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Boonpraman N, Yi SS. NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) as a biomarker and therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1961-1966. [PMID: 38227522 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.390973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are defined by inflammation and the damage neurons undergo due to oxidative stress. A primary reactive oxygen species contributor in the central nervous system, NADPH oxidase 4, is viewed as a potential therapeutic touchstone and indicative marker for these ailments. This in-depth review brings to light distinct features of NADPH oxidase 4, responsible for generating superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, emphasizing its pivotal role in activating glial cells, inciting inflammation, and disturbing neuronal functions. Significantly, malfunctioning astrocytes, forming the majority in the central nervous system, play a part in advancing neurodegenerative diseases, due to their reactive oxygen species and inflammatory factor secretion. Our study reveals that aiming at NADPH oxidase 4 within astrocytes could be a viable treatment pathway to reduce oxidative damage and halt neurodegenerative processes. Adjusting NADPH oxidase 4 activity might influence the neuroinflammatory cytokine levels, including myeloperoxidase and osteopontin, offering better prospects for conditions like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. This review sheds light on the role of NADPH oxidase 4 in neural degeneration, emphasizing its drug target potential, and paving the path for novel treatment approaches to combat these severe conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napissara Boonpraman
- BK21 four Program, Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Sun Shin Yi
- BK21 four Program, Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
- iConnectome, Co., Ltd., Cheonan, South Korea
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Goli VVN, Tatineni S, Hani U, Ghazwani M, Talath S, Sridhar SB, Alhamhoom Y, Fatima F, Osmani RAM, Shivaswamy U, Chandrasekaran V, Gurupadayya B. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Co-Encapsulating Artemether and miRNA for Mitigating Cerebral Malaria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:466. [PMID: 38675426 PMCID: PMC11053970 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM), a severe neurological pathology caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection, poses a significant global health threat and has a high mortality rate. Conventional therapeutics cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) efficiently. Therefore, finding effective treatments remains challenging. The novelty of the treatment proposed in this study lies in the feasibility of intranasal (IN) delivery of the nanostructured lipid carrier system (NLC) combining microRNA (miRNA) and artemether (ARM) to enhance bioavailability and brain targeting. The rational use of NLCs and RNA-targeted therapeutics could revolutionize the treatment strategies for CM management. This study can potentially address the challenges in treating CM, allowing drugs to pass through the BBB. The NLC formulation was developed by a hot-melt homogenization process utilizing 3% (w/w) precirol and 1.5% (w/v) labrasol, resulting in particles with a size of 94.39 nm. This indicates an effective delivery to the brain via IN administration. The results further suggest the effective intracellular delivery of encapsulated miRNAs in the NLCs. Investigations with an experimental cerebral malaria mouse model showed a reduction in parasitaemia, preservation of BBB integrity, and reduced cerebral haemorrhages with the ARM+ miRNA-NLC treatment. Additionally, molecular discoveries revealed that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were reduced in the treated groups in comparison to the CM group. These results support the use of nanocarriers for IN administration, offering a viable method for mitigating CM through the increased bioavailability of therapeutics. Our findings have far-reaching implications for future research and personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Venkata Nishanth Goli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru 570015, India; (V.V.N.G.); (S.T.)
| | - Spandana Tatineni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru 570015, India; (V.V.N.G.); (S.T.)
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (U.H.); (M.G.); (Y.A.)
| | - Mohammed Ghazwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (U.H.); (M.G.); (Y.A.)
| | - Sirajunisa Talath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Sathvik Belagodu Sridhar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, RAK College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Yahya Alhamhoom
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (U.H.); (M.G.); (Y.A.)
| | - Farhat Fatima
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Riyaz Ali M. Osmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru 570015, India;
| | | | - Vichitra Chandrasekaran
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru 570015, India;
| | - Bannimath Gurupadayya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru 570015, India; (V.V.N.G.); (S.T.)
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Villalobos-Labra R, Liu R, Spaans F, Sáez T, Semeria Maitret T, Quon A, Sawamura T, Cooke CLM, Davidge ST. Placenta-Derived Extracellular Vesicles From Preeclamptic Pregnancies Impair Vascular Endothelial Function via Lectin-Like Oxidized LDL Receptor-1. Hypertension 2023; 80:2226-2238. [PMID: 37615097 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia is a complex syndrome that includes maternal vascular dysfunction. Syncytiotrophoblast-derived extracellular vesicles from preeclampsia placentas (preeclampsia-STBEVs) were shown to induce endothelial dysfunction, but an endothelial transmembrane mediator is still unexplored. The LOX-1 (lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1) is a transmembrane scavenger receptor that can cause endothelial dysfunction, and its expression is increased in the endothelium of preeclampsia women. In this study, we hypothesized that LOX-1 mediates the effects of preeclampsia-STBEVs on endothelial function. METHODS Preeclampsia-STBEVs were collected by perfusion of placentas from women with preeclampsia and in vitro and ex vivo endothelial cell function were assessed. RESULTS In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, inhibition of LOX-1 with LOX-1 blocking antibody (TS20) reduced the uptake of preeclampsia-STBEVs (61.3±8.8%). TS20 prevented the activation of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase, a kinase downstream of LOX-1) and reduced the activation of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; 21.1±8.0%) and nitrative stress (23.2±10.3%) that was induced by preeclampsia-STBEVs. Vascular function was assessed by wire myography in isolated mesenteric arteries from pregnant rats that were incubated overnight with preeclampsia-STBEVs±TS20. TS20 prevented endothelium-dependent vasodilation impairment induced by preeclampsia-STBEVs. Nitric oxide contribution to the relaxation was reduced by preeclampsia-STBEVs, which was prevented by TS20. Superoxide dismutase or apocynin, an inhibitor of NOX (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase), restored the impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in arteries exposed to preeclampsia-STBEVs. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings demonstrate that LOX-1 mediates the endothelial dysfunction induced by preeclampsia-STBEVs. Our study further expands on the mechanisms that may lead to adverse outcomes in preeclampsia and proposes LOX-1 as a potential target for future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Villalobos-Labra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.V.-L., R.L., F.S., T. Sáez, A.Q., C.-L.M.C., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute (R.V.-L., R.L., F.S., T. Sáez, A.Q., C.-L.M.C., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Escuela de Medicina sede San Felipe (R.V.-L.), Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ricky Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.V.-L., R.L., F.S., T. Sáez, A.Q., C.-L.M.C., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute (R.V.-L., R.L., F.S., T. Sáez, A.Q., C.-L.M.C., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Physiology (R.L., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Floor Spaans
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.V.-L., R.L., F.S., T. Sáez, A.Q., C.-L.M.C., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute (R.V.-L., R.L., F.S., T. Sáez, A.Q., C.-L.M.C., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Tamara Sáez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.V.-L., R.L., F.S., T. Sáez, A.Q., C.-L.M.C., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute (R.V.-L., R.L., F.S., T. Sáez, A.Q., C.-L.M.C., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Departamento de Medicina Interna (T. Sáez), Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina (T. Sáez), Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Tamara Semeria Maitret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (T.S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Anita Quon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.V.-L., R.L., F.S., T. Sáez, A.Q., C.-L.M.C., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute (R.V.-L., R.L., F.S., T. Sáez, A.Q., C.-L.M.C., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Departments of Molecular Pathophysiology and Life Innovation, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan (T. Sawamura)
| | - Christy-Lynn M Cooke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.V.-L., R.L., F.S., T. Sáez, A.Q., C.-L.M.C., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute (R.V.-L., R.L., F.S., T. Sáez, A.Q., C.-L.M.C., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sandra T Davidge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.V.-L., R.L., F.S., T. Sáez, A.Q., C.-L.M.C., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute (R.V.-L., R.L., F.S., T. Sáez, A.Q., C.-L.M.C., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Physiology (R.L., S.T.D.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Mokhtarpour N, Sterling A, Garcia JJ, Gutierrez-Rivera L, Senevirathne P, Luisa Kadekaro A, Merino EJ. Identification of a Noxo1 inhibitor by addition of a polyethylene glycol chain. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 85:117274. [PMID: 37031566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a heterogeneous group of highly reactive ions and molecules derived from molecular oxygen (O2) which can cause DNA damage and lead to skin cancer. NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) is a major producer of ROS in the skin upon exposure to ultraviolet light. Functionally, Nox1 forms a holoenzyme complex that generates two superoxide molecules and reduces NADPH. The signaling activation occurs when the organizer subunit Noxo1 translocates to the plasma membrane bringing a cytochrome p450, through interaction with Cyba. We propose to design inhibitors that prevent Cyba-Noxo1 binding as a topical application to reduce UV-generated ROS in human skin cells. Design started from an apocynin backbone structure to generate a small molecule to serve as an anchor point. The initial compound was then modified by addition of a polyethylene glycol linked biotin. Both inhibitors were found to be non-toxic in human keratinocyte cells. Further in vitro experiments using isothermal calorimetric binding quantification showed the modified biotinylated compound bound Noxo1 peptide with a KD of 2 nM. Both using isothermal calorimetric binding and MALDI (TOF) MS showed that binding of a Cyba peptide to Noxo1 was blocked. In vivo experiments were performed using donated skin explants with topical application of the two inhibitors. Experiments show that ultraviolet light exposure of with the lead compound was able to reduce the amount of cyclobutene pyrimidine dimers in DNA, a molecule known to lead to carcinogenesis. Further synthesis showed that the polyethylene glycol but not the biotin was essential for inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Mokhtarpour
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Alyssa Sterling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Joshua J Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Education, California Health Science University, Clovis, CA, United States
| | - Laura Gutierrez-Rivera
- Department of Biomedical Education, California Health Science University, Clovis, CA, United States
| | - Prasadini Senevirathne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ana Luisa Kadekaro
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Edward J Merino
- Department of Biomedical Education, California Health Science University, Clovis, CA, United States
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Eom JW, Lim JW, Kim H. Lutein Induces Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Apoptosis in Gastric Cancer AGS Cells via NADPH Oxidase Activation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031178. [PMID: 36770846 PMCID: PMC9919728 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of apoptosis leads to cancer cell progression; thus, anticancer agents target apoptosis of cancer cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce apoptosis by activating caspases and caspase-dependent DNase, leading to DNA fragmentation. ROS increase the expression of apoptotic protein Bax, which is mediated by activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF--κB). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is an important source of endogenous ROS, and its activation is involved in apoptosis. Lutein, an oxygenated carotenoid and known antioxidant, is abundant in leafy dark green vegetables, such as spinach and kale, and in yellow-colored foods, such as corn and egg yolk. High amounts of lutein increase ROS levels and exhibit anticancer activity. However, its anticancer mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to determine whether lutein activates NADPH oxidase to produce ROS and induce apoptosis in gastric cancer AGS cells. Lutein increased ROS levels and promoted the activation of NADPH oxidase by increasing the translocation of NADPH oxidase subunit p47 phox to the cell membrane. It increased NF-κB activation and apoptotic indices, such as Bax, caspase-3 cleavage, and DNA fragmentation, and decreased Bcl-2, cell viability, and colony formation in AGS cells. The specific NADPH oxidase inhibitor ML171, and the known antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine reversed lutein-induced cell death, DNA fragmentation, and NF-κB DNA-binding activity in AGS cells. These results suggest that lutein-induced ROS production is dependent on NADPH oxidase, which mediates NF-κB activation and apoptosis in gastric cancer AGS cells. Therefore, lutein supplementation may be beneficial for increasing ROS-mediated apoptosis in gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2123-3125; Fax: +82-2-364-5781
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Induced Inflammatory and Oxidative Markers in Cerebral Microvasculature by Mentally Depressive Stress. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:4206316. [PMID: 36852396 PMCID: PMC9966573 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4206316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is recognized as the leading cause of permanent disability worldwide. Depressive disorders are associated with increased incidence of CVD. The goal of this study was to establish a chronic restraint stress (CRS) model for mice and examine the effect of stress on cerebrovascular inflammation and oxidative stress responses. Methods A total of forty 6-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into the CRS and control groups. In the CRS group (n = 20), mice were placed in a well-ventilated Plexiglas tube for 6 hours per day for 28 consecutive days. On day 29, open field tests (OFT) and sucrose preference tests (SPT) were performed to assess depressive-like behaviors for the two groups (n = 10/group). Macrophage infiltration into the brain tissue upon stress was analyzed by measuring expression of macrophage marker (CD68) with immunofluorescence in both the CRS and control groups (n = 10/group). Cerebral microvasculature was isolated from the CRS and controls (n = 10/group). mRNA and protein expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the brain vessels were measured by real-time PCR and Western blot (n = 10/group). Reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) activities were quantified by ELISA to study the oxidative profile of the brain vessels (n = 10/group). Additionally, mRNA and protein expressions of NOX subunits (gp91phox, p47phox, p67phox, and p22phox) in the cerebrovascular endothelium were analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blot (n = 10/group). Results CRS decreased the total distances (p < 0.05) and the time spent in the center zone in OFT (p < 0.001) and sucrose preference test ratio in SPT (p < 0.01). Positive ratio of CD68+ was increased with CRS in the entire region of the brain (p < 0.001), reflecting increased macrophage infiltration. CRS increased the expression of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in the cerebral microvasculature, including TNF-α (p < 0.001), IL-1β (p < 0.05), IL-6 (p < 0.05), VCAM-1 (p < 0.01), MCP-1 (p < 0.01), ROS (p < 0.001), and H2O2 (p < 0.001). NADPH oxidase (NOX) was activated by CRS (p < 0.01), and mRNA and protein expressions of NOX subunits (gp91phox, p47phox, p67phox, and p22phox) in brain microvasculature were found to be increased. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that CRS induces depressive stress and causes inflammatory and oxidative stress responses in the brain microvasculature.
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Singh PK, Saadi A, Sheeni Y, Shekh-Ahmad T. Specific inhibition of NADPH oxidase 2 modifies chronic epilepsy. Redox Biol 2022; 58:102549. [PMID: 36459714 PMCID: PMC9712695 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work by us and others has implicated NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes as main producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following a brain insult such as status epilepticus, contributing to neuronal damage and development of epilepsy. Although several NOX isoforms have been examined in the context of epilepsy, most attention has focused on NOX2. In this present study, we demonstrate the effect of gp91ds-tat, a specific competitive inhibitor of NOX2, in in vitro epileptiform activity model as well as in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) model in rats. We showed that in in vitro seizure model, gp91ds-tat modulated Ca2+ oscillation, prevented epileptiform activity-induced ROS generation, mitochondrial depolarization, and neuronal death. Administration of gp91ds-tat 1 h after kainic acid-induced status epilepticus significantly decreased the expression of NOX2, as well as the overall NOX activity in the cortex and the hippocampus. Finally, we showed that upon continuous intracerebroventricular administration to epileptic rats, gp91ds-tat significantly reduced the seizure frequency and the total number of seizures post-treatment compared to the scrambled peptide-treated animals. The results of the study suggest that NOX2 may have an important effect on modulation of epileptiform activity and has a critical role in mediating seizure-induced NOX activation, ROS generation and oxidative stress in the brain, and thus significantly contributes to development of epilepsy following a brain insult.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- Corresponding author. The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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Neag MA, Mitre AO, Burlacu CC, Inceu AI, Mihu C, Melincovici CS, Bichescu M, Buzoianu AD. miRNA Involvement in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:901360. [PMID: 35757539 PMCID: PMC9226476 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.901360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury is a debilitating medical condition, currently with only a limited amount of therapies aimed at protecting the cerebral parenchyma. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that via the RNA-induced silencing complex either degrade or prevent target messenger RNAs from being translated and thus, can modulate the synthesis of target proteins. In the neurological field, miRNAs have been evaluated as potential regulators in brain development processes and pathological events. Following ischemic hypoxic stress, the cellular and molecular events initiated dysregulate different miRNAs, responsible for long-terming progression and extension of neuronal damage. Because of their ability to regulate the synthesis of target proteins, miRNAs emerge as a possible therapeutic strategy in limiting the neuronal damage following a cerebral ischemic event. This review aims to summarize the recent literature evidence of the miRNAs involved in signaling and modulating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injuries, thus pointing their potential in limiting neuronal damage and repair mechanisms. An in-depth overview of the molecular pathways involved in ischemia reperfusion injury and the involvement of specific miRNAs, could provide future perspectives in the development of neuroprotective agents targeting these specific miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Adriana Neag
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei-Otto Mitre
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Andreea-Ioana Inceu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carina Mihu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen-Stanca Melincovici
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marius Bichescu
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca-Dana Buzoianu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Jiang Y, Kang Y, Liu J, Yin S, Huang Z, Shao L. Nanomaterials alleviating redox stress in neurological diseases: mechanisms and applications. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:265. [PMID: 35672765 PMCID: PMC9171999 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Overproduced reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (RONS) in the brain are involved in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, and stroke, as they attack neurons and glial cells, triggering cellular redox stress. Neutralizing RONS, and, thus, alleviating redox stress, can slow down or stop the progression of neurological diseases. Currently, an increasing number of studies are applying nanomaterials (NMs) with anti-redox activity and exploring the potential mechanisms involved in redox stress-related neurological diseases. In this review, we summarize the anti-redox mechanisms of NMs, including mimicking natural oxidoreductase activity and inhibiting RONS generation at the source. In addition, we propose several strategies to enhance the anti-redox ability of NMs and highlight the challenges that need to be resolved in their application. In-depth knowledge of the mechanisms and potential application of NMs in alleviating redox stress will help in the exploration of the therapeutic potential of anti-redox stress NMs in neurological diseases.
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Begum R, Thota S, Abdulkadir A, Kaur G, Bagam P, Batra S. NADPH oxidase family proteins: signaling dynamics to disease management. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:660-686. [PMID: 35585127 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are pervasive signaling molecules in biological systems. In humans, a lack of ROS causes chronic and extreme bacterial infections, while uncontrolled release of these factors causes pathologies due to excessive inflammation. Professional phagocytes such as neutrophils (PMNs), eosinophils, monocytes, and macrophages use superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase (NOX) as part of their arsenal of antimicrobial mechanisms to produce high levels of ROS. NOX is a multisubunit enzyme complex composed of five essential subunits, two of which are localized in the membrane, while three are localized in the cytosol. In resting phagocytes, the oxidase complex is unassembled and inactive; however, it becomes activated after cytosolic components translocate to the membrane and are assembled into a functional oxidase. The NOX isoforms play a variety of roles in cellular differentiation, development, proliferation, apoptosis, cytoskeletal control, migration, and contraction. Recent studies have identified NOX as a major contributor to disease pathologies, resulting in a shift in focus on inhibiting the formation of potentially harmful free radicals. Therefore, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms and the transduction pathways involved in NOX-mediated signaling is essential for the development of new therapeutic agents that minimize the hyperproduction of ROS. The current review provides a thorough overview of the various NOX enzymes and their roles in disease pathophysiology, highlights pharmacological strategies, and discusses the importance of computational modeling for future NOX-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Begum
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Shilpa Thota
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Abubakar Abdulkadir
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.,Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Prathyusha Bagam
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.,Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Sanjay Batra
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.
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11
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Intertwined Relation between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria in Ischemic Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3335887. [PMID: 35528523 PMCID: PMC9072026 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3335887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In ischemic stroke (IS), accumulation of the misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria-induced oxidative stress (OS) has been identified as the indispensable inducers of secondary brain injury. With the increasing recognition of an association between ER stress and OS with ischemic stroke and with the improved understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism, novel targets for drug therapy and new strategies for therapeutic interventions are surfacing. This review discusses the molecular mechanism underlying ER stress and OS response as both causes and consequences of ischemic stroke. We also summarize the latest advances in understanding the importance of ER stress and OS in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and discuss potential strategies and clinical trials explicitly aiming to restore mitochondria and ER dynamics after IS.
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12
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Sánchez-Duarte S, Montoya-Pérez R, Márquez-Gamiño S, Vera-Delgado KS, Caudillo-Cisneros C, Sotelo-Barroso F, Sánchez-Briones LA, Sánchez-Duarte E. Apocynin Attenuates Diabetes-Induced Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction by Mitigating ROS Generation and Boosting Antioxidant Defenses in Fast-Twitch and Slow-Twitch Muscles. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050674. [PMID: 35629342 PMCID: PMC9146446 DOI: 10.3390/life12050674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to diabetes mellitus, skeletal muscle is negatively affected, as is evident by reduced contractile force production, increased muscle fatigability, and increased levels of oxidative stress biomarkers. Apocynin is a widely used NADPH oxidase inhibitor, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. It has been effective for amelioration of a variety of disorders, including diabetic complications. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects and action mechanisms of apocynin in slow- and fast-twitch diabetic rat muscles. Male Wistar rats were rendered diabetic by applying intraperitoneally a single dose of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg). Apocynin treatment (3 mg/kg/day) was administered over 8 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin tolerance and body weight gain were measured. Both slow (soleus) and fast (extensor digitorum longus, EDL) skeletal muscles were used for muscle function evaluation, oxidative stress markers, and evaluating gene expression using qRT-PCR. Treatment with apocynin significantly reduced FBG levels and enhanced insulin tolerance. Apocynin also prevented muscle contractile dysfunction in EDL muscle but had no significant effect on this parameter in soleus muscles. However, in both types of muscles, apocynin mitigated the oxidative stress by decreasing ROS levels and increasing total glutathione levels and redox state. Concomitantly, apocynin also statistically enhanced Nrf-2 and GLU4 mRNA expression and downregulated NOX2, NOX4, and NF-κB mRNA. Collectively, apocynin exhibits properties myoprotective in diabetic animals. These findings indicate that apocynin predominantly acts as an antioxidant in fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles but has differential impact on contractile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarai Sánchez-Duarte
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Francisco J. Mújica s/n, Col. Felicitas del Río, Morelia 58030, Michoacán, Mexico; (S.S.-D.); (R.M.-P.)
| | - Rocío Montoya-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Francisco J. Mújica s/n, Col. Felicitas del Río, Morelia 58030, Michoacán, Mexico; (S.S.-D.); (R.M.-P.)
| | - Sergio Márquez-Gamiño
- Departamento de Ciencias Aplicadas al Trabajo, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus León, Eugenio Garza Sada 572, Lomas del Campestre Sección 2, León 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico; (S.M.-G.); (K.S.V.-D.); (C.C.-C.); (F.S.-B.); (L.A.S.-B.)
| | - Karla S. Vera-Delgado
- Departamento de Ciencias Aplicadas al Trabajo, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus León, Eugenio Garza Sada 572, Lomas del Campestre Sección 2, León 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico; (S.M.-G.); (K.S.V.-D.); (C.C.-C.); (F.S.-B.); (L.A.S.-B.)
| | - Cipriana Caudillo-Cisneros
- Departamento de Ciencias Aplicadas al Trabajo, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus León, Eugenio Garza Sada 572, Lomas del Campestre Sección 2, León 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico; (S.M.-G.); (K.S.V.-D.); (C.C.-C.); (F.S.-B.); (L.A.S.-B.)
| | - Fernando Sotelo-Barroso
- Departamento de Ciencias Aplicadas al Trabajo, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus León, Eugenio Garza Sada 572, Lomas del Campestre Sección 2, León 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico; (S.M.-G.); (K.S.V.-D.); (C.C.-C.); (F.S.-B.); (L.A.S.-B.)
| | - Luis A. Sánchez-Briones
- Departamento de Ciencias Aplicadas al Trabajo, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus León, Eugenio Garza Sada 572, Lomas del Campestre Sección 2, León 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico; (S.M.-G.); (K.S.V.-D.); (C.C.-C.); (F.S.-B.); (L.A.S.-B.)
| | - Elizabeth Sánchez-Duarte
- Departamento de Ciencias Aplicadas al Trabajo, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus León, Eugenio Garza Sada 572, Lomas del Campestre Sección 2, León 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico; (S.M.-G.); (K.S.V.-D.); (C.C.-C.); (F.S.-B.); (L.A.S.-B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-1477-2670-4900 (ext. 4833)
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13
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Chen H, Luo Y, Tsoi B, Gu B, Qi S, Shen J. Angong Niuhuang Wan reduces hemorrhagic transformation and mortality in ischemic stroke rats with delayed thrombolysis: involvement of peroxynitrite-mediated MMP-9 activation. Chin Med 2022; 17:51. [PMID: 35477576 PMCID: PMC9044615 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00595-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a common complication of delayed tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) treatment for ischemic stroke. Peroxynitrite plays an important role in the breakdown of blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the development of HT. We tested the hypothesis that Angong Niuhuang Wan (AGNHW), a traditional Chinese medicinal formula, could be used in conjunction with t-PA to protect the BBB, minimize HT, and improve neurological function by suppressing peroxynitrite-mediated matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activation. Methods We first performed quality control study and chemical identification of AGNHW by using UPLC. In animal experiments, male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to 5 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 19 h of reperfusion plus t-PA infusion (10 mg/kg) at 5 h of cerebral ischemia. AGNHW (257 mg/kg) was given orally at 2 h after MCAO. Hemorrhagic transformation was measured using hemorrhagic scores and hemoglobin levels in ischemic brains. Evans blue leakage was utilized to assess the severity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage. The modified neurologic severity score (mNSS) test was used to assess neurological functions. Peroxynitrite and superoxide was detected by using fluorescent probes. MMP-9 activity and expression were examined by gelatin zymography and immunostaining. The antioxidant effects were also studied by using brain microvascular endothelial b.End3 cells exposed to 5 h of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) plus 5 h of reoxygenation with t-PA treatment (20 µg/ml). Results AGNHW significantly reduced the BBB damage, brain edema, reduced hemorrhagic transformation, enhanced neurological function, and reduced mortality rate in the ischemic stroke rats with t-PA treatment. AGNHW reduced peroxynitrite and superoxide in vivo and in vitro and six active chemical compounds were identified from AGNHW with peroxynitrite scavenging activity. Furthermore, AGNHW inhibited MMP-9 activity, and preserved tight junction protein claudin-5 and collagen IV in the ischemic brains. Conclusion AGNHW could be a potential adjuvant therapy with t-PA to protect the BBB integrity, reduce HT, and improve therapeutic outcome in ischemic stroke treatment via inhibiting peroxynitrite-mediated MMP-9 activation. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-022-00595-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Luo
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Bun Tsoi
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Gu
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Suhua Qi
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
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14
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Xiao L, Wang N. PPAR-δ: A key nuclear receptor in vascular function and remodeling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 169:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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15
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Nie L, Nusantara AC, Damle VG, Baranov MV, Chipaux M, Reyes-San-Martin C, Hamoh T, Epperla CP, Guricova M, Cigler P, van den Bogaart G, Schirhagl R. Quantum Sensing of Free Radicals in Primary Human Dendritic Cells. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1818-1825. [PMID: 34929080 PMCID: PMC8880378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Free radicals are crucial indicators for stress and appear in all kinds of pathogenic conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and infection. However, they are difficult to detect due to their reactivity and low abundance. We use relaxometry for the detection of radicals with subcellular resolution. This method is based on a fluorescent defect in a diamond, which changes its optical properties on the basis of the magnetic surroundings. This technique allows nanoscale MRI with unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution. Recently, this technique was used inside living cells from a cell line. Cell lines differ in terms of endocytic capability and radical production from primary cells derived from patients. Here we provide the first measurements of phagocytic radical production by the NADPH oxidase (NOX2) in primary dendritic cells from healthy donors. The radical production of these cells differs greatly between donors. We investigated the cell response to stimulation or inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Nie
- University
of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anggrek C. Nusantara
- University
of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Viraj G. Damle
- University
of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maxim V. Baranov
- University
of Groningen, Department of Molecular Immunology,
Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mayeul Chipaux
- Institute
of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Reyes-San-Martin
- University
of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thamir Hamoh
- University
of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chandra Prakash Epperla
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Guricova
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Cigler
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- University
of Groningen, Department of Molecular Immunology,
Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- University
of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Email for R.S.:
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16
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Unifying mechanism behind the onset of acquired epilepsy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 43:87-96. [PMID: 34887128 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acquired epilepsy (AE) can result from a number of brain insults and neurological diseases with wide etiological diversity sharing one common outcome of brain epileptiform activity. This implies that despite their disparity, all these initiating pathologies affect the same fundamental brain functions underlying network excitability. Identifying such mechanisms and their availability as therapeutic targets would help develop an effective strategy for epileptogenesis prevention. In this opinion article, we propose that the vicious cycle of NADPH oxidase (NOX)-mediated oxidative stress and glucose hypometabolism is the underlying cause of AE, as available data reveal a critical role for both pathologies in epileptogenesis and the process of seizure initiation. Altogether, here we present a novel view on the mechanisms behind the onset of AE and identify therapeutic targets for potential clinical applications.
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17
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Kumar SP, Babu PP. NADPH Oxidase: a Possible Therapeutic Target for Cognitive Impairment in Experimental Cerebral Malaria. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:800-820. [PMID: 34782951 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Long-term cognitive impairment associated with seizure-induced hippocampal damage is the key feature of cerebral malaria (CM) pathogenesis. One-fourth of child survivors of CM suffer from long-lasting neurological deficits and behavioral anomalies. However, mechanisms on hippocampal dysfunction are unclear. In this study, we elucidated whether gp91phox isoform of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2) (a potent marker of oxidative stress) mediates hippocampal neuronal abnormalities and cognitive dysfunction in experimental CM (ECM). Mice symptomatic to CM were rescue treated with artemether monotherapy (ARM) and in combination with apocynin (ARM + APO) adjunctive based on scores of Rapid Murine Come behavior Scale (RMCBS). After a 30-day survivability period, we performed Barnes maze, T-maze, and novel object recognition cognitive tests to evaluate working and reference memory in all the experimental groups except CM. Sensorimotor tests were conducted in all the cohorts to assess motor coordination. We performed Golgi-Cox staining to illustrate cornu ammonis-1 (CA1) pyramidal neuronal morphology and study overall hippocampal neuronal density changes. Further, expression of NOX2, NeuN (neuronal marker) in hippocampal CA1 and dentate gyrus was determined using double immunofluorescence experiments in all the experimental groups. Mice administered with ARM monotherapy and APO adjunctive treatment exhibited similar survivability. The latter showed better locomotor and cognitive functions, reduced ROS levels, and hippocampal NOX2 immunoreactivity in ECM. Our results show a substantial increase in hippocampal NeuN immunoreactivity and dendritic arborization in ARM + APO cohorts compared to ARM-treated brain samples. Overall, our study suggests that overexpression of NOX2 could result in loss of hippocampal neuronal density and dendritic spines of CA1 neurons affecting the spatial working and reference memory during ECM. Notably, ARM + APO adjunctive therapy reversed the altered neuronal morphology and oxidative damage in hippocampal neurons restoring long-term cognitive functions after CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simhadri Praveen Kumar
- F-23/71, Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 046, India
| | - Phanithi Prakash Babu
- F-23/71, Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 046, India.
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18
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Przykaza Ł. Understanding the Connection Between Common Stroke Comorbidities, Their Associated Inflammation, and the Course of the Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Cascade. Front Immunol 2021; 12:782569. [PMID: 34868060 PMCID: PMC8634336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the enormous progress in the understanding of the course of the ischemic stroke over the last few decades, a therapy that effectively protects neurovascular units (NVUs) and significantly improves neurological functions in stroke patients has still not been achieved. The reasons for this state are unclear, but it is obvious that the cerebral ischemia and reperfusion cascade is a highly complex phenomenon, which includes the intense neuroinflammatory processes, and comorbid stroke risk factors strongly worsen stroke outcomes and likely make a substantial contribution to the pathophysiology of the ischemia/reperfusion, enhancing difficulties in searching of successful treatment. Common concomitant stroke risk factors (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia) strongly drive inflammatory processes during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion; because these factors are often present for a long time before a stroke, causing low-grade background inflammation in the brain, and already initially disrupting the proper functions of NVUs. Broad consideration of this situation in basic research may prove to be crucial for the success of future clinical trials of neuroprotection, vasculoprotection and immunomodulation in stroke. This review focuses on the mechanism by which coexisting common risk factors for stroke intertwine in cerebral ischemic/reperfusion cascade and the dysfunction and disintegration of NVUs through inflammatory processes, principally activation of pattern recognition receptors, alterations in the expression of adhesion molecules and the subsequent pathophysiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Przykaza
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Fang J, Sheng R, Qin ZH. NADPH Oxidases in the Central Nervous System: Regional and Cellular Localization and the Possible Link to Brain Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:951-973. [PMID: 34293949 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The significant role of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) in signal transduction is mediated by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially in the central nervous system (CNS). The pathogenesis of some neurologic and psychiatric diseases is regulated by ROS, acting as a second messenger or pathogen. Recent Advances: In the CNS, the involvement of Nox-derived ROS has been implicated in the regulation of multiple signals, including cell survival/apoptosis, neuroinflammation, migration, differentiation, proliferation, and synaptic plasticity, as well as the integrity of the blood/brain barrier. In these processes, the intracellular signals mediated by the members of the Nox family vary among different tissues. The present review illuminates the regions and cellular, subcellular localization of Nox isoforms in the brain, the signal transduction, and the role of NOX enzymes in pathophysiology, respectively. Critical Issues: Different signal transduction cascades are coupled to ROS derived from various Nox homologues with varying degrees. Therefore, a critical issue worth noting is the varied role of the homologues of NOX enzymes in different signaling pathways and also they mediate different phenotypes in the diverse pathophysiological condition. This substantiates the effectiveness of selective Nox inhibitors in the CNS. Future Directions: Further investigation to elucidate the role of various homologues of NOX enzymes in acute and chronic brain diseases and signaling mechanisms, and the development of more specific NOX inhibitors for the treatment of CNS disease are urgently needed. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 951-973.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fang
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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20
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Barbieri SS, Sandrini L, Musazzi L, Popoli M, Ieraci A. Apocynin Prevents Anxiety-Like Behavior and Histone Deacetylases Overexpression Induced by Sub-Chronic Stress in Mice. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060885. [PMID: 34203655 PMCID: PMC8232084 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are common mental health diseases affecting up to 7% of people around the world. Stress is considered one of the major environmental risk factors to promote anxiety disorders through mechanisms involving epigenetic changes. Moreover, alteration in redox balance and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production have been detected in anxiety patients and in stressed-animal models of anxiety. Here we tested if the administration of apocynin, a natural origin antioxidant, may prevent the anxiety-like phenotype and reduction of histone acetylation induced by a subchronic forced swimming stress (FSS) paradigm. We found that apocynin prevented the enhanced latency time in the novelty-suppressed feeding test, and the production of malondialdehyde induced by FSS. Moreover, apocynin was able to block the upregulation of p47phox, a key subunit of the NADPH oxidase complex. Finally, apocynin prevented the rise of hippocampal Hdac1, Hdac4 and Hdac5, and the reduction of histone-3 acetylation levels promoted by FSS exposure. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that apocynin reduces the deleterious effect of stress and suggests that oxidative stress may regulate epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia S. Barbieri
- Unit of Brain-Heart Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (S.S.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Leonardo Sandrini
- Unit of Brain-Heart Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (S.S.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Laura Musazzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Popoli
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Ieraci
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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21
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Szekeres FLM, Walum E, Wikström P, Arner A. A small molecule inhibitor of Nox2 and Nox4 improves contractile function after ischemia-reperfusion in the mouse heart. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11970. [PMID: 34099836 PMCID: PMC8184855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase enzymes Nox2 and 4, are important generators of Reactive oxygen species (ROS). These enzymes are abundantly expressed in cardiomyocytes and have been implicated in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Previous attempts with full inhibition of their activity using genetically modified animals have shown variable results, suggesting that a selective and graded inhibition could be a more relevant approach. We have, using chemical library screening, identified a new compound (GLX481304) which inhibits Nox 2 and 4 (with IC50 values of 1.25 µM) without general antioxidant effects or inhibitory effects on Nox 1. The compound inhibits ROS production in isolated mouse cardiomyocytes and improves cardiomyocyte contractility and contraction of whole retrogradely (Langendorff) perfused hearts after a global ischemia period. We conclude that a pharmacological and partial inhibition of ROS production by inhibition of Nox 2 and 4 is beneficial for recovery after ischemia reperfusion and might be a promising venue for treatment of ischemic injury to the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc L M Szekeres
- Division of Genetic Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers Väg 8, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Division of Biomedicine, Department of Health and Education, University of Skövde, Högskolevägen 1, 541 28, Skövde, Sweden.
| | - Erik Walum
- Glucox Biotech AB, Frälsegårdsvägen 8, 179 97, Färentuna, Sweden
| | - Per Wikström
- Glucox Biotech AB, Frälsegårdsvägen 8, 179 97, Färentuna, Sweden
| | - Anders Arner
- Division of Genetic Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers Väg 8, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Thoracic Surgery, Lund University, c/o Igelösa Life Science AB Igelösa 373, 225 94, Lund, Sweden
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22
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Li QQ, Li JY, Zhou M, Qin ZH, Sheng R. Targeting neuroinflammation to treat cerebral ischemia - The role of TIGAR/NADPH axis. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105081. [PMID: 34082063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a disease of ischemic necrosis of brain tissue caused by intracranial artery stenosis or occlusion and cerebral artery embolization. Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. Microglia, astrocytes, leukocytes and other cells that release a variety of inflammatory factors involved in neuroinflammation may play a damaging or protective role during the process of cerebral ischemia. TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptotic regulators (TIGAR) may facilitate the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acid (NADPH) via the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to inhibit oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. TIGAR can also directly inhibit NF-κB to inhibit neuroinflammation. TIGAR thus protect against cerebral ischemic injury. Exogenous NADPH can inhibit neuroinflammation by inhibiting oxidative stress and regulating a variety of signals. However, since NADPH oxidase (NOX) may use NADPH as a substrate to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to mediate neuroinflammation, the combination of NADPH and NOX inhibitors may produce more powerful anti-neuroinflammatory effects. Here, we review the cells and regulatory signals involved in neuroinflammation during cerebral ischemia, and discuss the possible mechanisms of targeting neuroinflammation in the treatment of cerebral ischemia with TIGAR/NADPH axis, so as to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Qi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia-Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Sander WJ, Fourie C, Sabiu S, O'Neill FH, Pohl CH, O'Neill HG. Reactive oxygen species as potential antiviral targets. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2240. [PMID: 33949029 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are by-products of cellular metabolism and can be either beneficial, at low levels, or deleterious, at high levels, to the cell. It is known that several viral infections can increase oxidative stress, which is mainly facilitated by viral-induced imbalances in the antioxidant defence mechanisms of the cell. While the exact role of ROS in certain viral infections (adenovirus and dengue virus) remains unknown, other viruses can use ROS for enhancement of pathogenesis (SARS coronavirus and rabies virus) or replication (rhinovirus, West Nile virus and vesicular stomatitis virus) or both (hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus and influenza virus). While several viral proteins (mainly for hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus) have been identified to play a role in ROS formation, most mediators of viral ROS modulation are yet to be elucidated. Treatment of viral infections, including hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus and influenza virus, with ROS inhibitors has shown a decrease in both pathogenesis and viral replication both in vitro and in animal models. Clinical studies indicating the potential for targeting ROS-producing pathways as possible broad-spectrum antiviral targets should be evaluated in randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J Sander
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Corinne Fourie
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Frans H O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Carolina H Pohl
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Hester G O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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24
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Liu Y, Cheng Y, Zhang W, Tian H. Neuroprotective Effect of a New Free Radical Scavenger HL-008 in an Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Rat Model. Neuroscience 2021; 465:105-115. [PMID: 33915200 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a critical role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. We have previously developed a powerful antioxidant, HL-008. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective function of HL-008. HL-008 efficacy in vitro and in vivo was evaluated using a PC-12 cell oxidative stress model induced by hydrogen peroxide and a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion, respectively. The MTT assay was used to analyze cell viability. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, immunofluorescence, western blot, and proteomics were used to evaluate the infarction volume, brain tissue morphology, apoptosis, inflammation, and related pathways. Indicators related to oxidative levels were also detected. HL-008 significantly reduced the cerebral infarction volume induced by ischemia-reperfusion, improved the neurological score, alleviated oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain tissue, reduced glial cell activation, inhibited brain tissue apoptosis by influencing multiple signaling pathways, and had a neuroprotective effect. If HL-008 is successfully developed, it could significantly improve stroke patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 238, Baidi Road, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Center for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Hongqi Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 238, Baidi Road, Tianjin, China.
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25
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Gage MC, Thippeswamy T. Inhibitors of Src Family Kinases, Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, and NADPH Oxidase as Potential CNS Drug Targets for Neurological Diseases. CNS Drugs 2021; 35:1-20. [PMID: 33515429 PMCID: PMC7893831 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurological diseases share common neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. Both phenotypic and molecular changes in microglia, astrocytes, and neurons contribute to the progression of disease and present potential targets for disease modification. Src family kinases (SFKs) are present in both neurons and glial cells and are upregulated following neurological insults in both human and animal models. In neurons, SFKs interact with post-synaptic protein domains to mediate hyperexcitability and neurotoxicity. SFKs are upstream of signaling cascades that lead to the modulation of neurotransmitter receptors and the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as producers of free radicals through the activation of glia. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS-II) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2), the major mediators of reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (RNS/ROS) production in the brain, are also upregulated along with the pro-inflammatory cytokines following neurological insult and contribute to disease progression. Persistent neuronal hyperexcitability, RNS/ROS, and cytokines can exacerbate neurodegeneration, a common pathognomonic feature of the most prevalent neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. Using a wide variety of preclinical disease models, inhibitors of the SFK-iNOS-NOX2 signaling axis have been tested to cure or modify disease progression. In this review, we discuss the SFK-iNOS-NOX2 signaling pathway and their inhibitors as potential CNS targets for major neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C. Gage
- Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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26
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Lee ES, Kim HM, Lee SH, Ha KB, Bae YS, Lee SJ, Moon SH, Lee EY, Lee JH, Chung CH. APX-115, a pan-NADPH oxidase inhibitor, protects development of diabetic nephropathy in podocyte specific NOX5 transgenic mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 161:92-101. [PMID: 33011273 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are comprised of different isoforms, NOX1 to 5 and Duox1 and 2, and they trigger diabetic nephropathy (DN) in the patients with diabetes mellitus. Recently, it was shown that, compared to the other isoforms, the expression of NOX5 was increased in the patients with DN and, NOX5 has been suggested to be important in the development of therapeutic agents. The effect of pan-NOX inhibition by APX-115 has also been investigated in type 2 diabetic mice. However, since NOX5 is absent in mice, we evaluated the effect of pan-NOX inhibition by APX-115 in Nox5 transgenic mouse. Wild type and renal podocyte specific NOX5 transgenic mice (NOX5 pod+) were fed with high-fat diet (60% kcal fat) and treated with APX-115 (60 mg/kg) by oral gavage for 14 weeks. APX-115 significantly improved pancreatic beta cell function by decreased fasting blood glucose levels and increased insulin levels. Further, the total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and urinary albumin/creatinine levels were also significantly decreased by APX-115 treatment. Increased NOX5 mRNA expressions, increased desmin levels, and reduced podocin protein expressions in the kidney of NOX5 pod + mice were also significantly restored to normal levels by APX-115 treatment. Moreover, APX-115 inhibited the expression of inflammation-related proteins such as TRAF6. Collectively, these data suggest that APX-115 might be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of DN because of its pan-NOX inhibitory activity, including its NOX5 inhibitory activity, and also owing to its anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Soo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Hong Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Sun Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Kyung Bong Ha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Yoon Soo Bae
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Jin Lee
- Aptabio Therapeutics Inc., Yongin, South Korea
| | | | - Eun Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, South Korea; Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Lee
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Choon Hee Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea.
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27
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Parsanathan R, Jain SK. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Activates Endothelial Cell and Leukocyte Adhesion Mediated via the TGFβ/NADPH Oxidases/ROS Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207474. [PMID: 33050491 PMCID: PMC7589139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, the most common genetic inherited trait among humans, affects ~7% of the global population, and is associated with excess risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) regulates immune function, proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, fibrosis, cancer, and vascular dysfunction. This study examined whether G6PD deficiencies can alter TGF-β-mediated NADPH oxidases (NOX) and cell adhesion molecules (CAM) in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC). Results show that treatment with high glucose and the saturated free fatty acid palmitate significantly downregulated G6PD; in contrast, mRNA levels of TGF-β components, NOX and its activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly upregulated in HAEC. The expression levels of TGF-β and its receptors, NOX and its activity, and ROS were significantly higher in HG-exposed G6PD-deficient cells (G6PD siRNA) compared to G6PD-normal cells. The protein levels of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) and inflammatory cytokines (MCP-1 and TNF) were significantly increased in HG-exposed G6PD-deficient cells compared to G6PD-normal cells. The adherence of monocytes (SC cells) to HAEC was significantly elevated in HG-treated G6PD-deficient cells compared to control cells. Pharmacological inhibition of G6PD enhances ROS, NOX and its activity, and endothelial monocyte adhesion; these effects were impeded by NOX inhibitors. The inhibition of TGF-β prevents NOX2 and NOX4 mRNA expression and activity, ROS, and adhesion of monocytes to HAEC. L-Cysteine ethyl ester (cell-permeable) suppresses the mRNA levels of TGF-β and its receptors, along with NOX2 and NOX4, and decreases NOX activity, ROS, and adhesion of monocytes to HAEC. This suggests that G6PD deficiency promotes TGF-β/NADPH oxidases/ROS signaling, the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and the adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial monolayer, which can contribute to a higher risk for CVD.
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28
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Waghela BN, Vaidya FU, Agrawal Y, Santra MK, Mishra V, Pathak C. Molecular insights of NADPH oxidases and its pathological consequences. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 39:218-234. [PMID: 32975319 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), formed by the partial reduction of oxygen, were for a long time considered to be a byproduct of cellular metabolism. Since, increase in cellular levels of ROS results in oxidative stress leading to damage of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids resulting in numerous pathological conditions; ROS was considered a bane for aerobic species. Hence, the discovery of NADPH oxidases (NOX), an enzyme family that specifically generates ROS as its prime product came as a surprise to redox biologists. NOX family proteins participate in various cellular functions including cell proliferation and differentiation, regulation of genes and protein expression, apoptosis, and host defence immunological response. Balanced expression and activation of NOX with subsequent production of ROS are critically important to regulate various genes and proteins to maintain homeostasis of the cell. However, dysregulation of NOX activation leading to enhanced ROS levels is associated with various pathophysiologies including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, ageing, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Although our current knowledge on NOX signifies its importance in the normal functioning of various cellular pathways; yet the choice of ROS producing enzymes which can tip the scale from homeostasis toward damage, as mediators of biological functions remain an oddity. Though the role of NOX in maintaining normal cellular functions is now deemed essential, yet its dysregulation leading to catastrophic events cannot be denied. Hence, this review focuses on the involvement of NOX enzymes in various pathological conditions imploring them as possible targets for therapies. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: The NOXs are multi-subunit enzymes that generate ROS as a prime product. NOX generated ROS are usually regulated by various molecular factors and play a vital role in different physiological processes. The dysregulation of NOX activity is associated with pathological consequences. Recently, the dynamic proximity of NOX enzymes with different molecular signatures of pathologies has been studied extensively. It is essential to identify the precise role of NOX machinery in its niche during the progression of pathology. Although inhibition of NOX could be a promising approach for therapeutic interventions, it is critical to expand the current understanding of NOX's dynamicity and shed light on their molecular partners and regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargav N Waghela
- School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Foram U Vaidya
- School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Yashika Agrawal
- Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manas Kumar Santra
- Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vinita Mishra
- School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Chandramani Pathak
- School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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29
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Abstract
Significance: The primary function of NADPH oxidases (NOX1-5 and dual oxidases DUOX1/2) is to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). If inadequately regulated, NOX-associated ROS can promote oxidative stress, aberrant signaling, and genomic instability. Correspondingly, NOX isoforms are known to be overexpressed in multiple malignancies, thus constituting potential therapeutic targets in cancer. Recent Advances: Multiple genetic studies aimed at suppressing the expression of NOX proteins in cellular and animal models of cancer have provided support for the notion that NOXs play a pro-tumorigenic role. Further, large drug screens and rational design efforts have yielded inhibitor compounds, such as the diphenylene iodonium (DPI) analog series developed by our group, with increased selectivity and potency over "first generation" NOX inhibitors such as apocynin and DPI. Critical Issues: The precise role of NOX enzymes in tumor biology remains poorly defined. The tumorigenic properties of NOXs vary with cancer type, and precise tools, such as selective inhibitors, are needed to deconvolute NOX contribution to cancer development. Most NOX inhibitors developed to date are unspecific, and/or their mechanistic and pharmacological characteristics are not well defined. A lack of high-resolution crystal structures for NOX functional domains has hindered the development of potent and selective inhibitors. Future Directions: In-depth studies of NOX interactions with the tumor microenvironment (e.g., cytokines, cell-surface antigens) will help identify new approaches for NOX inhibition in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam M Konaté
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Smitha Antony
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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30
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Liu J, Chandaka GK, Zhang R, Parfenova H. Acute antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of sulforaphane in brain endothelial cells and astrocytes during inflammation and excitotoxicity. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00630. [PMID: 32715644 PMCID: PMC7383090 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN), a bioactive phytochemical isothiocyanate, has a wide spectrum of cytoprotective effects that involve induction of antioxidant genes. Nongenomic antioxidant effects of SFN have not been investigated. Brain oxidative stress during inflammation and excitotoxicity leads to neurovascular injury. We tested the hypothesis that SNF exhibits acute antioxidant effects and prevents neurovascular injury during oxidative stress. In primary cultures of cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (CMVEC) and cortical astrocytes from the newborn pig brain, a pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and an excitotoxic glutamate elevate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause cell death by apoptosis. Nox4 NADPH oxidase is the main Nox isoform in CMVEC and cortical astrocytes that is acutely activated by TNF-α and glutamate leading to ROS-mediated cell death by apoptosis. The Nox4 inhibitor GKT137831 blocked NADPH oxidase activity and overall ROS elevation, and prevented apoptosis of CMVEC and astrocytes exposed to TNF-α and glutamate, supporting the leading role of Nox4 in the neurovascular injury. Synthetic SFN (10-11 -10-6 mol/L) inhibited NADPH oxidase activity and reduced overall ROS production in CMVEC and astrocytes within 1-hour exposure to TNF-α and glutamate. Furthermore, in the presence of SFN, the ability of TNF-α and glutamate to produce apoptosis in CMVEC and cortical astrocytes was completely prevented. Overall, SFN at low concentrations exhibits antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects in cerebral endothelial cells and cortical astrocytes via a via a nongenomic mechanism that involves inhibition of Nox4 NADPH oxidase activity. SFN may prevent cerebrovascular injury during brain oxidative stress caused by inflammation and glutamate excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Liu
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTNUSA
| | - Giri K. Chandaka
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTNUSA
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTNUSA
| | - Helena Parfenova
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTNUSA
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31
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Yoon S, Lee E, Kim M, Kim I. Acute Exposure to Fructose Impairs Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation via Oxidative Stress in Isolated Rat Aortic Rings. J Vasc Res 2020; 57:213-222. [PMID: 32294645 DOI: 10.1159/000506684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although both glucose and fructose are hexoses, their catabolism is quite different: the catabolism of fructose is initiated by ketohexokinase and is not regulated by negative feedback, which results in oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that fructose impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation via oxidative stress in rat aortic rings. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were offered 20% fructose solution or tap water for 2 weeks, after which vascular reactivity was measured in isolated aortic rings. In a separate experiment, vascular reactivity was measured after acute exposure to ∼10 mM fructose in isolated aortic rings from untreated rats. RESULTS Although high-fructose intake statistically significantly increased blood pressure and body weight, it did not affect contraction and relaxation in aortic rings. The substitution of fructose for glucose in Krebs solution inhibited vascular relaxation in aortic rings, which was abolished by pretreatment with antioxidants. Decreasing the glucose concentration in Krebs solution inhibited vascular relaxation, whereas decreasing the fructose concentration in Krebs solution improved vascular relaxation in the aortic rings. Pretreatment with antioxidants improved the vascular relaxation in Krebs solution with fructose substituted for glucose. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that fructose impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation via oxidative stress in isolated rat aortic rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwon Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - InKyeom Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea, .,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea, .,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea,
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32
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Ghosh MK, Chakraborty D, Sarkar S, Bhowmik A, Basu M. The interrelationship between cerebral ischemic stroke and glioma: a comprehensive study of recent reports. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:42. [PMID: 31637020 PMCID: PMC6799849 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma and cerebral ischemic stroke are two major events that lead to patient death worldwide. Although these conditions have different physiological incidences, ~10% of ischemic stroke patients develop cerebral cancer, especially glioma, in the postischemic stages. Additionally, the high proliferation, venous thrombosis and hypercoagulability of the glioma mass increase the significant risk of thromboembolism, including ischemic stroke. Surprisingly, these events share several common pathways, viz. hypoxia, cerebral inflammation, angiogenesis, etc., but the proper mechanism behind this co-occurrence has yet to be discovered. The hypercoagulability and presence of the D-dimer level in stroke are different in cancer patients than in the noncancerous population. Other factors such as atherosclerosis and coagulopathy involved in the pathogenesis of stroke are partially responsible for cancer, and the reverse is also partially true. Based on clinical and neurosurgical experience, the neuronal structures and functions in the brain and spine are observed to change after a progressive attack of ischemia that leads to hypoxia and atrophy. The major population of cancer cells cannot survive in an adverse ischemic environment that excludes cancer stem cells (CSCs). Cancer cells in stroke patients have already metastasized, but early-stage cancer patients also suffer stroke for multiple reasons. Therefore, stroke is an early manifestation of cancer. Stroke and cancer share many factors that result in an increased risk of stroke in cancer patients, and vice-versa. The intricate mechanisms for stroke with and without cancer are different. This review summarizes the current clinical reports, pathophysiology, probable causes of co-occurrence, prognoses, and treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal K. Ghosh
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032 and CN-06, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091 India
| | - Dipankar Chakraborty
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032 and CN-06, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091 India
| | - Sibani Sarkar
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032 and CN-06, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091 India
| | - Arijit Bhowmik
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37 S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700 026 India
| | - Malini Basu
- Department of Microbiology, Dhruba Chand Halder College, Dakshin Barasat, South 24, Paraganas, 743372 India
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33
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Yang Q, Huang Q, Hu Z, Tang X. Potential Neuroprotective Treatment of Stroke: Targeting Excitotoxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1036. [PMID: 31611768 PMCID: PMC6777147 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of death and adult disability. However, therapeutic options remain limited. Numerous pathways underlie acute responses of brain tissue to stroke. Early events following ischemic damage include reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress and glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, both of which contribute to rapid cell death within the infarct core. A subsequent cascade of inflammatory events escalates damage progression. This review explores potential neuroprotective strategies for targeting key steps in the cascade of ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitors and several drugs currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration including glucose-lowering agents, antibiotics, and immunomodulators, have shown promise in the treatment of stroke in both animal experiments and clinical trials. Ischemic conditioning, a phenomenon by which one or more cycles of a short period of sublethal ischemia to an organ or tissue protects against subsequent ischemic events in another organ, may be another potential neuroprotective strategy for the treatment of stroke by targeting key steps in the I/R injury cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianyi Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangqi Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Shen J, Rastogi R, Geng X, Ding Y. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activation and neuronal death after ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:948-953. [PMID: 30761998 PMCID: PMC6404502 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.250568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) is a multisubunit enzyme complex that utilizes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate to produce superoxide anions and other reactive oxygen species. Under normal circumstances, reactive oxygen species mediate a number of important cellular functions, including the facilitation of adaptive immunity. In pathogenic circumstances, however, excess reactive oxygen species generated by NOX promotes apoptotic cell death. In ischemic stroke, in particular, it has been shown that both NOX activation and derangements in glucose metabolism result in increased apoptosis. Moreover, recent studies have established that glucose, as a NOX substrate, plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of reperfusion injury. Thus, NOX inhibition has the potential to mitigate the deleterious impact of hyperglycemia on stroke. In this paper, we provide an overview of this research, coupled with a discussion of its implications for the development of NOX inhibition as a strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Both inhibition using apocynin, as well as the prospect of developing more specific inhibitors based on what is now understood of the biology of NOX assembly and activation, will be highlighted in the course of our discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Shen
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Radhika Rastogi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Luo Y, Tang H, Li H, Zhao R, Huang Q, Liu J. Recent advances in the development of neuroprotective agents and therapeutic targets in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 162:132-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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González‐Rodríguez P, Ugidos IF, Pérez‐Rodríguez D, Anuncibay‐Soto B, Santos‐Galdiano M, Font‐Belmonte E, Gonzalo‐Orden JM, Fernández‐López A. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor alleviates the oxidative stress induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation in an ex vivo brain slice model. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9592-9604. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene F. Ugidos
- Área de Biología Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina, University of León León Spain
| | | | - Berta Anuncibay‐Soto
- Área de Biología Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina, University of León León Spain
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Malkov A, Ivanov AI, Buldakova S, Waseem T, Popova I, Zilberter M, Zilberter Y. Seizure-induced reduction in glucose utilization promotes brain hypometabolism during epileptogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 116:28-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Ma MW, Wang J, Dhandapani KM, Wang R, Brann DW. NADPH oxidases in traumatic brain injury - Promising therapeutic targets? Redox Biol 2018; 16:285-293. [PMID: 29571125 PMCID: PMC5952873 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Despite intense investigation, no neuroprotective agents for TBI have yet translated to the clinic. Recent efforts have focused on identifying potential therapeutic targets that underlie the secondary TBI pathology that evolves minutes to years following the initial injury. Oxidative stress is a key player in this complex cascade of secondary injury mechanisms and prominently contributes to neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. NADPH oxidase (NOX) is a family of enzymes whose unique function is to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Human post-mortem and animal studies have identified elevated NOX2 and NOX4 levels in the injured brain, suggesting that these two NOXs are involved in the pathogenesis of TBI. In support of this, NOX2 and NOX4 deletion studies have collectively revealed that targeting NOX enzymes can reduce oxidative stress, attenuate neuroinflammation, promote neuronal survival, and improve functional outcomes following TBI. In addition, NOX inhibitor studies have confirmed these findings and demonstrated an extended critical window of efficacious TBI treatment. Finally, the translational potential, caveats, and future directions of the field are highlighted and discussed throughout the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry W Ma
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Darrell W Brann
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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