assessed. CAA was the primary outcome, whereas secondary outcomes included HDL, LDL, CRP, total cholesterol and total testosterone. The statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager. Results: Statistical analysis revealed no association between TRT and assessed outcomes. There was a significant increase in total testosterone levels, depicting indirect anti-atherosclerotic effects of TRT. Conclusion: Meta-analysis shows no relation between TRT and CIMT or other markers, allowing its safe usage for hypogonadal males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Hamza Haider
- MBBS, Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, V246+X8C, Mission Rd, Nanakwara, 74200, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Areeka Irfan
- MBBS, Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, V246+X8C, Mission Rd, Nanakwara, 74200, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Samir Mustafa Sheikh
- MBBS, Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, V246+X8C, Mission Rd, Nanakwara, 74200, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Taha Abid
- MBBS, Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, V246+X8C, Mission Rd, Nanakwara, 74200, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Turba Naz
- MBBS, Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, V246+X8C, Mission Rd, Nanakwara, 74200, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mudassir Abbas
- MBBS, Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, V246+X8C, Mission Rd, Nanakwara, 74200, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Alishba Raza
- MBBS, Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, V246+X8C, Mission Rd, Nanakwara, 74200, Karachi, Pakistan
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Lopez DS, Mulla JS, El Haddad D, Tahashilder MI, Polychronopolou E, Baillargeon J, Kuo YF, Gilani S, Khalife WI. Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Relation With Cardiovascular Disease in Cisgender Women and Transgender People. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e1515-e1523. [PMID: 37392459 PMCID: PMC10655536 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the association of testosterone replacement therapy (TTh) with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and CVD-specific outcomes, in cisgender women and transgender population, and to determine whether this association varies by menopausal status. METHODS In 25 796 cisgender women and 1580 transgender people (≥30 years old) who were enrolled in the Optum's deidentified Clinformatics Data Mart Database (2007-2021), we identified 6288 pre- and postmenopausal cisgender women and 262 transgender people diagnosed with incident composite of CVD (coronary artery disease [CAD], congestive heart failure, stroke, and myocardial infarction). Prediagnostic prescription of TTh was ascertained for this analysis. Multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the independent association of TTh with incident CVD. RESULTS We found a 24% increased risk of CVD (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.15-1.34), 26% risk of CAD (HR = 1.26; 95% CI, 1.14-1.39), and a 29% risk of stroke (HR = 1.29; 95% CI, 1.14-1.45) after comparing cisgender women who used TTh with nonusers. Stratification by age group showed similar effects of TTh on CVD, CAD, and stroke. Among transgender people, TTh did not increase the risk of composite CVD, including by age stratification. CONCLUSION Use of TTh increased the risk of CVD, CAD, and stroke among cisgender women but not among transgender people. TTh is becoming more widely accepted in women, and it is the main medical treatment for transgender males. Therefore, use of TTh should be further investigated for the prevention of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Lopez
- School of Public and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0553, USA
| | - Juwairia S Mulla
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0553, USA
| | - Danielle El Haddad
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0553, USA
| | - Md Ibrahim Tahashilder
- School of Public and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0553, USA
| | - Efstathia Polychronopolou
- School of Public and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0553, USA
| | - Jacques Baillargeon
- School of Public and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0553, USA
| | - Yong-Fang Kuo
- School of Public and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0553, USA
| | - Syed Gilani
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0553, USA
| | - Wissam I Khalife
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0553, USA
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Corona G, Sparano C, Rastrelli G, Vignozzi L, Maggi M. Developments and challenges for new and emergent preparations for male hypogonadism treatment. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:1071-1084. [PMID: 37943011 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2276760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The specific role of testosterone (T) replacement therapy in patients with late onset hypogonadism is still conflicting. Several available preparations have been developed to restore either fertility and normal testosterone (T) levels (secondary hypogonadism) or just T levels (primary hypogonadism). AREAS COVERED Advantages and limitations related to available new treatments will be discussed in detail. In addition, possible news related to preparations in the pipeline will be discussed. EXPERT OPINION The selection of a specific T preparation should be adequately discussed with each subject. Transdermal T preparations are those that can preserve, after a unique morning administration, the circadian rhythmicity of T secretion. Conversely, short-acting preparations (such as oral or intranasal) need two- or three-times daily administration, potentially reducing patient compliance. Long acting T preparations, such as injectable T undecanoate have the advantage of bimestrial or trimestral administration, reducing the required number of administrations. The use of non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARM), a heterogeneous class of compounds selectively acting on androgen receptor targets, remains investigational due to the lack of the full spectrum of T's action and the possible risk of side effects, despite their potential use in the treatment of muscle wasting and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corona
- Endocrinology Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Azienda AUSL Bologna, Bolognas, Italy
| | - Clotilde Sparano
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Rastrelli
- Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Kang J, Chen R, Tharakan T, Minhas S. Novel androgen therapies including selective androgen receptor modulators. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 36:101686. [PMID: 35981955 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2022.101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Male hypogonadism is associated with reduced quality of life and the development of co-morbidities including obesity, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidaemia. The mainstay of treatment for male hypogonadism is testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). However, TRT has recognised side effects including impaired spermatogenesis and there are concerns regarding its use in men with concurrent cardiovascular disease. Thus, there has been an impetus to develop novel androgen therapies for treating male hypogonadism to mitigate the side effects of TRT. This review will discuss the benefits and adverse effects of TRT, and novel therapies including nasal testosterone, aromatase inhibitors, selective oestrogen receptor modulators, and selective androgen receptor modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwoo Kang
- Department of Urology, Northwick Park Hospital, London Northwest University Healthcare NHS Trust, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK.
| | - Runzhi Chen
- Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Imperial College Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Tharu Tharakan
- Department of Urology, Northwick Park Hospital, London Northwest University Healthcare NHS Trust, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK.
| | - Suks Minhas
- Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W6 8RF, UK.
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Yan L, Nong X, Deng J, Yang G. Testosterone protects cardiomyocytes against hydrogen peroxide-induced aging by upregulating IGF1 and SIRT1 pathways. Physiol Int 2022. [PMID: 36001411 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2022.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the role of IGF1 and SIRT1 pathways in protection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced aging in H9c2 rat cardiomyocyte cells by testosterone. Methods The cells were treated with testosterone or up- or down-regulated for the IGF1 and SIRT1 genes and assessed for apoptosis, aging and expression of relevant genes. Results Aging was induced and the expression of SIRT1 and IGF1 was down-regulated after H2O2 treatment in H9c2 cells. The aging was attenuated in a dose-dependent manner after the cells were exposed to testosterone. Down-regulation of SIRT1 and IGF1expression was offset in the H2O2-treated cells co-treated with testosterone. Up- or down-regulation of IGF1 significantly reduced or increased senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) cells and the ROS level, respectively. In addition, SIRT1 expression was regulated by IGF1 expression. Down- or up-regulation of SIRT1 significantly decreased or increased the IGF1 levels, respectively. Furthermore, after IGF1 and SIRT1 knockdown, testosterone did not protect the cells from senescence. Testosterone, and overexpression of IGF1 and SIRT1 also up-regulated the expression of the fetal genes SERCA2 and MYH6 and down-regulated the expression of the ACTA1 and MYH7 genes. Conclusions Our data indicate that testosterone can attenuate cardiomyocyte aging induced by H2O2 and up-regulate SIRT1 and IGF1. The IGF1and SIRT1 pathway may be new targets to treat heart aging and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People Hospital, Xian, China
| | - Xiting Nong
- 2 Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xian, China
| | - Jizhao Deng
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People Hospital, Xian, China
| | - Guang Yang
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People Hospital, Xian, China
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Fallara G, Pozzi E, Corsini C, Belladelli F, Boeri L, Capogrosso P, Montorsi F, Salonia A. Morbidity and mortality in men: Role of androgens. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 36:101662. [PMID: 35484028 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2022.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this narrative review we provide an overview of the current literature on male hypogonadism and related comorbidities, also depicting the role of testosterone therapy (TTh) in the various settings. Male hypogonadism has been associated with major comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and cardiovascular diseases, promoting a vicious cycle that may lead to further hypogonadism. The biological underpinnings of this association are currently under investigations, but clearly emerges the relevance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Hypogonadism has also been associated with increased risk of mortality. As such, TTh has the potential to oppose these patterns and improve cardiovascular and metabolic health in hypogonadal men. Clinical and observational data suggest that in males with hypogonadism, TTh, together with lifestyle changes and diabetes medications, may improve glycemia, reduce risk of progression to diabetes and provides positive effects on cardiovascular risk. Conversely, available data does not fully support any increased risk of prostate cancer in men under TTh. Of clinical relevance, a possible harmful role of hypogonadal status in men with COVID-19 eventually emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fallara
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Pozzi
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Christian Corsini
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Federico Belladelli
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Luca Boeri
- Department of Urology, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Capogrosso
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Ospedale di Circolo and Macchi Foundation, Varese, Italy.
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Salonia
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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Lee JH, Choi JD, Kang JY, Yoo TK, Park YW. Testosterone deficiency and the risk of anemia: A propensity score-matched analysis. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 34:e23751. [PMID: 35398959 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are little data on the endogenous testosterone effect on hemoglobin or hematocrit. Moreover, these data are limited by a cross-sectional study design, a small participant number, and no adjustment for confounding factors. Therefore, the present study was conducted to address the aforementioned limitations of previous studies using a large dataset and propensity score matched analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Men who underwent health check-up were analyzed. Participants were divided into two groups using the cut-off testosterone value of 3.5 or 3.0 ng/ml according to a previous definition of testosterone deficiency. Using the cutoff testosterone value of 3.5 ng/ml, 966 cases (testosterone levels <3.5 ng/ml) and 7402 controls (testosterone level ≥3.5 ng/ml) were included, but following propensity score matching, there were 966 cases and 1932 controls. Using the cutoff testosterone value of 3.0 ng/ml, 444 cases (testosterone levels <3.0 ng/ml) and 7924 controls (testosterone level ≥3.0 ng/ml) were included, but following propensity score matching, there were 444 cases and 888 controls. RESULTS After matching, the groups were evenly distributed with respect to age, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hypertension, and diabetes in both data sets. After matching, the mean Hb and Hct were significantly lower and the incidence of anemia was significantly greater in the case compared to the control in both data sets. The relative risk of anemia in the case was 2.4 compared to the control in both data sets. CONCLUSION Screening for anemia in patients with testosterone deficiency would be needed and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Urology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Duck Choi
- Department of Urology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Yoon Kang
- Department of Urology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tag Keun Yoo
- Department of Urology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeon Won Park
- Department of Urology, National Police Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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Salekeen R, Diaconeasa AG, Billah MM, Islam KMD. Energy Metabolism Focused Analysis of Sexual Dimorphism in Biological Aging and Hypothesized Sex-specificity in Sirtuin Dependency. Mitochondrion 2021; 60:85-100. [PMID: 34332101 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The process of biological aging or senescence refers to the gradual loss of homeostasis and subsequent loss of function - leading to higher chances of mortality. Many mechanisms and driving forces have been suggested to facilitate the evolution of a molecular circuit acting as a trade-off between survival and proliferation, resulting in senescence. A major observation on biological aging and longevity in humans and model organisms is the prevalence of significant sexual divergence in the onset, mechanisms and effects of aging associated processes. In the current account, we describe possible mechanisms by which aging, sex and reproduction are evolutionarily intertwined in order to maintain systemic energy homeostasis. We also interrogate existing literature on the sexual dimorphism of genetic, cellular, metabolic, endocrine and epigenetic processes driving cellular and systemic aging. Subsequently, based on available evidence, we propose a hypothetic model of sex-limited decoupling of female longevity from sirtuins, a major family of regulator proteins of the survival-proliferation trade-off. We also provide necessary considerations to be made in order to test the hypothesis and explore the physiological and therapeutic implications of this decoupling event in male and female longevity after reaching reproductive maturity. HYPOTHESIS STATEMENT: Sirtuins provide survival benefits in a sex-nonspecific manner but the dependency on sirtuins in driving metabolic networks after reaching reproductive maturity is evolutionarily decoupled from female longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahagir Salekeen
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh.
| | - Amalia Gabriela Diaconeasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Md Morsaline Billah
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh.
| | - Kazi Mohammed Didarul Islam
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh.
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Corona G, Rastrelli G, Vignozzi L, Barbonetti A, Sforza A, Mannucci E, Maggi M. The Role of testosterone treatment in patients with metabolic disorders. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2021; 14:1091-1103. [PMID: 34085587 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1938548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The specific role of testosterone [T] replacement therapy [TRT] on glycometabolic profile and body composition, particularly in patients with metabolic syndrome [MetS] and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM], is still the object of an intense debate. AREAS COVERED To discuss available evidence on the association between T and metabolic diseases and on the possible effect of T administration on metabolic disorder-associated hypogonadism. Both preclinical and clinical data have been considered. In addition, a meta-analysis of the available placebo and non-placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials [RCTs] investigating the effects of TRT in T2DM or MetS in several outcomes has been also performed. EXPERT OPINION Data derived from preclinical and clinical studies suggest that T administration, by reducing fat mass, can improve body composition and ameliorate some aspects of glucose metabolism. The effects of TRT on sexual function in patients with established metabolic derangements are inconsistent, whereas better results were observed in preclinical conditions or in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corona
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Azienda Usl, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Rastrelli
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Mario Serio" Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Mario Serio" Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Barbonetti
- Andrology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sforza
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Azienda Usl, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mannucci
- Department of Diabetology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi and University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Endocrinology Unit, Mario Serio" Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Kim SH, Park JJ, Kim KH, Yang HJ, Kim DS, Lee CH, Jeon YS, Shim SR, Kim JH. Efficacy of testosterone replacement therapy for treating metabolic disturbances in late-onset hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2021; 53:1733-1746. [PMID: 34089171 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-021-02876-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Late onset hypogonadism (LOH) is an age-dependent reduction of testosterone associated with alterations of metabolic profile, including glucose control, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profile. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) for treating metabolic disturbances through a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs). METHODS A systematic review of literature published from 1964 to November, 2019 was performed using the PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Among the 1562 articles screened, 17 articles were selected for qualitative analysis and 16 articles (n = 1373) were included for data synthesis following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA). Criteria for final inclusion were RCTs. RESULTS Sixteen studies were finally included (TRT group, n = 709; placebo group, n = 664). Among the metabolic markers, HbA1C [Mean difference (MD) = - 0.172, 95% CI - 0.329, - 0.015], HOMA IR (MD = - 0.514, 95% CI - 0.863, - 0.165), serum insulin (MD = - 12.622, 95% CI - 19.660, - 5.585), and leptin (MD = - 2.381, 95% CI - 2.952, - 1.810) showed significant improvement after TRT versus placebo. Among the lipid profiles, total cholesterol showed significant improvement (MD = - 0.433, 95% CI - 0.761, - 0.105) after TRT. However, HDL showed a decrease (MD = - 0.069, 95% CI - 0.121, - 0.018) after TRT. Among anthropometric markers, waist circumference showed significant improvement (MD = - 0.1640, 95% CI - 2.857, - 0.423). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated greater improvement in metabolic profiles for patients given TRT versus placebo. Further well-designed trials are needed to verify our findings and further elucidate effects of TRT on lipid profiles. This systematic review demonstrates that TRT can exert a net beneficial effect on metabolic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Hyun Kim
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University Medical College, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jae Joon Park
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University Medical College, 59 Daesagwan-ro, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04401, Korea
| | - Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University Medical College, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hee Jo Yang
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University Medical College, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Doo Sang Kim
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University Medical College, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Lee
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University Medical College, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Youn Soo Jeon
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University Medical College, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sung Ryul Shim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Anamdong 5Ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-701, Korea.
| | - Jae Heon Kim
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University Medical College, 59 Daesagwan-ro, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04401, Korea.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This manuscript is a review and discussion of the published results of the T Trials. OBJECTIVE To re-examine the efficacy of testosterone replacement of hypogonadal men >65 years of age in the T Trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS The T Trials were a complex collection of seven double blind, placebo-controlled trials of the efficacy of testosterone as replacement therapy for older men with unequivocal hypogonadism. There were three main trials (sexual function; physical function; vitality) and four sub-trials (cognition; bone; anemia; and cardiovascular). All subjects participated in the main trials while more selective inclusion/exclusion criteria existed for the sub-trials. Subjects were excluded for perceived higher risk of prostate cancer and recent myocardial or cerebral vascular events. RESULTS The previously published results are reviewed here as seen in the context of this special issue on late-onset hypogonadism. In the T Trials, positive benefits were seen in the sexual function, bone, and anemia trials with small but significant benefits in the vitality trial. No benefit was seen in the cognition trial, partial benefit in physical function, and a negative benefit outcome seen in the cardiovascular trial. The later trial was underpowered and the results were described as exploratory. Adverse events were relatively uncommon in the 12-month treatment phase and additional 12-month post-treatment phase. The most frequent adverse effect ascribed to testosterone was erythrocytosis. CONCLUSIONS The T Trials studied the efficacy of testosterone replacement therapy on 788 men with low testosterone and symptoms of hypogonadism. The studies demonstrated benefits in four trials (sexual function, vitality, bone, and anemia); partial benefit in the physical function trial; no effect in the cognition trial; and a negative effect in the exploratory cardiovascular trial. The T Trials were not designed to assess long-term risks of testosterone in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Swerdloff
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The Lundquist Institute and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Christina Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The Lundquist Institute and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, The Lundquist Institute and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
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Van Buren NL, Hove AJ, French TA, Gorlin JB. Therapeutic Phlebotomy for Testosterone-Induced Polycythemia. Am J Clin Pathol 2020; 154:33-37. [PMID: 32134468 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate therapeutic phlebotomy (TP) requests for testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and to highlight the impact to a blood center (BC) or service that provides TP for individuals on TRT. METHODS Review of TP requests for individuals on TRT at our BC over a 3-year period from 2014 through 2016, as well as the total number of TP collections. RESULTS Total TPs during 2014, 2015, and 2016 were 475, 500, and 569, respectively. Annual TP collections for patients on TRT were 193, 212, and 239, respectively. TRT patients with TP orders increased 71.4% during this period. After discontinuation of TP services for TRT at our BC, 32% continued to donate as volunteer blood donors at our BC. CONCLUSIONS Our BC observed increased TP requests for patients on TRT from 2014 through 2016. Our findings suggest that individuals on TRT may be presenting to BCs as volunteer blood donors to avoid charges for TP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita J Hove
- Physician Services, Division of New York Blood Center, St Paul, MN
| | - Tracy A French
- Collections Quality, Memorial Blood Centers, Innovative Blood Resources, Division of New York Blood Center, St Paul, MN
| | - Jed B Gorlin
- Physician Services, Division of New York Blood Center, St Paul, MN
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13
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Barbonetti A, D’Andrea S, Francavilla S. Testosterone replacement therapy. Andrology 2020; 8:1551-1566. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arcangelo Barbonetti
- Andrology Unit Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences University of L’Aquila L’Aquila Italy
| | - Settimio D’Andrea
- Andrology Unit Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences University of L’Aquila L’Aquila Italy
| | - Sandro Francavilla
- Andrology Unit Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences University of L’Aquila L’Aquila Italy
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14
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Testosterone Therapy: What We Have Learned From Trials. J Sex Med 2020; 17:447-460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.11.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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15
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Abstract
Evidence suggests that providers are not adhering to current testosterone replacement therapy guidelines when treating male hypogonadism. Understanding the diagnosis and management of this condition is further complicated by conflicting recommendations among available guidelines. NPs must select and follow the best guideline recommendations available to optimally treat male hypogonadism. Evidence suggests that providers are not adhering to current testosterone replacement therapy guidelines when treating male hypogonadism. Understanding diagnosis and management is further complicated by conflicting recommendations among available guidelines. NPs must select and follow the best guideline recommendations available to optimally treat this condition.
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16
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du Plessis J, Bester HL, Julyan M, Cockeran M. Acute changes in haematocrit leading to polycythaemia in late-onset hypogonadism patients that receive testosterone replacement therapy: a South African study. JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, METABOLISM AND DIABETES OF SOUTH AFRICA 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/16089677.2018.1553344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesslee du Plessis
- Medicine Usage in South Africa (MUSA), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Marlene Julyan
- Medicine Usage in South Africa (MUSA), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Marike Cockeran
- School for Computer, Statistical and Mathematical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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17
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Tharakan T, Miah S, Jayasena C, Minhas S. Investigating the basis of sexual dysfunction during late-onset hypogonadism. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 30984376 PMCID: PMC6436191 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16561.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) is the term used to describe the decline in serum testosterone levels associated with increasing age in men above 40 years. A number of symptoms are attributed to LOH, but the most common association is that of sexual dysfunction. LOH has recently come under greater scrutiny with the widespread use of testosterone therapy, and concerns regarding the efficacy and safety of testosterone replacement therapy have been raised. In particular, the cardiovascular safety and the beneficial effects of testosterone replacement therapy on general health have been questioned. This review will give an overview of the current evidence for the relationship of LOH and male sexual dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharu Tharakan
- Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.,Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Saiful Miah
- Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Channa Jayasena
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Suks Minhas
- Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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18
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Corona G, Rastrelli G, Di Pasquale G, Sforza A, Mannucci E, Maggi M. Endogenous Testosterone Levels and Cardiovascular Risk: Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. J Sex Med 2018; 15:1260-1271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Rastrelli G, Dicuio M, Reismann Y, Sforza A, Maggi M, Corona G. Cardiovascular impact of testosterone therapy for hypogonadism. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2018; 16:617-625. [DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2018.1510314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Rastrelli
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mauro Dicuio
- Urology Unit,Surgical Department, Azienda Usl, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Yacov Reismann
- Department of Urology, Amstelland Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Sforza
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Azienda Usl, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corona
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Azienda Usl, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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20
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Haberlen SA, Jacobson LP, Palella FJ, Dobs A, Plankey M, Lake JE, Kingsley LA, Stall R, Post WS, Brown TT. To T or not to T: Differences in Testosterone Use and Discontinuation by HIV Serostatus among Men who Have Sex with Men. HIV Med 2018; 19:634-644. [PMID: 29989322 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to characterize contemporary patterns and correlates of testosterone therapy (TTh) use and discontinuation by HIV serostatus among men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). METHODS Self-reported testosterone use data were collected semiannually from 2400 (1286 HIV-infected and 1114 HIV-uninfected) men who have sex with men. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios for TTh use and predictors of TTh discontinuation (2012-2015). RESULTS Use was higher among HIV-infected compared with HIV-uninfected men in all age strata, with an age-adjusted prevalence of 17% vs. 5%, respectively (adjusted prevalence ratio 3.7; P < 0.001). Correlates of use in the multivariable model were similar by HIV serostatus: white race, the Los Angeles (LA) site, more than one recent sexual partner, non-smoking status, and higher American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk score category (approximately 70% of testosterone users were in the high-risk category). Compared with HIV-uninfected men, HIV-infected men more frequently reported building muscle mass as a motivation for testosterone use. The TTh discontinuation rate was 20.9/100 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 17.3, 25.0/100 person-years]. Relative to HIV-uninfected men, HIV-infected men were half as likely to discontinue (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.4; P < 0.001). Discontinuation was 40% higher in the period after the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) safety communication for testosterone in 2014, independent of co-factors (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS Given the high prevalence of both TTh use and CVD risk among HIV-infected men, the benefits and risks of TTh should be examined in future studies of aging HIV-infected men and monitored routinely in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Haberlen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L P Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - F J Palella
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A Dobs
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Plankey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J E Lake
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - L A Kingsley
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R Stall
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - W S Post
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T T Brown
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Harada N. Role of androgens in energy metabolism affecting on body composition, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and longevity: lessons from a meta-analysis and rodent studies. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1667-1682. [PMID: 29957125 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1490172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone is a sex hormone produced by testicular Leydig cells in males. Blood testosterone concentrations increase at three time-periods in male life-fetal, neonatal (which can be separated into newborn and infant periods), and pubertal stages. After peaking in the early 20s, the blood bioactive testosterone level declines by 1-2% each year. It is increasingly apparent that a low testosterone level impairs general physical and mental health in men. Here, this review summarizes recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses of epidemiological studies in males (including cross-sectional, longitudinal, and androgen deprivation studies, and randomized controlled testosterone replacement trials) in relation to testosterone and obesity, body composition, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and longevity. Furthermore, underlying mechanisms are discussed using data from rodent studies involving castration or androgen receptor knockout. This review provides an update understanding of the role of testosterone in energy metabolism. Abbreviations AR: androgen receptor; CV: cardiovascular; FDA: US Food and Drug Administration; HFD: high-fat diet; KO: knockout; MetS: metabolic syndrome; RCT: randomized controlled trial; SHBG: sex hormone binding globulin; SRMA: systematic review and meta-analysis; TRT: testosterone replacement therapy; T2DM:type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Harada
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences , Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai , Osaka , Japan
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22
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Ganesan K, Habboush Y, Sultan S. Transdermal Testosterone in Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: A Rapid Qualitative Systematic Review Using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Cureus 2018; 10:e2401. [PMID: 29868302 PMCID: PMC5984263 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Female hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) is a multifactorial sexual dysfunction disorder characterized by a decrease in sexual desire and personal distress. HSDD occurs in naturally occurring postmenopausal women or secondary to oophorectomy. Multiple studies have assessed the use of transdermal testosterone (TDT) as a management option for patients with HSDD. Our aim is to assess published studies using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework for the quality of evidence regarding testosterone use as a short- and long-term therapy for HSDD. We implemented this qualitative systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. We set a GRADE score of 4 (high evidence) as a cutoff point for the quality measure of published studies assessing the use of TDT in HSDD. The outcomes of interest were the efficacy of TDT on the total number of satisfying sexual activity, number of orgasms, sexual desire and distress level in patients with HSDD. These outcomes were evaluated through Sexual Activity Log (SAL), Profile of Female Sexual Function (PFSF), and Personal Distress Scale (PDS) evaluation tools. Five randomized controlled trials were identified to meet the inclusion criteria. The selected studies were of high evidence based on the GRADE score as two of the studies scored 4 points, the other two studies scored 5 points and one study scored 6 points. All of the high quality selected studies had similar outcomes suggesting high effectiveness for the use of 300 µg/d TDT with or without estrogen for the management of HSDD with minimal side effects. One study showed a trend for higher risk of breast cancer in long-term use (0.37%). The use of 300 µg/d of TDT in surgical and natural menopause is an effective plan to manage HSDD in the short- and long-term. Although side effects are minimal, further prospective research is needed to assess the more severe side effects such as breast cancer in the long-term use of TDT.
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23
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Corona G, Rastrelli G, Reisman Y, Sforza A, Maggi M. The safety of available treatments of male hypogonadism in organic and functional hypogonadism. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2018; 17:277-292. [PMID: 29334271 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2018.1424831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the case of primary male hypogonadism (HG), only testosterone (T) replacement therapy (TRT) is possible whereas when the problem is secondary to a pituitary or hypothalamus alteration both T production and fertility can be, theoretically, restored. We here systematically reviewed and discussed the advantages and limits of medications formally approved for the treatment of HG. AREAS COVERED Data derived from available meta-analyses of placebo controlled randomized trials (RCTs) were considered and analyzed. Gonadotropins are well-toleratedand their use is mainly limited by higher costs and a more cumbersome treatment schedule than TRT. Available RCTs on TRT suggest that cardiovascular (CV) and venous thromboembolism risk is not a major issue and that prostate safety is guaranteed. The risk of increased hematocrit is mainly limited to the use of short terminjectable preparations. EXPERT OPINION In the last few years the concept of 'organic' irreversible HG and 'functional' or age- and comorbidity-related HG has been introduced. This definition is not evidence-based. The majority of RCTs enrolled patients with 'functional' HG. Considering the significant improvement in body composition, glucose metabolism and sexual activity, TRT should not be limited to 'organic' HG, but also offered for 'functional'.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Corona
- a Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department , Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Azienda-Usl Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - G Rastrelli
- b Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Y Reisman
- c Department of Urology , Amstelland Hospital , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - A Sforza
- a Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department , Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Azienda-Usl Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - M Maggi
- b Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
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24
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Regouat N, Cheboub A, Benahmed M, Belarbi A, Hadj-Bekkouche F. Effect of testosterone supplementation on nitroso-redox imbalance, cardiac metabolism markers, and S100 proteins expression in the heart of castrated male rats. Andrology 2017; 6:74-85. [PMID: 29194990 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of castration and testosterone supplementation on nitroso-redox status, cardiac metabolism markers, and S100 proteins expression in the heart of male rats. 50 male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups with ten animals each: group 1: control intact (CON); group 2: sham operated (Sh-O); group 3: sesame oil-treated rats (S-oil); group 4: gonadoectomized (GDX); and group 5: gonadoectomized rats treated with testosterone (GDX-T) for 8 weeks. Our results showed myofibrillar weaving, apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis (as reflected by increased activity of MMP 9 and MMP 2) in the heart of gonadoectomized rats. Testosterone supplementation restored the normal structure of the heart. In addition, a state of nitroso-redox imbalance was observed in the heart of castrated rats with increased NO (425.1 ± 322.8 vs. 208 ± 67.06, p ˂ 0.05) and MDA (33.18 ± 9.45 vs. 22.04 ± 7.13, p ˂ 0.05) and decreased GSH levels (0.71 ± 0.13 vs. 1.09 ± 0.19, p = 0.001). Testosterone treatment leads to a re-establish of only NO levels (425.1 ± 322.8 vs. 210.4 ± 114.3, p > 0.05). Markers of cardiac metabolism showed an enhancement of LDH activity (12725 ± 4604 vs. 5381 ± 3122, p ˂ 0.05) in the heart of castrated rats. This was inversed by testosterone replacement (12725 ± 4604 vs. 5781 ± 5187, p ˂ 0.05). Furthermore, castration induced heart's accumulation of triglycerides (37.24 ± 6.17 vs. 27.88 ± 6.47, p ˂ 0.05) and total cholesterol (61.44 ± 3.59 vs. 54.11 ± 7.55, p ˂ 0.05), which were significantly reduced by testosterone supplementation (29.03 ± 2.47 vs. 37.24 ± 6.17, p ˂ 0.05) and (47.9 ± 4.15 vs. 61.44 ± 3.59, p ˂ 0.001). Cardiomyocytes of castrated rats showed a decreased immunoexpression of S100 proteins compared to control animals. A restoration of S100 proteins immunostaining in cardiomyocyte cytoplasm was observed after testosterone supplementation. These findings confirm the deleterious effects of testosterone deficiency on cardiac function and highlight the involvement of nitric oxide, metalloproteinases 2 and 9, and S100 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Regouat
- Team of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology, Algiers, Algeria
| | - A Cheboub
- Team of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology, Algiers, Algeria
| | - M Benahmed
- Pathological Anatomy Service of Pierre and Marie Curie Center Larbi Tebessi, Mustapha Bacha Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - A Belarbi
- Pathological Anatomy Service of Djillali Bounaâma Hospital, Douera-Algiers, Algeria
| | - F Hadj-Bekkouche
- Team of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology, Algiers, Algeria
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25
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Loo SY, Chen BY, Yu OHY, Azoulay L, Renoux C. Testosterone replacement therapy and the risk of stroke in men: A systematic review. Maturitas 2017; 106:31-37. [PMID: 29150164 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, questions have been raised regarding the cardiovascular safety of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). The objective of this study was to systematically review the available evidence on TRT safety in men, specifically with respect to the risk of stroke. We identified publications from MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to May 2017. Articles eligible for review included observational studies evaluating TRT and the risk of stroke among men aged 18 or older. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing testosterone to placebo in men were also eligible, provided stroke was identified as an adverse event. Among seven cohort studies of hypogonadal men, one study reported that TRT was associated with a significant decrease in the risk of ischemic stroke (hazard ratio (HR) 0.64; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.52-0.80). Another reported a similar decrease in risk (HR 0.64; 95% CI 0.43-0.96) among treated men who achieved normalized levels of testosterone. Limitations in study design, including immortal time bias and residual confounding, may have influenced both of these results. The remaining observational studies did not report measures of association to estimate the independent risk of stroke associated with TRT. Among eight RCTs, a low frequency of stroke events (<5) was observed across both testosterone and control groups, thus precluding any definitive conclusions. Based on these findings, the association between TRT and the risk of stroke in men remains unclear, and further large and methodologically robust studies are needed to establish this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Y Loo
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bing Yu Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Oriana Hoi Yun Yu
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laurent Azoulay
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christel Renoux
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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26
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Corona G, Dicuio M, Rastrelli G, Maseroli E, Lotti F, Sforza A, Maggi M. Testosterone treatment and cardiovascular and venous thromboembolism risk: what is 'new'? J Investig Med 2017; 65:964-973. [PMID: 28495861 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2017-000411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In men, testosterone (T) production declines as a function of ageing. Late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) is the most commonly used term to indicate this age-related condition. In LOH, the relative clinical significance and the potential benefit of testosterone treatment (TTh) are still the subject of strong criticisms in the scientific community. The debate is further complicated by the recent position statement of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) emphasizing that, in LOH, the benefits and safety of TTh have not been fully established. Hence, the FDA required a labeling change to inform patients about a possible increased cardiovascular (CV) risk of TTh. Similar considerations were previously released by the FDA and by Health Canada concerning a TTh-related venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk. In this review, we will summarize the available evidence concerning a possible link among TTh and CV and VTE risks. For this purpose, data derived from epidemiological studies analyzing relationships between the aforementioned risks and endogenous T levels will be analyzed. In addition, evidence deriving from interventional studies including pharmacoepidemiological and placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials (RCTs) will be examined. Our analysis shows that available data do not support an increased CV risk related to TTh. Similar considerations can be drawn for the relationship between TTh and VTE. The previously reported cases of TTh-related VTE were frequently related to a previously undiagnosed thrombophilia-hypofibrinolysis status. Hence, an anamnestic screening for thrombophilia before starting TTh is recommended, just as it is for the use of oral contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Corona
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Azienda-Usl Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Dicuio
- Urology Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - G Rastrelli
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - E Maseroli
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - F Lotti
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - A Sforza
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Azienda-Usl Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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27
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Corona G, Sforza A, Maggi M. Testosterone Replacement Therapy: Long-Term Safety and Efficacy. World J Mens Health 2017; 35:65-76. [PMID: 28497912 PMCID: PMC5583373 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.2017.35.2.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent position statements and guidelines have raised the distinction between a true and false, age-related hypogonadism (HG) or late-onset hypogonadism (LOH). The former is the consequence of congenital or acquired “organic” damage of the brain centers or of the testis. The latter is mainly secondary to age-related comorbidities and does not require testosterone (T) therapy (TTh). In addition, concerns related to cardiovascular (CV) safety have further increased the scepticism related to TTh. In this paper, we reviewed the available evidence supporting the efficacy of TTh in non-organic HG and its long term safety. A large amount of evidence has documented that sexual symptoms are the most specific correlates of T deficiency. TTh is able to improve all aspects of sexual function independent of the pathogenetic origin of the disease supporting the scientific demonstration that LOH does exist according to an “ex-juvantibus” criterion. Although the presence of metabolic derangements could mitigate the efficacy of TTh on erectile dysfunction, the positive effect of TTh on body composition and insulin sensitivity might counterbalance the lower efficacy. CV safety concerns related to TTh are essentially based on a limited number of observational and randomized controlled trials which present important methodological flaws. When HG is properly diagnosed and TTh correctly performed no CV and prostate risk have been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corona
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Azienda USL, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sforza
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Azienda USL, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Gilbert K, Cimmino CB, Beebe LC, Mehta A. Gaps in Patient Knowledge About Risks and Benefits of Testosterone Replacement Therapy. Urology 2017; 103:27-33. [PMID: 28238756 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2016.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess patient knowledge of the symptoms of testosterone deficiency, and the benefits and risks associated with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). METHODS An anonymous, 10-question multiple choice survey was administered to consecutive patients presenting for urologic evaluation at an academic medical center, from December 2015 to April 2016. The survey included questions about perceived symptoms of testosterone deficiency, perceived benefits and risks associated with TRT, whether respondents had a diagnosis of testosterone deficiency, and whether they were interested in receiving TRT. RESULTS The survey response rate was 88% (97/110). The median age group was 41-50 years. Although 43% of all respondents reported an interest in TRT, only half of them had a clinical diagnosis of hypogonadism. The most commonly reported symptoms of low testosterone were "low energy" (54%), "decreased libido" (51%), "weak erections" (52%), and "decreased strength" (42%). Of the perceived benefits of TRT, the most commonly reported were "improved sexual function" (54%), "increased energy" (53%), and "feeling better" (51%). Half of the respondents were unsure of the risks of TRT. Of the respondents, 16%, 10%, and 8% acknowledged the association between TRT and heart attack, TRT and stroke, and TRT and blood clots, respectively. CONCLUSION There is disproportionate knowledge about the benefits vs the risks associated with TRT among patients. Although 43% of the respondents were interested in receiving TRT, half of the respondents were unsure of the associated risks. These findings indicate an ongoing need for patient education regarding TRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirven Gilbert
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cara B Cimmino
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lucius C Beebe
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Akanksha Mehta
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
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Lopez DS, Canfield S, Wang R. Testosterone replacement therapy and the heart: friend, foe or bystander? Transl Androl Urol 2016; 5:898-908. [PMID: 28078222 PMCID: PMC5182236 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2016.10.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of testosterone therapy (TTh) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes is still controversial, and it seems will remain inconclusive for the moment. An extensive body of literature has investigated the association of endogenous testosterone and use of TTh with CVD events including several meta-analyses. In some instances, a number of studies reported beneficial effects of TTh on CVD events and in other instances the body of literature reported detrimental effects or no effects at all. Yet, no review article has scrutinized this body of literature using the magnitude of associations and statistical significance reported from this relationship. We critically reviewed the previous and emerging body of literature that investigated the association of endogenous testosterone and use of TTh with CVD events (only fatal and nonfatal). These studies were divided into three groups, “beneficial (friendly use)”, “detrimental (foe)” and “no effects at all (bystander)”, based on their magnitude of associations and statistical significance from original research studies and meta-analyses of epidemiological studies and of randomized controlled trials (RCT’s). In this review article, the studies reporting a significant association of high levels of testosterone with a reduced risk of CVD events in original prospective studies and meta-analyses of cross-sectional and prospective studies seems to be more consistent. However, the number of meta-analyses of RCT’s does not provide a clear picture after we divided it into the beneficial, detrimental or no effects all groups using their magnitudes of association and statistical significance. From this review, we suggest that we need a study or number of studies that have the adequate power, epidemiological, and clinical data to provide a definitive conclusion on whether the effect of TTh on the natural history of CVD is real or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Lopez
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA;; Division of Urology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steven Canfield
- Division of Urology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Run Wang
- Division of Urology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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A Comparison of Secondary Polycythemia in Hypogonadal Men Treated with Clomiphene Citrate versus Testosterone Replacement: A Multi-Institutional Study. J Urol 2016; 197:1127-1131. [PMID: 27984109 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the relative prevalence of secondary polycythemia in hypogonadal men treated with clomiphene citrate or testosterone replacement therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective, multi-institutional study, we included 188 men who received clomiphene citrate and 175 who received testosterone replacement therapy with symptomatic hypogonadism. The overall prevalence and ORs of secondary polycythemia for clomiphene citrate treatment vs testosterone replacement were primarily measured, as were baseline characteristics. Subset analysis included polycythemia rates for different types of testosterone replacement therapy. RESULTS Overall, men on testosterone replacement therapy were older than clomiphene citrate treated men (age 51.5 vs 38 years). Men on testosterone replacement had longer treatment duration than clomiphene citrate treated men (19.6 vs 9.2 months). For testosterone replacement therapy and clomiphene citrate the mean change in hematocrit was 3.0% and 0.6%, and the mean change in serum testosterone was 333.1 and 367.6 ng/dl, respectively. The prevalence of polycythemia in men on testosterone replacement was 11.2% vs 1.7% in men on clomiphene citrate (p = 0.0003). This significance remained on logistic regression after correcting for age, site, smoking history and pretreatment hematocrit. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of polycythemia in men treated with clomiphene citrate was markedly lower than that in men on testosterone replacement therapy. The improvement in absolute serum testosterone levels was similar to that in men on testosterone replacement. There is no significant risk of polycythemia in men treated with clomiphene citrate for hypogonadism.
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Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications of Erectile Dysfunction in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Eur Urol 2016; 70:219-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Testosterone Replacement-Freedom From Symptoms or Hormonal Shackles? Sex Med Rev 2016; 5:81-86. [PMID: 27444060 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The question of whether to initiate men on testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and for how long remains a relevant question to be answered. AIM To determine when to start patients on TRT, determine the benefits of TRT, and whether starting patients on TRT condemns them to a lifetime of hormonal replacement. METHODS A literature review of relevant publications in PubMed was used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Main outcome measures were evidence for initiating TRT, benefits of TRT, pathophysiology of TRT, and evidence for duration of TRT. RESULTS Although the exact threshold of serum testosterone levels that define hypogonadism is still strongly debated, the presence of symptoms associated with low levels of testosterone can be considered to help make the diagnosis. Although the proper duration of TRT has yet to be established, maintenance of symptom improvement after discontinuing TRT has been observed, which is a promising result. Studies also have shown a return to hormonal baseline after discontinuation of TRT. CONCLUSION It has been established that patients with testosterone deficiency benefit from TRT. Preliminary evidence seems to show that men who are initiated on TRT are not condemned to a lifetime of hormonal therapy, although many men might choose to continue treatment because of improvement in their symptoms.
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Wallis CJD, Lo K, Lee Y, Krakowsky Y, Garbens A, Satkunasivam R, Herschorn S, Kodama RT, Cheung P, Narod SA, Nam RK. Survival and cardiovascular events in men treated with testosterone replacement therapy: an intention-to-treat observational cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 4:498-506. [PMID: 27165609 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(16)00112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting evidence exists for the association between testosterone replacement therapy and mortality and cardiovascular events. The US Food and Drug Administration recently cautioned that testosterone replacement therapy might increase risk of heart attack and stroke, based on evidence from studies with short treatment duration and follow-up. No previous study has assessed the effect of duration of testosterone treatment on these outcomes. We aimed to assess the association between long-term use of testosterone replacement therapy and mortality, cardiovascular events, and prostate cancer diagnoses, using a time-varying exposure analysis. METHODS We did a population-based matched cohort study of men aged 66 years or older newly treated with testosterone replacement therapy and controls matched for age, region of residence, comorbidity, diabetes status, and index year from 2007-12 in Ontario, Canada, using data from the Ontario Drug Benefit database, the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) Discharge Abstract Database, the CIHI National Ambulatory Care Reporting System, the Ontario Health Insurance Plan database, the Ontario Myocardial Infarction Database, the Ontario Diabetes Database, the Ontario Cancer Registry, and the Registered Persons database. We assessed the association between cumulative testosterone replacement therapy exposure and mortality, cardiovascular events, and prostate cancer using marginal models with a time-varying testosterone exposure. FINDINGS We included 10 311 men treated with testosterone replacement therapy and 28 029 controls between Jan 1, 2007, and June 30, 2012. Over a median follow-up of 5·3 years (IQR 3·6-7·5) in the testosterone replacement therapy group and 5·1 years (3·4-7·4) in the control group, patients treated with testosterone replacement therapy had lower mortality than did controls (hazard ratio [HR] 0·88, 95% CI 0·84-0·93). Patients in the lowest tertile of testosterone exposure had increased risk of mortality (HR 1·11, 95% CI 1·03-1·20) and cardiovascular events (HR 1·26, 95% CI 1·09-1·46) compared with controls. By contrast, those in the highest tertile of testosterone exposure had decreased risk of mortality (HR 0·67, 95% CI 0·62-0·73) and cardiovascular events (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·72-0·98), with a significant trend across tertiles (p<0·0001). Risk of prostate cancer diagnosis was decreased for those with the highest tertile of exposure (HR 0·60, 95% CI 0·45-0·80) compared with controls, but not for those with the shortest exposure. INTERPRETATION Long-term exposure to testosterone replacement therapy was associated with reduced risks of mortality, cardiovascular events, and prostate cancer. However, testosterone replacement therapy increased the risk of mortality and cardiovascular events with short durations of therapy. In view of the limitations of observational data and the potential for selection bias, these results warrant confirmation in a randomised trial. FUNDING Physicians' Services Incorporated Foundation and Ajmera Family Chair in Urologic Oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J D Wallis
- Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kirk Lo
- Division of Urology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yuna Lee
- Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yonah Krakowsky
- Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alaina Garbens
- Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raj Satkunasivam
- Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sender Herschorn
- Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald T Kodama
- Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Cheung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven A Narod
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert K Nam
- Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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